essentials of human anatomy & physiology · pdf fileessentials of human anatomy &...
TRANSCRIPT
ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
The Human Body: An Orientation
Thursday, August 22, 13
PREFACE TO THE STUDENTS
Introduction to the structure and function of the human body
specific terminology
focus of major body areas and their function
Thursday, August 22, 13
PREFACE TO THE STUDENTS
www.anatomyandphysiology.com
practice quizzes
learning activities
bone review
histology review
case studies
coloring workbook
anatomy flashcards
Thursday, August 22, 13
PREFACE TO THE STUDENTS
Focus on Careers
Doctors
Nurses
Physical Therapists/Athletic Trainer
Radiology Technician
Strength and Conditioning Coach, Personal Trainer
Coach
Thursday, August 22, 13
THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION
Anatomy- the study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another.
Gross anatomy is studying the large, easily observable structures
Greek Meaning
tomy, to cut
ana, apart
Thursday, August 22, 13
THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION
Physiology- the study of how the body and its parts work or function
Greek Meaning
physio, nature
ology, the study of
Thursday, August 22, 13
THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION
So what is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
parts of the body form a well-organized unit
each part has a job to do to help body operate as a whole
Thursday, August 22, 13
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
The Structural Ladder
Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organismal Level
Thursday, August 22, 13
FROM ATOMS TO ORGANISMS
Chemical Level - atom
tiny building blocks of matter
combine to form molecules such as: water, sugar, proteins
molecules form microscopic cells
Thursday, August 22, 13
FROM ATOMS TO ORGANISMS
Cellular Level - vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their particular functions of the body
more detail will be covered in Ch. 3
Tissue Level - tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function
tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular, neural
all tissue types play a definite but different role in the human body
more detail will be covered in Ch. 4
Thursday, August 22, 13
FROM ATOMS TO ORGANISMS
Organ Level - extremely complex functions become possible
organ: structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs specific function for the body (ex: small intestine ~ digest and absorbs food, composed of all four tissue types)
organ system: group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose (ex: digestive system ~ esophagus, stomach, and small & large intestines...ALL HAVE OWN JOB, BUT ALL WORK TOGETHER)
Thursday, August 22, 13
FROM ATOMS TO ORGANISMS
Organismal Level: 11 organ systems make up the living body or the organism; THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Integumentary System
external covering of the body, or the skin
functions:
water proofs the body, cushions, protects deeper tissue
excretes salt and urea to regulate body temperature
temperature, pressure, and pain receptors located in skin alert us to what is happening at the body surface
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Skeletal System
consists of boney cartilages, ligaments, and joints
framework, supports body
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Muscular System
one function ~ contract or shorten
skeletal muscles = “machines” of the body, these muscles are attached to bone
cardio muscles = involuntary controlled, controlled by the somatic nervous system
differences in muscles have different function in human body
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Nervous System
fast-acting control system
consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
most complicated system ~ many discoveries are still being found in spinal cord and brain function
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Endocrine System
controls body activities
acts more slowly
produces chemical hormones
RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD TO TRAVEL TO ORGANS
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Cardiovascular System
primary organs: heart and blood vessels
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Lymphatic System
compliments cardio system
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
houses white blood cells involved in immunity
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Respiratory System
keep blood constantly supplied with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
gas exchange occurs through walls of the air sacs of the lung
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Digestive System
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
indigestible food are eliminated as feces
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Urinary System
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
Thursday, August 22, 13
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Reproductive System
production of offspring
Thursday, August 22, 13
MAINTAINING LIFE
Necessary Life Functions
complexity of human body ~ maintains boundaries
movement
responds to environmental changes
take in and digest nutrients
carry out metabolism
Thursday, August 22, 13
MAINTAINING LIFE
Necessary Life Functions
complexity of human body ~ maintains boundaries cont.
dispose of waste
reproduce themselves
grow
organ systems work together
Thursday, August 22, 13
MAINTAINING LIFE
Maintaining Boundaries
insides stay with the insides
outsides stay with the outsides
every cell is surrounded by an external membrane that contains contents and allows needed substances in while generally preventing the entry of potentially demanding or unnecessary substances
Thursday, August 22, 13
MAINTAINING LIFE
Maintaining Boundaries
HOMEOSTASIS
every organ system plays a role in maintaining the consistency of the internal environment
Thursday, August 22, 13
MAINTAINING LIFE
Homeostasis Control Mechanisms
receptors ~ sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment
control center ~ receives information from receptors; determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained or responds to system
effector ~ provides means for control center’s response to the stimulus
negative feedback
positive feedback
Thursday, August 22, 13
MAINTAINING LIFE
Homeostasis Control Mechanisms
Homeostasis/Homeostatic Imbalance
body becomes less efficient with the following: age, injury, weight, poor
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Anatomical Position ~ standing up, face forward, palms facing out (thumbs pointing away from body)
Identify the visible landmarks ~ part of body on external
anterior: meaning in front
posterior: meaning behind
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Directional Terminology ~ where body structure is relation to another
superior: toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
inferior: aka caudal; away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Directional Terminology
anterior (ventral): toward the front of the body; in front of
posterior (dorsal): toward the backside of the body; behind
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Directional Terminology
medial: toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of
lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
intermediate: between a more medial and lateral structure
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Directional Terminology
proximal: close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
superficial (external): toward or @ the body surface
deep (internal): away from the body surface, more internal
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Body Planes and Sections ~ internal structures maybe assessed/evaluated using certain technologies (MRI, CT Scans, etc)
sections: are made through imaginary line called a plane
body broken down into 3D structure
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Three types of planes or sections
sagittal section
frontal section
transverse section
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Sagittal Section
cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left parts
if parts are equal in size it is called midsagittal or medium section
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Frontal Section
a cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
also called coronal section
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Transverse Section
a cut made along a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
also called cross section
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Body Cavities ~ two sets of different cavities that provide different degrees of protections to the organs
Dorsal Cavity = two subdivisions
cranial cavity: space inside the bony skull
spinal cavity: extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Body Cavities
Ventral Body Cavity = contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen, visceral organs in the region
thoracic cavity
mediastinum cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Body Cavities
Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic Cavity:
located in superior region
separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle, the DIAPHRAGM
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Body Cavities
Ventral Body Cavity
Mediastinum Cavity:
found in the central region
separation of lungs into the right and left cavities
houses the heart, trachea, and other visceral organs
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Body Cavities
Ventral Body Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity: can be subdivided, but no actual physical structure dividing the abdominopelvic cavity
superior abdominal cavity ~ contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs
inferior pelvic cavity ~ includes the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Body Cavities
Ventral Body Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower
9 regions:
umbilical region
epigastric region
Thursday, August 22, 13
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Body Cavities
Ventral Body CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity
9 Regions cont.:
hypogastric region
right & left iliac region
right & left lumbar region
right & left hypochondriac
Thursday, August 22, 13