essential questions can the u.s. be truly united?can the u.s. be truly united? can blacks and whites...
TRANSCRIPT
Essential Essential QuestionsQuestions
• Can the U.S. be truly united?Can the U.S. be truly united?
• Can blacks and whites live together Can blacks and whites live together
in a free society? in a free society?
President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan
* Lenient
* Pardon all Confederates who swore allegiance to the Union, except high ranking officials and those convicted of war crimes.
* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.
* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the
number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.
Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
Congressman
HenryW. Davis(R-MD)
13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.
Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.
Freedman’s Freedman’s BureauBureau
• To assist newly free blacks and poor whitesTo assist newly free blacks and poor whites
living in the Southliving in the South
Food Food
Clothing Clothing
Education (4,300 schools)Education (4,300 schools)
Medical CareMedical Care
Legal Assistance Legal Assistance
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and
nothing to do.
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Freedmen’s Bureau School
African American’s Test African American’s Test
their New Freedomtheir New Freedom• Can travel without a passCan travel without a pass
• Find family membersFind family members
• Legal marriageLegal marriage
• EducationEducation
• Acquire land to farmAcquire land to farm
President Andrew Johnson
President Andrew Johnson
Anti-Aristocrat.
White Supremacist.
Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)• A Smooth Return
• Former Confederate state could rejoin Union once it had:
1. Written a new state constitution
2. Elected a new state government
3. Repealed the act of secession
4. Ratify the 13th Amendment• He orders that property be given back to its original owners.
• Including land provided to freed slaves in Sherman’s Field Order.
EFFECTS?
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!
Growing Northern Alarm!
Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state
constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.
Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.
Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES BLACK CODES
Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?
Black CodesBlack CodesPurpose:
* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.
* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.
Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
Black Codes Restrict Black Codes Restrict FreedomFreedom
• To spell out the rights of African American’s To spell out the rights of African American’s
(could work for wages, own property, marry and file (could work for wages, own property, marry and file lawsuits)lawsuits)
• Could not vote or serve on a juryCould not vote or serve on a jury• Ensure workforce for planters who had lost their slavesEnsure workforce for planters who had lost their slaves• Limit upward mobility of African American’sLimit upward mobility of African American’s
• Things that led to Congressional Things that led to Congressional
Takeover of ReconstructionTakeover of Reconstruction• Lincoln’s assassinationLincoln’s assassination• Andrew Johnson’s RacismAndrew Johnson’s Racism• Black CodesBlack Codes
Congress Breaks with the President
Congress Breaks with the President
March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
• Extended Freedman’s Bureau (1866)
Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!
14th Amendment14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.
* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!
The Balance of Power in Congress
The Balance of Power in Congress
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
Radical Plan for Readmission
Radical Plan for Readmission Did not accept states admitted by Johnson
South will be placed under military control
Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Military Reconstruction Act
* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Command of the Army Act
* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.
Tenure of Office Act
* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.
Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s Impeachment
President Johnson’s Impeachment
The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!
The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial
11 week trial.
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).
The 1868 Republican Ticket
The 1868 Republican Ticket
The 1868 Democratic Ticket
The 1868 Democratic Ticket
Waving the Bloody Shirt!Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Republican “Southern Strategy”
1868 Presidential Election
1868 Presidential Election
President Ulysses S. GrantPresident Ulysses S. Grant
Grant Administration Scandals
Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of
unprecedented growth and corruption.
* Credit Mobilier
Scandal.
* Whiskey Ring.
* The “Indian Ring.”
The Tweed Ring in NYC
The Tweed Ring in NYC
William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)
[Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]
Who Stole the People’s Money?
Who Stole the People’s Money?
And They Say He Wants a Third Term
And They Say He Wants a Third Term
The Election of 1872The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption
during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.
Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.
Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.
Greeley died on November 29, 1872!
1872 Presidential Election
1872 Presidential Election
Popular Vote for President: 1872
Popular Vote for President: 1872
The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money
question.”
* debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.
* creditors, intellectuals support hard money.
1875 Specie Redemption Act.
1876 Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!
Legal ChallengesLegal Challenges
The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
Bradwell v. IL (1873)
U. S. v. Cruickshank (1876)
U. S. v. Reese (1876)
SharecroppingSharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.
Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.
Plants crop, harvests in autumn.
Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.
Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.
Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.
Black & White Political Participation
Black & White Political Participation
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South
Black Senate & House Delegates
Black Senate & House Delegates
Colored Rule
in the South?
Colored Rule
in the South?
Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.
Blacks were politically unprepared.
Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.
The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.
15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
• On February 25, 1870, On February 25, 1870,
Hiram Rhodes Revels became the first black Hiram Rhodes Revels became the first black
member of the Senate member of the Senate
• All Reconstruction era black All Reconstruction era black
senators and representatives senators and representatives
were members of the Republican Party.were members of the Republican Party.
Quick WriteQuick Write
The United States Government has never made an official apology for slavery and the legacy of racism in American Society. Many think that the descendents of slaves should be compensated for the unpaid work of their ancestors, what do you think? What should be done about the legacy of slavery in the United States?
Reversing Reversing ReconstructionReconstruction
• After the social, political and economic gains
African American’s faced a backlash from Southern whites and
an abandonment from northern politicians. We saw the
beginnings of this backlash with the Black Codes and then the
system of sharecropping and tenant farming.
• Former Confederates saw this as a time
to struggle to return the South to white mans rule.
Violent Resistance to Reconstruction
Superiority of the white race Formed terrorist groups: White brotherhood Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan: Tenn, 1866. Had to take an oath that they were opposed to black social and political equality. Terrorized black and white republicans to keep them form voting. Burned black schools, attacked Freedmen’s Bureau offices, and committed murder & rape. Killed 20,000.
Nonviolent Resistance
Barring African Americans from civil participation, specifically voting Poll Tax, voting a luxury Literacy Test, voters must pass a literacy which was very difficult Grandfather Clause, whites were excused from the above if their relatives had voted before 1/1/1867
Reconstruction Ends Reconstruction Ends
• Whites refused to support the Reconstruction
Governments. Claimed they were illegal because confederates had been prevented form voting and running for office
• Angry about high taxes• Charged the Government was Corrupt• Racism: Could not accept former slaves voting and
holding office
Reconstruction Ends Cont. Reconstruction Ends Cont.
• Northerners grow tired of reconstruction.• Northerners loose patience for the plight of southern blacks in face of economic panic of 1873. • Failure of land redistribution and wealth redistribution• 1872 Congress closed the Freedmen’s Bureau.• Amnesty Act: pardon to most former confederates allowing them to vote and hold office again• Failed to protect voting in the south. • Voters in the north no longer cared about reconstruction.
1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets
1876 Presidential Election
1876 Presidential Election
Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails
Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!
The “Compromise” of 1877The “Compromise” of 1877
RedeemersRedeemers
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Jin Crow LawsJin Crow Laws
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Blacks Struggle to Blacks Struggle to Protect Their Protect Their
RightsRights• Homer PlessyHomer Plessy
• (1896) Plessy V. Ferguson
• Separate but equal
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• Black Codes >>> Jim Crow Laws >>> Segregation