establishing a good balance between automation and manual flying (caa singapore, wats 2012)
TRANSCRIPT
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Establishing a Good BalanceBetween Automation and
Manual FlyingTan Kah Han
Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
28th August 2012
EFSN - 08.07.2012
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BEAs Final Report On AF447 Pilot Hit By Emotional Shock
The excessive nature of the [pilots] inputs can
be explained by the startle effect and the
emotional shock at the autopilot disconnection,
it states, adding that the problem was amplifiedby a lack of training for the delicate handling
required for the high-altitude flight.
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Lessons Learned From AF447 &Colgan Air 4307
AF447 (BEAs Final Report) The pilots never understood or aware that the airplane was stalling.
Lack of understanding or knowledge of high-altitude, high speed
aerodynamics and airplane performance.
Lack of understanding or training in high-altitude upset or stallrecovery techniques.
Ineffective monitoring of the flight instrument.
Startle the crew were a state of shock and could not appreciate
what was actually going on in that few critical minutes.
Colgan Air 3407 Captain was incompetent (failed several proficiency checks)
Took actions that aggravated the situation.
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Loss of Control In-Flight
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The Benefits of Automation
Efficient use of a block of Airspace
Reduces the burden of excessive in-flight
workload.
Improves fuel efficiency. Enhances all-weather flying.
Precision flying and accurate navigation.
Better overall safety, efficiency and comfort.
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Source: Mouloua, Gilson & Koonce
The Down Side of Automation
Loss of situational awareness.
Monitoring inefficiency.
Increased mental workload.
Flight modes confusion (FMA).
Inability to effectively revert to manual control in
the event of systems breakdown or malfunction.
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Automation In The Air Dulls Pilot Skill
"We're seeing a new breed of accident withthese state-of-the art planes."
Pilots over-reliance on flight automation and
therefore are forgetting how to fly Pilots inability to recognize flight automation
disengaging or the failure to properly monitor
and maintain airspeed.
Startle effect
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JOAN LOWY - AP Tue, Aug 30, 2011
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Automation Is Here To Stay Now & The Future
It Is The Reality Of Air Transport Industry
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Congested Airports With Complex SIDs,STARs & Approach Procedures
With RNP Approaches & NextGen etc.automation will be increasingly mandated.
Pilots will have to rely even more on
Automation in;
Taking-off From Noise-sensitive Airports
Tightly-spaced Air Corridors
RNAV-1/Basic RNP-1 SIDs & STARs
RNP APCH Procedures (Baro VNAV, APV)
RNP-AR-APCH Procedures
GBAS Landing Procedures (GLS)
CAT II & CAT III Autolands
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Pilots To Back Up Automation
Five years ago we passed the point whereautomation was there to back up pilots. Clearly
today, the pilot is there to be the backup to the
automation.
- Bill Voss 5/2012
Bill Voss CEO FSF
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Back to Basic
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Redefine Back to Basic?
Manual Flying Skills Effective monitoring skills
Effective Flight Deck Management
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Flying MonitoringFlight Deck
Management
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Importance of MaintainingManual Flying Skills
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Manual Flying Skills
The definition of manual flying skills requiredclarification, e.g. does this include only skills of
hand flying the aeroplane control surfaces (stick
& rudder skills) or
does it also mean mental preparedness to
intervene and conduct essentially mental tasks
without the aid of the automated system?
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Don Harris - Cranfield
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Retaining Manual Flying Skill RequiresOn-Going Training and Practice
Automation makes manual flying skill less important
ONLY in normal operations. The transition between
smooth easy flying on AP and being challenged by hair-
raising situations can be very abrupt in the modern
cockpits. In some respects, automated aircraft mayrequire a higher standard of basic stick and rudder skills,
if only because these skills are practiced less often and
maybe called upon in the most demanding emergency
situations. The lack of recognition and anticipation are also factors
which caused loss-of-control in-flight.
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Captain Jacques Drappier, Senior Advisor Training, Airbus
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Importance of EffectiveMonitoring
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Improving Monitoring First, we must change our approach to monitoring
Good monitoring skills are not inherent in a pilot as theyprogress in their careers. Therefore, effective monitoring
techniques must be trained and rewarded.
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Captain Frank J. Tullo AW&ST May 21, 2001
Watching as Opposed to Monitoring
Watching" is simply staring at the instrument displays
without processing the information, trouble-shooting,
or not keeping pace with the trajectory of the flight.Watching is in fact a form of ineffective monitoring.
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Why Improve Monitoring?
Accident Data
Poor monitoring was a factor in 63% of the ALA accidents
reviewed by the FSF ALAR working groups.
50% of the CFIT accidents reviewed by ICAO to support
the FSF CFIT efforts involved poor monitoring.
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76% of monitoring errors occurred when aircraft was
climbing, descending or on approach (vertical flight phase).
30% of the reports indicated that pilots were programming
the FMS shortly before or during the monitoring error.
ASRS Study: Significant Findings
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Effective Monitoring
Effective Monitoring requires good discipline, itis a continual assessment of the progress of the
flight, constantly looking out for tell-tale signs of
any possible anomaly, meanwhile maintaining
situational awareness - in all phases of flight.
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Importance of GoodFlight Deck Management
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Flying a Fully Automated Airplane
Flying an fully automated airplane is a complextask that requires good psychomotor skills, co-
ordinations, cognitive processing, and sound
airplane knowledge, which includes a good
grasp of all the different automation flight modes.
Good flight deck management is the key to a
safe conduct of an automated flight.
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Aviation training : learners, instruction and organization edited by Ross A Telfer (1997)
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Flight Deck Management
Good Flight Deck Management EncompassesThe Holistic Grasp of The Following;
Company Policy
SOP
Automation Training
CRM Team Work
Aircraft Handling Skills
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Regulator & Stakeholders Roles
OEMOperator
Training
Organisation
Academy
ALPA
Individual
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Pilots In The Hot Seats There is a limit to how much ground school training,
flying training, SOP, CRM, safety oversight etc. can do.
Ultimately, the pilots in the hot seats are the last-linedefenders to prevent an accident from happening.
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Thank You
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