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Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissue

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Page 1: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Essentials of light

microscopy

Connective tissue

Page 2: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar
Page 3: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

• Turn on the light.

• Lower the stage all the way using the coarse focus knob.

• Start with the 4x objective. Put the slide on the stage, held in place by the little

spring clip. Make sure both the slide and the stage are dry.

• Move your sample until you can see that the light is shining through it. Do

this before you even put your eyes to the oculars.

• Look through the scope and focus. Use the coarse focus knob at first, until the

image is more or less in focus; then switch to the fine focus.

• Look at the whole slide on the lowest power, so you get an overview before

you switch to higher magnification.

• Adjust the light. Not too bright, not too dim.

• Adjust the oculars.

• Don't use the 100x!

• Switch to the 10x objective. If the slide is in focus with the 4x, it should be more

or less in focus when you switch to the 10x. A slight adjustment with the fine focus

knob should get it just right. If you lose the focus and can't see your specimen at all,

go back to the 4x and start again.

• Switch to the 40x objective if you want to see more detail. It's up to you to

decide what magnification is best for what you want to see.

• When you want to look at a new slide, switch back to the 4x before changing

slides.

• When you're done with the scope, switch to the 4x, turn the light all the way

down before turning it off, and bring the stage all the way down. Don't put away the

scope with a slide still on the stage!

• Only one slide is out of the box at the moment. Do not remove more!

• At the end of lesson, the box with slides is checked in your presence before

you leave your place

Instructions

Page 4: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Tissues

Connective tissue

connective tissue proper

cartilage

bone

Epithelial tissue

Muscle tissue

Nerve tissue

types of the connective

tissue

Page 5: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Connective tissue proper

Page 6: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Connective tissue cells

Fixed cells

fibroblasts and fibrocytes

reticular cells

pigment cells

undiferentiated mesenchymal cells

adipocytes /fat cells/

univacuolar

multivacuolar

Wandering cells /mobile/

histiocytes /makrophages/

heparinocytes /mast cells /

plasma cells

leukocytes

lymphocytes

eosinophils

neutrophils

responsible for

production extracellular

components involved in tissue reaction to

injury, defensive reaction

Page 7: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Fibrocytes

spindle-shaped, long processes, ovoid pale nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm, the components of the ground substance, collagen, elastic and reticular fibres are synthesised by cells of the c.t. - the fibroblasts /fibrocytes/.

Page 8: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Reticular cells

Reticular cells are usually larger than an average fibrocyte. They are the "fibrocytes" of

reticular connective tissue and form a network of reticular fibres, for example, in the

lymphoid organs. Some of them are able to phagocytose.

Their nuclei are typically large and lightly stained.

X not RETIKULOCYTES

Page 9: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Pigment cells

long branched cytoplasmic

projections

melanin granules

derived from neural crest

/neuroectodermal origin/

Page 10: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Adipocytes

univacuolar

multivacuolar

large – up to 100 µm,

spherical shape

are present in brown

adipose tissue – embryo,

child to 3 years

Page 11: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Macrophages /histiocytes/

They have irregular shape, small hyperchromatic /dark/ nucleus, numerous secondary

lysosomes /phagocytic vacuoles/

Page 12: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Mast cells /heparinocytes/

The cytoplasm of mast cells is filled by numerous granules. Mast cells discharge the

contents of these granules if they come in contact with antigens.

The most prominent substances contained in the vesicles are heparin and histamine. They

increase blood flow and the permeability of the vessel walls.

Page 13: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Mast cells

Page 14: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Plasma cells

plasma cells are lymphocytes which produce antibodies

to accommodate the necessary organelles for this function the size of the cytoplasm increases dramatically and the cells become basophilic /GER/

nucleus is ovoid, located peripherly, clumps of peripheral heterochromatin – like a wheel or clockface

B-lymphocyte

Page 15: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar
Page 16: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

collagen fibres

Extracellular substance

Page 17: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar
Page 18: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

in LM AZAN

HES

HE

collagen fibres

Page 19: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

reticular fibres

Page 20: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

reticular fibres

lien /spleen/

Page 21: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

elastic fibres

Page 22: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

elastic fibres

aorta

Page 23: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Ground substance

is found in all cavities and clefts

between the fibres and cells of

connective tissues

glycosaminoglycans /GAGs/

hyaluronic acid

chondroitin 4-sulfate /

chondroitin 6-sulfate/

dermatan sulfate

heparan sulfate

proteoglycans /protein core to

which GAGs are covalently

bound/ - aggrecan,

syndecan, fibroglycan

glycoproteins –

fibronectin, laminin,

osteonectin, osteopontin,

chondronectin..

Page 24: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Connective tissue - types

Mesenchyme

Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye

Loose /areolar/ connective tissue

wide spread, within various parenchymal organs /kidney, glands,../, parts of mucosa, submucosa of hollow organs../

Dense connective tissue

Irregular arranged – dermis, capsules of organs, periosteum, fasciae..

Regular arranged – tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses..

Elastic connective tissue – vocal cords, large arteries..

Reticular connective tissue – lymphatic organs, bone marrow

Adipose tissue

Page 25: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Mesenchyme

Components: mesenchymal cells, fluid ground substance, reticular fibers

Page 26: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Mucous connective tissue

Wharton's jelly Occurence: dental pulp, iris

of eye

Page 27: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Loose connective tissue

gullet

Page 28: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Loose connective tissue

Page 29: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Dense connective tissue - regular

Page 30: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Dense connective tissue - irregular

sclera

Page 31: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Dense connective tissue - irregular

Page 32: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Elastic connective tissue

aorta

Page 33: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Reticular connective tissue

Page 34: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar

Adipose tissue

Page 35: Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissueConnective tissue - types Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eye Loose /areolar