Ethnic mixing in Glasgow

LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUSPrepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)

Summary

• EthnicminoritygroupsinGlasgowhavegrowninsizebetween2001and2011,andgenerally,livedinmoremixedareasin2011,comparedto2001.

• AllwardsinGlasgowhavebecomemoreethnicallydiverseasaresult,withtheAnderston/City,PollokshieldsandHillheadwardsbeingthemostethnicallydiversewardsin2011.

• TherehasbeenadecreaseinsegregationformostethnicgroupsinGlasgowbetween2001and2011.Thisisaresultofmostethnicgroupsresidinginagreaternumberofwardsthroughoutthecity.

• TherehasalsobeenanincreaseintheproportionofGlasgowresidentsbornoutsideScotland.

• Theproportionofhouseholdsthatcontainmultipleethnicgroupsincreasedbetween2001and2011.Thesenowrepresent15%ofallhouseholdsinGlasgow,withmorethanoneindividual.

• IntegrationofGlasgow’sdiversecommunitiesincreasedbetween2001and2011,indicatedbyresidentiallocation,mixedethnicity,andhouseholdswithmorethanoneethnicity.ItshouldbenotedthattheCensusdoesnotprovidedataaboutotherimportantaspectsofmixingsuchasneighbourhoodinteractionsorsocialnetworks.

Figure 1.ChangeinethnicgroupsegregationinGlasgow,2001-2011

NOVEMBER 2014

Notes:Segregationacrossthe21wardsinGlasgow.100%indicatescompletesegregation.0%indicatescompletelyevenspreadofagroup.

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Ethnic mixing in Glasgow

Ethnic diversity ThepopulationofScotlandhasbecomemoreethnicallydiversebetween2001and2011.ThisincreaseddiversityhasoccurredmostlyinGlasgowandtheothermaincitiesofAberdeen,DundeeandEdinburgh.MoredetailisavailableintheCODEbriefingHow has ethnic diversity changed in Scotland?

In201121%ofthepopulationofGlasgowwasfromethnicgroupsotherthanWhiteScottish.ThisisonlyslightlylowerthantheothermaincitiesofEdinburgh,AberdeenandDundeecombined(26%).WhileoverallethnicdiversityishigherintheseotherScottishcities,thisisduetohigherproportionsofWhiteOtherBritishandWhiteOthergroups.

GlasgowhasalowerproportionofthepopulationfromWhiteOtherBritishgroups(4.1%)comparedtothethreeothermaincities(9.5%)andtherestofScotland(8.1%).InGlasgowtheproportionofthepopulationwhoidentifyasWhiteOtherBritishhasonlymarginallyincreasedfrom3.6%in2001to4.1%in2011.TheproportionofthepopulationwhoidentifyasWhiteOtherhasincreasedinGlasgowfrom1.5%in2001to3.9%in2011,aswellasinScotlandasawhole1.8%in2001to3.2%in2011.

GlasgowhasahigherproportionofthepopulationfromBlackandAsianethnicminoritiescomparedtotheothermaincitiesinScotlandandtherestofthecountryasawhole.In2011Glasgowcontained11%ofthetotalScottishpopulation,while45%ofPakistani,42%ofAfrican,32%ofChinese,28%ofArab,28%ofCaribbean,and26%ofIndiangroupsinScotlandlivedinGlasgow.

TheproportionofthepopulationinGlasgowfromBlackorAsianethnicminoritygroupsincreasedfrom4.7%in2001to10.5%in2011,alargerproportionandgreaterincreasethaninScotlandasawhole(1.6%in2001and3.3%in2011).

Measuring segregation ThemostcommonlyusedmeasureofsegregationistheIndexofDissimilarity,whichcalculatesasummarymeasureofthespreadofanethnicgroupacrossspacecomparedwiththespreadoftherestofthepopulation.ItisoftenreferredtoastheSegregationIndex.TheSegregationIndexiscalculatedbycomparingthepercentageofanethnicgroup’stotalpopulationinwardsinGlasgowwiththepercentageofallotherethnicgroupsthatliveinthesameward.Theabsolutedifferenceisaddedupacrossthe21wards,andthenhalvedsothattheindexisbetween0and100,with0indicatingacompletelyevenspreadofaparticularethnicgroupacrosswards,and100meaningcompletesegregation,withallmembersoftheethnicgrouplivinginoneward.ValuesoftheSegregationIndextendtobehigherwhentheyarebasedonsmallerareas,forexampleinwardscomparedtolocalauthoritydistricts,becausesmallergeographicalareasgenerallycontainmoresimilarpopulationsthanlargergeographicalareas.

Residential mixingMeasuringresidentialethnicsegregationraisesmanychallengesbecauseitsmeaningandmeasurementareamatterofconsiderablepoliticaldebate.1Figure1showstheSegregationIndexforGlasgowforethnicgroupsin2001and2011.

TheSegregationIndexshowsthatin2011theleastsegregatedgroupsaretheWhiteIrish(18),Caribbean(18)WhiteOther(20)andOtherBlack(23).ThemostsegregatedgroupsinGlasgowarePakistani(46)andBangladeshigroups(38),thoughitshouldbenotedthatsegregationlevelsforthese,andmostothergroups,havedecreasedbetween2001and2011.

Residentialsegregationhasfallenformostgroups,seefigure1,eventhoughthesizeofthepopulationhasincreased.AllethnicminoritieshaveincreasedasaproportionofthepopulationinGlasgow,apartfromtheWhiteOtherBritishandWhiteIrishwhohaveremainedfairlyconstant.WhilethePakistanipopulationinGlasgowincreasedfrom15,300to22,400between2001and2011(anincreaseof46%),theirSegregationIndexfellfrom53to46.TheBlackCaribbeanpopulationinGlasgowincreasedfrom302to783between2001and2011,whiletheirSegregationIndexfellfrom25to18.TheAfricanpopulationinGlasgowincreasedfrom1,300to12,500between2001and2011,whiletheirSegregationIndexalsofellfrom38to28.FortheseandothergroupsthefallinsegregationisaresultoftheincreasingpopulationbeingmoreequallyspreadthroughoutwardsinGlasgow.

TheChinesepopulationinGlasgowincreasedfrom3,900to10,700between2001and2011(anincreaseof176%).TherehasbeenasmallincreaseintheSegregationIndexfortheChinesegroupsfrom28to33,butasintherestoftheUKthishasprobablybeendrivenbystudentmigrationsettlingclosetouniversityareas.

In terms of living in mixed residential areas, the White Scottish group in Glasgow has also become less segregated between 2001 and 2011, with their segregation score falling from 30 to 25. In 2011 the segregation of White British (White Scottish and White Other British together), is lower in Glasgow (34) and Scotland (35) compared to the segregation of White British in England and Wales (47) (see More segregation or more mixing in England and Wales Briefing).

Though direct comparison is not possible for different geographical areas, overall the segregation scores for minority ethnic groups are lower in Glasgow than other cities in England and Wales. For example, in 2011, the segregation score for Pakistani groups is 46 in Glasgow, lower than Newham (49), Manchester (60), Bradford (63) and Cardiff (62). See other CODE local briefings on ethnic mixing for details of these areas.

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Ethnically diverse wards in Glasgow

Diversitycanbemeasuredbycalculatinghowcloseawardistohavinganequalnumberofthepopulationineachethnicgroup(seebox).

Figure2showstheDiversityIndexscoresforGlasgowwardsfor2001and2011.ThisillustratesthatdiversityhasincreasedineverywardinGlasgow.Thosewardswiththehighestdiversityin2001arealsothosewiththelargestdiversityin2011,andgenerallyarethewardswiththegreatestincreaseindiversityovertheperiod(thoughsomewards,forexampleSpringburn,withrelativelylowdiversityin2001haveincreasedsubstantiallyovertheperiodaswell).

TheaveragediversityscoreforGlasgowwardswas2.9in2001and5.4in2011,thisishigherthanScotlandasawhole(2.1in2001and3.1in2011).TherehasalsobeenalargerincreaseinGlasgow,comparedtoScotlandasawholebetween2001and2011.

ThemostdiversewardsinGlasgowin2011wereAnderston/City(14.6),Pollokshields(13.6)andHillhead(12.9).InGlasgow,theAnderston/Citywardisdiverseasaresultofhavingarelativelylargeproportionpopulationfromarangeofethnicgroups.ThePollokshieldswardisdiverseasaresultof25%ofthepopulationbeingfromPakistanigroups.TheHillheadwardisdiverseprimarilyasaresultofrelativelylargenumbersofWhiteOtherBritish,andOtherWhitegroups.ThiscouldbearesultoftheHillheadwardhavingasizeablestudentpopulation.Wardsintheeastofthecity,Baillieston(1.3),Shettleston(1.7)andNorthEast(1.9)remaintheleastdiversein2011.

TherehasalsobeenanincreaseintheproportionofGlasgow’spopulationthatwerebornoutsideScotland,whichincreasedfrom10%in2001to18%in2011.However,thereismuchvariationbetweenGlasgowwardsintermsofthepercentageofresidentswhowerebornoutsideScotland.TheproportionbornoutsideScotlandrangesfrom6%inBailliestonto41%intheAnderston/Cityward,seefigure3,whichalsoillustratestheproportionarrivingsince2001.

Ethnic mixing in Glasgow

Figure 2.DiversityinGlasgowwards2001and2011

Figure 3.Percentage of Glasgow ward residents born outside Scotland 2011, and those that arrived in 2001 or later

Note:ReciprocalDiversityIndexscoresacrossGlasgowwards.

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Measuring diversity

Ecologists have a very useful notion of diversity, the ‘Reciprocal Diversity Index’. This is applied to 2011 Census data for wards in Glasgow to calculate how closely each ward is to having an equal number of the14ethnicgroupsmeasuredinthecensus.Theindexisproducedbycalculating,forallethnicgroups,thesizeofthatgroupinthewardasaproportionofthetotalwardpopulation,thisisthensquared,summedforalleighteenethnicgroupsandthendividedinto1.Theindexisgreatestwhenthereareequalnumbersofethnicgroupsintheward,whenitisequalto14,andlowestwhenthereisonlyoneethnicgroupinaward,whenitisequalto1.Theindexisstandardisedbystretchingittoalwaysbewithintherangeof0to100.

Mixing within households and familiesAs well as becoming more mixed residentially, the population in Glasgow, like the rest of Scotland, is also becoming more diverse within households and families, see figure 4. In 2011 multiple ethnic households account for 15% of all households, with more than one individual, in Glasgow. This is slightly lower than the Scottish average and considerably lower than Edinburgh. However it should be noted that, for Scotland, households with White Scottish and White Other British can be categorised as multiple ethnic.

Theproportionofthepopulationwithmixedethnicidentityhasalsoincreasedbetween2001and2011.InGlasgowthemixedethnicgroupincreasedfrom2,046in2001,to2,879in2011.Thoughitshouldbenoted,theproportionofthepopulationisrelativelylowinScotland(0.3%in2001and0.4%in2011)andGlasgow(0.4%in2001and0.5%in2011).

Thisbriefingisoneinaseries,Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.

Author:BrianKellyandStephenAshe

Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) TheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UK

email:censusbriefings@ethnicity.ac.uk

www.ethnicity.ac.uk

Ethnic mixing in Glasgow

Notes:horizontallineindicatesnationalaverage.Measuredasaproportionofhouseholdswithtwoormorepeople.

1Forafurtherdiscussionofthisdebate,seeFinney,N.,&Simpson,L.(2009)‘Sleepwalking to Segregation’?: Challenging Myths About Race and Migration.PolicyPress.

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Figure 4.GrowthinhouseholdswithmorethanoneethnicgroupinGlasgowandotherScottishcities2001to2011

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