Essential Question: How did geography play a factor in the shaping of the U.S. foreign policy under the first five presidents?

Foreign PolicyYAY!!!!!

President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy

• With your partner read 12.2

• President Washington knew the U.S. was not prepared for war

• Established a policy of isolationism

• Isolationism states that America should avoid alliances with other countries

LEQ- Why would a nation choose to be isolated from

international affairs?

Dilemma 1: What should President Adams Do to Protect American Ships? • Look at the Transparency• What do you see?• How would you describe the figure in the center?• What do you think he is saying?• How would you describe the people on the left?• What threat to the U.S. might this image

portray?• Now Read Section 12.3

The Jay Treaty

• Since Britain refuses to leave forts, the U.S. prepares for war

• U.S. sends John Jay to Britain and Jay Treaty is signed to prevent war- Britain leaves the forts

• The French are mad- begin attacking U.S. ships headed for Britain

The XYZ Affair• The U.S. sent three people to France to work on a peace settlement.• The three French officials, who became known as X, Y, and Z, demanded tribute for France.

• Angered and insulted, the Americans refused.

"Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute."

Read 12.4

• On your reading notes write down Adams’s solution to the dilemma

LEQ- What did President Adams do to protect

American ships?

Solution to Dilemma 1

• Even though Adams was a Federalist, he did not want war with France

• Napoleon agreed to end the French alliance with the United States

• The US agreed not to force France to pay for ships the French has seized

• Because of Adams’ actions, he lost the election of 1800 and it weakened the Federalist Party because he promoted peace

Dilemma 2: How should President Jefferson Deal with Pirates?

• Look at Transparency• Why might the Mediterranean be important

to the U.S.?• What does the skull and crossbones

represent?• Do you think the presence of pirates in the

Mediterranean present a danger to the US?

• Now Read Section 12.5

• Britain continued its’ impressment of U.S. sailors.

Between 1808 and 1811 over 6,000 Americans were impressed by the British.

One cause of the War of 1812 was the British disregard of American shipping rights. British ships frequently stopped American ships, confiscated their cargo, and impressed (captured) crew members, claiming they were deserters from Britain’s Royal Navy.

Read 12.6

• On your reading notes write down Jefferson’s solution to the dilemma

LEQ- How did President Jefferson deal with

piracy?

Solution to Dilemma 2

• Jefferson decided to send a small fleet to the Mediterranean to protect American shipping

• Stephen Decatur led a raid to burn the Philadelphia so that the Tripolitans could not use it

• Tripoli’s leaders agreed to stop demanding tribute payments if the U.S. paid a $60,000 ransom for the sailors of the Philadelphia

• Pirates from other Barbary states continued to attack U.S. vessels until 1815, when the U.S. joined European countries in attacks that destroyed the pirates’ bases

American merchant

Mr. President, the British and French

keep seizing

American merchant

ships. Something

must be done!

President Thomas Jefferson

I know what to do! If we don’t

allow American ships

to trade with anyone, then they won’t get

attacked!

True, but that’s not

what I had in mind!

• Trade with all nations was allowed except Britain or France.

Embargo Act (1807)

• The Embargo Act banned U.S. ships from trading with any country.

• This hurt the U.S. economy! Many lost jobs.

Embargo Act Repealed (1809)

• All imports and exports were banned!

The Embargo Act of 1813 is personified by a huge terrapin, who seizes a smuggler by the pants. The cartoon was aimed at the people of New England, who, allegedly, were supplying the British with provisions.

Pirates Today

Dilemma 3: What should President Madison Do to Protect Sailors and Settlers?

• Look at the Transparency

• What do you see?

• What is the name of the song?

• Based on the words of the song, what might impressment mean?

• Now Read Section 12.7

Dilemma 3

• Madison offers France and Britain a deal. If you stop attacking our ships, we will stop trading with your enemy.

• France accepts (kind of), Britain continues attacking American ships.

• North feared war with Britain would lead to blockade.

• Southern and Western states and territories favored war because they blamed the British for causing trouble with the Native Americans.

• Battle of Tippecanoe Creek, fought between militia and Natives. Natives used British weapons.

• Some “War Hawks” wanted go to war and push the British out of Canada and add it to the United States.

Read 12.8

• On your reading notes write down Madison’s solution to the dilemma

LEQ: What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?

Solution to Dilemma 3

• Madison requested a Declaration of War against Great Britain-Congress approved it July 17, 1812

• Only had 7,000 soldiers and 16 navy ships• The U.S. failed each time it invaded Canada• Tecumseh was killed, and the threat of a

powerful Indian nation disappeared• 1814, British invaded Washington DC and

destroyed the White House

The British built a huge bonfire out of the furniture taken from the White House. President Madison and his wife, Dolly, barely had time to get out of the city.

Solution to Dilemma 3

• Fort McHenry in Baltimore's harbor was attacked.

• Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star Spangled Banner”

• U.S. troops, led by Andrew Jackson, defeated the British in the battle of New Orleans.

• Impressive victory but happened after the peace treaty with Britain was signed

France

Great BritainCauses of the War of 1812

• In 1803, Britain and France went to war again.

• Both countries seized U.S. ships sailing towards the ports of their enemy.

The War of 1812

In the War of 1812, the U.S. cap-tured and burned the Canadian city of York. Find York on the map.

In return, the British marched on Washington D.C. They burned the White House, the Capitol, and other buildings.

The British next moved to take Ft. McHenry near Baltimore, MD. They bombarded the fort with cannonballs fired from land and nearby ships.

The Star Spangled Banner LyricsBy Francis Scott Key 1814                                                                                                            

Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early lightWhat so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight,O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

http://www.thenationalanthemproject.org/anthemfiles/audio/demo/anthemdemofullsong.mp3

Results of War

• Neither Britain nor United States really won the War of 1812, but both sides claimed victory

• Ship seizure and impressment faded away • Indian resistance in the Northwest

weakened• National pride in the United States surged• The War of 1812 was considered “the

second war of independence”

Political Effects of the War

• Federalist party badly damaged-party never recovered

• Two of the war heroes would later be elected as presidents-Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison

Dilemma 4: What should President Monroe Do to Support the New Latin

American Nations?• Look at the Transparency

• What do you see?

• Based on this map, what was happening in Latin America in the early 1800’s?

• How might the U.S. view the independence movements in Latin America?

• Now Read Section 12.9

Dilemma 4 Notes

• From Mexico to the tip of South America, colonial peoples were rising in revolt against Spain

• 1821, Mexico wins independence• By 1825, Spanish driven out of South America• Some European leaders wanted to help Spain

get back their former colonies• Britain wanted the U.S. to join with them in

telling Europe to leave Latin America alone.• Monroe asks former Presidents Jefferson and

Madison for advice.

President James Monroe

LEQ- What did President Monroe do to support the new

Latin American nations?

Solution to Dilemma 4

• Monroe asks former Presidents Jefferson and Madison for advice. Both like the idea of joining with Britain to send a warning.

• John Quincy Adams, the Secretary of State, urged Monroe to speak boldly by itself (without Britain).

• Monroe Agreed• Monroe Doctrine: Latin American Nations are to be left

alone and any interference by Europe would be viewed as a threat to U.S. peace and safety.

• By its boldness the Monroe Doctrine told the world that the U.S. was no longer a weak collection of states, but was now a strong nation.

Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams