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Page 1: Essential questions How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization? How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization?
Page 2: Essential questions How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization? How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization?

Essential questionsEssential questions

How does geography influence the growth of How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization? the Byzantine civilization?

What impact does trade/economics have on What impact does trade/economics have on the organization and daily life of people? the organization and daily life of people?

What are the evolving principles and ideals What are the evolving principles and ideals that have shaped government over time-that have shaped government over time-specific to Byzantine?specific to Byzantine?

How does the legacy of civilizations impact How does the legacy of civilizations impact their interaction throughout history? their interaction throughout history?

Page 3: Essential questions How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization? How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization?
Page 4: Essential questions How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization? How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization?

Cityscape of Istanbul Cityscape of Istanbul (Constantinople)(Constantinople)

Questions to consider:Questions to consider:What do you notice about the What do you notice about the

location of this city? Describe the location of this city? Describe the buildings that stand out in the buildings that stand out in the picture. Do you think the domed picture. Do you think the domed buildings are modern or historic? buildings are modern or historic? What do you think they are used for? What do you think they are used for? Why might this city be considered a Why might this city be considered a strategic locale for a city? How could strategic locale for a city? How could you protect the city from invaders?you protect the city from invaders?

Page 5: Essential questions How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization? How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization?

Cityscape notes:Cityscape notes: The picture is a view of modern-day Istanbul, Turkey, which The picture is a view of modern-day Istanbul, Turkey, which

was formerly Constantinople, the capital city of the was formerly Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire (A.D. 330-1453). This aerial view shows Byzantine Empire (A.D. 330-1453). This aerial view shows the city’s position at the confluence of the Bosporus (center), the city’s position at the confluence of the Bosporus (center), the Golden Horn (left) and the Sea of Marmara (right).the Golden Horn (left) and the Sea of Marmara (right).

The Byzantine Empire grew out of the fading Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire grew out of the fading Roman Empire. In the 4In the 4thth century A.D., the western half of the Roman Empire century A.D., the western half of the Roman Empire had been weakened by barbarian invasions. At the same had been weakened by barbarian invasions. At the same time, Christianity was a growing force and Constantine the time, Christianity was a growing force and Constantine the Great became The first Christian emperor of Rome. Because Great became The first Christian emperor of Rome. Because the eastern portion of the Empire had a longer tradition of the eastern portion of the Empire had a longer tradition of absolutism and monotheism than did the West, Constantine absolutism and monotheism than did the West, Constantine decided to consolidate his rule by moving the capital decided to consolidate his rule by moving the capital eastward, in A.D. 330. He chose the Greek seaport of eastward, in A.D. 330. He chose the Greek seaport of Byzantium and renamed it New Rome. But it became known Byzantium and renamed it New Rome. But it became known as his city: Constantinople. This magnificent city of the as his city: Constantinople. This magnificent city of the Eastern Roman Empire became the hub of the Byzantine Eastern Roman Empire became the hub of the Byzantine Empire.Empire.

Page 6: Essential questions How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization? How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization?

Constantine chose the new capital for its fine harbor and strategic Constantine chose the new capital for its fine harbor and strategic locale. The city was surrounded on 3 sides by water, which was locale. The city was surrounded on 3 sides by water, which was excellent for trade, as well as for defense. Constantine needed only excellent for trade, as well as for defense. Constantine needed only to build walls on one side to ensure the city’s security. The city to build walls on one side to ensure the city’s security. The city became a self-contained fortress, protected by 13 miles of walls, became a self-contained fortress, protected by 13 miles of walls, watchtowers, and 50 fortified gates. The inlet of the Golden horn, watchtowers, and 50 fortified gates. The inlet of the Golden horn, one of the bordering bodies of water, was surrounded by hills. one of the bordering bodies of water, was surrounded by hills. Consequently, ships in the Golden Horn were safe even in bad Consequently, ships in the Golden Horn were safe even in bad weather, and there was always one harbor safe for docking. Along weather, and there was always one harbor safe for docking. Along this sea side of the city, walled harbors and a chain stretched this sea side of the city, walled harbors and a chain stretched across the Golden Horn protected ships from attacks launched at across the Golden Horn protected ships from attacks launched at sea. sea.

Located on the Bosporus Strait, the gateway from the Black Sea to Located on the Bosporus Strait, the gateway from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, Constantinople was at a shipping and trading the Sea of Marmara, Constantinople was at a shipping and trading crossroads between two continents: Europe and Asia. From the crossroads between two continents: Europe and Asia. From the Sea of Marmara, another strait (the Dardanelles) led to the Aegean Sea of Marmara, another strait (the Dardanelles) led to the Aegean Sea, which joined the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, whoever ruled Sea, which joined the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, whoever ruled Constantinople was in a position to control all shipping from Asia to Constantinople was in a position to control all shipping from Asia to Europe, as well as the trade between Russia and the Mediterranean Europe, as well as the trade between Russia and the Mediterranean territories.territories.

Since Constantinople began as the eastern capital of the Roman Since Constantinople began as the eastern capital of the Roman Empire, Byzantine culture was heavily influenced by the Roman Empire, Byzantine culture was heavily influenced by the Roman Empire. The city itself was modeled after Rome, like Rome, it was Empire. The city itself was modeled after Rome, like Rome, it was built on 7 hills and divided into 14 districts. The buildings and built on 7 hills and divided into 14 districts. The buildings and structures in Constantinople also strongly reflected Roman structures in Constantinople also strongly reflected Roman influence—the hippodrome, forum and aqueducts were all derived influence—the hippodrome, forum and aqueducts were all derived from the old Empire.from the old Empire.

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The Byzantine Empire retained but relaxed many of the Roman The Byzantine Empire retained but relaxed many of the Roman Empire’s rules and customs. Extravagant circuses and chariot Empire’s rules and customs. Extravagant circuses and chariot races continued in Constantinople, along with such traditions as races continued in Constantinople, along with such traditions as the emperor’s distribution of bread to the citizens. The army the emperor’s distribution of bread to the citizens. The army followed Roman military traditions. While the Byzantines retained followed Roman military traditions. While the Byzantines retained some of Rome's class-based standards of punishment and dress some of Rome's class-based standards of punishment and dress for the rich and poor, some mobility later became possible. for the rich and poor, some mobility later became possible.

Progressive Byzantine emperors began to select their officials on Progressive Byzantine emperors began to select their officials on the basis of talent and competence rather than simply hereditary the basis of talent and competence rather than simply hereditary social class. The Byzantine senate existed mainly as a result of social class. The Byzantine senate existed mainly as a result of Roman tradition and was not nearly as rigid and powerful body as Roman tradition and was not nearly as rigid and powerful body as it had been in Rome. The one major difference between it had been in Rome. The one major difference between Constantinople and Rome was that from its inception Constantinople and Rome was that from its inception Constantinople was a Christian city.Constantinople was a Christian city.

The Byzantine Empire was a bridge between ancient and modern The Byzantine Empire was a bridge between ancient and modern Europe. Its territory included the lands of Greece, Asia Minor, Europe. Its territory included the lands of Greece, Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria and Egypt, though this changed as the Empire Palestine, Syria and Egypt, though this changed as the Empire expanded and contracted. Christianity, Roman customs and expanded and contracted. Christianity, Roman customs and Greek classical culture all survived, blended and flourished in the Greek classical culture all survived, blended and flourished in the Empire. The Empire’s military staved off barbarians in the West Empire. The Empire’s military staved off barbarians in the West and Arabs and Turks in the East; its scholars preserved Greek and Arabs and Turks in the East; its scholars preserved Greek Literature and philosophy (Greek was the official language of Literature and philosophy (Greek was the official language of Constantinople—had to speak it to be a citizen)’ its legal experts, Constantinople—had to speak it to be a citizen)’ its legal experts, at the direction of the emperor, preserved and codified Roman at the direction of the emperor, preserved and codified Roman legal traditions. The Empire-which saw no fewer than 88 rulers legal traditions. The Empire-which saw no fewer than 88 rulers come and go and survived centuries of public riots, religious come and go and survived centuries of public riots, religious differences, and foreign threats—ended 1453 when differences, and foreign threats—ended 1453 when Constantinople fell to the Turks. Constantinople today is the Constantinople fell to the Turks. Constantinople today is the modern city of Istanbul, Turkey, the only major city that straddles modern city of Istanbul, Turkey, the only major city that straddles two continents.two continents.

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Page 9: Essential questions How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization? How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization?

Mosaic Portrait of Emperor Mosaic Portrait of Emperor Justinian IJustinian I

Questions to consider:Questions to consider:What materials were used to make What materials were used to make

this picture? Which person stands this picture? Which person stands out in this picture? Describe him. out in this picture? Describe him. Who do you think he might be? How Who do you think he might be? How would you describe the clothing of would you describe the clothing of the other figures? Describe some of the other figures? Describe some of the objects they are holding. Who do the objects they are holding. Who do you think they are?you think they are?

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Justinian I notes:Justinian I notes: The mosaic picture is representing Emperor Justinian I and The mosaic picture is representing Emperor Justinian I and

his court. It is located in the Church of San Vitale, in his court. It is located in the Church of San Vitale, in Ravenna, Italy.Ravenna, Italy.

The Byzantine Empire's 16The Byzantine Empire's 16thth and most ambitious ruler was and most ambitious ruler was the Emperor Justinian I, who held power from A.D. 527 until the Emperor Justinian I, who held power from A.D. 527 until his death in A.D. 565. Justinian ascended the throne at age his death in A.D. 565. Justinian ascended the throne at age 45. he was very devout, determined and even stubborn. 45. he was very devout, determined and even stubborn. Rather than allow problems to develop, he took steps to Rather than allow problems to develop, he took steps to prevent them (he preferred to invade rather than be prevent them (he preferred to invade rather than be invaded). During his reign a historian named Procopius invaded). During his reign a historian named Procopius praised the emperor as even-tempered and hard-working. praised the emperor as even-tempered and hard-working. After Justinian’s death, Procopius wrote in a “Secret After Justinian’s death, Procopius wrote in a “Secret History” that the emperor had been “devious, false, History” that the emperor had been “devious, false, hypocritical, two-faced, cruel, skilled in dissembling his hypocritical, two-faced, cruel, skilled in dissembling his thought, never moved to tears by either joy or pain…a liar thought, never moved to tears by either joy or pain…a liar always.”always.”

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Justinian was an ambitious military leader. He funded his Justinian was an ambitious military leader. He funded his military ventures by taxing the people heavily. Eventually, military ventures by taxing the people heavily. Eventually, Justinian's armies managed to dominate the Vandals in North Justinian's armies managed to dominate the Vandals in North Africa, the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the Visigoths in Southern Africa, the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the Visigoths in Southern Spain, and expanded the Empire to the greatest size it was Spain, and expanded the Empire to the greatest size it was ever to attain. In a church in Ravenna, Italy, he was ever to attain. In a church in Ravenna, Italy, he was celebrated in the mosaic (a picture or pattern made up of celebrated in the mosaic (a picture or pattern made up of small pieces of colored glass or stone inlaid in plaster) shown small pieces of colored glass or stone inlaid in plaster) shown here. In the long run, though, Justinian’s costly military here. In the long run, though, Justinian’s costly military projects were not so successful. His attempt to recapture projects were not so successful. His attempt to recapture Rome from the Barbarians led to 18 years of chaotic siege and Rome from the Barbarians led to 18 years of chaotic siege and counter siege, leaving the once-proud city in ruins.counter siege, leaving the once-proud city in ruins.

Justinian, like all Byzantine emperors, played a dual role. He Justinian, like all Byzantine emperors, played a dual role. He was the absolute head of both the Christian church and the was the absolute head of both the Christian church and the state. The throne, in fact, was built wide enough to seat two—state. The throne, in fact, was built wide enough to seat two—thus symbolizing the emperor’s partnership with Jesus. In the thus symbolizing the emperor’s partnership with Jesus. In the mosaic, at Justinian’s left hand, stands the archbishop of mosaic, at Justinian’s left hand, stands the archbishop of Ravenna. Justinian served various roles as a Christian leader. Ravenna. Justinian served various roles as a Christian leader. Because he was the emperor and emperors were believed to Because he was the emperor and emperors were believed to rule by divine right, his authority over the church was above rule by divine right, his authority over the church was above that of even the patriarch of Constantinople. Justinian also had that of even the patriarch of Constantinople. Justinian also had the authority to choose and appoint the patriarch of the authority to choose and appoint the patriarch of Constantinople.Constantinople.

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The Codification of 400 years’ worth of Roman law was one of The Codification of 400 years’ worth of Roman law was one of Justinian’s major accomplishments. Justinian believed that many Justinian’s major accomplishments. Justinian believed that many of the old laws were unnecessarily complicated, unorganized, and of the old laws were unnecessarily complicated, unorganized, and no longer relevant. Thus, he appointed a group of 10 men, no longer relevant. Thus, he appointed a group of 10 men, working under a legal scholar named Tribonian, to collect and working under a legal scholar named Tribonian, to collect and organize the laws made and used by all the emperors before him.. organize the laws made and used by all the emperors before him.. As a result, the laws were revised and a new legal code called the As a result, the laws were revised and a new legal code called the Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) was created. This code law, Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) was created. This code law, also known as the Code of Justinian, became the basis for much of also known as the Code of Justinian, became the basis for much of Western legal codes in the subsequent centuries.Western legal codes in the subsequent centuries.

Justinian's finest, most lasting achievements were his massive Justinian's finest, most lasting achievements were his massive building programs. The emperor undertook an ambitious program building programs. The emperor undertook an ambitious program of public works, ordering new bridges, churches, monasteries, of public works, ordering new bridges, churches, monasteries, forums, forts and roads to be built. Hospitals, public baths, forums, forts and roads to be built. Hospitals, public baths, recreation centers, a law library, a seaside park filled with bronze recreation centers, a law library, a seaside park filled with bronze and marble statues—all of these were the work of Justinian’s and marble statues—all of these were the work of Justinian’s stonemasons, architects, and planners. When the city of Antioch stonemasons, architects, and planners. When the city of Antioch was destroyed in an earthquake, Justinian had the entire city was destroyed in an earthquake, Justinian had the entire city rebuilt!rebuilt!

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Mosaic of Empress TheodoraMosaic of Empress Theodora

Questions to consider:Questions to consider: Identify and describe the person who Identify and describe the person who

is the subject of this mosaic. How is is the subject of this mosaic. How is the subject different from the rest of the subject different from the rest of the mosaic. How is this mosaic the mosaic. How is this mosaic different from the previous one of different from the previous one of Justinian?Justinian?

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Theodora notes:Theodora notes: The subject of the mosaic is Empress Theodora and her The subject of the mosaic is Empress Theodora and her

court. It is located in Ravenna, Italy in the Church of San court. It is located in Ravenna, Italy in the Church of San Vitale.Vitale.

Justinian’s wife, the Empress Theodora, was a remarkable Justinian’s wife, the Empress Theodora, was a remarkable and influential woman who equaled and sometimes and influential woman who equaled and sometimes surpassed her husband in political skill and wisdom. Born surpassed her husband in political skill and wisdom. Born into the lower classes (her father was the bear-keeper for into the lower classes (her father was the bear-keeper for Constantinople’s circus), Theodora carved out a teenage Constantinople’s circus), Theodora carved out a teenage career as a dancer and actress. She loved adventure, new career as a dancer and actress. She loved adventure, new friendships and travel. In her twenties, when she returned friendships and travel. In her twenties, when she returned from a long trip to Africa, she settled down and married from a long trip to Africa, she settled down and married Justinian. Once he took power, Theodora was active in Justinian. Once he took power, Theodora was active in politics—advancing her friends, destroying her enemies, politics—advancing her friends, destroying her enemies, and sometimes giving orders that canceled her husband’s. and sometimes giving orders that canceled her husband’s. She also was responsible for several social welfare She also was responsible for several social welfare programs, including one for the city’s poor and homeless programs, including one for the city’s poor and homeless girls, and for convincing the emperor to expand women’ s girls, and for convincing the emperor to expand women’ s rights.rights.

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On one occasion, Theodora saved the empire. In A. D. 532, in On one occasion, Theodora saved the empire. In A. D. 532, in reaction to the huge amounts of money being poured into overseas reaction to the huge amounts of money being poured into overseas wars and to Justinian’s sometimes tyrannical rule, there was a riot wars and to Justinian’s sometimes tyrannical rule, there was a riot in Constantinople, later called the Nika Rebellion. It began as a in Constantinople, later called the Nika Rebellion. It began as a simple shouting-match (in the stadium where chariot races took simple shouting-match (in the stadium where chariot races took place), but soon a mob formed and the city was in flames. The place), but soon a mob formed and the city was in flames. The royal family took refuge in the palace. Some of Justinian’s royal family took refuge in the palace. Some of Justinian’s counselors argued for escape by sea, but then Theodora spoke. counselors argued for escape by sea, but then Theodora spoke. According to the court historian, Procopius, Theodora's advice to According to the court historian, Procopius, Theodora's advice to her husband was the following: “her husband was the following: “In my opinion this is no time to In my opinion this is no time to admit the maxim that a woman must not act as a man among men; admit the maxim that a woman must not act as a man among men; nor, if she fires the courage of the halting, are we to consider nor, if she fires the courage of the halting, are we to consider whether she does right or no. When matters come to a crisis, we whether she does right or no. When matters come to a crisis, we must agree as to the best course to take. My opinion is that , must agree as to the best course to take. My opinion is that , although we may save ourselves by flight, it is not to our interest. although we may save ourselves by flight, it is not to our interest. Every man that sees the light must die, but the man who has once Every man that sees the light must die, but the man who has once been raised to the height of empire cannot suffer himself to go into been raised to the height of empire cannot suffer himself to go into exile and survive his dignity. God forbid that I should ever be exile and survive his dignity. God forbid that I should ever be stripped of the purple, or live a single day on which I am not to be stripped of the purple, or live a single day on which I am not to be saluted as Mistress. If thou desires to go, Emperor, nothing saluted as Mistress. If thou desires to go, Emperor, nothing prevents thee. There is the sea; there are the steps to the boat. prevents thee. There is the sea; there are the steps to the boat. But have a care that when thou leaves here, thou dose not But have a care that when thou leaves here, thou dose not exchange this set light for an ignoble death. For my part I like the exchange this set light for an ignoble death. For my part I like the old saying: the empire is a fine winding sheet.”old saying: the empire is a fine winding sheet.”

Rallied by her speech, Justinian sent troops to crush the rebellion. Rallied by her speech, Justinian sent troops to crush the rebellion. The emperor and his troops surrounded the hippodrome, killed The emperor and his troops surrounded the hippodrome, killed 30,000 of the rebels and order was restored.30,000 of the rebels and order was restored.

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Page 18: Essential questions How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization? How does geography influence the growth of the Byzantine civilization?

Interior of the Hagia SophiaInterior of the Hagia Sophia

Questions to consider:Questions to consider: Describe the interior of this building. What Describe the interior of this building. What

kinds of shapes do you see? How long do kinds of shapes do you see? How long do you think it took to build it? How is this you think it took to build it? How is this building illuminated? Which part of the building illuminated? Which part of the building do you think took the longest to building do you think took the longest to build? What type of building might this be? build? What type of building might this be? What aspects of the architecture strike you What aspects of the architecture strike you as interesting? How high do you think the as interesting? How high do you think the dome is? How does the size of the building dome is? How does the size of the building make you feel? Why would light be make you feel? Why would light be important in this building?important in this building?

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Hagia Sophia notes:Hagia Sophia notes: In the wake of the riot in 532, Justinian undertook to rebuild In the wake of the riot in 532, Justinian undertook to rebuild

and restore Constantinople. True to form, he did it on the and restore Constantinople. True to form, he did it on the grand scale. In addition to the many civic buildings Justinian grand scale. In addition to the many civic buildings Justinian had built, the crown jewel of Constantinople—the largest of its had built, the crown jewel of Constantinople—the largest of its 25 new Christian cathedrals—was a domed church named the 25 new Christian cathedrals—was a domed church named the Hagia Sophia.Hagia Sophia.

Built in only 5 years (532-537), Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Built in only 5 years (532-537), Hagia Sophia, or the Church of “Holy Wisdom”, stood for centuries as the most magnificent “Holy Wisdom”, stood for centuries as the most magnificent structure in the Western world. Its dome, a marvel of structure in the Western world. Its dome, a marvel of engineering, reaches 180 feet (or some 12 stories) above the engineering, reaches 180 feet (or some 12 stories) above the floor. The dome’s diameter is 107 feet and at its circumference floor. The dome’s diameter is 107 feet and at its circumference it has 40 stained-glass windows. In Justinian's time, Hagia it has 40 stained-glass windows. In Justinian's time, Hagia Sophia’s beauty became renowned: as the sun crossed the sky, Sophia’s beauty became renowned: as the sun crossed the sky, spokes of light spun slowly across the cathedral’s walls, spokes of light spun slowly across the cathedral’s walls, columns, arches, and glittering mosaics. Everywhere there was columns, arches, and glittering mosaics. Everywhere there was polished marble in 6 colors: green, black, red, purple, blue, and polished marble in 6 colors: green, black, red, purple, blue, and white. After the sun set, a huge candelabrum, hanging on long white. After the sun set, a huge candelabrum, hanging on long chains blazed to life.chains blazed to life.

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Hagia Sophia, while ornate on the inside, is like other Byzantine Hagia Sophia, while ornate on the inside, is like other Byzantine churches on the outside: utterly plain. The contrast is deliberate churches on the outside: utterly plain. The contrast is deliberate and symbolic. The plain brick and mortar exterior represents the and symbolic. The plain brick and mortar exterior represents the daily world and earthly life. The rich interior represents the ideal or daily world and earthly life. The rich interior represents the ideal or spiritual universe that, the Byzantines believed, accompanied the spiritual universe that, the Byzantines believed, accompanied the coming of Christianity. Interestingly, Hagia Sophia has a second coming of Christianity. Interestingly, Hagia Sophia has a second dual nature, as well—expressed in its two styles of architecture. dual nature, as well—expressed in its two styles of architecture. Here east meets west. The cathedral’s size and strength thick Here east meets west. The cathedral’s size and strength thick pillars, a huge enclosed space, are reminders of the architecture of pillars, a huge enclosed space, are reminders of the architecture of Rome. But the design and decoration—intricate and ornate, down Rome. But the design and decoration—intricate and ornate, down to the very last piece of mosaic—reflect Eastern influences.to the very last piece of mosaic—reflect Eastern influences.

Two distinguished architects worked on the church: Antemuis of Two distinguished architects worked on the church: Antemuis of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. With Hagia Sophia they solved a Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. With Hagia Sophia they solved a major design problem, and the solution was played out in smaller major design problem, and the solution was played out in smaller churches across the Byzantine Empire. The hardest part to build is churches across the Byzantine Empire. The hardest part to build is what is called “the pendentive”. This is the strangely curved wall what is called “the pendentive”. This is the strangely curved wall space that extends above the four central arches, reaching to the space that extends above the four central arches, reaching to the base of the dome. The pendentive joins two circular shapes. The base of the dome. The pendentive joins two circular shapes. The architectural style of Hagia Sophia spread far through the Empire-architectural style of Hagia Sophia spread far through the Empire-Armenia, S. Italy, Russia, Serbia, and Sicily. In each region, local Armenia, S. Italy, Russia, Serbia, and Sicily. In each region, local builders adjusted the style to suit their particular climate, builders adjusted the style to suit their particular climate, technology and materials. When Constantinople fell to the Islamic technology and materials. When Constantinople fell to the Islamic Turks, Hagia Sophia became a mosque. Today it is a museum.Turks, Hagia Sophia became a mosque. Today it is a museum.

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Icon of Mary and JesusIcon of Mary and Jesus

Questions to consider:Questions to consider:What kind of work of art is this? Who What kind of work of art is this? Who

is depicted here? Where might this is depicted here? Where might this painting be placed? Why do you painting be placed? Why do you think some people paint pictures of think some people paint pictures of religious figures or events? Why religious figures or events? Why might some people object to such might some people object to such pictures?pictures?

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Notes Icons:Notes Icons: Throughout the Byzantine Empire, the Christian church carried Throughout the Byzantine Empire, the Christian church carried

forward a long tradition of icons. An icon is a representation of forward a long tradition of icons. An icon is a representation of sacred persons or events, such as the lives of Jesus and the saints. sacred persons or events, such as the lives of Jesus and the saints. Icons appear in several forms: mural painting, mosaic and most Icons appear in several forms: mural painting, mosaic and most typically, painted on small wooden panes. These flat, two typically, painted on small wooden panes. These flat, two dimensional religious images can be venerated in special ways dimensional religious images can be venerated in special ways (prayed to and carried aloft in religious processions) and specific (prayed to and carried aloft in religious processions) and specific technical rules guide their artistic form.technical rules guide their artistic form.

Some Byzantine Christians opposed icons because they felt it was Some Byzantine Christians opposed icons because they felt it was wrong to show devotions to a mere man- made image. They wrong to show devotions to a mere man- made image. They feared that the icons were being worshiped as though they feared that the icons were being worshiped as though they represented gods. Those opposed to icons argued that worship represented gods. Those opposed to icons argued that worship should be offered only to God. For a long time, though, these should be offered only to God. For a long time, though, these Christians were in the minority, and icons were widely accepted. Christians were in the minority, and icons were widely accepted. Those who supported the use of icons argued that the images Those who supported the use of icons argued that the images helped the faithful honor the religious figures represented. helped the faithful honor the religious figures represented. Portraits of Jesus, his mother Mary and others saints become Portraits of Jesus, his mother Mary and others saints become increasingly popular. Indeed some of the newest Christian increasingly popular. Indeed some of the newest Christian converts – barbarians into the West—accepted icons with a converts – barbarians into the West—accepted icons with a vengeance, investing them with magical powers and making vengeance, investing them with magical powers and making sacrifices before them.sacrifices before them.

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Over the centuries, a rift developed between pro and Over the centuries, a rift developed between pro and anti icon Christians. Words flew, fists were raised, anti icon Christians. Words flew, fists were raised, and riots broke out. The anti-icon Christians became and riots broke out. The anti-icon Christians became known as “iconoclasts” (meaning “icon smashers”) known as “iconoclasts” (meaning “icon smashers”) and the Byzantine Emperor Leo III passionately and the Byzantine Emperor Leo III passionately joined their ranks. In A.D. 730, partly in response to joined their ranks. In A.D. 730, partly in response to a volcanic eruption that he saw as a sign of God’s a volcanic eruption that he saw as a sign of God’s wrath, Leo banned icons. Moreover, the ordered wrath, Leo banned icons. Moreover, the ordered that all religious images—icons, mosaics, paintings—that all religious images—icons, mosaics, paintings—be burned, whitewashed or destroyed. Leo’s decree be burned, whitewashed or destroyed. Leo’s decree deepened the growing rift between Easter deepened the growing rift between Easter (Byzantine and Western Christians. In the West, (Byzantine and Western Christians. In the West, where few people could read, religious leaders often where few people could read, religious leaders often used images to explain Christian teachings. The used images to explain Christian teachings. The Roman pope, Gregory III, who held sway in the West, Roman pope, Gregory III, who held sway in the West, claimed to lead the whole church, and favored icons, claimed to lead the whole church, and favored icons, responded by declaring that Leo III was no longer a responded by declaring that Leo III was no longer a Christian and he excommunicated him.Christian and he excommunicated him.

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For decades, controversy raged. Artwork was destroyed. Iconoclast For decades, controversy raged. Artwork was destroyed. Iconoclast emperors alternated with their pro-icon opponents. Though the Byzantines emperors alternated with their pro-icon opponents. Though the Byzantines finally accepted icons for good, the damage was done. The rift between finally accepted icons for good, the damage was done. The rift between Eastern and Western Christians became a gaping chasm. In 1054, the Eastern and Western Christians became a gaping chasm. In 1054, the Christian church split into two churches forever. In the West, the church Christian church split into two churches forever. In the West, the church became the Roman Catholic church (catholic is from a Latin worked meaning became the Roman Catholic church (catholic is from a Latin worked meaning universal) in the East, the church became the eastern Orthodox church universal) in the East, the church became the eastern Orthodox church (orthodox from Greek, means correct belief).(orthodox from Greek, means correct belief).

The split between Eastern and Western Christianity, call the Great Schism, The split between Eastern and Western Christianity, call the Great Schism, was the result of cleavages in tradition, custom and theology. According to was the result of cleavages in tradition, custom and theology. According to the Catholic church of the West, masses were always in Latin, the pope was the Catholic church of the West, masses were always in Latin, the pope was the supreme religious authority above any political ruler, all clergy were the supreme religious authority above any political ruler, all clergy were celibate, and religious icons of martyrs and saints were to be respected.celibate, and religious icons of martyrs and saints were to be respected.

In the East, however, Christianity took on different traditions. Masses were in In the East, however, Christianity took on different traditions. Masses were in Greek, the language of the eastern people, so as to be understandable. Greek, the language of the eastern people, so as to be understandable. Monks and other Christians who did missionary work often translated the Monks and other Christians who did missionary work often translated the bible into the language of the people they were trying to convert, in order to bible into the language of the people they were trying to convert, in order to make Christianity more accessible. Another difference was that the make Christianity more accessible. Another difference was that the Byzantine emperor appointed and was considered superior to the patriarch, Byzantine emperor appointed and was considered superior to the patriarch, they bishop of Constantinople, who dominated the Byzantine Church and they bishop of Constantinople, who dominated the Byzantine Church and whom the Byzantine Christians looked up to as a greater religious authority whom the Byzantine Christians looked up to as a greater religious authority than the pope. In the East, bishops were not allowed to marry, but priests than the pope. In the East, bishops were not allowed to marry, but priests and other clergy were not required to be celibate. Icons were generally a and other clergy were not required to be celibate. Icons were generally a subject of much controversy. For centuries, they were still used in the East, subject of much controversy. For centuries, they were still used in the East, although many Orthodox Christian disapproved of them because they felt although many Orthodox Christian disapproved of them because they felt that Christian should be praying directly to and only to God.that Christian should be praying directly to and only to God.

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According to the Catholic Church:

•Masses were always conducted in Latin.

•The pope was the supreme religious authority.

•All clergy were celibate (They did not marry).

•Religious icons of martyrs and saints were to be respected.

Christianity in the east took on a different

tradition:

Masses were in Greek.

Monks and missionaries translated the Bible into the language of the people they were trying to convert.

The patriarch, the bishop of Constantinople, dominated the Byzantine Church. The emperor appointed patriarch and was superior to him.

Bishops could not marry, but priests and clergy could.

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Less tangible differences also contributed to the split Less tangible differences also contributed to the split between the Eastern and Western Christians. The Western between the Eastern and Western Christians. The Western Church believed that the papacy and bishops of Rome held Church believed that the papacy and bishops of Rome held supreme authority over interpreting the Scripture. This supreme authority over interpreting the Scripture. This belief was derived from Jesus’ statement to Peter in belief was derived from Jesus’ statement to Peter in Matthew 16:18 “Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will Matthew 16:18 “Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church.” In contrast, the Eastern Church put the build my church.” In contrast, the Eastern Church put the authority of the Scriptures and the local church councils authority of the Scriptures and the local church councils above the authority of the Pope in Rome.above the authority of the Pope in Rome.

The East was also more cosmopolitan in character—The East was also more cosmopolitan in character—Christian Orthodoxy tended to be influenced by such Christian Orthodoxy tended to be influenced by such diverse ideas as Eastern mysticism, Greek and Roman diverse ideas as Eastern mysticism, Greek and Roman secular and pagan culture, and Monophysitism (the doctrine secular and pagan culture, and Monophysitism (the doctrine that holds that Christ’s nature remains altogether divine that holds that Christ’s nature remains altogether divine and not human). Greeks, Turks, Bulgur, Jews, Italians, and not human). Greeks, Turks, Bulgur, Jews, Italians, Russian, Slavs, Khazars, Persian, and Armenians all lived in Russian, Slavs, Khazars, Persian, and Armenians all lived in Constantinople. Many of them became Christians and such Constantinople. Many of them became Christians and such a diverse convergence of cultures and beliefs contributed to a diverse convergence of cultures and beliefs contributed to the unique form of Christianity that developed in the EAST.the unique form of Christianity that developed in the EAST.

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Lands and Trading Routes of the Lands and Trading Routes of the Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

Questions to consider:Questions to consider: Where is Constantinople? What do all the Where is Constantinople? What do all the

lines on the map represent? If you lines on the map represent? If you boarded a ship in Constantinople, where boarded a ship in Constantinople, where could you go? If you got on a camel or could you go? If you got on a camel or horse, where could you go? Why do you horse, where could you go? Why do you thinks Constantinople is called a thinks Constantinople is called a “crossroads”? Why is Constantinople in a “crossroads”? Why is Constantinople in a good location to be the capital of a military good location to be the capital of a military and trading Empire?and trading Empire?

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The map shows the lands and trading routes of The map shows the lands and trading routes of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire was a vast array of cultural and commercial was a vast array of cultural and commercial threads, tied together by the great knot of threads, tied together by the great knot of Constantinople. The inhabitants of the Empire Constantinople. The inhabitants of the Empire were descended from many ancient people, were descended from many ancient people, including the Armenians, Slavs, Bulgarians, including the Armenians, Slavs, Bulgarians, Greeks, Normans, and Turks. Most of them Greeks, Normans, and Turks. Most of them were farmers who lived in one-room huts made were farmers who lived in one-room huts made of wood or mud bricks. They raised grapes, of wood or mud bricks. They raised grapes, olives, and wheat or herded sheep, and lived olives, and wheat or herded sheep, and lived on chasse, bread, and vegetable cooked in on chasse, bread, and vegetable cooked in olive oil. Constantinople however—which olive oil. Constantinople however—which became known a s simply “The City” due to its became known a s simply “The City” due to its magnificent edifices, large population, and magnificent edifices, large population, and commercial success—was home to the wealthy commercial success—was home to the wealthy and powerful, who lived in stone mansions, and powerful, who lived in stone mansions, feasted on meat cooked in garlic sauces, and feasted on meat cooked in garlic sauces, and enjoyed fine wines.enjoyed fine wines.

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Byzantium’s trade routes connected three Byzantium’s trade routes connected three continents with its system of caravan tracks, continents with its system of caravan tracks, rivers, seaways, and roads. The Byzantines rivers, seaways, and roads. The Byzantines controlled only part of these trade routes, controlled only part of these trade routes, but merchants came from far away places to but merchants came from far away places to trade in Constantinople. As goods poured trade in Constantinople. As goods poured into the city from the distant corners of the into the city from the distant corners of the Empire, merchants set up along the city’s Empire, merchants set up along the city’s main street, displaying everything from rugs main street, displaying everything from rugs and shoes to fruits and vegetable to icons. and shoes to fruits and vegetable to icons.

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India:Export: Spices, pepper and jewels

Import: ivory

Africa:Export:ivory and gold

Import: silk (after stealing the process from China)

Russia:Export:honey, wood and fursImport: art and architecture

Spain:Export: Cork and grain

Import: bronze church doors

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France:Export: Fine wines and wool

Import: Silk

England:Export: Iron and tin

Import: Works of the ancient Greeks

Northern Europe:Export: grain, wool, timber

Import: Eastern goods—bronze doors

China:Export: Silk

Import: Christianity

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From China, on camels that plodded overland for some 230 From China, on camels that plodded overland for some 230 days, came prized silks—until Justinian imported the silk days, came prized silks—until Justinian imported the silk making process itself. Justinian, by persuading two making process itself. Justinian, by persuading two missionaries to smuggle from China not only silkworms but missionaries to smuggle from China not only silkworms but seeds for the mulberry trees they thrive on, plucked from seeds for the mulberry trees they thrive on, plucked from the Chinese their closely-kept, centuries secret. Thus, silk the Chinese their closely-kept, centuries secret. Thus, silk became one of Constantinople’s exports along with carved became one of Constantinople’s exports along with carved ivory, enamel, glassware, and bronze church doors. ivory, enamel, glassware, and bronze church doors. Constantinople prospered by importing, refining and Constantinople prospered by importing, refining and exporting the goods that reached its markets.exporting the goods that reached its markets.

Constantinople was not only a source of manufactured Constantinople was not only a source of manufactured goods, of course. Christian missionaries went out into the goods, of course. Christian missionaries went out into the Empire, making new converts as far away as the Russian Empire, making new converts as far away as the Russian and Slavic regions. Art and architectural styles, too, spread and Slavic regions. Art and architectural styles, too, spread to distant lands. Preserved by the scholars of to distant lands. Preserved by the scholars of Constantinople, the works of the ancient Greeks—Homer, Constantinople, the works of the ancient Greeks—Homer, Plato, Archimedes, Euclid—went forth to influence Europe Plato, Archimedes, Euclid—went forth to influence Europe and the western world. The Byzantine legal code—with its and the western world. The Byzantine legal code—with its laws on divorce, marriage, justice, and property—became laws on divorce, marriage, justice, and property—became reflected in the legal systems of Europe, and of many reflected in the legal systems of Europe, and of many present-day nations.present-day nations.

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As a crossroad of trade and culture, Constantinople’s ability As a crossroad of trade and culture, Constantinople’s ability to protect itself from foreign invaders and unwanted traders to protect itself from foreign invaders and unwanted traders was crucial. The side of Constantinople not protected by was crucial. The side of Constantinople not protected by water was protected by three parallel walls in increasing water was protected by three parallel walls in increasing heights, the highest wall stretching 40 to 70 feet high and heights, the highest wall stretching 40 to 70 feet high and 12 to 40 feet thick. Watchtowers built onto the middle wall 12 to 40 feet thick. Watchtowers built onto the middle wall helped warn the army of coming invaders. A chain helped warn the army of coming invaders. A chain stretched across the Golden Horn inlet deterred enemy stretched across the Golden Horn inlet deterred enemy ships from docking at Constantinople’s harbor. ships from docking at Constantinople’s harbor. Constantinople’s army also possessed Greek fire, the first Constantinople’s army also possessed Greek fire, the first secret weapon in history. This petroleum-based mixture secret weapon in history. This petroleum-based mixture could be thrown in pots or fired through tubes. When wet, could be thrown in pots or fired through tubes. When wet, it took fire and couldn’t be extinguished with water. The it took fire and couldn’t be extinguished with water. The city’s military also employed spies, a Bureau of Barbarians, city’s military also employed spies, a Bureau of Barbarians, which was analogous to the CIA, and other merchant and which was analogous to the CIA, and other merchant and foreigner informants.foreigner informants.

Built to endure the invasions of barbarian hordes and later Built to endure the invasions of barbarian hordes and later Muslim armies, Constantinople remained the strongest hub Muslim armies, Constantinople remained the strongest hub of Christianity in the East. It was finally sacked by the of Christianity in the East. It was finally sacked by the Turks in 1453. Constantinople’s strategic location is now Turks in 1453. Constantinople’s strategic location is now enjoyed by the modern city of Istanbul, Turkey. This city enjoyed by the modern city of Istanbul, Turkey. This city remains an important center of transportation and trade.remains an important center of transportation and trade.

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MovieMovie

Watch this: S:\Team Folders\Watch this: S:\Team Folders\Humanities\Nangle\united streaming Humanities\Nangle\united streaming videos for 7th\Byzantine.asfvideos for 7th\Byzantine.asf