esters c.i. 13.5. what are they? how are they made? formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic...
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![Page 1: Esters C.I. 13.5. What are they? How are they made? Formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid. Very slow reaction, unless! an acid catalyst](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022083006/56649f305503460f94c4af6b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Esters
C.I. 13.5
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What are they?How are they made?
Formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid.
Very slow reaction, unless! an acid catalyst used (usually sulphuric acid)
A condensation reactionThe condensation reaction between
the hydroxyl group and the carboxylic acid known as esterification.
Reverse reaction = ester hydrolysis
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NamingNamed after alcohol & carboxylic acid
from which they are derived.
Names of esters end in –oate.
CH3C
CH2 O
O
CH3
ethyl ethanoate
this part from the acid and is named after it
this part comes from the alcohol & is named after it
let’s name some
esters!
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Structural formulaeAlthough the previous structural formula are the clearest way of showing esters, they can draw out in a shortened form.
ethyl ethanoate
CH3CCH2 O
O
CH3
Either…Or…
CH3C CH2O
O
CH3
In this version the acid part has been
written first
Identify the group attached to the C=O – this is from the acid
The group attached to the –O- is from the alcohol.
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Wait! What’s that smell?
• Esters have strong, sweet smells.• Their bouquet is often floral or fruity.• This means they are used in food flavourings &
perfumes.• Also, very good at dissolving organic
compounds so often used as solvents.
ester fragrance
ethyl methanoate raspberries
3-methylbutyl ethanoate pears
ethyl 2-methylbutanoate apples
phenylmethyl ethanoate jasmine
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Ester hydrolysis
Breakdown of an ester by water.Process sped up by catalysisCan use an acid to catalyse (H2SO4)
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This is why it is a condensation reaction because water is produced!
R
R’C
H2O
+
O H
H O
OR’C
R O
O
+⇋
Definition of a condensation reaction = two molecules reacting to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule such as water
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CH3
CH
CH2 O
O
CH3
CH2C
CH3 O
O
CH
CH3 O
O
ethyl methanoate
methyl propanoate
methyl methanoate
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R
R’C
H2O
+
O H
H O
OR’C
R O
O
+⇌
FORWARD REACTION = condensation reaction, the esterification of an alcohol using acid catalyst under reflux.
REVERSE REACTION = ester hydrolysis, same catalyst works for both forward & reverse reactions.