esmolol - sofa foundation · 2019-11-26 · theories behind the mechanism of action 1. ... local ne...
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Esmolol and its Anesthetic Implications
Jonathan Sawers, BSN, SRNA York College of Pennsylvania / Wellspan Health NAP
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2 Harless et al. (2015)
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3
Addiction
Opioid Side Effects
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Objectives
• Discuss the research and evidence on esmolol’s use as
an adjunct to anesthesia
• Describe the proposed physiology and pharmacology of
how esmolol may reduce anesthetic and analgesic
requirements in patients undergoing general anesthesia.
• Identify patient population and procedure types in
which esmolol may be useful as an adjunct.
• Determine appropriate methods of administering esmolol and address economic considerations.
4
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Pharmacology • Ultra-short acting cardioselective β1-receptor antagonist
o 34 times higher affinity for β1 then β2-receptor
• Loading Dose – 0.5 - 1 mg/kg
• Infusion Rate – 50 - 300mcg/kg/min
• Rapid onset and short duration o Peak hemodynamic effects 6-10 min
o Distribution half life – 2 minutes
o Elimination half life – 9 minutes
o 55% Protein bound
• Hydrolyzed by esterases within the cytosol of RBCs
• Renal excretion of inactive metabolite (1/1500th potency)
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Pharmacology • (Classic) Clinical Indications
o Supraventricular Tachycardia (Slows AV Node Conduction)
o Torsade de pointes control in patients with prolonged QTc intervals
o Medical treatment of Aortic Aneurysm or Dissection
o Hypertensive emergency
o Blunt stress response to laryngoscopy & intubation
o Intraoperative and postoperative tachycardia and hypertension
• Contraindications o Heart block
o Heart Failure
o WPW
o Severe pulmonary disease (COPD, asthma)
o Bradycardia and hypotension not caused by RVR
o Pheochromocytoma in absence of alpha-blockade
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Multimodal Analgesia
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Propofol Anesthesia • Propofol Induction
o 25% reduction in dose required for loss of response to command
(Wilson et al. 2004)
• Maintenance of anesthesia o 26% reduction in propofol concentration to prevent movement in
propofol / nitrous oxide / morphine based anesthesia
(Johansen et al. 1998)
8
• Some authors attribute this to the
reduction in cardiac output,
redistribution rate, and reduced
hepatic clearance of
concurrently administered
anesthetics and analgesics.
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β-Blocker Effects on Pharmacokinetics
• Arm-To-Brain Circulation Time
• Cardiac output inversely related to arterial plasma
concentration
• Reduced rate of redistribution
• Reduced hepatic clearance
9
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MAC Requirements
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11 Chia et al. (2004)
Anesthesia
• Induction: Thiopental, fentanyl, succinylcholine
• Maintenance: Isoflurane, fentanyl, atracurium
Intervention vs. Placebo - double blinded
• Esmolol 0.5 mg/kg Before Induction
• Esmolol 50 mcg/kg/min
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12 Chia et al. (2004)
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13 Chia et al. (2004)
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14 Collard et al. (2007)
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Esmolol in Absence of Opioids
Esmolol
• Esmolol 1 mg/kg
with induction
• Esmolol gtt 5-15
mcg/kg/min
titrated to keep HR
within 20% of base
15
Remifentanil
• Remi 1 mcg/kg
with induction
• Remi gtt 0.1 – 0.5
mcg/kg/min
titrated to keep HR
within 20% of base
Control
• Fentanyl 1 mcg/kg
with induction
• Fentanyl boluses
50mcg to keep HR
within 20% of base
Desflurane Requirements
• Titrated to keep BP within 20% of baseline and BIS < 60.
• 4 – 8% to maintain a MAC between 0.7 and 1.2
Control 0.93 ± 0.4
Remifentanil 0.89 ± 0.3
Esmolol 0.95 ± 0.4
Collard et al. (2007)
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Demographics were similar between
groups
All patients received multimodal
analgesia and PONV prophylaxis o Acetaminophen 1.3g PR
o Ketorolac 30 mg
o Bupivacaine 0.25%/epi injected at incision sites
o Dexamethasone 8 mg IV
o Droperidol 0.625 mg
Esmolol in Absence of Opioids
Collard et al. (2007)
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Esmolol in Absence of Opioids
Collard et al. (2007)
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Discharge and POD #1
Collard et al. (2007)
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Beta-adrenergic antagonists during general anesthesia reduced postoperative pain systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs
19 Härkänen et al. (2015)
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Physiology and Pharmacology
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Theories Behind the Mechanism of Action
1. Reduced redistribution rate and hepatic blood
flow resulting in the slowed extraction of drugs
2. Improved intraoperative hemodynamics resulting
in reduced opioid administration – attenuation of
opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and tolerance
3. Non-β1-receptor mediated increase in inhibitory
signals in the substantia gelatinosa
4. Blockade of voltage gated Na+ Channel
5. Reduced catecholamine induced inflammation
and sensitization of nociceptors
21
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• 25 Rats divided into three groups
• (n = 9) Saline treated • (n = 7) Esmolol low – 150 mg/kg bolus followed by 40 mg/kg/hr • (n = 9) Esmolol high – 600 mg/kg bolus followed by 150 mg/kg/hr
• Formalin 5% was injected into rats’ hind paw to induce pain
• Measurements of paw lifting occurred in 5 minute intervals over 35 minutes
Davidson et al (2001)
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Antinociception Properties of Esmolol
Saline Esmolol Low Esmolol High
Saline Esmolol Low Esmolol High
Saline Esmolol Low Esmolol High
Davidson et al (2001)
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Theories Behind the Mechanism of Action
1. Reduced redistribution rate and hepatic blood
flow resulting in the slowed extraction of drugs
2. Improved intraoperative hemodynamics resulting
in reduced opioid administration – attenuation of
opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and tolerance
3. Non-β1-receptor mediated increase in inhibitory
signals in the substantia gelatinosa
4. Blockade of voltage gated Na+ Channel
5. Reduced catecholamine induced inflammation
and sensitization of nociceptors
24
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Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia (OIH)
and Opioid Tolerance • Pneumoperitoneum causes the
release of catecholamines and hormones such as NE, epi, renin, and ADH.
• Opioids inhibit the hypothalamic sympatho-adrenal response to pain
• Opioids do not, however, prevent local NE release in response to pneumoperitoneum
• Beta-blockers reduce intra-operative opioid requirements by improving autonomic stability
• Could we be blunting this physiologic response with adrenergic antagonists rather then opioids?
25 Myre et al (2003)
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Conclusion: These data suggest that esmolol modulates inhibitory transmitter release in the Sp5c through a mechanism involving Ca2+ -entry but in a β1 -adrenoceptor-independent manner. The present results suggest that the facilitation of inhibitory transmitter release in the central nociceptive network underlies, at least in part, the antinociceptive effect of esmolol.
Yasui et al. (2011)
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Esm
olo
l v
s. C
on
tro
l
27 Yasui et al. (2011)
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Esmolol + or –β-agonist
28 Yasui et al. (2011)
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29
Conclusion: Esmolol, but not landiolol, may have useful effects against pain related to TTX-r Na+ channel activity.
Tanahashi (2009)
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β2
β1
Li et al. (2013) Bruehl (2010)
Reduced Peripheral Inflammation
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C-Reactive Protein Interleukin-6 (a known pain trigger) Cell mediated immunity inhibition
31 Kim et al. (2013) Kim et al. (2015)
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Median Survival None 34 mo β1-selective 38 mo
Non-selective 90 mo
Watkins et al (2015)
n. = 1425
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33 Powe & Entschladen. (2011)
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34 Gottschalk et al. (2010)
Regional Anesthesia
Celecoxib
Indomethacin
Normal core temp
Βeta-Blockers
Βeta-Blockers
Βeta-Blockers
Indomethacin
Celecoxib
Anesthesia Intervention
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Current Clinical Pharmacology
Anaesthesia in Cancer Surgery: Can it Affect Cancer Survival? (2016)
“The tantalizing possibility that anaesthetic care of the surgical oncology patient might affect long term oncologic outcome remains unproven speculation, awaiting prospective human study.”
Ben-David (2016)
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PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation Trial
However, there were more deaths in the metoprolol group than in the placebo group (120 [3.1%] vs 97 [2.3%] patients; 1.33, 1.03 - 1.74; p=0.0317). More patients in the metoprolol group than in the placebo group had a stroke (41 [1.0%] vs 19 [0.5%] patients; 2.17, 1.26-3.74; p=0.0053).
POISE Study Group (2008)
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37 Yu et al. (2011)
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Meta analysis of 67 articles evaluating esmolol infusion
• Increased incidence of unplanned hypotension that
occurred in a dose dependent manner.
• Reduced risk when given as an infusion
• Reduced risk of myocardial ischemia when titrated to
hemodynamic end points
• Very few studies address safety in higher risk patients
(ASA III and IV)
• More studies need to be performed to investigate
safety of esmolol
38
Safety Concerns
Yu et al. (2011)
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Pharmacoeconomics
39
Zofran 4mg vial
• $0.56
Fentanyl 100mcg
• $1.92
Ketamine 500mg/10cc
• $4.28
Scopolamine 1 patch
• $21.40
Ofirmev 1000mg
• $42.48
Precedex 200mcg/2ml vial
• $47.52
Remifentanil 1mg vial
• $67.48
Esmolol 100mg/10cc
• $17.26
Bolus 0.5 mg/kg Infusion 5 - 15 mcg/kg/min Vial 100 mg / 10cc Weight 70 kg Bolus 35 mg Infusion 21 - 63 mg/hr Duration 1 - 3 hours Plan on 2nd Vial for: Patients > 90 - 100 kg or Surgeries > 2 - 3 hours
Based on AWP on 03/06/16 from http://online.lexi.com/action/home
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40 Chou et al. (2016)
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In Conclusion . . .
Anesthesia
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References
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Akelma, F., Ergil, J., Ozkan, D., Akinci, M., Ozmen, M., & Gumus, H. (2014) A comparison of the effects of intraoperative esmolol and lidocaine infusions on postoperative analgesia. Journal of Anesthesia – JARSS, 22(1), 25-31.
Benarroch, E. E. (2006). Pain-autonomic interactions. Neurological Sciences, 27(2), s130-s133.
Ben-David, B. (2016). Anaesthesia in Cancer Surgery: Can it Affect Cancer Survival?. Current Clinical Pharmacology, 11(1), 4-20.
Bruehl, S. (2010). An update on the pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Anesthesiology, 113(3), 713-725.
Dereli, N., Tutal, Z. B., Babayigit, M., Kurtay, A., Sahap, M., & Horasanli, E. (2015). Effect of intraoperative esmolol infusion on anesthetic, analgesic requirements and postoperative nausea-vomitting in a group of laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Revista brasileira de anestesiologia, 65(2), 141-146.
Chia, Y. Y., Chan, M. H., Ko, N. H., & Liu, K. (2004). Role of β-blockade in anaesthesia and postoperative pain management after hysterectomy. British journal of anaesthesia, 93(6), 799-805.
Chou, R., Gordon, D. B., de Leon-Casasola, O. A., Rosenberg, J. M., Bickler, S., Brennan, T., ... & Griffith, S. (2016). Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council. The Journal of Pain, 17(2), 131-157.
Collard, V., Mistraletti, G., Taqi, A., Asenjo, J. F., Feldman, L. S., Fried, G. M., & Carli, F. (2007). Intraoperative esmolol infusion in the absence of opioids spares postoperative fentanyl in patients undergoing ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 105(5), 1255-1262.
Coloma, M., Chiu, J. W., White, P. F., & Armbruster, S. C. (2001). The use of esmolol as an alternative to remifentanil during desflurane anesthesia for fast-track outpatient gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 92(2), 352-357.
Davidson, E. M., Doursout, M. F., Szmuk, P., & Chelly, J. E. (2001). Antinociceptive and cardiovascular properties of esmolol following formalin injection in rats. Canadian journal of anaesthesia, 48(1), 59-64.
Elokda, S. A., & Nasr, I. A. (2015). The effect of esmolol infusion as an adjunct to total intravenous anesthesia on the total anesthetic and analgesic requirements in arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology, 8(4), 560.
Gottschalk, A., Sharma, S., Ford, J., Durieux, M. E., & Tiouririne, M. (2010). The role of the perioperative period in recurrence after cancer surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 110(6), 1636-1643.
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References cont.
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Härkänen, L., Halonen, J., Selander, T., & Kokki, H. (2015). Beta-adrenergic antagonists during general anesthesia reduced postoperative pain: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of anesthesia, 1-10.
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Questions?
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