essential question: how effective was andrew jackson as 7 th president of the united states?
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Essential Question: How effective was Andrew Jackson as 7 th president of the United States?. Jacksonian Democracy Take notes on Jackson video #1. Jacksonian Democracy. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Essential Question:Essential Question:
–How effective was Andrew Jackson as 7th president of the United States?
Jacksonian DemocracyWhen Andrew Jackson was
elected president, it represented a new era in American history:–He was the first president that
represented the “common man”–His party (the Democrats) took
advantage of the extension of suffrage to common white men
–He greatly expanded the powers of the presidency
Jackson advocated “negative activism” & increased presidential powers by using the
veto more times than any previous president
Spoils SystemWhen Jackson was elected, he
rewarded loyal supporters with gov’t jobs (the spoils system)
–Massive turnover in the civil service had not yet occurred
–Rotation in office began to be seen as a very democratic way to reduce gov’t corruption & incompetence
“Get their rascals out…and our rascals in”
Jackson was not the 1st to do this… he just extended it to more people!
The Peggy Eaton Affair Jackson’ s presidency began
rough with the Petticoat Affair: –His entire cabinet resigned
when Jackson supported the moral character of Sec of War John Eaton’s wife
–Jackson formed a new cabinet but relied almost exclusively on his close friends & unofficial advisors (the “Kitchen CabinetKitchen Cabinet”)
Only Sec of State Van Buren remained loyal to Jackson
Maysville Road ProjectThe “National” Republicans led by
Clay & JQ Adams split with the old-style Democratic-Republicans
President Jackson dealt a blow to the American System:–He was OK with national projects
but did not like spending federal money for state projects
–In 1830, Jackson vetoed funds for the Maysville Road because it was exclusively in Kentucky
Kentucky was home of Henry Clay, who Jackson never forgave for the “Corrupt Bargain”
Jackson vetoed 7 other bills of public works projects, including roads and canals
The Nullification CrisisBy 1820, the South was anxious
about federal powers over states:–VP Calhoun became the
defender of “states’ rights”–He wanted to protect slavery &
hated industrial protective tariffs –After the Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828 passed,
the South affirmed nullificationnullification (the right of an individual state to ignore federal laws)
“Tariff of Abominations”Calhoun (SC) led the argument for nullification
in Exposition & Protest in 1828 to protect Southern rights against Northern self-interest
The Nullification Crisis4 years later, Congress passed
the Tariff of 1832Tariff of 1832; South Carolina
invoked nullification & refused to collect tariff duties
Jackson viewed nullification as a treasonous threat to the Union–Congress passed the Force BillForce Bill
to make S.C. collect tariff taxes–Jackson threatened to “hang
Calhoun from the nearest tree”
This 1832 tariff actually intended to lower the Tariff of Abominations, but
Southerners viewed the tariff as an unconstitutional violation of states’ rights
In 1833, Henry Clay presented a compromise which severely lowered the
tariff, SC withdrew nullification, & Jackson did not have to enforce the Force Act
The Nullification CrisisSignificance of Nullification Crisis:
–Nullification implied that states had the right to declare federal laws void & the right to secede from the Union
–More than any other president, Jackson asserted that the central gov’t is supreme over the states & was willing to use force to preserve federal authority
The tariff debates among the North, South, & West increased sectional rivalries in the 1830s
In 1829, a NE Congressmen introduced a bill to slow western land sales (this bill was really an effort to keep
NE’s power in Congress from slipping)
Robert Hayne (SC) proposed nullification &
an alliance between South & West against NE
Daniel Webster (MA) countered: “Liberty & Union, now & forever,
one & inseparable”
“Liberty first & Union afterwards”
This bill led to sectional tensions, culminating in the Webster-Hayne DebateWebster-Hayne Debate in 1830
Webster-Hayne DebateDaniel Webster presented one of
the most significant arguments against states’ rights & nullification–The U.S. was more than just a
compact of states…it was a creation of the people
–The Constitution gave the national gov’t ultimate power & supremacy over the states
–Nullification would lead to anarchy & civil war
Indian RemovalSoutherners were disappointed
with JQ Adams’ slow movement in dealing with Indians
Jackson promised to act quickly but the Cherokee were a problem:–They were not “uncivilized”
because they had a republican gov’t, an agrarian lifestyle, & a formal alphabet (Sequoyah)
–They refused to move from GA
Indian RemovalWhen gold was discovered in GA,
the GA gov’t abolished Cherokee tribal rule & defied the Constitution–Jackson supported the states &
asked Congress for the Indian Indian Removal Act of 1830Removal Act of 1830
–But…the Supreme Court ruled in Cherokee Nation v GACherokee Nation v GA (1831) & Worcester v GAWorcester v GA (1832) that the states have no power over tribes
Two more John Marshall decisions!!
GA defied the Supreme Court’s decisions & continued to take Cherokee lands
Jackson supported GA’s defiance: “Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”
Essential QuestionEssential Question:
–How effective was Andrew Jackson as 7th president of the United States?
Warm-Up Question:Warm-Up Question:
–Considering their many accomplishments, who was the more influential leader: Henry Clay or Andrew Jackson?
Take note on Jackson video #2 Take note on Jackson video #2
Henry ClayHenry Clay Speaker of House/
Sec of State American System:
– 2nd BUS
– Protective Tariff
– Roads & canals 1820-Missouri Comp 1824-Corrupt Bargain 1833-Compromise
Tariff (Nullif Crisis) 2-time prez candidate
Andrew Jackson General/President Hero of New Orleans Florida cession President
– Spoils System
– 1830-Indian Removal Act
– 1833-Force Bill (Nullification Crisis)
– Death of the BUS
– Specie Circular
The Bank WarThe major political issue of
Jackson’s reign was his killing of the Second Bank of the U.S.Second Bank of the U.S.:–The BUS held ~$10 million in
gov’t money & made loans to people & businesses
–The BUS helped control America’s 329 private, state-chartered banks by forcing them to be smart when issuing loans
The 2nd BUS had 30 branches & was biggest bank in America
In 1828, the national gov’t coined only a limited supply of hard money
& printed no paper money at all
These state-chartered banks had tendency to issue more loans than they could support
with their “hard currency” reservesAll of America’s paper bank notes
which financed land purchases, businesses, & economic growth came
from these private, state-chartered banks
The Bank WarBut the BUS was controversial:
–Many blamed it for a depression in 1819 by overextending credit & too quickly calling in loans
–Many people still viewed the BUS as an unconstitutional monopoly that gave too much power to the upper class
–BUS manager Nicholas Biddle was effective, but seen as arrogant, vain, & “aristocratic”