essential elements of fire safety - csdd · program components •awareness •properties of fire...
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Essential Elements of
Fire Safety
Program Components
• Awareness
• Properties of Fire
• Safe Practices
• Human Behavior and Fire
• Fire Safety Systems
AWARENESS
Introduction
• Fires and explosions kill more than 200 and injure more than 5,000 workers each year
• There is a long and tragic history of workplace fires in this country caused by problems with fire exits and extinguishing systems
OSHA requires employers to provide proper exits, fire fighting equipment, and employee training to prevent fire deaths and injuries in the workplace
Fires Are A Very Serious
Threat• Between 1998 and
2008 there were
46,900 deaths due to
fires
– That’s an average of
almost 4,700 people
per year
• Annually, about 100
firemen die fighting
fires
Deaths 1998 - 2008
Natural Disasters
Tornados 609
Hurricanes
2,126
Earthquakes 3
Total 2,738
Fire
46,900
Nothing To Boast About!
• America today has the highest fire losses
in terms of both frequency and total losses
of any modern technological society. (America at Risk – Federal Emergency Management Agency, May 2000)
• People with developmental disabilities are
five times more likely than the general
population to die in a fire(US Fire Administration)
PROPERTIES OF A
FIRE
Properties of Fire
All fires need :
1.) Ignition source which could be
sparks, flames, or high heat.
2.) Fuel which could possibly be
wood, paper, gasoline, oil, or gaseous
vapors.
3.) All fires of course need oxygen.
Properties of Fire
• Fires require 3
components to ignite
and maintain
– Oxygen
– Heat
– Fuel
• Depriving a fire of any
one of these things
prevents or puts out
the fire.
Types of Fuel
Ordinary Combustibles
Example:
Paper, Wood, Plastic
Flammable Liquids
Example: Gasoline,
Propane, and Kerosene
Electrical Equipment
Example:
Stoves and Toasters
Combustible Metals
Example:
Titanium
Three Stages of Fire
1. Incipient Stage: Which includes the heating of materials. 2. Free Burning Stage: Which includes flames, and heat production. 3. Smoldering Stage: Which is where the oxygen depletes, most dangerous stage because of low oxygen and release of toxic gases.
• 50%-80% of fire deaths are the result of smoke inhalation
• Most of the things in our homes are made of, or treated with, chemicals and plastics that give off dangerous fumes when burned
SMOKE
The smoke from a fire is a combination of
poisonous gases and particles which displaces
oxygen in the room.
The smoke then rises and fills upper section of
room and banks downward and creates the
THERMAL BARRIER.
NEVER DISTURB A THERMAL BARRIER!!
FlashoverFlashover occurs when the heat from a fire heats the walls, room contents
and combustible gases in the room. Once they get to their “auto ignition
temperature” the entire room can become engulfed in flames within a matter
of seconds.
Flashover Video
BackdraftA backdraft is an explosive event at a fire resulting from rapid re-introduction of
oxygen to combustion in an oxygen-starved environment. Example: Breaking a
window or opening a door to an enclosed space. Backdrafts present a serious
threat to firefighters, even those with a high level of experience.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN
A FIRE
The Human Variable
• The following physical factors can affect a persons ability
to withstand a fire and escape safely.
– Age : The young and elderly are at increased risk
– Size: Larger size can better tolerate smoke
– Physical Condition: cardiac stability, aerobic fitness,
and mobility all effect survivability
– Respiratory Capacity: Chronic Respiratory conditions
lower lung capacity and increase chance of death from
smoke inhalation
– Medication, drugs, and alcohol: Can significantly
reduce one ability to recognize and respond to a fire.
The Stress Of A Real Fire Can Affect
Performance• A small amount of stress tends to improve people's
abilities to perform tasks.
• A high amount of stress tends to interfere with
performance, especially problem solving.
• In a real fire you will need to stay calm and keep
others calm. This way you can assess the situation
as it is happening.
• Doing fire drills properly reduces the amount of
problem solving needed in a real fire.
The Stress Of A Real Fire Can
Result In Anxiety And Avoidance
• Anxiety associated with danger is a very
aversive and unpleasant emotion
• People are strongly motivated to avoid feeling
anxiety
• Training is important for staff and the people
we support! This helps everyone know what
to do in the event of a real fire.
Smoke and toxic gases adversely
effect bodily functions:
• Slower mental processes
• Slower physical action or movement
• Burns
• Respiratory irritation or arrest
• Carbon Monoxide
• Causes asphyxiation by displacing oxygen in blood
• Carbon Dioxide
• Displaces oxygen, increases inhalation and thus toxics, and
can produce signs of intoxication in 30 minutes
• Hydrogen Cyanide
• Inhibits use of oxygen by all living cells of body tissue
• Hydrogen Chloride
• Causes upper respiratory damage leading to
asphyxiation
• Nitrogen Dioxide
• Damages respiratory tissue by reacting with moisture
HeatTemperature in a fire can range from 150-2000
degrees!
• In such conditions, people can become
overheated and dehydrated quickly; resulting
in:• Decreased reaction time
• Reduced mental acuity
• Heat Syncope- a condition that causes decreased blood flow
to the brain, resulting in fainting.
• Heat Exhaustion- Fainting, profuse sweating, headache, ashen
color, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting
• Heat Stroke- fainting, disorientation, excessive fatigue,
delirium, loss of consciousness, convulsions, hot dry
skin.
FIRE SAFETY
SYSTEMS
Smoke Detectors
• Some systems are internal systems and some connect to the fire dispatcher
• You need to know how the system works and how to run a drill
• If the system is not working, you need to walk through the entire site every 15 minutes until it is repaired.
Carbon Monoxide Detectors
If you hear a carbon
monoxide detector sound:
• Evacuate the site and
wait for emergency
personnel to arrive.
• Do not re-enter the
building until you are
told it is safe to do so.
Sprinkler Systems
• Sprinklers are activated by heat
• Make sure furniture, decorations, etc. aren’t blocking the sprinkler head
• If too many sprinkler heads are activated the water pressure is decreased thus reducing their effectiveness
Room Without Sprinklers:
OPWDD Video
Room with Sprinklers:
OPWDD Video
Pull Stations
• If your site has pull
stations, know how
to use them and
where they are
located.
Fire Extinguishers• Must be maintained in a fully charged and
operable condition.
• The fire extinguisher must have an annual maintenance check.
• Must record the annual maintenance date and retain this record for one year after the last entry or the life of the shell, whichever is less.
• Must remain in their designated places at all times except during use
Fire Extinguishers
• All CSDD employees should be
aware of fire extinguishers in their
work locations. Paying special
attention to the gauge to ensure
the extinguisher is fully
operational.
• If an employee notices the gauge
is not fully in the green they
should immediately contact the
administrative assistant of
Building and Property at 1845
Kenmore to have it replaced.
Extinguisher Classification
• Class A – ordinary combustibles (wood, cloth,
paper)
• Class B – flammable liquids, gases, greases
• Class C – energized electrical equipment
• Class D – combustible metals
Letter classification given an extinguisher to designate the class
or classes of fire on which it will be effective.
Combustible
Metals
CSDD Uses:
P.A.S.S.
When using a Fire Extinguisher, use the P.A.S.S. System:
• Pull Pin
• Aim Hose at BASE
• Squeeze trigger
• Sweep back and forth
Fire Doors• Fire doors are designed to slow
the spread of a fire.
• Doors with automatic closers are generally fire doors and should not be propped open.
• Fire evacuation plans should avoid going through a fire door, if possible.
• Some fire doors have magnets to keep them open and release the door when the alarm sound.
Emergency Exits
• Emergency exits must be kept clear of obstacles at all times.
• Outside paths from all emergency exits to the meeting area must be kept clear at all times.
• Some sites have emergency exit signs. These must be kept unobstructed and properly lit.
– If a bulb is burned out contact maintenance.
SAFE PRACTICES
Storage Fundamentals
• Identify incompatible chemicals – check
the Material Safety Data Sheet
• Isolate and separate incompatible
materials
– Isolate by storing in another area or room
– Degree of isolation depends on quantities,
chemical properties and packaging
– Separate by storing in same area or room,
but apart from each other.
Ways to Prevent Fire
1. Eliminate the Heat• Avoid overloading outlets
• Avoid using extension cords
• Do not use Halogen bulbs 1,000o
• Do not use space heaters
• Avoid using equipment with
frayed electrical cords
• Avoid candles or other open
flames
• Keep grills away from the building
and overhangs.
2. If not, then eliminate
the Fuel• Avoid deep fried food-grease fires
spread quickly
• Immediately dispose of oily rags
• Keep the range clear when
cooking
• Avoid the use of live Christmas
Trees
• Clear clutter from furnaces, water
heaters or other heat sources.
• Clean the lint trap with each load
Keep lint traps clean!
You should empty the trap
after each load of clothes.
Don’t
overload
electrical
outlets.
Avoid
using
frayed
electrical
cords.
Be sure to
keep light
bulbs in
sockets.
Be sure to
change the
batteries in your
smoke
detectors…
…and check
them regularly.
Do NOT use
the oven to
store objects.
Keep at least 3 feet clearance around
the furnace and hot water tank.
Candles
Although they can
be pretty, open
flames are not
permitted in any
agency run
settings.
Christmas Trees and Plants
• Christmas Trees
represent a serious fire
safety hazard. As trees
dry out the heat
generated by the lights
can cause the tree to
catch fire.
• Other types of plants
raise the same risk when
located within a home or
building.
Minimize Danger in
Evacuation• Exit routes must be free and
unobstructed.
• Keep exit routes free of explosive or highly flammable materials
• Arrange exit routes so that employees will not have to travel toward a high hazard area, unless it is effectively shielded
• Emergency safeguards (e.g., sprinkler systems, alarm systems, fire doors, exit lighting) must be in proper working order at all times.
Example of an
obstructed exit route
Exit Doors Must Be Unlocked• Must be able to open from the inside at
all times without keys, tools, or special knowledge.
• Device such as a panic bar that locks only from the outside is permitted.
• Must be free of any device or alarm that could restrict emergency use if the device or alarm fails.
• May be locked from the inside only in mental, penal, or correctional facilities where there is constant supervision
Locked and
blocked exit
Exit Marking
• Each exit must be clearly
visible and marked with
an “Exit” sign.
• Each exit route door must
be free of decorations or
signs that obscure the
visibility of the door.
Almost All Fire Losses Can Be
Prevented• Human error is the
most significant
factor in the cause
and spread of fire.
• 90% of fire
fatalities occur at
home
EVACUATION PLANS
R - Rescue people in danger
A - Alarm, sound the alarm
C - Confine the fire
E - Evacuate the site
When exiting a fire make sure to stay low, DON’T WALK, and
cover your mouth and nose. Also, make sure to check all doors
and before exiting, go to the designated meeting place and ensure
everyone has evacuated.
When there’s a fire,
It’s Time To R.A.C.E
R - Rescue People in Danger• Before entering a
room, place the back
of your hand on the
doorknob
• If the door knob is
hot, DO NOT
ENTER
– It is presumed that
anyone in the room is
already dead due to
the temperature of
the room.
Emergency Action Plan• Describes actions that must be taken
to ensure employee safety in emergencies.
• Includes floor plans or maps which show emergency escape routes.
• Tells employees what actions to take in emergency situations.
• Covers reasonably expected emergencies, such as fires, explosions, toxic chemical releases, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, and floods.
Exit Route• A continuous and unobstructed path
of exit travel from any point within a workplace to a place of safety (including refuge areas).
• Each exit discharge must lead directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space.
• It should have access to the outside that is large enough to accommodate all building occupants likely to use the exit route
• If you or someone
else is on fire,
remember to:
– Stop
– Drop, and
– Roll
• Use a blanket, coat,
drapes or whatever
you can to pat out
the fire
Emergency Moves
• In a real fire, if someone is unable
to walk on their own you may
need to use a fireman’s carry.
Emergency Moves
• You may need to carry the
person using a two person carry
side by side or front and back.
• You may also perform a safety
drag. You would drag the
person by yourself on a blanket
Personal Safety
Removing or evacuating people supported must not
compromise a staff member’s personal safety.
Assist evacuation:
– Only if it can be done and remain safe
– Prioritize assistance to the people who will
most benefit
– There may be people you cannot help
A - Sound the Alarm• By now the fire alarm
should be sounding.
• If not, utilize a pull
station to communicate
throughout the entire
building there is a fire.
• If the fire alarm is not
working, yell “Fire” and
begin helping people
evacuate.
Confine
• Try to confine the fire by:
– Closing all the doors and
windows
– Stuffing damp towels
under doors
• Don’t go through closed
fire doors unless it is
necessary for evacuation.
Evacuate• Evacuate everyone in the
site according to the evacuation plan. – Do not use an elevator
• If someone is unwilling to evacuate during an actual fire you may need to use a SCIP-R Personal Intervention.
While Evacuating:
• Do a head count (including staff) to make
sure everyone is evacuated
• After everyone is evacuated call 911 from a
cell phone or neighbor if they have not been
notified yet.
• Give the following information– The exact address of the emergency (with any location
instructions that may be necessary)
– The phone number you are calling from
– Your name
– The nature of the emergency
How You Can Assist Your Fire
Department During an Actual Fire
• Report evacuation
progress– Accountability for people
receiving services and staff
• If you were unable to
get someone out report
where those areas of
refuge or safe areas are
within the building.
Be available to provide
building information such
as:
– Alarm panel
– Gas shutoffs
– Electrical entrance
– Fire sprinkler information
– Floor plan (O2 and medical
equipment locations)
After a Fire• Do not re-enter the site until
you receive the all clear from the fire department.
• Make sure the fire has been reported to the administration.
• ALL fires, no matter the size or damage MUST be reported as a Serious Reportable-Sensitive Situation.
Questions?• Questions or concerns can be directed to the
Staff Development Department at 1845
Kenmore Ave
• the Nursing Department at 984-8419 or
880-7412
OSHA Emergency Hot-Line1-800-321-OSHA
Hot-line for reporting workplace safety or health emergencies
Provides a 24-hour point of contact to report imminent dangers on
the job
ESSENTIALS OF FIRE SAFETY TEST
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