estimating distances of asteroids using the worldwide internet-accessible network of telescopes...
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ESTIMATING DISTANCES OF ASTEROIDSUsing the Worldwide Internet-Accessible Network of Telescopes
Faculty Information GuideA Global Hands-On UniverseTM Student Research Activity
Lawrence Hall of ScienceUniversity of California, Berkeley
J. Patrick MillerDepartment of MathematicsHardin-Simmons University
Abilene, Texas
Global Hands-On UniverseTM (GHOU) is an education and research program available to students with a keen interest in astronomy and astrophysics.
Using the Internet…
Students are able to access a worldwide network of telescopes to take deep sky images, access professional astronomical databases, and
analyze images and data with a set of user-friendly image processing software tools.
Internet-accessible 10" Meade located in Queen Creek, AZ
(Frank Pino)
Internet-accessible 14" Celestron located in Hawaii
(Ken Archer)
Two Internet-accessible telescopes on the worldwide network.
They are equipped with a digital camera (CCD = charge-coupled device) and color filter wheel
(red, blue, and green bandwidths).
Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes
Housing for the 14" Celestron Telescope (Hawaii)
Under faculty supervision, students log onto the Internet and access one of the telescopes on the worldwide network.
To gain access you must have the URL, identification, and password.
Faculty interested in having their students join Global Hands-On UniverseTM programs and using the Internet-accessible telescopes may contact
Dr. Carl Pennypacker at [email protected] for complete information.
On the evening of December 19, 2005, students from Hardin-Simmons University used the
Internet-accessible telescope in Queen Creek, AZ (Ironwood North Observatory).
The purpose of this project was to take images of asteroids and estimate their distances from the Sun.
The Main Asteroid Belt consists of millions of rock boulders located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The largest is named Ceres, which is ~900 km in diameter.
ErosAsteroid in the Main Belt with a long side of 34 km.
PhobosAsteroid in orbit about Mars
with a diameter of 27 km.
TASK #1BUILD AN OBSERVATION LOG
An Organized Plan of the Evening’s Observations
Hardin-Simmons student using an 8" telescope on a field trip.
Hardin-Simmons 14" telescope at a public night.
Lowell Observatory 31" telescope part of NURO.
The students went to Starry Night Pro 5.0®, set it to Queen Creek, AZ at 8:30pm CST, and used its extensive database of asteroids and comets to identify which ones were above the horizon and visible to the telescope.
To find objects visible to the telescope it is best to choose them within a few degrees of the zenith (i.e., Airmass = ~1)1, and preferably with no Moon light.
1Airmass = sec(z) where z is the angle of the object off the zenith
• Build a list of visible asteroids and comets
• Look up the celestial coordinates (J2000.0)
Starry Night Pro 5.0®
Queen Creek, AZDecember 19, 20058:30pm CST
• Determine the color filters to use
• Determine the exposure times
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 40
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4
Semi-Major Axis (AU)
% o
f Ast
eroi
ds
HISTOGRAM OF SEMI-MAJOR AXES
Distribution of the average distances (semi-major axes) of the asteroids in the Main Belt.
The gaps in the distribution are called the Kirkwood Gaps.
To complete the Observation Log:
The Ironwood Observatory telescope has a color filter wheel with red (R), green (G), and blue (B) bandwidths. The clear filter is called luminescence (L).
For the asteroids and comets, the clear filter (L) is chosen. Two images of these objects are taken 1h apart. During that hour, the objects move more pixels along their orbital paths than the size of their individual images in pixels (i.e., their motion along their orbital paths can be seen).
Color Filters
Exposure Times
Based on the apparent magnitudes of the objects to be imaged, an exposure time can be estimated. The time is also affected by diffuse objects (e.g., dust and gas clouds).
It is possible to estimate the exposure time by taking test images and looking for pixel saturation. If there is saturation then the time can be reduced with a second round of test images.
For asteroids and comets, those with a magnitude greater than ~10, the exposure time of Δt = 120s was used. For brighter objects Δt = 90s was used.
TASK #1BUILD AN OBSERVATION LOG
An Organized Plan of the Evening’s Observations
• Build a list of visible asteroids and comets
• Look up the celestial coordinates (J2000.0)
• Determine the color filters to use
• Determine the exposure times
OBSERVATION LOG IRONWOOD OBSERVATORY NORTH (Queen Creek, AZ)
Site: Hardin-Simmons University Date: December 19, 2005 Time: 8:30pm CST
Object R.A.
hh:mm:ss.s δ
dd:mm:ss.s L
R
G
B
Δt
Notes
Gaspra
02:45:47.9
17:04:01.0
√
120s
Two images 1h apart, asteroid.
Ariadne
01:27:35.0
12:17:59.4
√
120s
Two images 1h apart, asteroid.
Helena
23:24:52.3
02:59:10.4
√
120s
Two images 1h apart, asteroid.
Julia
01:03:28.4
31:06:30.8
√
90s
Two images 1h apart, asteroid.
LINEAR Comet 2003 K4
02:41:00.1
-11:33:38.3
√
120s
Two images 1h apart, comet.
M 74
N/A
N/A
√
√
√
90s
Three color images, spiral galaxy.
M 79
N/A
N/A
√
√
√
90s
Three color images, globular cluster.
M 31
N/A
N/A
√
10s
Shut down. Point telescope to the west.
Filters
M 74 (spiral galaxy), M 79 (globular cluster), and M 31 (spiral galaxy) were also included in the Observation Log.
These images are not shown in this presentation.
TASK #2TAKE THE IMAGES
After the images were taken, Aladin, a free download from the Centre de Données Astronomiques de Strasbourg (2000A&AS..143...33B), was used to view and subsequently analyze the images.
Aladin is available for download at http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/. It can also be run online from this same site.
TASK #3ANALYZE THE IMAGES
All of the asteroid and comet images were analyzed. In this presentation, only the analysis of the asteroid Helena is given.
Using Aladin the two images of Helena taken 1h apart were superimposed and blinked to find Helena.
Unknown Asteroid
Helena
A surprise was discovered in the images.
Not only does Helena appear near the center of the field of view, a second, but unknown, asteroid appears in the images.
MPCheckerHere are the results of your search(es) in the requested field(s): --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The following objects, brighter than V = 20.0, were found in the 15.0-arcminute region aroundR.A. = 23 24 52.3, Decl. = +02 59 10.4 (J2000.0) on 2005 12 20.13 UT:
Object R.A. Decl. Vh m s ° ' "
(101) Helena 23 24 51.1 +02 58 5912.7
(123) Brunhild 23 24 29.9 +02 59 1413.8
(80550) 2000 AK89 23 25 37.1 +02 51 1819.2
The unknown asteroid has celestial coordinates of R.A. 23:24:30 and Declination +02:59:15 at the time of the image
December 20, 2005, 3:09:23 UT.
This information was obtained using Aladin.
To determine the unknown asteroid, MPChecker at the Minor Planet Center (Harvard University) was accessed by the Internet. Helena’s celestial coordinates along with the above date and time were used. MPChecker determined all known
asteroids within a 15' radius of Helena with magnitude 20 and brighter.
MPChecker is available for online use at http://scully.harvard.edu/~cgi/CheckMP.
By comparing the celestial coordinates with Aladin, MPChecker shows that the unknown asteroid is Brunhild.
BrunhildHelena
Using Aladin the two images of Helena/Brunhild were stacked, aligned, and subtracted.
The subtraction shows the side-by-side positions of the asteroids.
BrunhildHelena
Line Parallel to the Ecliptic
The number of pixels between the side-by-side positions can be used to calculate the proper motion, which is directly related to the distance of the asteroid from Earth.
(267,267)
(292,279)
(142,273)
(164,280)
Brunhild Helena
Δp=23.1
Δp=27.7
Using Aladin, the pixel coordinates at the center of the images are determined. The length of the line segment Δp is calculated using the distance formula:
212
212 )()( yyxxp
212
212 yyxxp 2
122
12 yyxxp
Using Aladin, the header files on both images are read to get the difference in times of the exposures ΔT (hours) and
the plate scale σ ("/pixel):
ΔT = 04:36:05 UT – 03:09:23 UT = 01:26:42 = 1.445h
σ = 7.106 x 10-4 o/pixel = 2.56 "/pixel
Assuming the asteroids are at opposition (i.e., transit at midnight), the distance from the Sun in AU is found from the following formulas:
T
p
148
2
2
114
d
For a brief explanation of the Opposition Method to calculate the distance of asteroids from the Sun, refer to http://phobos.physics.uiowa.edu/curriculum/asteroids1.html.
Proper Motion
Object Δp (pixels) ΔT (hours) σ ("/pixel) β (pixels/hr) ω ("/hr) α d (AU)
Brunhild 23.1 1.445 2.56 16.0 41.0 3.6 2.1
Helena 27.7 1.445 2.56 19.2 49.2 3.0 1.7
In AU from the Sun, the distance estimates of Brunhild and Helena are given by:
Both Brunhild and Helena are known to be Main Belt asteroids. According to Starry Night Pro 5.0®, Brunhild was at 2.5 AU and
Helena at 2.3 AU from the Sun on December 19, 2005, 8:30pm CST.
In fact at the time of the observation, Brunhild and Helena were not at opposition.
The Sun and the two asteroids were separated by 85o instead of 180o at opposition.
For an explanation of the Kolena method to calculate the distance asteroids are from the Sun, refer to http://www.phy.duke.edu/~kolena/asteroid.html.
To improve the distance calculations of Helena and Brunhild given that they are not at opposition, the Kolena method is available instead:
This method assumes Earth and the asteroids have circular orbits in the same plane centered about the Sun, and the asteroids’ orbit are outside Earth’s.
The proper motion ω must be in radians/second.
λSun and λAsteroid are the celestial longitudes of the Sun and asteroid.
f(d) = 0 is a non-linear equation in d that must be solved implicitly.
T
p
AsteroidSun
)cos(
)sin(1
1)(cos)cos(
10991.1)(
2
22
7
dd
ddf
To find the celestial longitudes of the Sun and asteroid1:
1The Celestial Longitude is measured along the Ecliptic starting at the Vernal Equinox and going east. This compares to Right Ascension, which is measured along the Celestial Equator starting at the Vernal Equinox and going east.
Find the celestial coordinates (J2000.0) of the Sun and asteroid at the time of the observation.
Go to the NED Coordinate Calculator located athttp://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/forms/calculator.html
Set the input parameters to Equatorial and J2000.0
Set the output parameters to Ecliptic and J2000.0
Input the celestial coordinates then calculate
On December 19, 2005, at 8:30pm CST:
Starry Night Pro 5.0® gives the following celestial coordinates.
NED Coordinate Calculator gives the following celestial longitudes.
The Kolena method gives the following distances from the Sun.
Note: It is possible to use Starry Night Pro 5.0® instead of the NED Coordinate Calculator to find the angular separation between the Sun and the asteroids.
ObjectR.A.
hh:mm:ss.sδ
dd:mm:ss.s λ (o) |Δλ| d (AU)Starry Night Pro 5.0®
d (AU)
Sun 17:52:14.8 -23:24:38.3 268.2 ---- ---- ----
Brunhild 23:24:30.0 02:59:15.0 353.0 84.8 2.5 2.5
Helena 23:24:52.3 02:59:10.4 353.3 85.1 2.2 2.3
Build an Observation Log
Take the Images
Build a list of asteroidsLook up the celestial coordinates (J2000.0)Assign the luminescence filterDetermine the exposure times
Use MPChecker to Identify Unknown Asteroids (If Any)http://scully.harvard.edu/~cgi/CheckMP
Two images of each asteroid taken 1h apart
Use Aladin to Determine Δp, ΔT, σhttp://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/
Use Starry Night Pro 5.0® to Determine R.A. and δ of the Sun
Use NED Coordinate Checker to Determine Δλ http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/forms/calculator.html
Calculate the Proper Motion ω
Use the Kolena Method to Calculate the Distance of the Asteroid from the Sunhttp://www.phy.duke.edu/~kolena/asteroid.html
Analyze the Images
To calculate the distances that asteroids are from the Sun: