Ethics and ResearchEthics and Research

RCS 6740 RCS 6740

5/11/055/11/05

Ethics ReviewEthics Review

Morals-rules that define what is right Morals-rules that define what is right and wrongand wrong

Ethics-process of examining moral Ethics-process of examining moral standards and looking at how we standards and looking at how we should interpret and apply such should interpret and apply such standards in real world situationsstandards in real world situations

Ethical Codes-CRC, APA, AMA, and so Ethical Codes-CRC, APA, AMA, and so on. Know your code!!!on. Know your code!!!

Ethics Review Cont.Ethics Review Cont.

Ethical PrinciplesEthical Principles AutonomyAutonomy BeneficenceBeneficence Non-maleficenceNon-maleficence JusticeJustice FidelityFidelity

Think for a moment, how might these Think for a moment, how might these principles relate to research?principles relate to research?

History of Unethical ResearchHistory of Unethical Research Tuskegee Experiment (1932-1972)-American researchers Tuskegee Experiment (1932-1972)-American researchers

purposely withheld treatment for 399 African-American people purposely withheld treatment for 399 African-American people with syphilis for the sole purpose of studying the long term effects with syphilis for the sole purpose of studying the long term effects of the disease.of the disease.

Willowbrook Study (1963-1966)-Children with developmental Willowbrook Study (1963-1966)-Children with developmental disabilities were deliberately infected with Hepatitis (some were disabilities were deliberately infected with Hepatitis (some were even fed fecal matter). Purpose of the study was to examine the even fed fecal matter). Purpose of the study was to examine the course of the disease and to test a potential immunization course of the disease and to test a potential immunization

Human radiation experiments by the US Department of Defense & Human radiation experiments by the US Department of Defense & Atomic Energy Commission.Atomic Energy Commission.

Milgram’s Obedience Study-Researchers asked participants to Milgram’s Obedience Study-Researchers asked participants to “Pseudo-shocking” confederates in order to examine obedience.“Pseudo-shocking” confederates in order to examine obedience.

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment (1971). Study had to be Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment (1971). Study had to be ended prematurely because of abusive behaviors generated ended prematurely because of abusive behaviors generated participants who where assigned as guards over those subjects participants who where assigned as guards over those subjects that were assigned as prisoners.that were assigned as prisoners.

Responses to unethical Responses to unethical researchresearch

Nuremberg created as a result of cruel Nuremberg created as a result of cruel experiments the Nazis conducted on experiments the Nazis conducted on humans during WWII. humans during WWII.

NIH Ethics Committee (1964)NIH Ethics Committee (1964) Declaration of Helsinki (1964, ’75, ’83, ’89, Declaration of Helsinki (1964, ’75, ’83, ’89,

’00)’00) Beecher “Ethics & Clinical Research” (1966) Beecher “Ethics & Clinical Research” (1966)

[[NEJM, 274NEJM, 274, 1354-60]. , 1354-60]. Available at Available at

http://sladen.hfhs.org/IRB/images/nejm-beecher.http://sladen.hfhs.org/IRB/images/nejm-beecher.pdfpdf 1973 Congressional Hearings on Quality of 1973 Congressional Hearings on Quality of

Heath Care and Human Experimentation.Heath Care and Human Experimentation. National Research Act of 1974National Research Act of 1974

Established the IRB system.Established the IRB system.

Response to unethical researchResponse to unethical research

Arising from the National Research Act of Arising from the National Research Act of 1974 1974 The IRB system was established The IRB system was established May 1974 – 45 CFR 46 drafted May 1974 – 45 CFR 46 drafted 1975-1978 – National Commission for 1975-1978 – National Commission for

Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research and Behavioral Research

April 1979 – Belmont Report April 1979 – Belmont Report 1981 – 45 CFR 46 revised 1981 – 45 CFR 46 revised 1991 45 CFR 46 adopted as the Common Rule 1991 45 CFR 46 adopted as the Common Rule

by 17 federal agenciesby 17 federal agencies

The Belmont ReportThe Belmont Report

The National Commission for the The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Protection of Human Subjects of

Biomedical and Behavioral Research Biomedical and Behavioral Research April 18, 1979 April 18, 1979

The Belmont ReportThe Belmont Report

1.1. Boundaries Between Practice and Boundaries Between Practice and Research Research

2.2. Basic Ethical Principles Basic Ethical Principles 3.3. Applications (of Principles)Applications (of Principles)

The Belmont Report (1979) is the The Belmont Report (1979) is the major ethical statement guiding major ethical statement guiding human research in the United human research in the United

States.States.

The Belmont ReportThe Belmont Report

1.1. Boundaries Between Practice Boundaries Between Practice and Research and Research

IRB must determine that the IRB must determine that the researcher (and through informed researcher (and through informed consent, the subject) distinguishes consent, the subject) distinguishes practice practice from from experimentexperiment in in bothboth social science and medical science social science and medical science researchresearch

The Belmont ReportThe Belmont Report

2.2. Basic Ethical Principles Basic Ethical Principles Respect for Persons Respect for Persons

Individual autonomy Protection of Individual autonomy Protection of individuals with reduced autonomy individuals with reduced autonomy

Beneficence Beneficence Maximize benefits and minimize harmsMaximize benefits and minimize harms

Justice Justice Equitable distribution of research risks and Equitable distribution of research risks and

benefitsbenefits

Respect for PersonsRespect for Persons

Treat individuals as autonomous agentsTreat individuals as autonomous agents Do not use people as a means to an endDo not use people as a means to an end Allow people to make choices for Allow people to make choices for

themselvesthemselves Provide extra protection to those with Provide extra protection to those with

limited autonomylimited autonomy

Voluntary ParticipationVoluntary Participation Informed ConsentInformed Consent Protection of Privacy & ConfidentialityProtection of Privacy & Confidentiality Right to Withdraw without PenaltyRight to Withdraw without Penalty

BeneficenceBeneficence

Acts of kindness or charity that go beyond Acts of kindness or charity that go beyond dutyduty

Obligations derived from beneficenceObligations derived from beneficence Do no harmDo no harm Prevent harmPrevent harm Prevent evilPrevent evil Promote goodPromote good

Risks are justified by the benefitsRisks are justified by the benefits Risks are minimizedRisks are minimized Conflicts of interest are managed to avoid biasConflicts of interest are managed to avoid bias

JusticeJustice

Treat people fairlyTreat people fairly Fair sharing of burdens and benefits of researchFair sharing of burdens and benefits of research Distinguish procedural justice from distributive Distinguish procedural justice from distributive

justicejustice

Vulnerable subjects are not targeted for convenienceVulnerable subjects are not targeted for convenience People are not selected as subjects because of their People are not selected as subjects because of their

ease of availability or compromised positionease of availability or compromised position People who are likely to benefit are not excludedPeople who are likely to benefit are not excluded

The Belmont ReportThe Belmont Report

3.3. Application Application All principles are essential to sound All principles are essential to sound

ethical research ethical research Principles carry equal moral weight Principles carry equal moral weight Ethical conduct is expectedEthical conduct is expected

Institutional Review BoardInstitutional Review Board

To provide standards of conducting To provide standards of conducting ethical research, and to protect ethical research, and to protect human an animal subjects, the human an animal subjects, the National Research Act (law in 1974) National Research Act (law in 1974) established the Institutional Review established the Institutional Review BoardBoard

Any research project that receives Any research project that receives federal money must demonstrate federal money must demonstrate that its methods are ethicalthat its methods are ethical

http://http://irbirb..uflufl..eduedu//

Role of the IRBRole of the IRB The role of the IRB is to protect the rights The role of the IRB is to protect the rights

and welfare of individual research and welfare of individual research subjects. This is accomplished by having subjects. This is accomplished by having the IRB assure that the following the IRB assure that the following requirements are satisfied:requirements are satisfied:1. risk to subjects are minimized1. risk to subjects are minimized2. risk to subjects are reasonable in 2. risk to subjects are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits,relation to anticipated benefits,3. selection of subjects is equitable, i.e. fair3. selection of subjects is equitable, i.e. fair4. informed consent is sought form each 4. informed consent is sought form each subject or his/her legally authorized subject or his/her legally authorized representative,representative,

Role of the IRB Cont.Role of the IRB Cont.

5. informed consent is appropriately documented,5. informed consent is appropriately documented,6. when appropriate, the research plan makes 6. when appropriate, the research plan makes provisions for monitoring data collection,provisions for monitoring data collection,7. privacy and confidentiality of research subjects 7. privacy and confidentiality of research subjects are appropriately protected, andare appropriately protected, and8. when some or all of the subjects are likely to 8. when some or all of the subjects are likely to be vulnerable to coercion or undue influence, be vulnerable to coercion or undue influence, additional safeguards have been included. additional safeguards have been included. The IRB has to approve that these requirements The IRB has to approve that these requirements are followed before they approve a research are followed before they approve a research study and must review these documents on, at study and must review these documents on, at the least, an annual basis.the least, an annual basis.

IRB Levels of RiskIRB Levels of Risk

The IRB categorizes the risk associated The IRB categorizes the risk associated with research into Exempt, Minimal, with research into Exempt, Minimal, and Greater than Minimal:and Greater than Minimal:

ExemptExempt Experiment is without risk to the Experiment is without risk to the

participant, the researcher, and the participant, the researcher, and the environmentenvironment

Examples: Anonymous questionnaires, Examples: Anonymous questionnaires, standardized education tests, and standardized education tests, and anonymous naturalistic observations anonymous naturalistic observations

IRB Levels of Risk Cont.IRB Levels of Risk Cont.

Minimal RiskMinimal Risk Although safeguards must be present, usually no Although safeguards must be present, usually no

more risk than one would face in everyday lifemore risk than one would face in everyday life Examples: Certain Medical Diagnostic tests, Examples: Certain Medical Diagnostic tests,

research on individual or group behavior that research on individual or group behavior that involves no manipulation of the subjects and is involves no manipulation of the subjects and is not stressful (i.e., research on perception, not stressful (i.e., research on perception, cognition, motivation, identity, language, cognition, motivation, identity, language, communication, cultural beliefs or practices, communication, cultural beliefs or practices, social behavior), and research employing survey, social behavior), and research employing survey, interview, oral history, focus group, program interview, oral history, focus group, program evaluation, human factors evaluation, or quality evaluation, human factors evaluation, or quality assurance methodologies assurance methodologies

IRB Levels of Risk Cont.IRB Levels of Risk Cont.

Greater than Minimal RiskGreater than Minimal Risk Can cause stress, pain, injury, or even death. A Can cause stress, pain, injury, or even death. A

project that involves greater than minimal risk project that involves greater than minimal risk requires approval by an IRB panel composed of requires approval by an IRB panel composed of members qualified to review research in that members qualified to review research in that field.field.

Examples: Research with children and other Examples: Research with children and other vulnerable populations; research that involves vulnerable populations; research that involves experimental drugs or devices, invasive experimental drugs or devices, invasive procedures; and any research involving procedures; and any research involving deception. deception.

HIPAAHIPAA

The Health Insurance Portability and The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a comprehensive Federal protection plan that comprehensive Federal protection plan that ensures continuity of healthcare coverage ensures continuity of healthcare coverage for individuals changing jobs; includes a for individuals changing jobs; includes a provision that impacts on the management provision that impacts on the management of health information; seeks to simplify the of health information; seeks to simplify the administration of health insurance; and administration of health insurance; and aims to combat waste, fraud, and abuse in aims to combat waste, fraud, and abuse in health insurance and health care.health insurance and health care.

Ethics and Research: Areas of Ethics and Research: Areas of FocusFocus

Harm Harm Informed ConsentInformed Consent ConfidentialityConfidentiality DeceptionDeception Reporting Results and PlagiarismReporting Results and Plagiarism

HarmHarm

As mentioned before, researchers As mentioned before, researchers should take every precaution to should take every precaution to ensure that participants are not ensure that participants are not subjected to undue harm or stresssubjected to undue harm or stress

Please visit IRB website for further Please visit IRB website for further informationinformation

Informed Consent Informed Consent Voluntary Informed Consent is essential for research Voluntary Informed Consent is essential for research

involving human subjectsinvolving human subjects According to the APA, Informed Consent should According to the APA, Informed Consent should

include:include: Description of the nature of the researchDescription of the nature of the research Statement that the research is voluntary and Statement that the research is voluntary and

participants can withdraw at any timeparticipants can withdraw at any time Identification of Risks and BenefitsIdentification of Risks and Benefits Description of how confidentiality will be protectedDescription of how confidentiality will be protected Description of compensationDescription of compensation Description of what info researchers will share Description of what info researchers will share

with participantswith participants Identification of who is responsible for research Identification of who is responsible for research

with contact informationwith contact information

ConfidentialityConfidentiality

All information collected in a research All information collected in a research project should remain confidentialproject should remain confidential Participants should be assigned a HIPAA Participants should be assigned a HIPAA

compliant codecompliant code Data should be locked away in a secure Data should be locked away in a secure

settingsetting Electronic Databases should also be Electronic Databases should also be

protectedprotected

What do you do if you bump into a research What do you do if you bump into a research participant in Wal-Mart?participant in Wal-Mart?

DeceptionDeception

At times, researchers may choose to At times, researchers may choose to hide from participants the true hide from participants the true nature of the studynature of the study

Deception by OmissionDeception by Omission Withholding important facts from the Withholding important facts from the

participantsparticipants Deception by CommissionDeception by Commission

Lie to or purposely mislead research Lie to or purposely mislead research participantsparticipants

Deception Cont.Deception Cont. Staged ManipulationsStaged Manipulations

Also called Event ManipulationsAlso called Event Manipulations Used for 2 reasonsUsed for 2 reasons

The researcher may need to create some sort of psychological The researcher may need to create some sort of psychological state (anxiety)state (anxiety)

The researcher may need to stage a manipulation to recreate a The researcher may need to stage a manipulation to recreate a real-world scenarioreal-world scenario

Having a participant do one task and then having them do more Having a participant do one task and then having them do more tasks at the same time tasks at the same time

Staged manipulations usually employ a confederate Staged manipulations usually employ a confederate Also called an accompliceAlso called an accomplice A confederate is someone who appears to be another A confederate is someone who appears to be another

participant in an experiment but is really a part of the participant in an experiment but is really a part of the experimentexperiment

Example: Someone who purposely insults a Example: Someone who purposely insults a participant in a study in order to provoke anger or participant in a study in order to provoke anger or frustrationfrustration

Deception Cont.Deception Cont. Another example of the use of confederates:Another example of the use of confederates: Asch (1956) study on conformityAsch (1956) study on conformity

Which line is bigger?Which line is bigger? 1)---------------------1)--------------------- 2)-----------------------------2)----------------------------- 3)-------------------3)-------------------

Right before a participant had to choose Right before a participant had to choose which line was the longest, a confederate which line was the longest, a confederate announced an incorrect answer announced an incorrect answer

Repeatedly, Asch found that people Repeatedly, Asch found that people conformed to the confederate’s incorrect conformed to the confederate’s incorrect responseresponse

Deception Cont.Deception Cont.

According to the APA, researchers can According to the APA, researchers can us deception under certain conditions:us deception under certain conditions: Participants must be provided with enough Participants must be provided with enough

information to consent voluntarilyinformation to consent voluntarily Researchers must convince the IRB that Researchers must convince the IRB that

deception is necessary to collect data and deception is necessary to collect data and that it will cause little or no harmthat it will cause little or no harm

Researchers must arrange to fully inform Researchers must arrange to fully inform the patients of the true nature of the study the patients of the true nature of the study in a timely mannerin a timely manner

Reporting Research ResultsReporting Research Results Results of research studies should be reported in a Results of research studies should be reported in a

honest, accurate mannerhonest, accurate manner Researchers cannot “massage” data to fit their Researchers cannot “massage” data to fit their

hypotheseshypotheses Researchers cannot make up or report false Researchers cannot make up or report false

resultsresults Researcher must report what they find, even if Researcher must report what they find, even if

the data does not support their initial hypothesesthe data does not support their initial hypotheses Researchers should ensure that data is being Researchers should ensure that data is being

collected consistently (do checks of research collected consistently (do checks of research assistants) assistants)

Researchers should give the proper credit Researchers should give the proper credit (authorship) to those who have earned it(authorship) to those who have earned it

PlagiarismPlagiarism

Comes from the Latin word meaning Comes from the Latin word meaning “to kidnap”“to kidnap”

Examples of plagiarism:Examples of plagiarism: Copying someone else’s words without Copying someone else’s words without

proper citationproper citation Stealing someone else’s ideasStealing someone else’s ideas Stealing someone else’s intellectual Stealing someone else’s intellectual

propertypropertyBottom Line: Cite sources properly and Bottom Line: Cite sources properly and minimize quotations in research reportsminimize quotations in research reports

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics The following excerpt is taken from the Code The following excerpt is taken from the Code

of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors:Counselors:

SECTION F: EVALUATION, ASSESSMENT, AND SECTION F: EVALUATION, ASSESSMENT, AND INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION

F.3. RESEARCH AND TRAININGF.3. RESEARCH AND TRAINING a. DATA DISGUISE REQUIRED. Use of data derived a. DATA DISGUISE REQUIRED. Use of data derived

from counseling relationships for purposes of from counseling relationships for purposes of training, research, or publication will be confined to training, research, or publication will be confined to content that is disguised to ensure the anonymity of content that is disguised to ensure the anonymity of the individuals involved.the individuals involved.

b. AGREEMENT FOR IDENTIFICATION. Identification of b. AGREEMENT FOR IDENTIFICATION. Identification of a client in a presentation or publication will be a client in a presentation or publication will be permissible only when the client has agreed in permissible only when the client has agreed in writing to its presentation or publication.writing to its presentation or publication.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics SECTION H: RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONSECTION H: RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION H.1. RESEARCH RESPONSIBILITIESH.1. RESEARCH RESPONSIBILITIES a. USE OF HUMAN PARTICIPANTS. Rehabilitation a. USE OF HUMAN PARTICIPANTS. Rehabilitation

counselors will plan, design, conduct, and report counselors will plan, design, conduct, and report research in a manner that reflects cultural sensitivity, research in a manner that reflects cultural sensitivity, is culturally appropriate, and is consistent with is culturally appropriate, and is consistent with pertinent ethical principles, federal and pertinent ethical principles, federal and state/provincial laws, host institutional regulations, state/provincial laws, host institutional regulations, and scientific standards governing research with and scientific standards governing research with human participants.human participants.

b. DEVIATION FROM STANDARD PRACTICES. b. DEVIATION FROM STANDARD PRACTICES. Rehabilitation counselors will seek consultation and Rehabilitation counselors will seek consultation and observe stringent safeguards to protect the rights of observe stringent safeguards to protect the rights of research participants when a research problem research participants when a research problem suggests a deviation from standard acceptable suggests a deviation from standard acceptable practices.practices.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics c. PRECAUTIONS TO AVOID INJURY. Rehabilitation c. PRECAUTIONS TO AVOID INJURY. Rehabilitation

counselors who conduct research with human counselors who conduct research with human participants will be responsible for the participants will be responsible for the participants' welfare throughout the research and participants' welfare throughout the research and will take reasonable precautions to avoid causing will take reasonable precautions to avoid causing injurious psychological, physical, or social effects injurious psychological, physical, or social effects to their participants.to their participants.

d. PRINCIPAL RESEARCHER RESPONSIBILITY. d. PRINCIPAL RESEARCHER RESPONSIBILITY. While ultimate responsibility for ethical research While ultimate responsibility for ethical research practice lies with the principal researcher, practice lies with the principal researcher, rehabilitation counselors involved in the research rehabilitation counselors involved in the research activities will share ethical obligations and bear activities will share ethical obligations and bear full responsibility for their own actions.full responsibility for their own actions.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics

e. MINIMAL INTERFERENCE. Rehabilitation e. MINIMAL INTERFERENCE. Rehabilitation counselors will take precautions to avoid causing counselors will take precautions to avoid causing disruptions in participants' lives due to disruptions in participants' lives due to participation in research.participation in research.

f. DIVERSITY. Rehabilitation counselors will be f. DIVERSITY. Rehabilitation counselors will be sensitive to diversity and research issues with sensitive to diversity and research issues with culturally diverse populations and they will seek culturally diverse populations and they will seek consultation when appropriate.consultation when appropriate.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics H.2. INFORMED CONSENTH.2. INFORMED CONSENT a. TOPICS DISCLOSED. In obtaining informed consent a. TOPICS DISCLOSED. In obtaining informed consent

for research, rehabilitation counselors will use for research, rehabilitation counselors will use language that is understandable to research language that is understandable to research participants and that (1) accurately explains the participants and that (1) accurately explains the purpose and procedures to be followed; (2) identifies purpose and procedures to be followed; (2) identifies any procedures that are experimental or relatively any procedures that are experimental or relatively untried; (3) describes the attendant discomforts and untried; (3) describes the attendant discomforts and risks; (4) describes the benefits or changes in risks; (4) describes the benefits or changes in individuals or organizations that might reasonably be individuals or organizations that might reasonably be expected; (5) discloses appropriate alternative expected; (5) discloses appropriate alternative procedures that would be advantageous for procedures that would be advantageous for participants; (6) offers to answer any inquiries participants; (6) offers to answer any inquiries concerning the procedures; (7) describes any concerning the procedures; (7) describes any limitations of confidentiality; and (8) instructs that limitations of confidentiality; and (8) instructs that participants are free to withdraw their consent and to participants are free to withdraw their consent and to discontinue participation in the project at any time.discontinue participation in the project at any time.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics b. DECEPTION. Rehabilitation counselors will not b. DECEPTION. Rehabilitation counselors will not

conduct research involving deception unless conduct research involving deception unless alternative procedures are not feasible and the alternative procedures are not feasible and the prospective value of the research justifies the prospective value of the research justifies the deception. When the methodological requirements deception. When the methodological requirements of a study necessitate concealment or deception, of a study necessitate concealment or deception, the investigator will be required to explain clearly the investigator will be required to explain clearly the reasons for this action as soon as possible. the reasons for this action as soon as possible.

c. VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION. Participation in c. VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION. Participation in research is typically voluntary and without any research is typically voluntary and without any penalty for refusal to participate. Involuntary penalty for refusal to participate. Involuntary participation will be appropriate only when it can participation will be appropriate only when it can be demonstrated that participation will have no be demonstrated that participation will have no harmful effects on participants and is essential to harmful effects on participants and is essential to the investigation.the investigation.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics d. CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION. Information d. CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION. Information

obtained about research participants during the obtained about research participants during the course of an investigation will be confidential. When course of an investigation will be confidential. When the possibility exists that others may obtain access the possibility exists that others may obtain access to such information, ethical research practice to such information, ethical research practice requires that the possibility, together with the plans requires that the possibility, together with the plans for protecting confidentiality, will be explained to for protecting confidentiality, will be explained to participants as a part of the procedure for obtaining participants as a part of the procedure for obtaining informed consent.informed consent.

e. PERSONS INCAPABLE OF GIVING INFORMED e. PERSONS INCAPABLE OF GIVING INFORMED CONSENT. When a person is incapable of giving CONSENT. When a person is incapable of giving informed consent, rehabilitation counselors will informed consent, rehabilitation counselors will provide an appropriate explanation, obtain provide an appropriate explanation, obtain agreement for participation, and obtain appropriate agreement for participation, and obtain appropriate consent from a legally authorized person.consent from a legally authorized person.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics f. COMMITMENTS TO PARTICIPANTS. f. COMMITMENTS TO PARTICIPANTS.

Rehabilitation counselors will take reasonable Rehabilitation counselors will take reasonable measures to honor all commitments to research measures to honor all commitments to research participants.participants.

g. EXPLANATIONS AFTER DATA COLLECTION. g. EXPLANATIONS AFTER DATA COLLECTION. After data are collected, rehabilitation counselors After data are collected, rehabilitation counselors will provide participants with full clarification of will provide participants with full clarification of the nature of the study to remove any the nature of the study to remove any misconceptions. Where scientific or human values misconceptions. Where scientific or human values justify delaying or withholding information, justify delaying or withholding information, rehabilitation counselors will take reasonable rehabilitation counselors will take reasonable measures to avoid causing harm. measures to avoid causing harm.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics h. AGREEMENTS TO COOPERATE. Rehabilitation h. AGREEMENTS TO COOPERATE. Rehabilitation

counselors who agree to cooperate with another counselors who agree to cooperate with another individual in research or publication will incur an individual in research or publication will incur an obligation to cooperate as agreed.obligation to cooperate as agreed.

i. INFORMED CONSENT FOR SPONSORS. In the i. INFORMED CONSENT FOR SPONSORS. In the pursuit of research, rehabilitation counselors will pursuit of research, rehabilitation counselors will give sponsors, institutions, and publication give sponsors, institutions, and publication channels the same opportunity for giving channels the same opportunity for giving informed consent that they accord to individual informed consent that they accord to individual research participants. Rehabilitation counselors research participants. Rehabilitation counselors will be aware of their obligation to future will be aware of their obligation to future researchers and will ensure that host institutions researchers and will ensure that host institutions are given feedback information and proper are given feedback information and proper acknowledgment.acknowledgment.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics H.3. REPORTING RESULTSH.3. REPORTING RESULTS a. INFORMATION AFFECTING OUTCOME. When a. INFORMATION AFFECTING OUTCOME. When

reporting research results, rehabilitation counselors reporting research results, rehabilitation counselors will explicitly mention all variables and conditions will explicitly mention all variables and conditions known to the investigator that may have affected known to the investigator that may have affected the outcome of a study or the interpretation of data.the outcome of a study or the interpretation of data.

b. ACCURATE RESULTS. Rehabilitation counselors b. ACCURATE RESULTS. Rehabilitation counselors will plan, conduct, and report research accurately will plan, conduct, and report research accurately and in a manner that minimizes the possibility that and in a manner that minimizes the possibility that results will be misleading. They will provide results will be misleading. They will provide thorough discussions of the limitations of their data thorough discussions of the limitations of their data and alternative hypotheses. Rehabilitation and alternative hypotheses. Rehabilitation counselors will not engage in fraudulent research, counselors will not engage in fraudulent research, distort data, misrepresent data, or deliberately bias distort data, misrepresent data, or deliberately bias their results.their results.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics c. OBLIGATION TO REPORT UNFAVORABLE RESULTS. c. OBLIGATION TO REPORT UNFAVORABLE RESULTS.

Rehabilitation counselors will make available the results Rehabilitation counselors will make available the results of any research judged to be of professional value even of any research judged to be of professional value even if the results reflect unfavorably on institutions, if the results reflect unfavorably on institutions, programs, services, prevailing opinions, or vested programs, services, prevailing opinions, or vested interests.interests.

d. IDENTITY OF PARTICIPANTS. Rehabilitation d. IDENTITY OF PARTICIPANTS. Rehabilitation counselors who supply data, aid in the research of counselors who supply data, aid in the research of another person, report research results, or make another person, report research results, or make original data available will take due care to disguise the original data available will take due care to disguise the identity of respective participants in the absence of identity of respective participants in the absence of specific authorization from the participants to do specific authorization from the participants to do otherwise.otherwise.

e. REPLICATION STUDIES. Rehabilitation counselors will e. REPLICATION STUDIES. Rehabilitation counselors will be obligated to make sufficient original research data be obligated to make sufficient original research data available to qualified professionals who may wish to available to qualified professionals who may wish to replicate the study.replicate the study.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics H.4. PUBLICATIONH.4. PUBLICATION a. RECOGNITION OF OTHERS. When conducting a. RECOGNITION OF OTHERS. When conducting

and reporting research, rehabilitation counselors and reporting research, rehabilitation counselors will be familiar with and give recognition to will be familiar with and give recognition to previous work on the topic, observe copyright laws, previous work on the topic, observe copyright laws, and give full credit to those to whom credit is due.and give full credit to those to whom credit is due.

b. CONTRIBUTORS. Rehabilitation counselors will b. CONTRIBUTORS. Rehabilitation counselors will give credit through joint authorship, give credit through joint authorship, acknowledgment, footnote statements, or other acknowledgment, footnote statements, or other appropriate means to those who have contributed appropriate means to those who have contributed significantly to research or concept development in significantly to research or concept development in accordance with such contributions. The principal accordance with such contributions. The principal contributor will be listed first and minor technical contributor will be listed first and minor technical or professional contributions are acknowledged in or professional contributions are acknowledged in notes or introductory statements.notes or introductory statements.

CRC Code of EthicsCRC Code of Ethics c. STUDENT RESEARCH. For an article that is c. STUDENT RESEARCH. For an article that is

substantially based on a student's dissertation or substantially based on a student's dissertation or thesis, the student will be listed as the principal thesis, the student will be listed as the principal author.author.

d. DUPLICATE SUBMISSION. Rehabilitation counselors d. DUPLICATE SUBMISSION. Rehabilitation counselors will submit manuscripts for consideration to only one will submit manuscripts for consideration to only one journal at a time. Manuscripts that are published in journal at a time. Manuscripts that are published in whole or in substantial part in another journal or whole or in substantial part in another journal or published work will not be submitted for publication published work will not be submitted for publication without acknowledgment and permission from the without acknowledgment and permission from the previous publication.previous publication.

e. PROFESSIONAL REVIEW. Rehabilitation counselors e. PROFESSIONAL REVIEW. Rehabilitation counselors who review material submitted for publication, who review material submitted for publication, research, or other scholarly purposes will respect the research, or other scholarly purposes will respect the confidentiality and proprietary rights of those who confidentiality and proprietary rights of those who submitted it.submitted it.

Ethics among researchersEthics among researchers

AuthorshipAuthorship Ownership of dataOwnership of data ConsultantsConsultants