establishing local and integrated solid waste management

Project Proposal:Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India

Institution approached for funding:

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

(JNNURM)

Applicant institution:

Thirukkalukundram Taluk Office (Municipality)

R&A Consultants

Authors:

Alastair Upton and Ragnheidur Einarsdottir from R&A Consultants

Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India

1. Description

1.1 TitleEstablishing local and integrated solid waste management in Pudupattinam, Tamil

Nadu, India

1.2 PlacePudupattinam and Oyyalikuppam, within the Thirukkalukundram Development Block,

Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India

1.3 Cost of the project and donor contribution

Total cost of the project EUR 84.000

Amount requested from donor

institutionEUR 84.000

Duration of funding period 48 months

1.4 SummaryThe project establishes a local and integrated solid waste management system that

consists of reduction, seperation, collection and processing of solid waste and is

owned and run by the local municipality. Furthermore it strengthens public

awareness, local capacities, institutional structures and physical infrastructure in

order to improve environmental and living conditions.

The main activities of the project include consultancy workshops, public

awareness campaign, training of staff and households, purchasing of equipment and

construction activities.

The target group of the project is all residents of the target area, which is

made up of two main parts: Pudupattinam, a township near the Department of Atomic

Energy (DAE) township, and Oyyalikuppam, a coastal fishing village nearby.

1.5 ObjectivesThe overall objective of the project is cleaner environment and better living

conditions.

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The specific objective is to establish an integrated solid waste management system

in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India. This will specifically address problems of solid

waste pollution in the environment, giving cleaner open spaces, water and air in the

places where the community lives, works and gathers food. Integrated solid waste

management will provide new jobs and economic activities. It will bring regular

incomes and good working conditions specifically to local informal wastepickers and

specifically target poor unemployed women. Waste products will be recycled, reused

or carefully disposed of in a managed landfill. The policy framework to which the

objective is oriented is the Government of India's Municipal Solid Wastes

(Management and Handling) Rules 2000.

1.6 JustificationPudupattinam lies outside of the Department of Atomic Energy's township of

Kalpakkam, in the Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu. The district’s population is

growing twice as fast as India’s as a whole. Urban population growth stands at 6%

P.A at the Census of 2011, compared with -1% P.A in rural areas, and population

density has increased by 45% between 2001 and 2011. Because of its proximity to

the well managed and high profile government research facility at Kalpakkam,

Pudupattinam provides a good opportunity to demonstrate how smart, sustainable

solid waste management can work in any normal medium sized town in Tamil Nadu.

Currently there is an emphasis on cities with large population or high numbers of

tourists. However, India is made up of thousands of medium sized and small towns –

and the population in Tamil Nadu is growing faster in small and medium sized towns

than in large cities (Bhagat 2004: 57). Combined, these towns create large amounts

of solid waste without proper handling and disposal (Sharma 2008). The

development trajectory of India (with an HDI of 0.666) means consumption levels are

rising rapidly. As a result, the amount of solid waste produced is expected to double

to 150 million tonnes per year between 2015 and 2025, and reach more than 250

million tonnes by 2050 (EGP, 2010).

While there is an NGO managed waste system functioning inside Kalpakkam,

Pudupattinam and the nearby fishing village of Oyyalikuppam are without an effective

waste management system, meaning that nearly all in solid waste generated by

21,000 people, shops, restaurants and schools is currently being disposed of in open

public spaces. This leads to environmental degradation in the form of visual and air



pollution and groundwater and waterway contamination, which effects the health,

quality of life and livelihoods of the community. This is because a large amount of

waste (solid and sanitation) is discharged directly into Buckingham Canal, a once

navigable colonial waterway running for hundreds of kilometres parralel to the

Coromandel Coast. This canal provides a ‘back door’ waste disposal site for the

towns along it [Appendix A]. It drains into the nearby Palar river estuary, a fertile and

important source of income and a feature vital for the stability of the coastal ecology.

This is worst where there are other large informal waste dumping sites on

open ground at the edges of the estuary and waterways. Where waste is left to

decompose, rain water eventually washes contaminants into the soil and the

groundwater, which is accessed by wells, and eventually drains into the sea. Waste

is also burnt in the open air, an incomplete combustion process that releases many

toxins into the air. Animals are also attracted to organic waste and are viewed as

pests by residents.

The commonplace, privately run waste service provided (in theory) weekly

collection from centralised bins in neighbourhoods – and in Kalpakkam this was

seen as unsucessful as they are often overfull, inconvenient to get to and they

attracted pests and bad smells. Since an initiative taken by a local resident in 1996,

an exemplary solid waste management system has been operated inside the walled

town of Kalpakkam by Exnora Green Pammal (EGP), a Chennai based NGO. This

system draws workers from the target area outside the walls, yet these places remain

clogged with solid waste.

According to EGP's experience from other towns in which waste is seperated,

around 40% of household waste in Kanchipuram district is organic matter, which

when treated in the right way could have re-use value. As happens at the moment,

organic waste is left to decompose mixed with other types of waste, emitting large

amounts of greenhouse forcing gas methane. The potential is there for this organic

waste to be turned into valuable fertiliser using vermiculture processes, which are

simple and highly effective requiring minimal energy and technical infrastructure.

Target Group

The target group of the project is all of the residents of the township Pudupattinam

and the fishing village Pyyalikuppam. Pudupattinam has 15.000 inhabitants and the

Oyyalikuppam 6000. The total number of residents is 21.000 and the total number of

households 5000.



The township of Pudupattinam is a community which lies between the east coast

road (ECR) and the DAE (Department of Atomic Energy’s Indira Gandhi Centre for

Atomic Research) township, which provides its residents inside with goods and

services as well as servicing passing traffic on the highway and farmers in the

surrounding rural areas. The residents of the village and town may be employed as

service workers inside the DAE security area itself, as is the case with those already

employed to clean the streets and collect solid waste inside the walls.

The fishing village Oyyalikuppam was severely affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean

tsunami, which took many lives and destroyed large amounts of housing. The village

has been the focus of aid programmes by agencies such as World Vision, who

provided ‘life packages’ including housing, fishing equipment and social services, and

Hope Foundation, who has focused on education. However the development

authority, based in Thirukkalukundram, has not yet implemented a waste system to

cope with the needs of this growing area.

Although exact data is scarce, it is accepted that the residents of fishing

villages are of some of the a poorer, more marginalised groups on the Coromandel

coast of Tamil Nadu. Fishing communities are particularly vulnerable as they depend

on a specific yet fluctuating natural resource, which makes them exposed to

environment forces. They have restricted economic power as well as access to

political and social rights.

“In purely income terms, small-scale fishers may often compare favourably with

small-scale farmers or agricultural labourers. But in terms of educational, health and

nutritional status, participation in political decision-making, and vulnerability, small-

scale fishers and fishing communities often appear to rank lowest in society.” (FAO,

2001)

“Available evidence suggests that coastal fishing communities, in general, have lower

levels of literacy, a lower sex ratio, and poorer conditions of housing, as compared to

State and national averages. Evidence also suggests that communities are faced

with a deteriorating quality of life as a result of pollution, sea erosion, increased

pressure on coastal lands, degradation of the coastal environment and

displacement.” (FAO, 2001:3, Sudarshan 2008)



Employment – Recyling activities

Care will be taken to employ those already working in the informal waste recycling

sector to work in the Green Centre, as this will most likely improve their income and

living conditions as well as provide security and stability of income. This is due to the

fact that the municipality will have dominant control of the supply of recyclables and

therefore greater power to determine price at which dealers will buy seperated

materials, as opposed to individuals dealing with buyers independently with a small

amount of waste. This, along with more efficient means of collecting already sorted

waste will offset the costs of running the Green Centre and ensure improved

livelihood and working conditions for waste workers.

Employment – Green Ambassadors

According to other similar projects and existing patterns of work, women are the most

likely to be employed as Green Ambassadors. As an 'entry' level type of work, it is

likely that being a green ambassador is more favourable than unemployment or other

types of casual employment. As a steady and govermnent funded position it will

provide secure credentials for finding further work. The employment of 20 green

ambassadors will go towards reducing the gender inequality in employment in the

Kanchipuram district, which is higher than the national average.

Alignment with Government policy

The government of India already has a very progressive policy in it's Municipal Solid

Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules. By prioritising recycling and composting,

it recognizes that solid waste is both a problem and an opportunity, and prohibits the

landfilling of organic waste. These rules support an integrated approach to

“collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal

solid wastes” and therefore are a compatible and informative framework to work

from. However, the government’s rules have had limited application. It is necessary

to put in place a new system under the responsibility of the local municipality, and at

the same time increase overall awareness of solid waste and environmental issues

within the communities



Relation to the project of modules of the Masters degree program "International

Cooperation and Urban Development" 2010-11



1.7 Implemenentation and organizational frameworkThe project will facilitate the establishment of a sustainable and effective integrated

solid waste management system in Pudupattinam. The role of the project will be to

build capacities, institutional structures and physical infrastructure (in that order of

priority) in order to ensure long term viability.

Phasing

The project will be divided into three phases, the entirety of which will be overseen by

the municipal government in partnership with EGP. The first phase will see the

establishment of the relationships, planning and assessment activities. Most of the

activities take place in the Establishment phase, including the public awareness

campaign which continues through the monitoring phase until handover. The

monitoring phase also allows adjustments and technical consultancy with NGO to

take place and is the least intensive phase in terms of spending and activites. At the

end of the monitoring phase the handover will take place.

Illustration 1: Phasing Plan

As a result of this project the municipality will be fulfiling its waste management

obligations through integrated approach to waste minimisation and reuse. This type

of system has been successfully implemented elsewhere due to its ‘minimum

technology and maximum participation’ approach, and wherever possible local labour

and suppliers will be used. Awareness about minimisation and reuse will be

strengthened by education programmes and public events and the capacity of the

municipality will be improved. By accessing children a larger number of community

members will gain awareness of the programme as they hear about it at home.

Introducing awareness at a young age will help create a long term shift towards



sustainable waste management. These two parts are essential for such a project to

be sustainable.

The Proposed system of Integrated Solid Waste Management

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a comprehensive waste prevention,

recycling, composting, and disposal program. An effective ISWM system considers

how to prevent, recycle, and manage solid waste in ways that most effectively protect

human health and the environment. (United States Environmental Protection Agency,

2002)

An integrated waste system involves a mixture of technologies and practises

from reduction to recycling and reuse. In order for this to take place, previous

experience has shown that it is best to seperate solid waste at source, as this will

improve the quality of materials for reuse and recycling. It will prevent contamination

of organic material by toxins and heavy metals found in non organic solid waste

which means that vermicompost is safe for use on food crops. It will also reduce

energy use in collection and improve working conditions at all stages.

In this system, waste materials will thus be separated into two bins, non-

organic and organic, at the source (households, schools, markets, businesses). In

the township of Kalpakkam, EGP estimates that the amount of solid waste that would

otherwise be dumped in the open air or in a conventional landfill was reduced by

80% once organic and recyclable matter was separated (EGP 2010).

Green Ambassadors will be hired to collect the bins regularly door-to-door and

bring them to the “Green Centre” (Recycling centre, storage shed and vermicompost

facility) where it will be further seperated and stored also by Green Ambassadors.

The “Green Centre” will be a safe, clean place where the workers will be provided

with safety clothing and equipment as well as washing facilities and monthly health

check-ups.

In the “Green Centre” bio-degradable waste will be converted into organic

manure through the process of vermi-composting in the vermicompost facility.

Composting biodegradable waste prevents such waste from generating methane in

landfills. Methane produced by waste is estimated to account for 31% of methane

emission in India. (EGP, 2010)

A large amount of the remaining waste in the form of plastics is recyclable.

Recyclable material will be sold to EGP because they have already established a

market for selling those materials. Recycling materials helps reduce greenhouse gas



emissions because, on average, 75% less energy is required to recycle aluminum,

copper, iron, steel, lead, zinc, paper and plastics than to extract and refine such

materials from virgin resources. (EGP, 2010)

The remaining 20% that can not be recycled will be removed to a specifically built

sanitary landfill for disposal (see Illustration 2).

Monitoring and evaluation

A baseline will be established during the needs assessment and then two evaluation

will take place, one at the end of the establishment phase and one at the end of the

monitoring phase. This will be done by one member of the municipality and one from

the R&A consultants.

The monitoring will be continuous throughout the project, every quarter of a year and

it will be done by the municipal officer in charge of solid waste.

R&A Consultants

Illustration 2: Solid Waste System Model

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Organizational Framework

R&A Consultants will provide technical support to the municipality and also

coordinate the two partners, which are the municipality and the NGO Exnora Green

Pammal (EGP). There will be close cooperation between the municipality and the

residents of the area. The municipality will be providing the residents with the

integrated solid waste management and providing employment and the residents will

be paying the green tax to the municipality and cooperating in the segregation of

waste. The municipality will also be providing staff, land, transport vehicles etc. for

the project.

Reasons for the proposed setup

The project is set up so as to be as sustainable and replicable as possible. That

means that when it is handed over to the municipality, it does so with their having

strong capacity to manage it, strong correlation with government policy, and sound

financial viability. The capacity building activities will ensure that staff are trained and

available to run the system. All measures are taken in accordance with the Rules

governing municipal solid waste, and more than half of the running costs are covered

by sales revenue and the 'green tax' user fees of INR36 [EUR0,57] per household

per year, and annual charges of INR1200 [EUR 19] per shop and INR6000 [EUR

95,00] per school. The project incorporates a long monitoring phase because it is

known from prior experience that the public awareness campaign needs several

years to ensure long-term viability.

R&A Consultants

Illustration 3: Organization Framework

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Connections to previous projects

The project uses technical knowledge gained from previous projects run by EGP, who

are a Chennai-based NGO that provides training and consultancy services for ISWM

projects. This project will utilise their expertise in creating and running ISWM projects

in other towns and cities in India. However it is not a direct replication of their earlier

projects due to the fact that it is funded and operated differently (see below).

The technical setup and infrastructure requirements for this project are calculated

based on a comparison with the systems already in place at Pammal, Mangadu and

Kalpakkam. [Appendix B] In order to model these requirements, assumptions most

often referred to Mangadu as the most relevant model of a town with a similar

population. However, due to cultural, economic and topographic variations there can

be no perfect fit for predicting waste volumes, creating the need for a needs

assessment activity to gather more detailed information. Previous projects by EGP

have been funded only partly by local government and partly by private donor

contributions (except in the case of Kalpakkam where the department of energy pays

instead of the municipality). In this project, the responsibilities for funding and

maintaining the system are ultimately with local and state government. This is

because it will create a more sustainable model which can be replicated without

depending on donors, which may not be permanent and sustainable and who may

have specific requirements. The project is based on the assumption that Solid Waste

Management is a social and therefore state-provided service, that is a part of

government policy stemming from the Rules.

1.8 Detailed description of activitiesThe main activities of the project are divided into 5 results:

1. Capacity of local government to manage solid waste has increased

2. Awareness of waste and environment has increased

3. Waste from households, businesses, schools and markets is being

seperated and house-to-house collection in place

4. Waste is being recycled and reused

5. Leftover waste is being disposed of in appropriate disposal sites

Result 1. Capacity of local government to manage solid waste has increased



Activity 1.1 Meeting with Municipality Chairperson and CouncillorsThe meeting will be part of starting the project and the first step in getting the

municipality officials involved in the project. It will be facilitated by the R&A

Consultants and they will explain the project for the municipality chairperson and

councillors, their roles and responsibilities, and get their opinions and advice. Also, it

will be instated that the municipality initatiates an agreement to cooperate with the

Tamil Nadu State government regarding co-funding of operation of the system after

handover of the project (see chapter 2.4)

Activity 1.2 Consultancy workshops on bringing solid waste management services into compliance with the government’s regulations.EGP consultants will be hired to provide consultancy on bringing solid waste

management services into compliance with the government's regulations. This

consultancy would cover all aspects of waste management, including human

resource development, public awareness, facility design, quality control and

information management.

Officials will be trained in waste management so that they can help implement

the solid waste management and coordinate it after handover of the project. A special

sanitation department will be formed in the municipality.

Activity 1.3 Implementation of a “green tax”Collection of household user fees or Green tax will be part of recovering the cost of

running the system after handover and is necessary for the sustainability of the

project. The R&A Consultants will help the government to add this tax to the current

tax collection scheme and it will be 36.5 rupees per household per year.

Result 2. Awareness of waste and environment has increasedActivity 2.1 Public meeting with stakeholdersA public meeting will be held to introduce the project to the general public and other

stakeholders where they will be informed about the objectives of the project and

consulted with. Advertisements will be put up for the meeting to try to get as many

residents to participate as possible. Furthermore, citizens representatives, social

workers and concerned municipal officials will be present. Residents will be

instructed on the benefits of public health and solid waste management,

environmental issues, waste minimization opportunities, and the values of recycling



and resource recovery. Decisions regarding types of bins, cleansing frequency, etc.

will be taken.

Activity 2.2 A module on pollution and waste management introduced in the school curriculumEGP consultants will be hired to work with schools to introduce a Green Generation

curriculum which educates students about recycling and conservation. They will

introduce the 3Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle, in the students' lesson plan, and

demonstrate such principles by integrating the 3Rs into each school's waste

management system.

Activity 2.3 Public awareness campaignAn intensive awareness campaign is needed to encourage residents to segregate

their waste. If more residents segregate their waste properly, the recovery rate of

recyclable materials will increase, and the amount of landfilled waste will be lower.

Raising awareness to achieve widespread public cooperation in terms of segregation

of waste requires continuous effort and will take a long time because changing

people’s habits is a gradual process.

The public awareness campaign will include door-to-door campaigns, street

plays, billboards, handing out flyers, putting up posters and advertisements in

newspapers and radio. EGP consultants will be hired for advice.

Activity 2.3.1 Door to door campaignsThis activity will be integrated with activities 3.1 and 3.4

Activity 2.4 Clean-up of nine major informal dumping sites, bringing the waste to new facilities for processingCleaning up all the existing informal dumping site is an important step in raising

awareness and changing the habits of the residents.

Activity 2.5 CelebrationTwo celebrations will be held to celebrate the progress of the project, one after the

clean-up of the informal dumping sites and the other just before handover. The

celebrations will help create positive public opinions about the solid waste

management system and encourage active public involvement.



Activity 2.6 Tree planting programme10.000 trees and plants will be planted in the tree planting programme, beginning

with the areas currently used for informal dumping and including the edges of the

Buckingham Canal and roadside areas. This will help to create a positive impression

of these areas and discourage future dumping. The planting programme will be

designed in consultation with a botanical expert from a local university – for example

Anna University Chennai's Centre for Environmental Studies.

Result 3. Waste from households, businesses, schools and markets is being seperated and house-to-house collection in place;Activity 3.1 Bins bought and installed in every household, business, school and marketOne green bin and one white bin will be bought and installed in all 5000 households,

as well as businesses and school classrooms. These bins will be filled with

separated organic and non-organic waste respectively. [See appendix] Green

ambassadors will collect the bins in an area with 30 kilometres of streets, accessing

each house and business each day for 365 days per year. Collectors will empty bins

into collecting tricycles and it will be transported the Green Centre to be processed.

This activity will be integrated with activities 2.3.1. and 3.4. The exact design and

assessment of the collection system will be established during the Needs

Assessment activity.

Activity 3.2 Collecting carriers, tricycles, power tillers and tractors purchased15 tricycles, 2 collecting carriers, 1 power tiller and 1 tractor will be purchased. These

numbers could change if the results of the needs assessment and consultation

shows different needs. This activity will be done in cooperation between the

municipality and the R&A Consultants.

Activity 3.3 20 Green Ambassadors from the local community employed and trained to do the waste collectionLike said before, people from the community, mostly women, will be hired and trained

to be Green Ambassadors. The training of the Green Ambassadors will be done in a

workshop coordinated by people from the EGP. They will also be taught about the

principles of waste managament and about environmental issues so that they can be



true representatives of good waste management for their community. The employees

will be provided uniforms, protective gloves, footwear, raincoats and soap.

Activity 3.4 Households trained in waste seperationThe green ambassadors will go to each household and train the residents in how to

do the waste seperation and at the same time they will be doing the door-to-door

campaign (activity 2.3.1) and providing the households with bins (activity 3.1).

Signatures will also be obtained from the residents for the allowance of the door-to-

door collection.

Result 4. Waste is being recycled and reusedActivity 4.1 Securing land for “Green Centre”Securing the land for the Green Centre This will be in the hands of the municipality

officials and overseen by the R&A Consultants. The municipality will bear the cost of

the purchase.

Activity 4.2 "Green Centre" (Recycling centre, storage shed and vermicompost facility) is built and workers employedThe Green Centre is the place where the collected waste from households,

businesses, schools and markets will be brought to. The Green Centre will include a

recycling centre, a storage shed and a vermicompost facility. In this place the waste

will be seperated further, stored, recycled or vermicompost made from the organic

waste. The building will be 300 m2 and will be designed with the help of an EGP

consultant and built by a local contractor.

People from the community will be employed to work in the Green Centre.

Informal wastepickers and unemployed women from the local area will be given

preference.

Activity 4.3 Training in vermicompost productionAn EGP consultant will be hired to train workers of the Green Centre in vermicompost

production. Trainees will be exposed to topics related to production of vermicompost,

enrichment of its quality, usefulness of vermicompost, its advantages, its applications

and so on. Hands-on training in production of vermicompost using wastes will also be

provided.



Result 5. Leftover waste is being disposed of in appropriate disposal sitesActivity 5.1 Securing land for sanitary landfill Securing land for sanitary landfill will be in the hands of municipality officials with

coordination from the R&A Consultants. The municipality will bear the costs of the

purchase and the site will be owned and operated by the municipality. The landfill will

possibly be sited on government land, preferably within 5km of the town centre. The

residents will be informed of potential landfill sites as soon as possible and their

opinions collected.

Activity 5.1.1 Environmental Impact AssementAn Environmental Impact Assessment will be conducted before the final site selection

of the landfill, in cooperation with environmental engineering students from a nearby

university's faculty of Civil engineering, as part of an academic exercise.

Activity 5.2 Sanitary Landfill site is constructedThe construction of a sanitary landfill site will be headed by an engineer. There will be

an excavation of 15000 m3 of earth which will provide a 10 year capacity.

Activity 5.3 Leftover waste from the cleaning process (Activity 2.4) disposed of in the landfillIntegrated with Activity 2.4. Collecting carriers already purchased will be used to

transport the waste to the landfill. More detailed estimates of the volume of waste

will be made during the Needs Assessment activity.

Needs Assessment ActivityA detailed needs assessment will be performed at the beginning of the project to

learn about current conditions to make further decisions on the project. It will be

performed by two EGP Consultants and a manager from the municipality.



R+A Coordination ActivitiesR&A Consultants will coordinate the project. Their role will be to facilitate the

establishment of the solid waste management section of the municipality, as well as

coordinate the activities. They will be the intermediary between the technical

partners (EGP) and local government, providing planning and monitoring services.

Their role is most prominent during the preliminary and establishment phases.

1.9 Duration and action planThe duration of the project will be 45 months.

Planned starting date: January 1st 2012


Year One Year Two Year Three Year Four

Phase 1 – Preliminary 2 – Establishment 3 - Monitoring

Quarter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15

ActivityPongal - New Year

Pongal - New Year

Pongal - New Year

Pongal - New Year

1.1 Meeting with Town Panchayat Chairperson and Councillors

Needs assessment 1.2 Consultancy workshops regarding the Solid Waste Management Rules

2.1 Public meeting with stakeholders

4.1 Securing land for "Green Centre"

5.1 Securing land for sanitary landfill

5.2 Sanitary landfill is constructed 2.2 A module on pollution and waste management introduced in the schools

3.1 Bins bought and installed in every household, business, school and market

3.2 Collecting carriers, tricycles, power tillers and tractors purchased

3.3 20 Green Ambassadors and trained to do the waste collection

4.2 "Green Centre" is built

2.3 Public awareness campaign

2.4 Clean-up of nine major informal dumping sites

3.4 Households trained in waste seperation

5.3 Leftover waste from the cleaning process (Activity 2.3) disposed of in the landfill

2.5 Celebration

4.3 Training in vermicompost production

2.6 Tree planting programme

1.3 Implementation of a "green tax"

R+A Coordination Monitoring

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1.9 Action Plan

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2. Expected results

2.1 Expected impact on the target groupThe expected impact on the target group is that they will have better living conditions.

There will be no dumping of wastes in open spaces so the environment will be

cleaner and the livelihoods protected. Furthermore, more people in the community

will have a job.

2.2 Concrete resultsUntreated waste from 5000 households will be reduced and the average total waste

collected daily will be 6.6 tonnes. By converting biodegradable waste to 345 kg of

vermicompost per day and keeping recyclable items out of landfills as much as

possible, the amount of carbon emissions will be reduced by more than 2,000 tons a

year in the target area. In the agricultural sector carbon will also be reduced because

of the use of organic fertiliser instead of synthetic fertiliser which is highly energy

intensive to make.

During the establishment phase 390 workdays equivalents of jobs will be

created and at least 24 people from the community will be permanently employed.

2.3 Multiplier effectsThere are hundreds of similar towns all along the coast with similar problems so this

project has a great potential of being replicated. Because the project is run by the

local government, the capacity to run the system is in the public sector and therefore

with coordination between local goverments it can be adapted in other municipalities.

This is more sustainable than replication of systems run by NGOs and funded

privately and reinforces the concept of waste management as an integrated social

service.

2.4 Risks and sustainabilityOnce established, the system will be run by the municipality with funding from the

state government. Capacity building of the local government and their support this

will thus be an essential part to the project sustainability. After handover, the

municipality and state government will together contribute almost half of the

operating costs, the other part will be recovered through sales of composting and



recycling and through collection of household user fees or “Green tax” which will be

36.5 rupees per household per year (see Illustration 4).

Policy will be brought up to date to the national Municipal Solid Wastes

(Management and Handling) Rules 2000, and therefore will be politically stable.

Effective treatement of solid waste also builds political capital and therefore is in the

interests of municipality for it to proceed.

Local people will be participating at all stages by consultation and

employment. The technology used is locally appropriate developed by EGP, based

some 50km away in Chennai and implemented in the nearby Kalpakkam township,

providing condidenct that the daily collection system is appropriate for the lifestyle

habits and climate of the area. There will be long-term monitoring and public

awareness campaign before handing over to maximise the efficiency of the system

and ensure sustainability.

The major threat to the project's success is the lack of commitment to changes

in habit and lack of change in environmental awareness. These are the determining

conditions to allow the system to function and therefore efforts have been made to

minimise thie risk by placing a large emphasis on Result 2 of the project - Increase

awareness of waste and environment. Furthermore, experiences in other similar

contexts show a general trend towards greater environmental and climate awareness

in the region, evidenced by clean-up initiatives and through the work of NGOs such

as EGP.

After the project is in place the residents of the area will have a permanently

cleaner places to live, work and derive food and livelihoods, having greatly reduced

or eliminated a large contributor to environmental contamination. Furthermore, the

R&A Consultants

Illustration 4: Recovery of Operating Costs

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reduction in greenhouse gas emissions due to the recycling of materials, avoidance

of open air decomposition and substitution of synthetic by organic fertiliser will reduce

the overal impact of the community on the environment. Building awareness in

schools and in the community of environmental issues from a school level upwards

will help steer development towards cleaner, more energy efficient and beneficial

environmental practises.


Objectively Verifiable Indicators Sources of Verification AssumptionsOverall Objective

Specific Objective

Evaluations and reports.

Results

1. Capacity of local government to manage solid waste has increased Local government officers to are willing to collaborate.

2. Awareness of waste and environment has increased The project can provide strong enough incentives for residents to change their habits

Cultural conditions allow households to sort waste, and people are willing to make choices to reduce waste

4. Waste is being recycled and reused There is a market for the processed and sorted waste

5. Leftover waste is being disposed of in appropriate disposal sites

Activities Key InputsR&A Consultancy

EGP Consultancy

1.3 Implementation of a "green tax" R&A Consultancy

2.1 Public meeting with stakeholders

EGP Consultancy

2.3 Public awareness campaign

Clean-up team and drivers, trucks, bulldozers and diggers

2.5 Celebration Sound system, food and drinks, souveniers and invitations

2.6 Tree planting programme

Green Ambassadors, bins

3.2 Collecting carriers, tricycles, power tillers and tractors purchased R&A Consultancy

EGP Consultancy, training material, uniforms

3.4 Households trained in waste seperation Green Ambassadors, training material4.1 Securing land for "Green Centre" R&A Consultancy

EGP Consultancy, building material, construction

4.3 Training in vermicompost production EGP Consultancy, training material5.1 Securing land for sanitary landfill R&A Consultancy, students from engineering college.5.2 Sanitary landfill is constructed Engineer, excavation, building material

Clean-up team and drivers, trucks.

Needs Assessment EGP Consultancy, R&A Coordination

Environmental and living conditions in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, have been improved

Establish a local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu

Solid waste collection is being conducted according to Government of India' Municipal Solid Waste (management and Handling) Rules 2000

A permanent staff member is managing solid waste from the beginning of establishment phase. All the positions in the management and operation of the waste management system are employed by municipality by the end of the establishment phase. Staff members have trained replacement and new staff in the operation of the system by the end of the monitoring phase. Green Tax is being collected.

Local government annual reports and minutes of meeting. 2nd evaluation report.

Open spaces are free of dumped waste at the end of the establishment phase, and again at handover

Photographs at evaluation phases and reports.

3. Waste from households, businesses, schools and markets is being seperated and house-to-house collection in place

All waste is being sorted at the source by the end of the establishment phase. Green ambassadors are collecting the waste from the households and bringing it to the Green Centre. The total amount of waste produced per capita has peaked and is stable or reducing by the handover.

Reports from Green Ambassadors and municipality officials. Photographs.

At handover all recycleables collected are being sorted and sold and vermicompost is produced from organic waste and sold

Sales reports from Green Centre. Number of kgs of compost produced and packaged, sales by volume of recycling (calculated on per capita basis). Photographs.

By the end of the establishment phase a sanitary landfill site is operating according to Government of India' Municipal Solid Waste (management and Handling) Rules 2000. At handover all non-recyclable waste is disposed of in the landfill.

Operating reports, photographs and annual report. Number of trips from Green Centre to landfill.

1.1 Meeting with Municipality Chairperson & Councillors

1.2 Consultancy workshops on bringing solid waste management services into compliance with the government's regulations.

Technical support, EGP Consultancy, sound system, fliers/handouts and invitations

2.2 A module on pollution and waste management introduced in the school curriculum

Street Performers, Green Ambassadors, EGP Consultancy, billboards, fliers, posters and advertising

2.4 Clean-up of nine major informal dumping sites, bringing the waste to new facilities for processing

Tree planting team and a consultant, trucks, purchasing trees and equipment.


3.3 20 Green Ambassadors from the local community employed and trained to do the waste collection

4.2 "Green Centre" (Recycling centre, storage shed and vermicompost facility) is built and workers employed

5.3 Leftover waste from the cleaning process (Activity 2.4) disposed of in the sanitary landfill

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Budget - ActivitiesActivity Cost (INR)1.1 Meeting with Town Panchayat Chairperson & Councillors 0

25600

3740001.4 Implementation of a "green tax" 0Result 1 total 3996002.1 Public meeting with stakeholders 19600

256002.3 Public awareness campaign 302002.3.1 Door to door campaigns (integrated with activities 3.1, 3.2) 175002.4 Celebration 210002.5 Tree planting programme 84000Result 2 total 197900

616003.2 Collecting carriers, tricycles, power tillers and tractors purchased 490000

690003.4 Households trained in waste seperation 16000Result 3 total 6366004.1 Securing land for "Green Centre" 0

9628004.3 Training in vermicompost production 17800Result 4 total 980600

5.1 Securing land for sanitary landfill (Municipality to bear costs of purchase)0

5.1.1 Environmental Impact Assement 05.2 Sanitary Landfill site is constructed 228500

0Result 5 total 228500Needs Assessment 256000R+A Coordination 2300000Monitoring 0Evaluation 25600Total 5024800

1.2 Consultancy workshops on bringing solid waste management services into compliance with the government's regulations1.3 Clean-up of nine major informal dumping sites, bringing the waste to new facilities for processing

2.2 A module on pollution and waste management introduced in the school curriculum


3.3 20 Green Ambassadors from the local community employed and trained to do the waste collection

4.2 "Green Centre" (Recycling centre, storage shed and vermicompost facility) is built

5.3 Leftover waste from the cleaning process (Activity 2.3) disposed of in the landfill

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5. Expected sources of financing

The expected grant from The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

(JNNURM) is INR5,024,800 and will cover the whole cost of the project

(infrastructure, training and establishment costs) excluding what the municipality of

Thirukkalukundram Taluk will contribute in staff, office and meeting spaces and the

cost of purchasing land for the landfill and Green Centre.

R&A Consultants

Illustration 5: Budget Categories

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http://www.censusindiamaps.net/IndiaCensus/Map.htm

http://infochangeindia.org/Urban-India/Cityscapes/India-s-small-towns-%E2%80%93-symbols-of-urban-blight.html


http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/overview.pdf


ReferencesBhagat, R.B. Dynamics of Urban Population Growth by Size Class of Towns and

Cities in India in Demography India Vol. 33 No.1 2004 pp. 47-60

Census of India 2011 http://www.censusindiamaps.net/IndiaCensus/Map.htm

Exnora Green Pammal. Inspiring progress. Learning from Exnora Green Pammal’s

Solid Waste 2010

International Fund for Agricultural Development Rural Poverty Among Coastal

Fishers : Profile And Possible Interventions

Management Partnerships in Four Localities. Asia and the Pacific Division

Programme Management Department, 2003

FAO Poverty in Coastal Fishing Communities: A brief for FAOs Advisory

Committee on Fisheries Research (ACFR). In Report of the third Session of the

Advisory Committee on Fisheries Research, FAO Fisheries Report No. 639

FIPL/R639. 2001

Rodriguez Sudarshan Chapter 5 A preliminary socio-ecological review of post-

tsunami ecosystem-derived livelihoods and rehabilitation efforts in Community

Perceptions in Post-Tsunami Tamil Nadu, in Sudarshan Rodriguez, Shiny, M.P and

Gomathy Balasubramanian, United Nations India, United Nations Development

Programme and Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2008

Sharma Kalpana India's small towns – symbols of urban blight 2008

http://infochangeindia.org/Urban-India/Cityscapes/India-s-small-towns-%E2%80%93-

symbols-of-urban-blight.html accessed 25.07.11

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Solid Waste and Emergency

Response, May 2002. What is integrated solid waste management?.

Website: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/overview.pdf


http://www.censusindiamaps.net/IndiaCensus/Map.htm



http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/overview.pdf

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Appendix A: Location Diagram

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Pammal DAE townships Mangadu Pudupattinam Population 100000 30000 21250 22000Streets (no) 538 100Streets (length in km) 72 30No. Households 26000 5500 4250 4,400ave. household size (persons) 3.85 5.45 5 5

tricycles (no) 70 15Collecting carriers 3 2Power tiller 1 1Tractors 2 1

ave. total waste/day (kg) 21000 11000 3759 6600ave. waste/household/day (kg) 2 0.88 1.5ave. waste/capita/day (kg) 0.21 0.37 0.18 0.3

ave. total biogradeable/day (kg) 13170 6558 964 2310ave. biodegradeable/capita day (kg) 0.13 0.22 0.05 0.105

proportion of biodegradeable (%) 0.63 0.60 0.26 0.35

ave. total recyclables/day 3560 2723 327 1320ave.recycleables/capita/day (kg) 0.0356 0.09 0.02 0.06proportion of recycleables 0.17 0.25 0.09 0.2

ave compost produced/day (kg) 1100 678 262 346.5ave compost/capita/day (kg) 0.01proportion of compost/biodegradeables 0.08 0.10 0.27 0.15

ave waste to landfill/day (kg) 4181 1769 2468 1320ave waste to landfill/day (kg) 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.06

no. of Green Ambassadors 159 128 17 20GAs/household 0.01 0.02 0.004 0.004no. of supervisors 6 9 2 2

Supervisors/ household 0.00 0.00 0.00others employed 10 2 2total employed 165 147 21 24

residents/employee 606 204 1,012 900ave. cost/day (Rs) 13917 24267 2567 2640ave cost/capita/day (Rs) 0.14 0.81 0.12 0.12ave cost/house/day (Rs) 0.54 4.41 0.6 0.6

cost/house/month (Rs) 15.66 127.89 17.4 17.4

cost/t of waste/day (Rs) 494 4146 747

revenue from compost (Rs/day) 1000 283 92 173.25revenue/kg compost/day (Rs) 0.91 0.42 0.35 0.5revenue from recyclables (Rs/day) 3133 550 280 660revenue/kg recyclables/day (Rs) 0.88 0.20 0.86 0.5

fee/household/day (Rs) 0 0.76 0.09 0.09household cost/month (Rs) 2.64

revenue from user fees/day (Rs) 0 4167 400 400revenue from schools/day (Rs) 34

revenue from shops/day (Rs) 167

revenue total/day 4133 833 772 1434.25

daily revenue as percentage of cost 30% 3% 30% 54%

Grey cells = Assumptions

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Appendix B - Pudupattinam ISWM System Model

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Exnora Green Pammal

R+A

Kalpakkam Residents

Collectors and sorters

Schools

Wastepickers and dealers

DAE workers CSOs

T.N. State Govt.

Indian Govt.

Local and Integrated

ISWM Project

Kanchipuram Municipality

Businesses + industries

Media

Scientists and academics TUDarmstadt

Canal development

group

investors

IGCAR Nuclear Facility

NGOsFishing familiesThirukkalukundram

Taluk Office

Birds

Organic mass/plants

/micro-organisms

Coastal Biosphere

Fishes

chemicals

Organic mass/plants/

micro-organisms

economists

Estuary and river system

soil

foodmilitary

Potential oponents

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Appendix C: Stakeholder Diagram

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Environmental degradation in the area of Kalpakkam, India

Disposal of sewer waste in waterways

Disposal of unsorted solid waste in open

space by burning and dumping

Groundwater contamination

Dumping of industrial waste

Limited recycling

No solid waste collection

Low awareness of environment and waste

Low local Govt. capacity

Lack of appropriate infrastructure

Contaminated drinking and

washing water

Contamination of water bodies

Unhealthy fish

Poor health of community

decreased biodiversity

Less seafood

Lower fishing incomes

Visual and air pollution

Low use value

Pit latrines contaminating ground water

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Appendix D: Problem and Objective Trees

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Cleaner environment in the area of Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu

Less sewer waste in

waterways

Integrated Solid Waste Management System

Cleaner groundwater

Better treatment of

industrial waste

more recycling

solid waste separation, collection

increased awareness of environment

Increased capacity of local government

more appropriate infrastructure

cleaner drinking and washing water

cleaner water bodies

healthy fish

improved health of community

increased biodiversity

more seafood

increased fishing incomes

Clean air and attractive open space

higher recreational value

Fewer unsealed pit

latrines

waste processed and sold

Improved livelihoods

IN

OUT

non-organic waste disposed of

appropriately

Less waste produced

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establishing local and integrated solid waste management

Documents

processing of solid

waste products

local capacities

titleestablishing local

local municipality

project eur

summarythe project

project proposal