ethics of photoshop - kmessamore.com of photoshop.pdfethics of photoshop kent ... and while i...

Ethics of Photoshop

Kent Messamore

9/8/2013

There are many ways to fake a photo

Staging scenes - Joe Rosenthal

JKM 9/8/2013 Enhanced Images 2

Most agree it wasn’t staged, but…


Adding Props - Arthur Rothstein - 1930


Famous photo showing the dust bowl in 1930, but…


False captions - Katrina Hurricane


Mike Hollingshead - Nebraska

Photo Manipulation is not new Formal Lincoln Portrait - 1860


•Lincoln Head is by Mathew Brady.

•John Calhoun Photo is unknown

•Politically motivated as Lincoln was against slavery while Calhoun was for it.

Changing History 1920 - Photo of Vladimir Lenin and Leon

Trotsky


Photo Manipulation is not new Joan Crawford – George Hurell – early 30’s


Photo Manipulation is not new Migrant Mother - Dorothy Lange - 1936


Thumb

Photo Manipulation is not new Moonrise over Herenandez – Ansel Adams - 1941


Photo Manipulation is not new Jackie Kennedy – Richard Avedon - 1961


Photo Manipulation is not new Kent State - John Paul Filo – 1970 – Life Magazine


1971 Pulitzer Prize

Still Prior to Photoshop Aug 1989 – Oprah Winfrey


Oprah Winfrey head on Ann Margret body without permission of either.

Photo Manipulation is not new 1997 - Kenny & Bobbi McCaughey septuplets


Bobbi’s teeth straightened

Newsweek Manipulates

cover

Composite Photo - Artist fired

British Soldier – Brian Walski - 2003


August 2003 North Carolina Press Artists Assoc. rescinded 3 print

of the year awards given in 2003 to Charlotte Observer Artist Patrick Schneider when discovered altered photos.


NPPA statement Schneider had violated the Code of

Ethics outlined by the National Press Artists Association (NPPA), which states in part: "In documentary photojournalism, it is wrong to alter the content of a photograph in any way (electronically, or in the darkroom) that deceives the public."


Time manipulation - 2004


Time Manipulates

cover

Distributed during 2004 Kerry Run


Ken Light Photo 1971

Owen Franken Photo 1972

Even the Muslims do it Sep 2005 - Muslims gather in Washington

DC to mark the anniversary of 911


Cloning – Reuter’s Artist fired

Beirut – Adnan Hajj – 2006


Iran Sepah news release Printed in NY Times 2006


Katie Couric – Watch Magazine - 2006


CBS Manipulates

cover

Pulitzer Prize finalist (1998) Artist fired Allan Detrich -2007


July 2006 Qinghai-Tibet Railway Opening

Photo selected one of top 10 photos of the year

Liu Wei-qiang won bronze medal in 2006 “Most influential news photos of year” sponsored by CCTV China’s state television

Feb 2008 photos was discovered to be a composite

Liu fired


July 2006

6 time state Photojournalist of the year

In 2003 he had 3 print of the year awards rescinded

He didn’t learn anything

Patrick Schneider fired from Charlotte Observer for increasing saturation


Some methods for a casual viewer to detect image fraud

Inconsistencies in lighting Shadow direction Differences in sharpness or softness Differences in eye specular highlights Low resolution (harder to detect artifacts) Test your skills at determining real or fake

at:


Some methods for a casual viewer to detect image fraud

Inconsistencies in lighting Shadow direction Differences in sharpness or softness Differences in eye specular highlights Low resolution (harder to detect artifacts)

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/0301/03-fakeorreal.html



Digital Forensics Software forensic analysis – an evolving science

Dr. Hany Farid who runs the Image Science Group at Dartmouth College, has emerged as the leading authority on digital forensics. His team has developed some of the most advanced software currently available to detect photo manipulation.

Adobe working with Hany Farid to develop forensic plug-ins for Photoshop to detect image enhancement

“Digital technology has made it possible for photojournalists to easily manipulate images. And while I believe that the technology of digital forensics can partially combat this problem, technology alone will not solve this problem. Media outlets have to develop clear and practical guidelines for photojournalists, they have to teach journalistic ethics, and they have to have zero-tolerance for the types of photographic fakes that are currently being published in many newspapers and news magazines.” Hanry Farid, The Digital Journalist, Feb., 2008


Photojournalist Guidelines Reuters guidelines for photojournalists http://blogs.reuters.com/blog/2007/01/18/a-brief-guide-to-reuters-values-and-standards/

National Press Artists Association code of Ethics

http://www.nppa.org/professional_development/business_practices/digitalethics.html

Generally guidelines ask photojournalists to submit original images and leave editing up to editors.


http://blogs.reuters.com/blog/2007/01/18/a-brief-guide-to-reuters-values-and-standards/

http://www.nppa.org/professional_development/business_practices/digitalethics.html

Any Artist who says his photos represent exactly what he saw, is lying Human eye gamut versus digital


Any Artist who says his photos represent exactly what he saw, is lying Shutter speed stops time


Any Artist who says his photos represent exactly what he saw, is lying Aperture blurs background


Any Artist who says his photos represent exactly what he saw, is lying Telephoto lens compresses image


Giant Tomatoes discovered in China

Any Artist who says his photos represent exactly what he saw, is lying Even cropping changes point of view of image


Any Artist who says his photos represent exactly what he saw, is lying

Filter darkens sky or warms image


Any Artist who says his photos represent exactly what he saw, is lying

JPEG sharpens, changes temperature, saturates

colors


•Full Auto - "Point and Shoot" mode, camera makes all settings automatically including the flash. •Creative Auto -Much like Full Auto, but now you can easily change the picture's brightness, depth of field, color tone (Picture Style), etc. •Portrait - Sharp subject with blurred background •Landscape - Scenery, sunsets and open-sky photos •Close-up - Close up shots of small things •Sports - Freeze fast-moving subjects with higher shutter speeds and uses Predictive AF focusing •Night Portrait - Long shutter speed plus fill flash •Flash Off - Natural looking pictures without the flash •Movie Mode - Records 1080p (1920x1080, 20fps), 720p (1280x720, 30fps) or VGA (640x480, 30fps) QuickTime (.MOV) format

Importance of Captions to a Photo


Taken from Errol Morris: “liar, Liar, Pants on Fire”, July 20, 2007

•Is this picture True or False?

•Without Caption we can’t answer

•Add a Caption “The Lusitania” or “The Titanic” we can begin to answer.

•As you add context “The Lusitania just before it was sunk”, we add emotion to the photo. Certainly that emotion would be high in 1915.

•On the evening of May 7th, 1915, the RMS Lusitania was off the coast of Ireland en route to Liverpool from New York when it was torpedoed by a German U-Boat and sank. About 1,200 of the nearly 2,000 passengers and crew aboard drowned, including more than 100 Americans.

Slippery slope Is there any difference in photo manipulation ethics versus writing ethics

(plagiarism, modifying a story to make it more interesting) Janet Cooke wins Pulitzer Prize in 1981 with made up story. Yes- Photos have more impact.

What’s the difference between moving a tree branch out of the way when you are taking a photo to get the best shot, versus removing it in Photoshop?

Is it OK to boost saturation in camera but not in Photoshop?

Is it OK to make the sky bluer with a Neutral Density filter, but not Photoshop?

Is it OK to make changes to a photo as long as it doesn’t alter the facts or distort the truth? What is “truth”?

Is it OK to editorialize with a photo? Push a point of view?


Any Artist who says his photos represent exactly what he saw, is lying Most images need some improvement to be

acceptable – Sharpen?, Saturation?

How much is too much?

What is Truth?


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