essential smart growth fix for urban

8/14/2019 Essential Smart Growth Fix for Urban

1/47

Essential

Smart GrowthFixesorUrban and

SuburbanZoning Codes

EPA 231-k-09-00Nv


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Principal author:

kv N, AICP, US EPA

Contributing authors:

Ay D, ICF I

W Sc, ICF I

J C, C Ac

Vc Dv, Dv, k & PM Fpp, Dv, k & P

C D, C Ac

L E, C S

D F, F Ac

L Oz, F Ac

Rc W, V M W Pc

Contributors and reviewers rom US EPA:

J Fc

Ay H

Ly RcM S

Document Layout:

C Sc, C S

Additional Participants: January 2008 and October 2008 Workshops:

US EPA:

G A

kv N

I P

Ly Rc

T T

Center or Planning Excellence (host o January 2008 workshop)

Ez B T

C MB

Cover Image: Van Meter Williams Pollack


3/47

Neme 2009 - Essenia Sma G Fies f Uan an Suuan Zning Ces | 1

CONTENTS

0| Introduction 2

1 | Allow or Reuire Mied-Use Zones 4

2 | Use Uran Dimensions in Uran Places 7

3 | Rein In and Reform te Use of Planned Unit Deelopments 10

4 | Fi Parking Reuirements 14

5 | Increase Densit and Intensit in Centers 18

6 | Modernize Street Standards 22

7 | Enact Standards to Foster Walkale Places 27

8 | Designate and Support Preferred Growt Areas and Deelopment Sites 31

9 | Use Green Infrastructure to Manage Stormwater 34

10 | Adopt Smart Anneation Policies 38

11 | Encourage Appropriate Deelopment Densities on Te Edge 42


4/47

2 | Essenia Sma G Fies f Uan an Suuan Zning Ces Neme 2009

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Smart growth creates lively

walkable places that bring

businesses to the street.

INtrodUCtIoN

FarrAssociates


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ALLOW OR REqUIRE MIxED-USEZONES

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Rockville Town Square in Maryland contains a vibrant mixture o oces, residences, retail and gathering space or people to enjoy.

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USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency


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Mixed land use can integrate

ofces, retail and residences so that

vehicular trips can be minimized

steps to ImplementatIon

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examples and references

I Cy/Cy M Ac

S G N. Getting to Smart Growth: 100 Poli-

cies or Implementation. . EPA R5. p://

.p.v//__..

E, R., B, k., W, J., C, D. Growing

Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate

Change. U L I. 8. p. 5.

L, L. C Tc Sy R B

MU Dvp. Transportline. HDR. 4.

p://.c.c/A/c/Pc/

Tp/Sp4/CTcSy.

p.

Cp, A. Reclaiming the City: Mixed Use Development.

Routledge. Nv 6. p. 5.

W, k. S, k. Model Regulations and

Plan Amendments For Multimodal Transportation Districts.F Dp Tp. Ap 4. pp.

74. p://..../p/y///

p/MMTD.p.

O Tp G M P

. Commercial and Mixed-Use Development Code Hand-

book. Oc . pp. 8. p://v..v/

LCD/c/pc/cc.p.

M, M., . Sc. 4.: M MU Z Dc

Oc. Model Smart Land Development Regulations.

I PAS Rp. Ac P Ac.

Mc 6. pp. 5. p://.p./c/

/p/c4.p.

Dy PZy & Cpy. SmartCode, Version 9.2.

Fy . p://.cc.c/

v_..

Cy C Sp, C. Mixed Use Develop-

ment Design Manual. Mc 4. pp. 5664. p://p

.pv.c//p/Cpj/Cp

P/MUDv/IV%E.p.

Allow or rEqUIrE MIxEd-USE ZoNES


9/47


USE URbAN DIMENSIONS INURbAN PLACES2

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This street in the Georgetown neighborhood o Washington, DC exhibits a mature development o a city street.VanMeterWilliamsPollack


10/47


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USE UrbAN dIMENSIoNS IN UrbAN PlACES


Pedestrians traverse through a neighborhood park to reach homes and businesses that are built to the street line, creating appropriate

dimensions or common open space amidst small lots.


11/47


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F, S.B. Ac P Ac. Plan-

ning and Urban Design Standards. J Wy S.Ap 6. pp. 664666.

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ment Design Manual. pp. 5664. Mc 4. p://p

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P, D. . Form-Based Codes: A Guide or Planners,

Urban Designers, Municipalities and Developers. J Wy

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12/47


REIN IN AND REFORM ThE USE OFPLANNED UNIT DEvELOPMENTS3

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New Town in St. Charles, Missouri eatures is a planned unit development that encapsulates a variety o smart growth and new

urbanism eatures including compact development, mix o land uses and design guidelines to create a distinctive place.

rEIN IN ANd rEForM thE USE oF PlANNEd UNIt dEvEloPMENtS

Whitake

rBuilders,I

nc.


13/47


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14/47


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This drawing o th

Belmar neighborh

shows how the

development ts

within the context

neighboring uses.

rEIN IN ANd rEForM thE USE oF PlANNEd UNIt dEvEloPMENtS

Van Meter Williams Pollack


15/47


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16/47


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FIx PARKING REqUIREMENTS4

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Codes and regulations should enable adjacent uses to share parking as

evidences by the demand or overlap in this chart.

FIx PArkING rEqUIrEMENtS



17/47


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18/47


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19/47


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Sp, D. The High Cost o Free Parking. P P,

Ac P Ac. 5. Cp .

Mp Tp C. Developing

Parking Policies to Support Smart Growth in Local Jurisdic-

tions: Best Practices. Ap 7. pp. 48. p://.c.

c.v/p/_/p_y/Ap7/

pcc_47.p.

U.S. EPA. Parking Spaces / Community Places: Finding the

Balance Through Smart Growth Solutions. Fy 6.

EPA k6. p://.p.v//

p..

My Gv Oc S G. Driving

Urban Environments: Smart Growth Parking Best Practices.

Mc 6. pp. 56. p://...

./p/F%P%Pp.p.

L, T. Parking Management: Strategies, Evaluation, and

Planning. Vc Tp Pcy I. Nv

8. p. 5. p://.vp./p_.p.

Fz & Hy, Ic. Northwest Connecticut Park-

ing Study - Phase II: Model Zoning Regulations or Parking

or Northwestern Connecticut. N Ccc

Cc Gv Lc H Cc

Ec Oc. Sp . p://.p.

c/PDF/NW%P%Sy/NW%Cc

c%P%Sy%P%.p.

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P Rq. Pc

U S Syp. Jy 8, . p://.

./.

Vc Tp Pcy I. P M.

TDM Encyclopedia. p://.vp.//8.

#_Tc8478. Acc Ap , .


20/47


5 INCREASE DENSITy ANDINTENSITy IN CENTERSIntroductIonDy py c ccp p. R c c y

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5 U.S. EPA. Protecting Water Resources Through Higher-Density Development. 6. EPA R6.

As a development center, the Ballston neighborhood o Arlington, Virginia has been designated to accommodate additional growth.

INCrEASE dENSIty ANd INtENSIty IN CENtErS



21/47


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6 D, H. O, G. The New Transit Town. .


22/47



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The Back Bay in Boston, Massachusetts serves as a center or commerce, housing and other activities. The intensity o resources here

minimizes pressure to develop elsewhere because o available inrastructure and services.

INCrEASE dENSIty ANd INtENSIty IN CENtErS



23/47


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U.S. EPA. Protecting Water Resources with Higher-Density

Development. Jy 6. EPA R6. pp. 445.

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book. Oc . pp. 44. p://v..v/

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ment Design Manual. Mc 4. pp. 5664 p://p

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24/47


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cpcy y ).

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ModErNIZE StrEEt StANdArdS


25/47


response to the problemGy, c v

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, , ccvy,

pc q . T

py cq c p

pv c:

Complete Streets S v

v qy p, cyc, p

vc, .

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y cy.

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cc

vy c p

pp vc p.

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, cv, cv p,

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Universal Design P c

cv vy

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p qcy.

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pc qy y c

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v v y

c cp cy.

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I c y

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This view o University Boulevard in Palo Alto, Caliornia includes amenities or cars and bikes.


26/47


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This street section show the typical array o uses or a right o way including pedestriansand automobiles.




27/47


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28/47


practIce poInters

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Hy, S., P, R., B, k. Planning or Street

Connectivity: Getting rom Here to There. P Avy

Svc Rp N 55. Ac P Ac

. My . pp. 5. p://.p./p

/c/.p?p=46I Tp E. Context Sensitive

Solutions in Designing Major Urban Thoroughares or Walk-

able Communities: An ITE Proposed Recommended Practice.

My 5. p://..//cpc/

/PcD.c?pc=RP6. (N: c

p pc

c pcc .)

L Cy, C. Larimer County Urban Area

Street Standards. April 2007. p://../

//US.. Acc J 5,

.

Cy C, N C. Urban Street

Design Guidelines. Oc 7. p://.

cc./Dp/Tp/

U+S+D+G.. Acc J 5,

.


Plan Amendments For Multimodal Transportation Districts.

Florida Department o Transportation. Ap 4. p://

..../p/y///p/MMT

D.p.

N Cp S C. p://.cp

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7. p://.v.v/8556A8D6AF7/C

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Oc. Guidelines or Geometric Design o Very

Low-Volume Local Roads (ADT 400). E. J

. p://.p./v.

p?=45&DB=.

N S Pjc S. Neighborhood

Street Design Guidelines: An Oregon Guide or Reducing

Street Widths. O Tp G M

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Mz, D. P: Bcyc P Fy

L U C. I Bcyc F. Ap 7.p://..//.. Acc

Sp , .

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Streets: Innovative Solutions or Stormwater and Stream

Crossings. J . p://..v/

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Cy B, C. M C.

Ap 6. p://.c.v/.

pp?p=c_c&=v&=55&I=6

4. Acc J , .



29/47


ENACT STANDARDS TO FOSTERWALKAbLE PLACES7

IntroductIonI c, pp c

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response to the problemT py c

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q pv vp vp

pjc. C y cy

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Pearl Street in Boulder, Colorado shows the street view o how wid

sidewalks can contribute to a pleasant walkable experience.

VanMeterWilliamsPollack


30/47


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The ountain and plaza located at the entrance o a bookstore act as a central gathering and

meeting space in Bethasda Row.

ENACt StANdArdS to FoStEr wAlkAblE PlACES


31/47


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32/47



F Dp Tp. Multimodal Trans-

portation Districts and Areawide Quality o Service Hand-

book. Nv . p. 6. p://..../p/y///p/MMTDQOS.p.

N Cp S C. p://.cp

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D, L. Bcyc P LvSvc P

c M S C M

Sy. Transportation Research Record 1538. 6.

p://.c.///58.

PDF.

L, B. . Modeling the Roadside Walking Environ-

ment, A Pedestrian Level o Service. Tp RcB Pp N. 5. . p://..../

p/y///p/p.p.

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E, R. Pedestrian and Transit-Friendly Design: A Primer

or Smart Growth. I Cy/Cy M

Ac S G N. . p://

.p.v//p/p_p.p.

F Hy A. Designing Sidewalks and

Trails or Access: Part I o II: Review o Existing Guidelines

and Practices. . p://...v/v

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F Hy A. Designing Sidewalks and

Trails or Access: Part II o II: Best Practices Design Guide.

. p://...v/v//

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P. Transportation Master Plan. Nv 5. p://

..v/cc/pcp/ppjcc.p.

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Seatac Zoning Code. Nv . p://c./c/

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P L SAFETEALU, Sc. 44. p://

y...v//vv/.

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ENACt StANdArdS to FoStEr wAlkAblE PlACES


33/47


8

IntroductIonF y c, cp v

vp cvy. Z c v

py y vp. Dvp

v c vp c

cy cpv p. Sv ppy y

v y vp p

cc vp pjc . T c

cv vp vp pp

vp . Hv, c c

c vp y y c c

cyz vp .

P vp p

vp v

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pp , vp ppp

y cc c. Lc v

py cv c

. Ty c

cc y v vp c cp

pv p cv

vp cy , ppp .

T c ppc vp c

v cy.

A palm tree-lined pedestrian plaza leads to the entrance o

the largest apartment buildings at the center o Mizner Park

in Florida. Higher densities in this existing development

enable greenelds to be preserved.

DESIGNATE AND SUPPORT

PREFERRED GROWTh AREAS

AND DEvELOPMENT SITES

CodeStudio


34/47


response to the problemMcp pcv

y . T pc pv v c

jc y

vp pp

cy

c cy

p. Ev c c

p p c , y

c v v

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v c

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c c, y c pv

cc .

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cy p. T p c

cpv v pp,

z, , c

p c p p. Dvp

p c cpv pc

pc. T pp y , c c pc y

c c y.

expected benefIts

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vp p , vp,

cz.

M c vp v pc. Cp

pc vp p v pc

pp p c / cy c

c.

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cy.

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steps to ImplementatIon(N: Sp y pp y v

c.)

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v .

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pc c .

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vp.

This rendering o Santa Clara, Caliornia illustrates how

the city has designated preerred growth areas to keep

distinctive places intact.

dESIGNAtE ANd SUPPort PrEFErrEd Growth ArEAS ANd dEvEloPMENt SItES


35/47


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vp.


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practIce poInters

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c .

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P, D. Cp : M Cy Ep:

W G. Managing Growth in Americas Communi-

ties. I P. Nv 7.

N, J.R. Cp : Lc L U C T

Acv S G. Well Grounded: Using Local Land

Use Authority to Achieve Smart Growth. Ev L

I. Jy .

Lc Cy, Pyv. D R A

Ccp. Lancaster County Comprehensive Plan. J5. p://.c.c.p./p//p

/_/_/__c

cp_y.p.

Cy A, T. S G Iv. p://

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Cy A, T. Smart Growth Criteria Matrix. F

y . p://.p.v//cc/

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Act o 1997. p://.p.../c..Acc Ap , .

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tain Parks: A History.p://.c.v/

.pp?p=c_c&=v&=67&I

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36/47


IntroductIonMy c c U S c c

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9 USE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE TOMANAGE STORMWATER c v y cc. T

ccv c c ,

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c pc

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p

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This picture illustrates site level green inrastructure practices

such as landscaped swales to capture runo.

USE GrEEN INFrAStrUCtUrE to MANAGE StorMwAtEr



37/47



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38/47


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This mall, Pompano Fashion Square in Pompano Beach, Florida, is a good example o a parking lot that could be repurposed or green

inrastructure.

USE GrEEN INFrAStrUCtUrE to MANAGE StorMwAtEr



39/47


A v

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U.S. EPA. Water Quality Scorecard. A . p://

.p.v/p/p/_cp_cc.p.

U.S. EPA. Green Inrastructure Municipal Handbook. (

pc) p://cp.p.v/p/

c/c.c.

U.S. EPA. Stormwater Management Handbook: Implement-

ing Green Inrastructure in Northern Kentucky Communities.

My . p://.p.v//_c

.#y.

U.S. EPA. Protecting Water Quality with Smart Growth

Strategies and Natural Stormwater Management in Sussex

County, Delaware. Jy . p://.p.v/

/_p_c.#6.

U.S. EPA. Sc W Pc. p://.p.v/

p/c/c.. Acc Jy , .

U.S. EPA. S P Pv P

Cc Acv. p://cp.p.v/p//ppp.c. Acc Jy , .

U.S. EPA. Protecting Water Resources with Higher-Density

Development. Jy 6. EPA R6. pp. .

p://.p.v//_y..

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Cy P, O. G Rq

Pc. Stormwater Management Manual. p://.

p.c//.c?c=5&=5576. Acc J , .

S C Vy (C) U R P

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ment BMPs. p://.cvppp.c/_

pc_.. Acc J , .

U.S. EPA. Ev M Sy. p://

.p.v/. Acc J , .

U.S. EPA. Reducing Stormwater Costs through Low Impact

Development (LID) Strategies and Practices. Dc

7. EPA 84F76. p://.p.v//p//c7.

Cy N Y. W. PNYC. p://.yc.v/

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AdoPt SMArt ANNExAtIoN PolICIES


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This urban growth boundary shows a stark contrast between the developed and undeveloped areas o this community.


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The Urban Development Boundary in Miami-Dade County,

Florida, illustrates the division between land intended or

development and area meant to be preserved.

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11

ENCOURAGE APPROPRIATE

DEvELOPMENT DENSITIES ONThE EDGE

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45/47


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This aerial rom suburban Dallas shows how the Devils Density is built out on the edge o the town at residential density that is not

ecient with more compact development patterns.


46/47


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This New Jersey armland is

punctuated by a low density

residential development

creating a confict between

providing services to these

homes and preserving

agricultural uses.


ENCoUrAGE APProPrIAtE dEvEloPMENt dENSItIES oN thE EdGE


47/47

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D, C. Sy, C. Nature-Friendly Communities.

Island Press. My 5. pp. 45.

Bc, R. . Costs o Sprawl2000. T Cp

v Rc P Rp 74. Tp Rc

B. J . pp. 6.

F, J. . Cost o Community Services Studies:Making the Case or Conservation. Ac F

T. A . pp. 556. p://..

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Lv, A. . The Costs o Sprawl: Fiscal, Environmen

tal, and Quality o Lie Impacts o Low-Density Development

in the Denver Region. Ev C. Mc .

pp. 4. p://.vc./vc

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Analyzing the Fiscal Impacts o Development.M I Svc Rp N. . Mc

88. pp. 5456.

Ac F T. Saving American Farmland:

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essential smart growth fix for urban

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