ethnic, gender and other dialects. african american english (aae) phonological differences...
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Ethnic , Gender and Other Dialects
African American English (AAE)
Phonological DifferencesR-deletion
guard = god, sore = saw, poor = paL-deletion
all = awe, help = hepNeutralization of [I and [E] before nasals (intermediate sound)
pin = pen, ten = tinLoss of interdental fricatives
Ruth = roofBrother = broverThis = disThat = dat
Syntactic DifferencesDouble negatives
“he don’t know nothing”“he don’t got none”
Deletion of the verb “to be”He is nice. = He nice.I am gonna do it. = I gonna do it.
Habitual “be”Sarah is happy. = Sarah be happy.( Sarah is a always a happy person)He is late. = He lateHe is always late. = He be late.
Latino/Hispanic/Chicano English
Phonological DifferencesSubstitution of the Spanish 5 vowel system for the English 11 vowel
systemship & sheep = sheeprid and read = read
Interchangeability of sh and chshow = chocheck = sheck
Devoicing some consonants easy = isiguys = gais
Final consonant cluster simplificationwar and ward = warstar and start = star
Consonant substitutionth = t (thin = tin)th = d (they = dey)
Addition of e sound at beginning of s wordsschool = eskoolstart = estart
Latino/Hispanic/Chicano English
Syntactic Differences:
Double negatives“he don’t know nothing”“he don’t got none”
Use of more for move often
Use of out from for away from
Styles and Registers
• Situational dialects that are used in different roles and in differing social situations.
• Informal vs formal
EG. Tu vs usted in Spanish
Motherese with young children
Slang
• An informal set of alternative vocabulary and/or meanings
• Including:– Recombining existing words in new ways to
create meanings (“spaced out”)– Introducing new words (zonked)– Attaching new meanings to existing words
(“to text”)
Jargon/Argot
• A set of vocabulary that is used in a specified limited technical, professional or occupational context.
• EG. The vocabulary that you have been learning in this class that is used by specialists in Linguistics: phoneme, morpheme, phonetics, phonemics, morphology, syntax, semantics, grammar, etc.
Taboo Language vs Euphemisms
Taboo = language that should not be used in polite situations
Euphemism = a word that replaces a taboo or unpleasant word
Class Exercise
Why Use Taboo Language? Why Use Euphemisms?