esl grammar intermediate & advancedwebéducation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09...this book is...
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ESLEnglishasaSecondLanguage
GrammarIntermediate&Advanced
MaryEllenMuñozPage
Research&EducationAssociationVisitourwebsiteatwww.rea.com
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At REA we’re committed to producing books in an Earth-friendly manner and to helping our customers make greenerchoices.
Manufacturing books in theUnitedStates ensures compliancewith strict environmental laws and eliminates the need forinternationalfreightshipping,amajorcontributortoglobalairpollution.
Andprintingonrecycledpaperhelpsminimizeourconsumptionoftrees,waterandfossilfuels.Thisbookwasprintedonpaper made with 10% post-consumer waste. According to Environmental Defense’s Paper Calculator, by using thisinnovativepaperinsteadofconventionalpapers,weachievedthefollowingenvironmentalbenefits:
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Formoreinformationonourenvironmentalpractices,pleasevisitusonlineatwww.rea.com/green
Research&EducationAssociation61EthelRoadWestPiscataway,NewJersey08854E-mail:[email protected]
ESLGrammar:IntermediateandAdvanced
Published2011
Copyright©2007byResearch&EducationAssociation,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformwithoutpermissionofthepublisher.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
LibraryofCongressControlNumber2006923970
ISBN-13:978-0-7386-0101-4
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ISBN-10:0-7386-0101-2
TOEFL®andTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage™aretrademarksofEducationalTestingService(ETS),whichdoesnotendorsethisbook.
REA®isaregisteredtrademarkofResearch&EducationAssociation,Inc.
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AboutResearch&EducationAssociationFounded in 1959, Research & Education Association is dedicated to
publishing the finest and most effective educational materials—includingsoftware, study guides, and test preps—for students in middle school, highschool, graduate school, and beyond. Today, REA’s wide-ranging catalog is aleadingresourceforteachers,students,andprofessionals.
Weinviteyoutovisitusatwww.rea.comtofindouthow“REAismakingtheworldsmarter.”
AboutThisBookOpenanewworldofopportunitybymasteringtheEnglishlanguage.ESL
Grammar:IntermediateandAdvanced is trulyforeveryone,whether inschoolor on the job. This comprehensive and challenging guide serves as an idealsupplement to textbooks, languagecourses, andmostother studyaids and testpreparationbooks.ButwithitsthoroughcoverageofEnglishgrammar,easy-to-followexercises,glossary,andcompleteanswerkey, thisbookcanbeusedbyitselfwithconfidence.
TheabilitytowriteandspeakEnglisheffectivelyisnecessaryforsuccessinany study area,whether it beEnglish, science,mathematics, or social studies.Therefore,moststandardizedschoolandvocationaltests—aswellastheTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage,orTOEFL—requirethatstudentsdemonstrateacommand of the English language, which is whywe have included a helpfulguidetonotetaking,studying,andtesttaking.
English writing and speaking skills are invaluable for getting a job andadvancing in your chosen career. Employers (and their clients) often judgeemployees according to their ability to communicate effectively and in aproductiveway.Thisbook—aswellasREA’scompanionvolume,ESLWriting:Intermediate and Advanced—can help you take command of the English
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languageandexpressyourselfwithprecision…andsuccess.
HowtoUseThisBookThisbookisoneofthemoststraightforwardstudyguidesyouwillfind.As
you can see from the table of contents, all aspects of English grammar areeffectivelycovered.Eachsectioncontainsclearexplanations,simpleexamples,andampleexercisesforyoutopracticeandlearn.Theanswerkeyatthebackofthe book is an ideal reference bywhichyou can judge your progress, and theglossary stands ready to clear up any uncertainties about terms and theirmeanings.
REA wishes you all the best on your climb up the ladder to English-languagemastery—andthesuccessthatyouwillenjoyinworkandinlife!
AbouttheAuthorMary Ellen Muñoz Page is a former Bilingual Training Specialist and
Spanish professor at the University of Florida in Gainesville. She received aB.A. inSpanish andhistory andanM.A. inSpanish,both fromCaseWesternReserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio. As a professor, Ms. Muñoz Pagereceivedthree“VoyagesofDiscovery”mini-grantstodevelopculturalmoduleson Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Spain.Ms.Muñoz Page is also the author ofbooks for the TOEFL Test (Test of English as a Foreign Language) and theESOL Examination (English for Speakers of Other Languages). She wasselectedforWho’sWhoAmongAmericanTeachersin1996and1998.
AuthorAcknowledgmentsThisbookislovinglydedicatedtomymother,EdnaI.Schmidt,whoalways
madesurethatIusedpropergrammar.ToallmyESLstudentswhoseunceasingquestionsprompted thewritingof thismanual, I givemy thanks.ToMaureenJennings,forherhelpinthefinalassemblyofthisbook,myundyinggratitude.
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REAAcknowledgmentsInadditiontotheauthor,wewouldliketothankStevenM.Gras,technical
reviewer;LarryB.Kling,VicePresident,Editorial,forsupervisingdevelopment;PamWeston, Vice President, Publishing, for setting the quality standards forproduction integrity and managing the publication to completion; AnneWinthrop Esposito and Diane Goldschmidt, Senior Editors, for projectmanagement and preflight editorial review and post-production qualityassurance; Christine Saul, Senior Graphic Artist, for cover design; and JeffLoBalbo, Senior Graphic Artist, for postproduction file mapping. We alsogratefullyacknowledge the teamatAquentPublishingServices for typesettingthemanuscript.
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Contents
Part1–IntermediateGrammar
Chapter1–PronounsSubjectPronounsReflexivePronounsRelativePronounsImpersonalSubjectsItandThere
Chapter2–AdjectivesPossessiveAdjectivesBeforeGerundsSomeandAnyComparisonofAdjectives
Chapter3–AdverbsFrequencyAdverbsYet,Still,Already,Never,Ever
Chapter4–Prepositions
Chapter5–Conjunctions
Chapter6–VerbsAuxiliaryVerbsUsingAuxiliaryVerbsPastTenseAgoProgressiveTenses
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PresentandPresentProgressiveInfinitivesLinkingVerbsUsingAdjectiveswithLinkingVerbsDoandMakeAffirmativeandNegativeCommandsNegativeCommandsUsedTo•BeUsedTo•GetUsedTo’sand’dContractions
Part2–AdvancedGrammar
Chapter7–PronounsPossessivePronounsTransformationofDirectandIndirectObjectsReciprocalPronounsWho,Whom,Whoever,andWhomeverPronounReferenceOtherandItsForms
Chapter8–AdjectivesAdjectivesEndingin-lyNounsasAdjectivesParticiplesasAdjectivesComparisonsofAdjectivesSequenceofAdjectivesasNounModifiers
Chapter9–Conjunctions
Chapter10–VerbsPerfectTensesPastandPresentPerfectSimplePastandPresentPerfectPastandPastPerfectPresentPerfectProgressivePastandPastProgressive
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VerbsFollowedbyInfinitivesVerbsFollowedbyGerundsTroublesomeVerbsConditionalTensesUnlessPossibilityandProbabilitySubject/VerbAgreementIrregularPluralsProblemswithPrepositionalPhrasesActiveandPassiveVoiceSubjunctiveSayandTellSequenceofTenses
Chapter11–Test-TakingTechniquesTestTypesNote-TakingSkillsWaystoImproveYourStudySkillsHowtoPreviewInformationHowtoPrepareforTests
Glossary
Appendices
AppendixA–UseofArticlesA,An,andTheAandAnThe
AppendixB–VocabularyHelp
AppendixC–PluralConceptsNon-countNounsFormingPlurals
AppendixD–WordPhraseswithPrepositions
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AppendixE–IrregularVerbs
AnswerKeys
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PARTIESL
IntermediateGrammar
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IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER1Pronouns
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Chapter1
PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns and all their modifiers.They can be subjects, direct and indirect objects, interrogatives, impersonals,objects of prepositions, reflexives, demonstratives, possessives, and relatives.Thischartwillhelpyoukeepthemintheproperorder.
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SUBJECTPRONOUNS
Pronounscanbesubjectsandperformaction.Herearethepronounsusedassubjects:
Usesubjectpronounsforthefollowing:
a.Asthesubjectoftheverb
Hewritesmusic. Shesingswell.
b.Afterthanorasincomparison
Hepaintsbetterthanshe. Iamastallashe.
c.Afteraformoftheverbbe
Itisl. Thewinnerwasshe.
In(b)ifyourepeattheverb,youcanseethatyoumustusethesubjectform.
Hepaintsbetterthanshe(paints). Iamastallashe(is).
Pronounscanbeobjects(receivers):direct,indirect,objectofapreposition:
me us
you you
him,her,it them
a.Khansawherlastnightinclass.(directobject)
b. Give the money to them immediately. Give them the money
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immediately.(indirectobject)
c.Samboughtforusdinnerbecausewewereworkingsolate.(objectofapreposition)
Wheneverthereisacompoundforminaprepositionalphrase,coveruptheother noun and the word and, and then decide whether you need subject orobjectpronouns.
GivethebookstoJaneand .GiveJaneandherthebooks.
BycoveringupJaneand,youseethatthepronounisusedastheobjectoftheprepositionto,andherwouldbetheobjectform.
Patand sawthemovielastnight.
By covering up Pat and, you see that the pronoun is the subject form;therefore,Iisthecorrectform.
EXERCISE1Circle the correct form of the pronoun.When you have finished, checkyouranswerswiththeanswerkeyinthebackofthebook.
Example:Youand(he,him)willrepresenttheclassatthemeeting.
Answer:Youand him)willrepresenttheclassatthemeeting.
1.(She,Her)andPaulareplanningonattendingtheconcert.
2.(We,Us)girlsinsistonbeingadmittedtotheclub.
3.OurteachergavetheextracredittoMelanieand(I,me).
4.Noonesawhimand(she,her)togetheratthegame.
5.Howmanyticketsdidyoubuyfor(we,us)?
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6.Ihavetosee(they,them)beforetheofficecloses.
7.(He,Him)travelstoSanDiegoeveryspring.
8.Findtheboss’sfileandhanditto(him,he).
9.Theboyschallenged(we,us)girlstoatestofstrength.(We,Us)won,ofcourse.
10.Whenwillthedirectorpresenttheawardto(she,her)?
11.Ihopethat(she,her)acceptsthatnewjobinOrlando.
12.Someonetold(we,us)thatanewstorewouldbeopeningheresoon.
13.Whatdo(they,them)plantodoabouttheentertainmentfortheparty?
14.Willyoupleasehelp(he,him)unloadthepackages?
15.Howmanybookswillhedeliverto(she,her)?
16.CallovesMyriam,andhedreamedabout(she,her)allnightlong.
17.Nooneseemstoknowwhere(they,them)wentafterlunch.
18.Mysisterand(I,me)traveledthroughtheOrientlastyear.
19.Can(he,him)playtennisaswellas(they,them)?
20.John’sfatherearnsmorethan(he,him).
EXERCISE2Circlethecorrectpronoun.
Example:Mothergave(us,we)themoneytobuysomemilk.
Answer:Mothergave we)themoneytobuysomemilk.
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1.(Him,He)andIwenttoseeahorrormovielastnight.
2.Theteacherencouraged(we,us)studentstowatchtheplay.
3.Noonetook(she,her)and(I,me)seriouslywhenwetoldthestory.
4.ManyfanslovedBabeRuthandwenttosee(he,him)playball.
5.(Who,Whom)isDaveinvitingtothedance?
6.Theyareconcernedabout(we,us)becausewehaven’tcalled.
7.Mysistergave(they,them)thestampsfortheircollection.
8.Wesand(I,me)aretakingacruisetotheBahamas.
9.Youand(he,him)arewelcometojoinusattheclub.
10.ThedirectorgaveJilland(I,me)thescholarships.
11.Lauraandherbrotheraretakingatripwith(we,us)nextsummer.
12.Everybodywants(they,them)towinthechampionship.
13.Howmanypamphletsdo(they,them)need?
14.Willtherebeenoughfoodforallof(we,us)?
15.OnceKathyreceivesthecheck,(she,her)willpaythebills.
16.Samtook(I,me)totheconferenceinhisnewcar.
17.Sue’shusbandisgoingwith(she,her)toToronto.
18.Rafaeland(I,me)wereselectedasdelegatestotheconvention.
19.(I,me)amacceptingtheposition,andthisdisturbsmyparents.
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20.Theboy(who,whom)iswearingthegreenshirtismycousin.
REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS
Pronounscan functionasreflexiveswhen thesubjectperforms theactiononhim/herself.TheformshisselfandtheirselvesDONOTEXIST.Herearethereflexivepronouns:
Singular Pluralmyself ourselves
yourself yourselves
himself themselves
herself
itself
oneself
IwritemyselfnotestohelpmerememberthingsthatIhavetodo.
Wewashourselvesbeforegoingtobed.
EXERCISE3Useareflexivepronounforeachsentence.
Example:Thechilddressedhimselfwelldespitehisage.
1.Nancy,youneedtoprotect______________fromthesun.
2.Tomhurt______________skiinglastyear.
3.Wesaw______________inthosecrazycostumesandcouldn’tstoplaughing.
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4.VictorandAbbasareworkingtwojobstoput__________throughcollege.
5.Theflyingobjectturned__________aroundanddisappearedinthenight.
6.Ibought__________somenewclotheslastweek.
7.Susanacalls__________“doctor”eventhoughshehasn’tgraduatedyet.
8.HarryandSam,find__________aplacetosit,andI’llberightwithyou.
9.Janetcut__________whileshewasfixingherbicycle.
10.Eachstudenthastoteach__________howtostudywell.
EXERCISE4Circlethecorrectpronounorpossessive.
Example:Youneed toask (you,yourself)whatyourgoalsarebeforeyoubegin.
Answer:Give(he, thecheckassoonaspossible.
1.(We,Us)skierswillbeleavingforthemountainsnextweek.
2.Raulisastallas(I,me).
3.Sandyhurt(hisself,himself)whilerepairingthecar.
4.Jasonisluckythatthebaseballdidn’thit(he,him).
5.Mydaughterisolderthan(your,yours).
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6.Theyareexpectedtodotheworkby(theirselves,themselves).
7.Hisbookisinteresting.(My,Mine)isboring.
8.Nancytaught(hers,herself)toplaythepiano.
9.Wehaven’tseen(they,them)sincetheyvisitedlastyear.
10.Presenttheawardstohimand(she,her).
11.Josepaintsaswellas(they,them).
12.Don’tgetup!It’sonly(I,me).
13.Weneedtogive(us,ourselves)arestfromthisjob.
RELATIVEPRONOUNS
Relativepronounsrelatetotheword(s)thatprecedesthem.Theyintroduceadependentrelativeclause(aclausethatbyitselfdoesnotconveyacompleteidea).Thisclauseusuallyeliminatestherepetitionofthesameword(s)andusesoneofthefollowingpronounstoconnectthetwoclauses:
Usedonlyforpersons Usedonlyforthingswho that
whom which
whose(otherlivingthings)
Whoandwhomreferonlytopersons.Whoisthesubject(performer)oftheactionoftheverb.
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Who functions as a subject in its clause (who iswaving tous) (whowillreplace Joan) and refers to the girl (singer). These clauses do not convey acompleteidea.
Whomistheobject(receiver)oftheaction.(SeeadetailedexplanationonwhoandwhominthePart2:ESLAdvancedGrammar.)
Whom is thesecondreceiverof theactionshouldaddress (guestspeaker=towhom)
Whoseshowspossessionandusuallyreferstopeopleorotherlivingthings.
Thatandwhichareusedwiththings.IninformalEnglishthatmayalsobeusedwithpersons.Thatclausesarevitaltothesentenceandareneversetoffbycommas.
Whichclausesarenotalwaysabsolutelynecessary to thesentence.Whentheydonotlimitthemeaningofthemainclause,theyaresetapartbycommas.
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(Whichwasdeliveredyesterdayisnotvitaltothesentence.)
(Whether the county is large or small, it doesn’t change itslocation.ThisinformationisnotvitaltothefactthatMonacoisneartheSouthofFrance.)
Whenyoucombinetwoindependentsentences,youwillhavetwoclauses,eachcontainingasubjectandaverb.Therelativepronounwillconnectthetwoclausesandkeepthespeakerorwriterfromrepeatingthesamewords.
Teri sent money to her son. Her son’s house was damaged by thehurricane.
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EXERCISE5Combine each sentence by using a relative pronoun and eliminate therepeatedwords.Usewho,whom,whose,which,andthat.
Example:Omarmetateacher.TheteacherspokeArabic.
Answer:OmarmetateacherwhospokeArabic.
1.Imetanactor.Theactor’spicturewonanoscar.
2.Weboughtahouse.Thehousecostus$150,000.
3.Sallyintroducedmetoherboyfriend.Herboyfriendisacivilengineer.
4.Maureenboughtadress.Thedresscost$45.Shehadtoreturnit.
5.JakegaveIsabelaring.Theringhaddiamondsandrubies.
6.Mrs.Duncanistalkingtoherstudents.Thestudents’projectsaredueonFriday.
7.Normanliveswithhissister.Hissisterisanurse.
8.Thesoldierswereinjuredincombat.Thepresidentisawardingmedalstothesoldiers.
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9.Mr.Franklingradedthetests.WetookthetestsonFriday.
10.Thedirectorknowsthecandidate.Thecandidatewaschosentobethemanager.
EXERCISE6UsingformalEnglish,circlethecorrectpronouninthesesentences.
1.Wehaveapackagefortheman(who,which)stoppedbytoday.
2.Imettheauthor(who,whose)bookisonthebest-sellerlist.
3.Areyousurethatthebook(that,which)hasalltheartpicturesisforthisclass?
4.Thatyoungman(who,whom)youmetseemsverynice.
5.I’llbewritingtothedirector(who,whom)yousawMonday.
6.Willyoubepresentingtheslides(that,which)youtookinCanadalastsummer?
7.Thesteaks,(that,which)mybrothergaveus,aredelicious.
8.Thefish(that,which)Lonniecaughtisabigbass.
9.Theincometax(that,which)hepaidlastyearisaccurate.
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10.Myfriend(who,whose)fatherisadentistwantstobeanartist.
11.Henryfinallyfoundhiswallet,(that,which)helost.
12.JuanValdez’scoffee,(that,which)comesfromColombia,tastesthebestofall.
IMPERSONALSUBJECTSITANDTHERE
Whilethewordthereisnotusuallyviewedasasubject,itaccompaniestheverbbetoshowtheexistenceofsomething.Therealsubjectalwaysfollowstheverbanddetermineswhetherthatverbshouldbesingularorplural.
Affirmative:THERE+BE+subject
Therearemanymoreemptydesksintheclassroom.
Thereisamessageinyourmailbox.
Negative:THERE+BE+ +subject
Thereisnotimetowasteonsuchfoolishness.
Therearen’tanycookiesontheplate.
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Hastherebeenanyrainherelately?
Aretheremorepaperstograde?
Howmanystoresarethereinthemall?
Howmuchspaceisthereleftinthegarage?
NOTEBecarefulwhenyouhavetwosingularsubjectsjoinedbythe
conjunctionand.Thiswillrequireapluralverb.
Thereareavaseandtwodollsonthedresser.
Werethereaticketandsomemoneyinyourpurse?
NOTEInthefollowingsentences,thereisanadverbandreferstolocation.
Thisisnotthesameasshowingtheexistenceofsomething.
Thereisthemoneyformytuition.=Themoneyisoverthere.
There are your pen andnotebook.=Your pen andnotebook is overhere.
Muchandmanyaretwoadjectivesthatnon-nativespeakersoftenconfuse.Muchdescribesthingsthatcan’tbecountedincertaingeneralcategories(time,money, patience, sugar, water, etc.). However, if you put these things incontainersor time inhours andminutes, andmoney indollars andcents, thenyoucouldcountthem.Noticethedifferenceinthefollowing:
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Thereisn’tmuchwaterinthetank.
Thereweremany gallons of water when we started to sprinkle thegrass.
Thereistoomuchsugarinthisrecipe.
Therearetoomanycubesofsugarinthedish.
Howmuchmoney is there in the account? (use with non-countablenoun)
Howmanydepositslipsarethereinyourbook?(usewithacountablenoun)
When[much+anoun]isthesubjectofthesentence,theverbissingular.
Thereistoomuchtimespentonplayandnotenoughonstudy.
When[many+anoun]isthesubject,theverbisplural.
Therearenotmanydayslefttofinishthisproject.
EXERCISE7Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.
Example:Howmuchmoney(is,are)leftinyoursavingsaccount?
Answer:Howmuchmoney are)leftinyoursavingsaccount?
1.There(is,are)only28daysinFebruary.
2.There(is,are)fiveticketsleftfortheconcert.
3.There(was,were)avaseofflowersonthetable.
4.There(has,have)beenmanydatapublishedontheuseofDNAincrimedetection.
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5.(Have,Has)therebeenanynewsabouttheaccident?
6.There(has,have)beennonewdevelopmentsinthatresearch.
7.Howmanypeople(is,are)thereintheclass?
8.There(wasn’t,weren’t)anycakeleftaftertheparty.
9.(Was,Were)thereanycookiesinthejar?
10.Howmuchfurniture(was,were)thereintheapartmentbeforeyoumovedin.
11.(Has,Have)therebeenanyonewhoshowsaninterestinbuyingyourcar?
12.There(is,are)noinformationavailableonthistopic.
13.(Is,Are)theremanystatesthathaverepealedthatlaw?
14.Howmanytests(has,have)therebeenthissemester?
15.(Was,Were)thereadress,ajacket,andsomeshoesintheboxwhenyouopenedit?
16.(Has,Have)therebeenanyinquiriesintothecommittee’srequest?
17.There(is,are)norulesagainstdualenrollment.
18.Howmanypints(is,are)thereinagallon?
19.(Is,Are)thereanystudentsthisyearwitha4.0GPA?
20.(Was,Were)thereanytoothpasteleftinthetube?
The pronoun it is the subject in many impersonal expressions. It is notresponsibleforperformingtheactioneventhoughitfunctionsasthesubject.Intheseexpressions,thepronounisnotreplacingapreviouslymentionedsingular
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noun.Theseexpressionscanbefollowedby thatandadependentclauseorbyaninfinitive.
IT+BE+adjective+[THAT+subject+verb](dependentclause)
Adjectivesthatfitintothiscategoryarethefollowing:
Itisimportantthatyoustudyeverynight.
ItisgoodthatSarahhascompletedtheprogram.
Itisunusualthatsomuchsnowhasfallen.
Anothergroupcanbefollowedonlybytheinfinitive[to+baseformoftheverb]:
IT+BE+adjective+infinitive
Theseareadjectivesthatfallintothiscategory:
Itisdangeroustoplaywithmatches.
Itwashelpfultohavemyflashlightinthedark.
Itwillbepracticaltospeakanotherlanguage.
The impersonal it plus some adjectives can be followed by either aninfinitiveoradependentclause.
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IT+BE+adjective+infinitive(dependentclause)
Thiscategoryincludesthefollowingwords:
Itisinconceivabletoputavalueonsuchapricelessobject.
It is inconceivable thatsomeonehasput avalueonsuchapricelessobject.
Itwillbeimportanttotranslatethepoemcarefully.
ItwillbeimportantthatMatttranslatethepoemcarefully.
Thereareotherimpersonalitconstructionsthatarefollowedbydependentclauses.
IT+LOOK+[ASIF+subject+verb]
IT+SEEMAPPEAR+[THAT+subject+verb]TURNOUT
ItlooksasifRandyhasleftfortheday.
Itseemedthathewantedtoescapetosomeplacequiet.
Itappearsthatyouhavediscoveredacureforthedisease.
ItturnedoutthatwewereallwrongaboutMelanie.
EXERCISE8
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Decide whether the blank spaces require to for the infinitive or that tointroduceadependentclause.Writetheappropriatewordintheblanks.
Example:Itisadvisabletostudyeverynight.Itseemsthatyouneverseemtohaveanyfreetime.
1.Ithasbeenexciting______visitalltheplaceswe’vereadaboutinclass.
2.It’snecessary__________signthecheckbeforecashingit.
3.Itwasterrible________thefloodvictimscouldn’tstayintheirhomes.
4.Itwon’tbepossible________seethedoctorthisafternoon.
5.Itisapparent____noonehaspreparedthelessonfortoday.
6.Itwillbenecessary________leaveimmediatelyaftertheconcert.
7.Itisunbelievable________somanypeoplewenttoseethepremiereofthatmovie.
8.Itwasgood_____havesomeonearoundtohelpwiththework.
9.Itisevident________youdon’tunderstandwhatIamsaying.
10.Itisincredible___________theplayhaslastedsolong.
11.Itturnedout______allthestudentsdidwellinthefinalexam.
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12.Itisfoolish___________drivewithnobrakes.
13.Itwasstrange_________Janicedidn’tcallwhenshewasintown.
14.Itwillbeinteresting_________seewhowinstherace.
15.Ithadbeenapparent_________leavingthesceneoftheaccidentwasamistake.
16.Itwasadvisable_________thestudentchangehismajor.
17.Itwouldbeimportant_________evaluateyourassetsbeforeyouaskfortheloan.
18.Itappears_________someonehasalreadydecoratedtheroomfortheparty.
19.Itseems_________youhavewontheprizeafterall.
20.Itwouldbesilly_________countonRandyforsupport.
Otherexpressionsusetheprogressivetense.
IT+BE+[V+ING]
Itwillbesnowinginafewhours.
ItwasrainingwhenIlefttheoffice.
ItisbeginningtolookalotlikeChristmas.
One of themost commonuses for the impersonal it is used inwith time
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expressions.
Itwillbemorningsoon.
Itisnineo’clock.
Itwas8:15whentheairplanearrived.
Onelastcategoryreferstoconditions.
IT+BE+adjective(condition)
Herearecommonwordsusedforsuchconditions:
Itwascoldandwindyyesterday.
Itwillbenoisyattheparty.
ItissostillthatIcanhearthewindblowing.
EXERCISE9Useeitheritorthereineachsentence.
Example:Itwasverywindyyesterdayafternoon.I wonder if there were any new developments in theinvestigation.
1.________hasbeenverysunnyforthelastthreedays.
2.Have________beenanyinterestingprogramsontelevisionlately?
3.________willbegoodtoseeMarthaaftersuchalongtime.
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4.________isunusualtoseesomanypeopleoutsoearlyonaSundaymorning.
5.Will________benecessarytocallJanetbeforethedebate?
6.Will________beanybenefitchangesinthenewmedicalplan?
7.Were________anymessagesontheansweringmachine?
8.Was________necessarytodrivesofartopickupthepackage?
9.________willbeimportantforyoutoattendthemeeting.
10.Was________enoughtimetotalkwitheveryone?
11.Howmanydaysare________beforeweleaveforvacation?
12.Iwonderif________israininginNewarknow.
13.Has________beenanyoneinterestedinbuyingyourhouse?
14.Will________beanyrefreshmentsservedaftertheconcert?
15.Howmanyguestswill________beatthewedding?
16.________isimpracticaltospendfoolishlyandtotrytosave.
17.________wasfouro’clockwhenIleftworkyesterday.
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18.________willbebetterdays;justbepatient.
19.________turnedoutthattheboyshadarrivedontimeafterall.
20.________wasquietafterthechildrenfinallywenttosleep.
EXERCISE10DecidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisINCORRECT.
1.Mymother’stremendousfearofcatsmakesitdifficultforshetogowalkinginourneighborhoodatnight.A.tremendousB.makesC.sheD.walking
2.Mybookdiffersfromyourinthatminehasavocabularysectionatthebottomofeachpage,andyourshasoneintheback.A.yourB.thatC.attheD.theback
3.Somepeoplewhichhavebeenworkingforacompanyforyearssuddenlyfindthemselvesunemployedbecauseofadministrativemismanagement.A.whichB.foryearsC.themselvesD.becauseof
4.Theprofessoraskedus,NancyandI,tostayafterclasstodiscussthemake-upassignmentfornextweek.
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A.askedusB.IC.todiscussD.make-up
5.Ifinafamilythemembersarealwayslookingoutonlyforone’sself,thentheyhavetobeaggressivetogetahead.A.outB.one’sselfC.havetobeD.togetahead
6.Peoplewhomplayinorchestrasareusuallyadultswhohavestudiedmusicformanyyearsandwhoaredevotedprofessionals.A.whomB.devotedprofessionalsC.musicD.are
EXERCISE11Selectthecorrectword(s)tocompletethesentence.
1.Families_____playtogetherusuallyarehappytogether.A.whoB.whichC.whomeverD.whose
2.Invite_____youliketotheparty,butdon’tinviteMark.A.whoB.whoeverC.whomever
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D.that
3.Aftergivingthestudentachancetoprove_____,hewasdismissed.A.himB.hisselfC.himselfD.his
4.Wewishshewereheretohelp_____withthedecorations.A.usB.weC.ourselvesD.yourselves
5.Thelittleboydresses_____everymorning.A.himB.hisselfC.heD.himself
6.Dotheyknow_____hasbeenchosenpromqueen?A.whoB.whomC.whoeverD.whomever
7.Letmedividetheflowers._____areyours,andthosearemine.A.ThisB.ThatC.TheseD.Thisone
8.Idesperatelyneedsomemoney.Idon’thave_____topaymybills!
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A.anyB.someC.somethingD.anything
EXERCISE12Selectthecorrectpronountocompleteeachsentence.
1.(Who,Whom)doyouwanttoserveontheboardfordirectors?
2.Canyoulendme$50untilpayday?Sorry,Idon’thave(some,any)extra.
3.Rickisshorterthan(I,me),buthe’stallerthanhisbrothers.
4.(It,There)aretwentynamesofthecandidatesonthedirector’slist.
5.Photograph(whoever,whomever)youseeattheinauguration.
6.Theman(whose,who’s)brotherisalawyerwantstobecomeajudge.
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IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER2Adjectives
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Chapter2
ADJECTIVES
Adjectivesarewordsthatmodify(describe)anounorapronoun.Theycanalsofollowlinkingverbs(be,seem,appear,etc.).Just likenouns, theycanfallintodifferent categories: 1) limiting—articles,demonstratives,possessives—and2)descriptives.Adjectivesusuallyprecedethewordsthattheymodify.
Limitingadjectivesfallintothesecategories:
Numbers:one,five,ten,twenty,first,second,third
Quantity:some,any,much,many,few,little(withnon-countnouns)
Demonstratives: this, that, these, and those (These are the same forms as thepronouns,butthesemustcomebeforeanoun,notreplaceit.)Examples:thiscar,thathouse
Articles:a,an,the
Possessives:my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their
Keep in mind that when you add ’s to a noun, you make the noun apossessiveandchangeittoanadjective.
Thesecretary’stypewriterisbroken.
Thedogchasedthelittleboy’sball.
All other adjectives are descriptives. Here are examples of commondescriptiveadjectives:
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POSSESSIVEADJECTIVESBEFOREGERUNDS
Whenever a noun or pronoun appears before a gerund, itmust be in thepossessiveform.Thisformthenbecomesanadjective.
S+V+possessiveform(noun/pronoun)+[verb+ING]
Weweresurprisedbyhisnotacceptingthejob.
Theyaresorryaboutourleavingsosoon.
NancyobjectstoJan’scallinghersolate.
Referringtothefirstexampleabove,wearesurprisednotbyhimbutratherby his not accepting the job. In number two, they are sorry not about us butratheraboutourleavingsosoon.
NancydoesnotobjecttoJanbutrathertoJan’scallingsolate.
NOTENounscanusuallybecomepossessivesbyadding’stothesingular
form.
boy>boy’s dog>dog’s boss>boss’s
Fortheplural,however,thenounneedstobepluralfirst,andthenaddthe’s.
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man>men’s child>children’s
Ifthepluralendsins,thenaddonlytheapostrophe(’).
boys’ girls’ sisters’
EXERCISE13Change the noun or pronoun to the possessive form, and use it as anadjective.
Example:WeweresurprisedatBetty’sgettingmarriedsosoon.
1.Myparentsdonotapproveof_________datingDavid.(I)
2.Iamsotiredof_________notacceptinghisresponsibilities.(Peter)
3.Theteacherisafraidof_________notlearningenoughEnglishthisyear.(herstudents)
4.Thethievesconfessedto_________stealingthemoney.(they)
5.Thewitnesstestifiedabout_________takingpicturesofthescientificexperiments.(he)
6.Thebosssaid,“Ineedtocounton_________takingpartinalloftheseactivities.”(you)
7.Weareafraidof_________raisingtherent.(thelandlord)
8.Donottrytoexplain_________baddriving!Youtaughthim.(Terry)
9.Youdon’tlikeit!Areyoureferringto_________playingthepiano?(I)
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10.Thechildrenarelookingforwardto_________visitingthem.(you)
11.Canwerelyon_________bringingthefoodtotheparty?(Kim)
12.Kerrycan’tdecideon_________takingthetripornot.(we)
13.Thatloudmusicdetractsfrom_________doingagoodjob.(theworkers)
14.Iresent_________givingmeaticketwhenIwasnotspeeding.(thepoliceman)
15.We’relookinginto_________beingofferedthejob.(Tom)
16.I’mdependingon_________singingverywelltoday.(thegroup)
17.Georgeisplanningon_________drivingsomeofthestudents.(I)
18.Harryobjectsto_________nominatinganewpresident.(theclub)
19.Thedoctorisupsetwith_________nottakingenoughvitamins.(Ann)
20.Thevotersaretiredof_________spendingmoneysofoolishly.(thegovernment)
EXERCISE14Changethenounorpronouninparenthesestothepossessiveform,anduseitasanadjective.
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1.Tom’sparentsaredissatisfiedwith_________acceptingajobabroad.(he)
2.We’resurprisedat_________receivingthedramaaward.(Helen)
3.Aimeewasnotjealousofher_________winningthescholarship.(friend)
4.Thechildrenwerefascinatedbythe_________jumpingupanddown.(clowns)
5.Iamdependingon_________organizingthetripforus.(you)
6.Mrs.Genovesedisapprovedof_________commutingsofartoworkeveryday.(me)
7._________acceptingthechallengedependsonhercommitmenttodoingwell.(Anne)
8.TheSenateapprovedofits_________receivingmorehealthbenefits.(citizens)
9.Iwillrelyonmy_________findingtimetoworkwithme.(brother)
10.The_________thinkingquicklysavedhislittlesisterfromchoking.(boy)
11.Melwillhavetopayforhis_________breakingthewindowwiththebaseball.(son)
12._________exercisingtoomuchcausedpainsinhismuscles.(Tony)
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13._________smokinginherofficecausedherco-workerstocomplain.(Anita)
14._________movingtothecountrymadeabigdifferenceinourhealth.(us)
15.Bynowweareaccustomedto_________arrivinglate.(they)
16.Iamafraidofthe_________catchingthefluthisseason.(children)
17._________fishingeverydaykeepshimbusyduringhisretirement.(Lonnie)
18.The_________buildingtheirnestinourgaragecreatedsomeproblems.(birds)
19.Maureenwasinterestedinthe_________keepingtheirdogintheyard.(neighbors)
20.Weareconcernedabout_________drivingsolateatnight.(they)
SOMEANDANY
While some and any convey the same idea, they may not be usedinterchangeably in standard written English. Some is used with affirmativesentences,andany isusedwithnegativesandquestions.Theymaybeusedaspronouns or adjectives. For affirmative statements, use some. For negativestatementsorquestions,useany.
Affirmative:Usesome.
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Therearesomepapersonmydeskintheoffice.(adj.)
Isawsomeonyourstoo.(pronoun)
Somedaysarehotterthanothersinthesummer.(adj.)
Somearealsocolderinwinter.(pronoun)
Negative:Useany.
Davedoesnothaveanysparetimetoexercise.(adj.)
Wedon’thaveanyeither.(pronoun)
Noonehadanyideaonhowtosolvetheproblem.(adj.)
Idon’thaveanyeither.(pronoun)
Question:Useany.
Doyouhaveany29-centstampsforthisletter?(adj.)
Arethereanyinthedrawer?(pronoun)
HavetheyeverreadanyplaysbyShakespeare?(adj.)
HasheeverreadanybyMolière?(pronoun)
Thefollowingformsareallpronounsandcanbeusedonlyassubjectsandobjects:
Affirmative
someone sometime
somebody somewhere
something
Negativeorquestion
anyone anytime
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anybody anywhere
anything
Thefollowingsentencesareinaffirmative:
Someoneisworkinginthekitchenrightnow.
Somebodycameherelookingforyoujustamomentago.
Tonyneedssomethingtowipeupthejuicehespilled.
Sometimenextweek,stopbytheofficetoseeme.
Ileftthebooksomewhereinmyhouse.
Thefollowingareexamplesofsentencesinnegativeorinquestionform:
Ican’tseeanyoneinthepool.Canyou?
Hasanybodyturnedinasetofcarkeys?
ThelibrarydidnothaveanythingIneededformyreport.
Thedoctordoesnothaveanytimetoseeyoutoday.
Ican’tgoanywherewithoutyou.
Keepinmindthattheformssomeone,somebody,anyone,anybodycanbeadjectivesiftheybecomepossessivesbyadding’stothepronounform.
Boblosthisjacket.Haveyouseenit?
Ifoundsomeone’s(somebody’s)jacketinmycar.(adj.)
Aretheseanybody’s(anyone’s)housekeys?(adj.)
Helenedoesn’tthinkthattheyareanybody’s.(pronoun)
EXERCISE15Usingthewordsfromthelistbelow,fillinthecorrectformineachspace.
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Somesentencesgroupedtogetherarepartofamini-dialogue.
Example:Iknowthatsomeoneboughttheluckylotteryticket.Doyouhaveanyofthenewcoinsjustputintocirculation?
1.Iwillsave_________cakefromthepartyforyou.
2.Doyouhave_________homeworktonight?
3.Hedoesn’thave_________vacationtimeleftthisyear.
4.“_________hasbeensleepinginmybed,”saidthebabybear.
5.Thechildrenareboredbecausetheydon’thave_________timetoplayoutside.
6.Wehaven’tseen_________weknowhereattheparty.
7.DidMr.Robertsonhave_________inmindforthejob?
8.Whiletheywereaway,_________brokeintotheirhouseandstoletheirvaluables.
9.Joelcan’tgotofootballgamesbecauseheneverhas_________freetimeonSaturdays.
10.Noonesaw_________unusualthatday.(object)
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11.Wehopethattheywillgiveus_________informationontravelingintheNorthwest.
12.Iamlookingfor_________redhemlace.
13.Gail,doyouhave_________?
14.No,Idon’t,butIamsureDollyhas_________.
15.Kellyhas_________inherhand.Whatisit?
16.It’sjust_________candythatherfriendgaveher.
17.Mr.Jansencan’tseeyouimmediatelybecausehehas_________inhisoffice.
18.Therewasn’t_________athomewhenIcalledthismorning.
19.Thedefendantdidnotsay_________inhisdefense.
20.Didtheyfind_________interestinginthatoldtrunkintheattic?
COMPARISONOFADJECTIVES
Descriptiveadjectivesoradverbscanhavethreedifferentforms:positive,comparative,andsuperlative.Hereareafewexamplesofthethreeforms:
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The first form, thepositive degree, is the basic form of the adjective oradverb, which describes one or more persons, objects, or ways of doingsomething.
thebigwhitehouses (adjective)
acrazycat (adjective)
someornatepaintings (adjective)
Thedeerranfast. (adverb)
UnequalComparisonsThe comparative is used to show a relationship between two objects,
persons, or groups that are equal or unequal to the same element of anotherobject, person, or group. Most one- and two-syllable adjectives add -er toexpressunequalcomparisons.
Adjective+ERAdverb+ER
quiet>quieter high>higher
neat>neater fast>faster
quick>quicker soon>sooner
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Foradjectivesendingine,justaddrtotheroot.
Adjectivesendingin[E+R]
nice>nicer white>whiter
fine>finer tame>tamer
EXERCISE16Foreachword,writethecomparison.
1.wide
2.pale
3.brave
4.cute
5.humble
6.noble
7.wise
8.polite
9.close
10.stale
11.late
12.large
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13.ripe
14.rare
15.safe
Foradjectivesendingin[consonant+y]changeytoibeforeaddinger
happy>happier dainty>daintier
pretty>prettier lovely>lovelier
EXERCISE17Changethefollowingfromthepositivedegreetothecomparative.
1.cozy
2.shy
3.dizzy
4.angry
5.easy
6.heavy
7.pretty
8.ugly
9.merry
10.early
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11.noisy
12.friendly
13.lonely
14.healthy
15.lovely
Foradjectivesendingina[vowel+y],justadder.
coy>coyer gay>gayer(happy) gray>grayer
Toexpressunequalcomparisoninasentence,usethefollowingpattern:
subject+verb+[adjective+ER]+THAN+otherelement
Ben’sbrotheristallerthanhe.
Mrs.Andrewsisolderthanherson.
Thisblouseseemsnicerthanthatone.
Bethlookshappiertodaythanshedidyesterday.
NOTEAftercomparisons,usesubject,notobject,pronouns.
SylviaplaystheguitarbetterthanI.
Heneedsmoremoneythanshe.
EXERCISE18Writethecorrectformofthecomparative.
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Example:John’sroomisneaterthanmine.Historyiseasierthancalculus.
1.Myneighborhoodis______________thanyours.(quiet)
2.Yournewfurniturelooks______________thantheold.(lovely)
3.Ourteamran______________thanyourteam.(fast)
4.Wandalives______________totheuniversitythanHarry.(close)
5.Afteralongdiet,Jessicais______________thanherfriends.(slim)
6.LosAngelesis______________thanOrlando.(hazy)
7.Thechildrenseem______________thantheirparentsafterthelongairplaneride.(sleepy)
8.Thestreetsintheoldsectionoftownseem______________thananyplaceelse.(narrow)
9.Buffalofeels______________thanPittsburghinthewinter.(cold)
10.Womenseemtobe______________thanmeninthegameoflove.(coy)
Sometwo-syllableandallthree-syllableormoreadjectivesandadverbsusemoreorlessplustheadjectiveoradverbforthecomparison.
+three-syllableadjectives
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MORE}+beautiful,intelligent,quietly,quickly
LESS}+difficult,important,interesting,economical
NOTENevercombinemoreandthe[adjective+er]form.
INCORRECT:morehappier,morefriendlier,morewiser
CORRECT: happier,friendlier,wiser
Two-syllableadjectivesending in the followingsuffixesusuallyusemoreorlessplustheadjectivetoexpressthecomparative:
MORE+foolish,careful,helpless,cautious,active
LESS+blatant,verbose,regal,caring,hyper,boring
EXERCISE19Writethecomparativeforms.
1.famous
2.helpful
3.pensive
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4.captive
5.exact
6.loving
7.daring
8.basic
9.fiendish
10.morose
11.cutting
12.clever
13.normal
14.sheepish
15.festive
16.glorious
17.childlike
18.alive
19.flagrant
20.fragrant
21.callous
22.forward
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23.grateful
24.useless
25.selfish
Sometimes it is better to use an antonym than to try to use the [less +adjective]pattern.
PaulisshorterthanDanny.
Janeisyoungerthanhercousins.
Usethesamepatternforsentencesasmentionedabove.
Thisproblemseemsmoredifficultthanthatone.
LarryfinishedhisworkmorequicklythanTom.
Sincehisaccident,Louislessabletoplaygolfthanbefore.
Idon’tbelieveLeslieactslesscapablythanBrian.
To indicate a greater degree of comparison, use much or far plus thecomparisonform.Muchandfarcanbeusedinterchangeablyinthecomparison.
Isaismuchmoreindependentthanhersistereverwas.
Thisjacketisfarlessexpensivethantheleatherone.
APorscheacceleratesfarmorequicklythanaFordEscort.
Beginningstudentsspeakmuchlessfluentlythanadvancedones.
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Itisalsopossibletocomparenouns.
Therearefewerpeopleheretodaythanyesterday.
IhavelessfreetimethananyoneelseIknow.
Wecanvisitmorerelativesonthistripthanonthelast.
Ourprofessorhasmanymorebooksthanwehave.
Genespendsfarlesstimeonhisworkthanhisfriends.
JackhasfarmorefriendsthanBob.
EXERCISE20Fill in the comparison using + (more/much) and – (less/fewer), and ++(farmore)and––(farless)asyourguidestothecorrectforms.
Example:LucyisfarlessathleticthanJill.(––athletic)Michelledrinksmorewaterinthesummerthaninthewinter.(+)
1.Suegrades____________examsthanLucy.(++)
2.Thislacetableclothlooks____________theplasticone.(+pretty)
3.Inthesummergrapesare____________inthewinter.(+abundant)
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4.Asachild,AlbertEinsteinseemed____________hisplaymates.(–intelligent)
5.Theseatsinfirstclasshavebecome____________thoseinsecondclass.(––cramped)
6.Inthisclassthereare____________studentsthanthereusedtobe.(++)
7.ThismorningStan’stalkwas____________itwasyesterday.(+straightforward)
8.Todayweearn____________moneythanweusedtoearn.(––)
9.Inwarmweather,carsaccelerate____________incoldweather.(+rapidly)
10.Ifoundthisbook____________theonethatJodyrecommended.(––interesting)
Someadjectivescannotbecompared.Theseareafewthatcannot:
Dead:Itisimpossibletobedeaderthansomeoneorsomethingelse.
Unique:Itmeansoneofakindandallowsfornocomparison.
Pregnant:Itisimpossibletobealittlepregnantormorepregnantthananother.
Immaculate: Itmeanspureorsinless,absolutelyclean,anddoesnotallowforcomparison.
Magnificent:Italreadyindicatesthehighestdegreeofperfection,superb.
Infinite:Italreadyindicateswithoutlimitsorbounds.
Ultimate:Itindicateslastpossibleorfinalofaseries.
Bare:Itmeanstotallywithoutclothingorfurniture.
Perfect:Itindicatesthehighestdegreepossible.
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Inwintertheflowersaredead,andsoarethetrees.
AntoniGaudi’sarchitecturewasunique.
Pregnantwomenvisitagynecologist.
Judykeepsanimmaculatehouse.
VersaillesisamagnificentexampleofBaroquearchitecture.
Thereareinfinitewaystoarrangemusicalnotesinanopera.
John’sultimategoalistobecomeaprofessionalphotographer.
Janet’s bare apartment was longing for some furniture and a newtenant.
Andyreceivedperfectscoresonallofhistests.
EXERCISE21Using the following information, write unequal comparisons. Whereverpossible,writeonecomparisonusingagreaterdegreeandonecomparisonusingalesserdegree.
Example:Gardeniassmellverygood.Violetsdon’thavemucharoma.Gardeniassmellmuchbetterthanviolets.Violetssmellmuchlessthangardenias.
1.MexicoCityhas20millioninhabitants.Micanopyhasabout1,500.
2.Philipearns$100,000peryear.Tonyearns$35,000.
3.Nancyis35yearsoldandherbrotheris38.
4.Themillionairehassixcars.Ihaveone.
5.Theartbuildingis100feettall.Thelanguagelabis50feettall.
6.Achocolatebarhas230calories.Abananahas100.
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7.Itis95degreesinArizonaand25degreesinAnchorage.
8.RudyreceivesC’sandD’sonhistests.RalphreceivesA’sandB’s.
9.ItisraininginClevelandandsnowinginBuffalo.
10.BettylearnedtospeakPortuguesewellinthreeyears.IttookhertenyearstolearnArabic.
EXERCISE22Makecomparisonsusingthefollowingpairsofwords.
Example:silk...denimSilkissofter(moreexpensive)thandenim.
1.silver...gold
2.elephant...monkey
3.cotton...plastic
4.Coca-Cola...milk
5.spinach...cake
6.TomCruise...PaulNewman
7.yacht...canoe
8.airplane...train
9.swimming...watchingtelevision
10.NorthPole...California
NOTEWhenwritingcomparisonswithdifferent,itisincorrecttosay
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differentthan.Use,instead,differentfrom.
subject+verb+DIFFERENT+FROM+noun
Yourbookisdifferentfrommine. Yourbookisdifferentthanmine.
Kurt’scarlooksdifferentfromyours. Kurt’scarlooksdifferentthanyours.
IrregularComparisonsThere are some adjectives and adverbs that have irregular comparisons.
Herearesomeexamples:
Thisdesserttastesbetterthantheapplepie.
Theirbaseballteamwastheworstofall.
Denniswriteswell,butDeanwritesbetter.
SanDiegoisfartherfromNewYorkthanChicago.
EXERCISE23Writeacomparisonforeachsentence.
Example:Harry’swritingisworsethanyours.
1.Dannyreceives________gradesthanhisbrother.(good)
2.Welive________fromtheuniversitythanyoudo.(far)
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3.Nancy’sstudentsspeak________thanmost.(well)
4.Thefoodinthisrestaurantis________thanintheoneonthecorner.(bad)
5.Ronfeelsmuch________todayaftertakinghismedicine.(good)
6.Benran________thananyotherathlete.(far)
7.Lucysings________thanAnita.(well)
8.Thisrecipesounds________thanyours.(good)
9.Clevelandhas________weatherthanRichmond.(bad)
10.Melplaystheguitar________thanIdo.(well)
EqualComparisons
Theothertypeofcomparisonsrelatesequalityorsamenesstotheelementsbeingcompared.Oneelementisthesameastheother.
Ihavethreeoranges.Youhavethreeoranges.
Ihaveasmanyorangesasyou.
There are many skyscrapers in New York. There are also manyskyscrapersinChicago.
NewYorkhasasmanyskyscrapersasChicago.
Thepatternforequalcomparisondiffersfromunequalcomparison.
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AS+adjective+ASAS+adverb+AS
AS+ +(non-count)noun+AS
AS+MANY+(countable)noun+AS
PaulisastallasPeter.
SuetypesasfastasJennifer.
Wehaveasmuchtimeasyou
SandywritesasmanylettersasVirginia.
TheGlassBoutiquehasasmanyvasesastheEmporium.
Makeaslittlenoiseaspossible,becauseyourfatherisasleep.
NOTERememberthatsubject,notobject,pronounsfollowcomparisons.
Theyhaveasmanybooksaswe.
Noonestudiesashardasshe.
EXERCISE24Combine the two sentences to show equal comparisons. There may beseveralpossibilitiesforsomeofthesentences.
1.Kevinhittwohomerunsinyesterday’sgame.Davealsohittwohomeruns.
2.It’s75degreesinOahuand75degreesinDallas.
3.Maureenatethreepiecesofpizza,andhersisteratethree.
4.BriansleepseighthourseverynightandRitasleepseight.
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5.Philweights180pounds.Harryweighs180pounds.
6.Tracyworksverydiligentlyinschool.Trishaalsoworksverydiligently.
7.Thissweatercosts$10.95.Theyellowonealsocosts$10.95.
8.Joelrunsamileintenminutes.Hisbrotheralsorunsamileintenminutes.
9.Thelongdressisveryelegant.Theshortdressisalsoelegant.
10.JoséspendsfourhoursadaystudyingEnglishandfourhoursstudyingmath.
11.Somehighschoolstudentsdosixassignmentsforhomeworkeverynight.Somecollegestudentsalsodosixhoursofassignments.
12.JoanCollinshasalotofjewelry.LizTaylorhasalotofjewelry.
13.Intheirnewapartment,theAndersonshavesixpiecesoffurnitureinthediningroomandsixpiecesinthelivingroom.
14.Thereareonly18studentsinthechemistryclassandonly18inthephysicsclass.
15.Ipaid$45formytextbook.Annepaid$45forherbook.
TheSameAsAnothertypeofcomparisonshowingequalityusestheexpressionthesame
as.Therearenoadjectivesnoradverbsexpressedinthesecomparisons.
Yourkeyslookthesameasmine.
Hisringshinesthesameashers.
Comparisons can also bemade by using a noun to express the common
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element.
subject+verb+THESAME+noun+AS
Thisgateisthesameheightasthatone.
YoursweateristhesamecolorasJan’s.
Superlatives
Thelasttypeofcomparisoninvolvingthreeormoreelementsiscalledthesuperlativedegree.Oneentityisthefocusincomparisonagainsttheremainingentities.Thiscanalsobeexpressed inhigherand lowerdegrees.Adjectivesofoneortwosyllablesfollowthispattern:
THE+[adjective+EST]+ [OF+pluralnoun][IN+singularnoun]
Danisthetallestoftheboys.
Sandyistheneatestinthefamily.
Adjectivesofthreeormoresyllablesfollowanotherpattern:
Many Italians say that the Vatican is the most beautiful of allbuildings.
SomeFrenchthinkthattheVenusdeMiloisthemostimportantworkintheLouvre.
Samthinksthatmathistheleastsignificantofhiscourses.
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Adverbscanalsobeexpressedassuperlatives.
THE+[adverb+EST]+[OF+plural]
THE+[MOST+adverb]+[IN+singular]
APorscherunsthefastestofall.
Tomstudiedthemostdiligentlyinhisclass.
EXERCISE25:WRITINGStudytheinformationcarefullyandwritestatements,usingthesuperlative.Usebothhighestandlowestdegreesofcomparisonwhereverpossible.
Example: Glen likes to travel and is considering the followingvacations.Europe—21days,Mexico—14days,andCanada—20 days. Europe is the longest vacation.Mexico is theshortestvacation.
1.Semi-glosspaintcosts$21agallon,satin$18,andflat$16agallon.
2.Therearethreecansonthetable:7ouncesofpeas,4ouncesofmushrooms,and16ouncesofcorn.
3.One-halfcupofsomefruitshasmorecaloriesandismorefatteningthanothers:apricots128calories,cantaloupe35calories,andpears97.
4.It’shottoday:Cleveland95degrees,Atlanta87degrees,andTrenton80degrees.
5.DistancesfromOlympia,Washington:Tacoma30miles,Bremerton56,Aberdeen49.
6.Helenhasfourholidaycandlesburning:red3hours,green1hour,andwhite45minutes.
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7.Danismeasuringcabinetsforhishouse:kitchen36incheswide,bath27inches,laundry30inches.
8.Thefootballteamwenttoarestaurantafterthebiggame.Thequarterbackatethreehamburgers,thecoachhadtwo,andthekickerateone.
9.Threeathleteswanttobehealthy.Arthurjogsfourmileseverydayandeatsnoredmeat.Jillloveshamburgersandfrenchfries,butsheswims35lapseveryday.Teddrivestoclassandsnacksonjunkfoodeveryday.
10.Itwasahotsummerday.Cindydrankthreeglassesoflemonade,Suzytwo,andDianefour.
EXERCISE26Foreachsentence,supplythecorrectform.
1.Yourhouseis___________(far)fromtheuniversitythanmine.
2.Ilikethissoup___________(good)ofall.
3.Todayismuch___________(hot)thanyesterday.
4.Thisfurnitureis___________(expensive)thanthat.
5.ElvisPresleyis___________(famous)thanPerryComo.
6.Yourbookseems___________(boring)thanmine.
7.Thisguideis___________(helpful)thantheonethatthetravelagentrecommended.
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8.Petewas___________(interested)inthedemonstrationthanhisyoungerbrotherwas.
9.Goodstudentsattendclass___________(frequently)thanpoorones.
10.Paquitoisthe___________(bad)playerofall.
11.Mary’schildwassonervousthathesatthe___________(quietly)ofallthechildren.
12.Thefirstcontestantansweredthequestionsthe___________(quickly)ofall.
13.TheGreenBeanisthe___________(good)restaurantofanyIhavevisited.
14.TheNorthPolehas___________(cold)temperaturesthanAlaska.
15.MarryingTimwasthe___________(foolish)thingMaryhadeverdone.
EXERCISE27Usethecorrectform:than,as,from,ormore.
1.Yourdictionaryisquitedifferent from mine.
2.Hisjobisnotthesame__________yours.
3.Anunskilledlaborerislessqualified__________askilledone.
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4.Thedresscostsfarmore__________theskirt.
5.Skiingonsnowisasdangerous__________skiingonwater.
6.EnriquespeaksSpanishaswell__________English.
7.Paramedicsaredifferent__________specialists.
8.Theseanswersarethesame__________theonesIwrote.
9.Jackie’shairislonger__________hersister’s.
10.Algebraisdifferent__________geometry.
11.Springis__________pleasantthanwinter.
12.Thegirlsplay__________roughassomeoftheboys.
13.Sara’scultureissomuchdifferent__________mine.
14.The__________youearn,themoreyouspend.
15.Theplotofthisplayislessinteresting__________theoneyouarereading.
EXERCISE28Circletheunderlineditemthatisincorrect.
1.Inamarriageitisnecessaryforeachofthepartnerstoknowasmuchasitispossibleabouteachother.
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A.eachB.asC.itisD.abouteachother
2.Nobodyaskedmeaboutmyfriend’swinningthelottery,andIdidn’tvolunteeranyinformation.A.NobodyB.meC.myfriendD.any
3.Thefootballteammadetoomucherrorsandfumblesthattheplayersliterallygavethewintotheiropponents.A.toomuchB.literallyC.thewinD.their
4.ItisinterestingthatMedievalthoughtwasgreatlyinfluencingbytheGreeks.A.thatB.greatlyC.influencingD.Greeks
5.Thevegetablesouptastedsowellthatwedecidedtohaveasecondhelping.A.TheB.wellC.decidedD.a
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6.Bycreatingtheirownbeautifulartisticdesigns,apersoncanfeelagreatsenseofaccomplishmentinknowingthatthepatternsareunique.A.theirB.canfeelC.inknowingD.are
7.Therearemuchbooksinthelibraryonaccounting.A.ThereB.muchC.theD.on
8.Thestudentsthoughtthattheteacherhadgiventhemaunusuallydifficulthomeworkassignment.A.thoughtB.hadgivenC.aD.difficult
9.Mary’sparentsdisapprovedofhersattendingthecompanyconferencesofarawayfromherhome.A.disapprovedB.hersC.sofarawayD.home
10.Mrs.Jansenwasdivorcingfromherhusbandfouryearsagobecauseoftheirincompatibility.A.divorcingB.fromC.agoD.their
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11.Althoughthegirl’ssingingwasslightlyoff-key,herguitar’splayingattractedtheattentionofthosewhowerenearby.A.AlthoughB.slightlyC.guitar’sD.were
12.Afteracarefullyinvestigation,wesoondiscoveredthatthehousewasinfestedwithtermitesandotherundesirableinsects.A.carefullyB.soonC.infestedD.other
13.Iwasverymuchsurprisedathimrefusingthepositionofvicepresidentofthenewly-formedcorporation.A.verymuchB.himC.theD.newly-formed
14.Thewitnesstestimonywasessentialtoprovingthatthedefendantwasnowherenearthesceneofthecrime.A.witnessB.wasC.toprovingD.nowhere
15.TheJensenssaidthattheirvacationlastsummerwasmostenjoyablyandrelativelyinexpensive.A.TheB.wasC.enjoyably
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D.relatively
16.Sincewehaven’thadtoomanyrainlately,theflowersareratherwilted,andmanyaredying.A.haven’thadB.manyC.ratherwiltedD.dying
EXERCISE29Beloweachsentence,youwillseeanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Selecttheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.
1.Manywomenliketochange_____appearancefromtimetotimebecauseitmakesthemfeelmoreattractive.A.herB.yourC.theirD.our
2.Peoplethinkthatpandasare_____thanbears,butactuallytheyarerathershy.A.friendlierB.mostfriendlyC.friendliestD.friendly
3.Veniceisoneof_____citiesinEurope.A.morebeautifulB.themorebeautifulC.mostbeautifulD.themostbeautiful
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4.Has_____seenmyglovesandmyhat?A.anyoneB.anythingC.someoneD.nobody
5.Harryis_____ofallthestudentsinthegymclass.A.tallerB.thetallestC.themosttallD.moretall
6.The_____canariesdelightedtheaudience.A.sungB.singingC.sangD.sings
7.Ourdirector’s_____newsgaveustheincentivetofinishourproject.A.encouragingB.encouragedC.encouragesD.encourage
8.The_____itrained,theharderwerowedtheboattogettoshore.A.asB.fromC.moreD.than
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IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER3Adverbs
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Chapter3
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify an action verb, an adjective, or anotheradverb.Iftheadverbmodifiestheverb,itusuallyfollowsit.
Nancriedhystericallyastheflamesenvelopedhercar.
Lenranquicklytocatchtheball.
Whenanadverbmodifiesanadjective,italwaysprecedestheadjective.
C.EverettKoopisawell-knownmedicalauthority.
Saulhaddiedbeforereturningtohisdearlybelovedland.
Someexamplesofadverbsofintensitymodifyingotheradverbs:
*UsedmoreinlessformalEnglishtoindicateintensity.
Thecarsdrovesofastthatwecouldn’tseethelicenses.
Jacobmovedthemirrorveryslowly.
Thecardrovereallyfastasitmadeitsgetaway.
Adverbsof timeandfrequencydon’tendin-ly.Theyusuallyprecede theverb.Herearesomeinthiscategory:
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Mycousinsseldomvisitusnowthatwehavemoved.
Heneverwantstogothereagain.
Adverbsofmannerareformedbyadding-lytotheadjective.
quick>quickly careful>carefully
However, therearea fewforms thathaveminorchanges.With those thatendinaconsonant+y,changetheytoibeforeaddingthely.
easy>easily happy>happily
Withadjectivesendinginic,addallytoformtheadverb.
majestic>majestically angelic>angelically
Withotheradjectivesendinginble,droptheeandaddonlyy.
reasonable>reasonably noble>nobly
Adjectives look at how orwhen something is/was done. An action thathappenedmorethanonceinthepastisindicatedbythefollowingexpressions:
Adverbs of frequency (often, usually, frequently, sometimes, generally,normally)usuallycomebetweentheauxiliaryverbhaveandthepastparticiple.
WehaveoftenvisitedourfriendsinAtlanta.
Theauthorhassometimeswrittenaboutherpersonallifeinhernovels.
Mostadverbsendin-ly—forexample:
rapidly slowly quietly easily comfortably
EXERCISE30
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EXERCISE30Changetheadjectivestoadverbsbyadding-ally.Lookupanywordsyoudon’tknow.
Example:frantic>frantically
1.basic________________
2.historic______________
3.majestic______________
4.economic______________
5.comic_________________
6.strategic_____________
7.critic________________
8.antiseptic____________
9.cryptic_______________
10.sympathetic_________
11.artistic____________
12.domestic____________
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13.automatic___________
14.aromatic____________
15.organic_____________
16.systematic__________
EXERCISE31Createadverbsbychangingtheytoiandaddingly.
Example:easy>easily
1.sloppy_______________
2.heavy________________
3.angry________________
4.clumsy_______________
5.ready________________
6.busy_________________
7.steady_______________
8.merry________________
EXERCISE32
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EXERCISE32Changetotheadverbformbydroppingtheeandaddingonlyay.
Example:notable>notably
1.noble_______________
2.able________________
3.capable_____________
4.responsible_________
5.feasible____________
6.comfortable_________
FREQUENCYADVERBS
These adverbs show the number of times that an action takes place or isrepeated.Thefollowingarelistedinorderofoccurrence.Thegraphshowshowtheyrelatetooneanother.
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Inasentence,theseadverbswillcomedirectlybeforeasimpleverbtense.
Jamesalways checks out his computers before he sells them to hiscustomers.
Margaritaneverspokeharshlytoherstudents.
Theprojectbarelymeetsthefederalguidelines.
Whentheseadverbsareusedwithperfect tenses(have+pastparticiple)theyareplacedbetweenhaveandthepastparticiple.
Wehaveoftenvisitedthatmuseum.
Thedirectorhasoccasionallyaskedhisemployeesforsuggestions.
WendyhadneverbeentoNiagaraFallsbefore1993.
If thecompound tensesareusedasquestions, then the frequencyadverbsareplaceddirectlybeforethepastparticiple.
HaveyounevergonetoStoneMountainnearAtlanta?
HasJanetalwayslivedinVermont?
HadJackusuallywrittenpoetrybeforehedecidedtowritefiction?
EXERCISE33
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For each sentence, replace the words in parentheses with one of thefrequencyadverbsinthelistthatmeansthesameornearlythesame.Somemayberepeated.
Example: Jeff barely knew Mandy when they married after a shortengagement.(almostnotatall)
1.Deborah___________visitshergrandmother.(everyday)
2.Allen___________getslowgradesonhistests.(almostnever)
3.Leonardo___________studiesinthelibrary.(manydays)
4.HasMarina___________gonetoarockconcert?(notonetime)
5.ChrisandJoehave___________watchedabaseballgameontelevision.(onlytwotimes)
6.___________myfriendsandIgototheshoppingmall.(threetimeseverymonth)
7.I___________everseeyouanymore.(notverymuch)
8.Sandyandherhusband___________eatdinneratarestaurant.(maybeonceamonth)
9.We___________receivejunkmailathome.(almosteveryday)
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10.Mr.Davis___________travelstoJapanonbusiness,buthegoestoEuropeonceamonth.(onetimeeverytwoyears)
EXERCISE34Writethefrequencyadverbinitsproperplaceinthesentence.
Example:Mickeywatchessportseventsontelevision.(rarely)
Answer:Mickeyrarelywatchessportseventsontelevision.
1.FootballfanswatchthegamesonSundayafternoons.(always)
2.PasqualehaswrittenalettertohiscousininItaly.(never)
3.Ihaveseenthatprogram,butIdon’tlikeit.(occasionally)
4.WestudyonFridayafternoons.(usually)
5.Martapreparesapeachpieforspecialoccasions.(generally)
6.Theyseeusonweekends,becausewearesobusy.(hardly)
7.Monicahasgoneshoppinginthenewmall,becauseitissofaraway.(seldom)
8.Thisneighborhoodisquiet,buttodayitisrathernoisy.(usually)
9.HasJudesungandplayedforthelocaldances?(sometimes)
10.Haveyouthoughtaboutwritinganovel?(often)
11.Thegirlstakethebustowork,buttodayitwasrainingandtheygotaride.(generally)
12.IhaveseenTomwithouthiswifeatthecouncilmeetings.(seldom)
13.Theytalktoussincetheymovedtothenewneighborhood.(barely)
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14.WetakethechildrentotheparkforapicniconSundays.(frequently)
15.Haveyouwonthelottery?(never)
YET,STILL,ALREADY,NEVER,EVER
Yetisusedwithquestionsandnegativeanswersandindicatesatimeuptothepresent.Itusuallycomesattheendofthesentence.Itisusedmostlywiththepresentperfecttense.
Theplanehasn’tarrivedyet.
Havetheyfinishedtheirreportyet?
Still indicates a continuing action in progress at a given time in the past,present, or future. Still follows the verb be and precedes other verbs exceptauxiliariesinquestions.
Marshaisstillpresidentofthegroup.
Did the language department still offer Russian when you were astudent?
Hestillhasn’tfinishedhiswork.Hehasstillnotfinishedhiswork.
Nevermeans“notonce”;itisalsoanegativeanswertoaneverquestion.
HaveyouevermetthePresident?
IhavenevermetthePresident.
Ever means “on one occasion”; it is also used for questions. It comesbetweentheauxiliaryandthemainverbandcanbeusedwithanegative.
Haveyoueverbeentoarockconcert?
No,Ihaven’teverbeentoarockconcert.
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Already is used in affirmative sentences to show that an actionhas takenplace.Itusuallycomesbetweentheauxiliaryandthemainverb.
Wehavealreadyseenthemovie.
The passengers had already left the plane before their relativesarrived.
EXERCISE35Completeeachsentence,usingoneofthewordsbelow.Theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswerinsomesentences.
Example:Ineverwanttoseesomuchviolenceagain.
1.Haveyoureadtoday’snewspaper__________?
2.TheJohnsonshave__________visitedSwitzerland.
3.Kurtis__________writinghistermpaper.
4.Areyou__________livinginPhoenix?
5.Theprofessorhasn’tarrived__________.
6.HasNancytakenhermorningcoffeebreak__________?
7.Wehave__________boughtticketsfortheopera.
8.Martinwas__________workingfortheairlineswhenIsawhim.
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9.Haveyoureviewedyourirregularverbs__________?
10.Havethey__________visitedNiagaraFalls?
11.Isyourfriend__________planningtovisityouthismonth?
12.Hasthenewtradeagreementbeennegotiated__________?
13.Wehaven’tansweredhisletter__________.
14.Melanieis__________readingthatnovelthatshestartedwhileshewasonvacation.
15.Noonehasseenthedirector__________today.
16.Fiftypercentoftheprojecthas__________beencompleted.
17.Herfatherwasachemist,butMarleen__________receivedgoodgradesinchemistry.
18.Isthatteam__________goingtowinagamethisyear?
EXERCISE36Completesentences,usingthewordsbelow.
1.Susanhas_________writtenherthesis.
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2.Iam_________notreadytodiscussthatcontroversialissue.
3.Someoneelsehas_________takenyourseat.
4.Melissa_________allowshersistertowearherclothes.
5.Thephysicalfitnessgroupis_________joggingeverymorning.
6.DidthePope_________gotoAfricaonavisit?
7.WillValerie_________marryherchildhoodsweetheart?
8.Ihave_________seenaredbutterflybefore.Haveyou?
9.Canyou_________forgivemeformakingsuchamistake?
10.ManyNorthernersarewonderingifspringwill_________arrive.
11.We_________seemtohavetimeafterworktogoshoppinginthemall.
12.HasSally_________flowninaConcordejet?
13.Ritahasn’tgraduatedfromhighschool_________.
14.Louie’steamhas_________wontwochampionshipsandhopestowinathird.
15.Hasanyoneelse_________wonsevengoldmedals?Idon’tthinkso.
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16.Isthestore_________havingitsbigsummerwhitesale?
17.Noonehasvolunteeredtoacceptthechairmanship_________.
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IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER4Prepositions
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Chapter4
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositionsareawordorgroupofwordsthatshowtherelationbetweentheobjectandsomeotherwordinthesentence.Hereisapartiallistforyoutolearn.
about
above
accordingto
across
after
against
aheadof
along
among
apartfrom
around
as
asfaras
at
becauseof
before
below
beside
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between
beyond
but(except)
by
concerning
contraryto
despite
down
during
except
for
from
in
inadditionto
infrontof
inplaceof
inregardto
inspiteof
inviewof
inside
insteadof
into
like
near
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of
off
on
onaccountof
out
outof
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
underneath
until(till)
up
upto
upon
with
within
without
Prepositionalphrases includeprepositionsusually followedby theandanounandindicatetimeorlocation.Theyanswerthequestionswhenorwhere.
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WestudyEnglishandmathinthemorning.(when?)
Mr.Northpreferstodrivetotheoffice.(where?)
Intermsoflocation,lookattheprepositionalphrasesasanyplacearatcango(underthesink,behindthesofa,betweenthewalls,etc.).
Prepositionsexceptto (whichmayprecedethesimpleformoftheverborgerund)precedeagerund.
Somestudentsputoffstudyingaslongaspossible.
Salisagainsthuntingdeer.
Prepositionscanaccompanynouns,verbs,andadjectivesasanintegralpartof the phrase.Here is a partial list by category. Please seeAppendixD for amorecompletelist.
Prepositions are a difficult concept, andmost often the bestway to learnthemistolistentohowtheyareusedwithcertainexpressions.AmorecompleteofexpressionsandtheirappropriateprepositionsislocatedinAppendixD.Lookatthefollowingexamples:
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In:years,months,city,state,country,theuniversity,insideabuilding
In 1990 I lived in San Francisco, in California, while I was in theuniversity.
On: specific date, name of a street, day of the week, different forms oftransportation (bus, plane), certain floors of buildings, location (on thetable/desk/sofa)
MarywasbornonJune14,1965,inahouseonMadisonStreet.
At:exactaddress,specifictime,athome/school/work/therestaurant,withcertainexpressionssuchasat first/last/least/once/present/themost/yourdiscretion/yourconvenience/thismoment/thistime/amoreconvenienttime
ThepartywillbeheldattheGovernor’sClubat7:30p.m.
Of: to show possession, pertaining to, used with certain expressions (seeAppendixD)
TheparentsofJohnandMaryliveinoneofthesuburbseastoftown.
In the absence of the president, the vice president conducted themeeting.
From:origin,outof,giver
JanreceivedaletterfromherunclefromFrance.
For:during,insteadof,intendedreceiver,becauseof
Theexamfortomorrowisfortheeleveno’clockclass.
EXERCISE37Fromthelistofprepositions,selectthebestonetocompletethemeaning.Somemayberepeated,andsomemayhavemultipleanswers.
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Thebosssaidthatwemustbe1)________theoffice2)________nine
o’clock,nolater.Iwokeuplate,jumped3)________thecaranddrove4)
________work.Mymotherdividedthecookies5)________myfriends
andme.Wearrivedlate6)_________therain.7)________yougo8)
________thehouse,youmustunlockthedoor.Thebirdsflew9)________
thetrees10)________thathotsummerday11)________May.Lucy’s
sisterwasborn12)________Baltimore13)________June22,1970.
Arnoldlives14)________2754BentonRoad.Scottis15)________love
16)________Sandi,andtheywillmarrysoon.Thepolicetookthedrugs
17)________thesellers.Ourplanetook18)________anhourlate.We
haveanagreement19)________ustwonottocriticizeeachother.Harry
boughttheflowers20)________Peggy21)________herbirthday.
ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica22)________1500.Lookforyourglasses
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23)________theshelf24)________thetelevision.I’mthinking25)
________visitingmycousinthissummer.
EXERCISE38Supplythecorrectpreposition.
1.Thepoliceaccusedthem______robbingthebank.
2.Youmusttake______accountthathewasveryyoungthen.
3.Don’tworry______anything.I’lltakecare_______everything.
4.Whowillpay______thedamages______yourcar?
5.Theyarethinking______moving______California.
6.It’saquestion______findingtherightman______thejob.
7.Doesanyoneobject______mysmokingacigarette?
8.He’snotinterested______money______all.
9.Shereallydied______abrokenheart.
10.Iaskedthepharmacist______something______aheadache.
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11.Hepouredthewine______ourglasses.
12.Heisalways______ahurry.
13.Iaskedthewaitresstotake______thedirtydishes.
14.Hetookme______thearmandhelpedme______thestreet.
15.Thisisanexception______therule.
16.Thesignsaid,“Keep______thegrass.”
17.Somepeoplehavestrangeideas______bringing______children.
18.Idreamed______youalllastnight.
19.Thereissomeoneknocking______thedoor.
20.Whywasshetalking______him?
EXERCISE39Circlethecorrectpreposition.
TheRaExpedition
1.(In,On)1937whileThorHeyerdahlandhiswifewere2.(by,on)a
littleisland3.(for,in)theMarquesas4.(on,in)thePacificOcean,hebegan
tothink5.(about,to)storieshehadheardconcerningthegreatPolynesian
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sun-godTiki.Thisandaseries6.(for,of)eventsledThorHeyerdahl,a
Norwegian,andfiveothermentoundertakeone7.(for,of)themostdaring
adventures8.(of,about)ourtimes—that9.(of,to)crossingthePacific
Ocean10.(on,under)abalsaraftashebelievedtheancientPolynesians
haddone.
TheKon-Tiki,astheraftwascalled11.(to,in)honor12.(of,for)the
sungod,sailedsome4,300nauticalmiles13.(for,from)Peru14.(for,to)
thePolynesianIslands.15.(On,By)theopensea,theyhadtowithstand
manygalesandstorms,aswellasfight16.(off,of)sharks.Whentheir
provisionsranout,theyfished17.(over,for)foodandcollectedrainwater
todrink.
The101-daytripproved18.(for,to)Heyerdahlandtheother
adventurersthatitwaspossible19.(by,for)thePolynesianstohave
traveled20.(for,from)SouthAmerica21.(to,on)theirislandmany
centuriesbefore.
EXERCISE40Selectthecorrectprepositiontocompletethesentence.
1.Afterjumping_________thecoldpool,theswimmersbegantoshiver.A.intoB.onC.underD.beneath
2.RafaellivesintheEasternpartofVenezuelasome200milesfrom
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Caracasat18feet_________sealevel.A.ontopofB.atC.overD.above
3.JanplanstovisitArizona_________themiddleofspringA.atB.aroundC.toD.for
4.Didyoumeettheguestspeaker_________theconference?A.atB.inC.onD.over
5.Thepresidentialcandidate’sspeechtodaywasinconsistent_________hisremarksmadeatpreviousgatherings.A.toB.withC.aboutD.of
6.Theassignmentswereequallydivided_________thefivework-studystudentsinthecommunityeducationdepartment.A.amongB.betweenC.forD.into
7.Wetriedtodiscouragethestudents_________writingontopicsthat
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weretoodifficultforthemtocompletesuccessfully.A.toB.forC.fromD.about
8.Bothsoccerandfootballteamsconsist_________elevenactiveplayersforeachteamonthefield.A.inB.onC.ofD.to
9.Someeducatorsaretryingtodoaway_________thenewmathematicsbecauseithasnotbeenassuccessfulastheyhadhoped.A.fromB.toC.forD.with
10.AsItraveled_________Chinaonthetrain,Isawbeautifullandscapes,oldbuildings,andquaintvillages.A.inB.onC.overD.about
11.Scientistswereinterestedintheradioactivityemanating_________thenuclearpowerplantlocatedneartheocean.A.inB.toC.fromD.about
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12.Becausethecommitteewasanxioustoattendthecelebration,thepresidentdispensed_________readingtheminutesofthepreviousmeeting.A.withB.fromC.ofD.for
13.Atnightthesoundofthewindintensifiestheexcitementonefeelsasheimaginesthecriesuttered_________thevictimsoftheInquisition.A.byB.forC.toD.about
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IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER5Conjunctions
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Chapter5
CONJUNCTIONS
A word that connects words or groups of words in a sentence is aconjunction. These connecting words can be relative, coordinating,correlative, and subordinate conjunctions. Each has a different function andwillbestudiedmoreindetailinlaterchapters.
An easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions is by using theacronymFANBOYS:For,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,So.
Thewordsand,nor, or can connect nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, orprepositionalphrasesasaseriesofelements.Usenorinnegativesentences.
Nouns:
Therearepens,paper,andpencilsontheshelf.
Taketheredblouseorthegreenblouse.
Idon’tlikeaPorschenoraCadillac.
Verbs:
Joeplaysguitarandsingswell.
Thegroupcan’tdancenoract.
WewillswimorrideourbikesonSaturday.
Adjectives:
Paulisathletic,studious,andgenerous.
Todayisnotsunnynorwarm.
Thosesocksareblackorblue.
Adverbs:
Thescoutswalkedquietlyandcarefullythroughthewoods.
Thesequestionsareneitherneatlynorcorrectlyanswered.
Inballetjumpquicklyorelegantly,ordon’tjumpatall.
Look under the bushes and among the flowers for the
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Prepositionalphrases:
hiddenEastereggs.
Youwillfindyoursocksunderthebedorinthecloset.
Don'thangthepictureoverthemantelnorabovethedoor.
These conjunctions can connect two main clauses.When they do, use acommadirectlybeforetheconjunction.
Leiwonascholarship,andshewentawaytoschool
Idon’thaveacar,nordoIplantobuyone.
Myflightleavesatseven,soIneedtohurry.
Wehavetoleavenow,butwewillreturnsoon.
Theconjunctionforusuallymeansbecause,givingareasonforanaction.
Ourgroupmovedinsidethepavilion,forithadstartedtorain.
Bringyourcoatsalong,for theeveningsarecoolinthatareathatwewillbevisiting.
EXERCISE41Circle the conjunctions and underline which parts of the sentence areconnected.Decidewhether they are connecting two complete ideas, justtwowordsofthesamepartofspeech,oracontrast.
Example:Tonyisouttoday,buthewillreturntomorrow.but—contrastThesunisshiningbrightly,andwearegoingtothebeach.and—twoideas
1.Theskyisgray,anditisgoingtorain.
2.Wewanttoseethatnewmovie,butnottonight.
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3.Rudiwantstobeadoctor,soheistakinganumberofsciencecoursesthissemester.
4.ThedoctorcanseeyouMonday,butyouhavetobeherenolaterthan8:00a.m.
5.Idon’tknowhowtodance,nordoIintendtolearn.
6.Maritzadoesn’thaveenoughmoneyforthetrip,yetshereallywantstogo.
7.Mysisterjustboughtsomedishesandglassesforhernewhouse.
8.Iwishyoualotofluck,forIknowyouwillneedit.
9.Thediplomatcan’tspeakRussiannorItalian.
10.Jasonorderedthepartforhiscar,butithasn’tcomein.
11.Wehaveatestinanhour,andwehavetostudyalotnow.
12.TheHowardfamilyisgoingawayfortheholidays,buttheyhavenotmadereservationsyet.
13.Theteamhasboughtuniforms,helmets,andgloves.
14.Gonowandpaylater.
15.Iwillstudychemistryoralgebrainthefall,butnotboth.
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IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER6Verbs
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Chapter6
VERBS
Therearefourprincipalpartsforallverbs,bothregularandirregular.Theyarepresent,past,pastparticiple,andpresentparticiple.Except for theverbbe,thepresenttenseistheformfoundinthedictionary.
Inthepresenttense,theformsareallthesameexceptforthethirdpersonsingular(he,she,it)towhichyouadd-s.
walks, runs, says (Iwalk,youwalk,he/she/itwalks,wewalk, theywalk)
For verbs that end in ch, o, s, sh, andx, however, add -es for the thirdpersonform.
watches,goes,passes,wishes,waxes
Forverbsendinginconsonant+y,changeytoibeforeadding-es
copy>copiesmarry>marries
Forallregularverbsinthepasttense,add-dtoformsendinginE.
baked,liked,revered,quoted
Forallregularverbs,add-edtoformsendinginconsonants.
talked,jumped,waited,sailed
Thepastparticipleforregularverbsisthesameasthepasttense.
Marybakedacakeyesterday.(pasttense)
Mary has baked many cakes for our bake sales. (past participle—
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regular)
However,forirregularverbsthereisusuallyadifferentform.
Janetwrotemanyletterstoherfriends.(past)
Janet has written many letters to her friends. (past participle—irregular)
RegularVerbs
Past PastParticiple
walked walked
planted planted
telephoned telephoned
IrregularVerbs
Past PastParticiple
sang sung
rode ridden
went gone
Thepresentparticipleistheformendingin-ing.Rememberthatforverbsendingineithera[vowel+y]ora[consonant+y],keeptheybeforeaddingthe-ing.
marrying,copying,flying
surveying,annoying,portraying
EXERCISE42Writethecorrectformoftheverbinthepresenttense.
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1.thecook_____________(fry)
2.themirror_______(magnify)
3.theshoes__________(pinch)
4.myskin_____________(itch)
5.we__________________(deny)
6.Anita_________________(do)
7.theband___________(march)
8.Mr.Adams__________(teach)
9.thestudents________(hurry)
10.thebrides________(blush)
11.you________________(wash)
12.myuncle___________(fish)
13.Ana_______________(study)
14.they_________________(go)
15.theiron_________(scorch)
16.I_________________(apply)
17.thedress___________(dry)
18.theairplane________(fly)
19.thesun__________(bleach)
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20.thebaby____________(cry)
AUXILIARYVERBS
Eachoftheseprincipalpartsusescertainauxiliary(helping)verbstoformdifferenttenses.Lookatthefollowingcharttoseewhichauxiliariesaccompanythefourdifferentformsandthetensesthattheycreateinactivevoice.
Iwritemyhomeworkeverynight.
Icanwritemyhomeworkeverynight.
Iwouldwritemyhomeworkeverynight.
Iwillwritemyhomeworkeverynight.
Imaywritemyhomeworkeverynight.
Iwrotemyhomeworkeverynight.
Imustbewritingmyhomeworkeverynight,orelseIwouldn’tbepassing.
Iwrotemyhomeworkeverynight.
Ihadwrittenmyhomeworkbeforelunch.
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Ihavewrittenmyhomeworkeverynight.
Iamwritingmyhomeworkrightnow.
Iwaswritingmyhomeworkat8:00.
USINGAUXILIARYVERBS
Auxiliariesarealwaysfollowedby thesimpleformof theverb(infinitivewithoutto):
togo tosay tosee tospeak towork
Auxiliaries cannot beused in combinationwith eachother.Whendo andhave are the principal verbs of the sentence, the auxiliaries can combinewiththem.
Timdoesnothaveacar.
Wecandothatjobin15minutes.
Themechaniccouldhavethecarbytomorrow.
Iwillhavethesepapersforyoulatertoday.
Rememberthefollowingformulasforwordorderwhenusingauxiliaries:
Do, does, can, and should combine with the simple form to expressvariations in the present. The auxiliaries do and does are also necessary foraskingaquestionorforforminganegative,aswellasforemphasis.
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Theydoneedhelp. Theydonotneedhelp. Dotheyneedhelp?
Icanplaytennis. Icannotplaytennis. CanIplaytennis?
Weshouldstudy. Weshouldnotstudynow. Shouldwestudy?
Rememberthatdo,does,anddidaretheauxiliaryverbsforpastandpresenttensesofallmainverbs.
Joeplays >doesplaygolfwell.
Antonsold >didsellhishouselastyear.
Thestudentslearn >dolearntheirlessons.
Did,could,andwould(repeatedpastaction)combinetoexpressavariationin the past.Did in the affirmative sentences emphasizes the past. Simple pastforms also express the same idea.Notice the need for the auxiliarydid in thenegativeandquestionforms.
Hedidvisit(visited)hiscousins. (foremphasis)
Didhevisithiscousins? (toaskaquestion)
Hedidnotvisithiscousins. (toexpressthenegative)
WhenIwasachild,Iwouldswimeverysummer.
WouldIswimeverysummer?
Iwouldnotswimeverysummer.
Beforehiskneeinjuryin1988,Harrycouldrunveryfast.
CouldHarryrunveryfast?
Harrycouldnotrunfast.
Could,would,andmightcanexpressuncertaintybasedonaconditionfora
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later time.Theconditionexpressed,however, representssomethingcontrary tofactthatwillprobablynotchangeandnotmaterializelater.Rememberthattheseauxiliariescomefromthreedifferentverbs,andthemeaningforeachisslightlydifferent.
Ifwehadthemoney(wedon’t),wewouldbuyanewcar.
Icouldstopbytomorrowifyoureceivedthedocument.(Youprobablywon’treceiveit.)
Shemightbeabletocome,butitdoesn’tlookasifshe’llgettheplaneticketsontime.
May,will,andshallareusedasauxiliariestoindicatefuturetime.InBritishEnglish, shall is used for I andwe forms,while inAmerican English,will isacceptableforallforms.
ShemaygotoNewYorkwithusnextweek.
Iwill (shall forBritishEnglish) lookforanewapartmentbefore theendofthemonth.
EXERCISE43Underlinetheauxiliaryand/ormainverb.
1.TheJoneseshavejustboughtanewcar.
2.Whendidyousendthatpackagetoyoursister?
3.WhenisTomleavingforCalifornia?
4.Canyougivemechangeforthistwenty-dollarbill?
5.Willthesesuppliesbeenoughforyourcampingtrip?
6.Howoftendoyoufillyourgastank?
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7.Theartistpaintedaportraitofhismother.
8.Nothingseemstomattertothemanymore.
9.Thepresidenthadspokentothecommitteebeforemakinghisdecision.
10.Thechildrenwereplayingwiththeirtoysallafternoon.
EXERCISE44Changethestatementstoquestions.
1.Wecanseethemovietomorrownight.
2.Nancyhasanappointmentfortwoo’clocktoday.
3.Thelandlordmightraisetherentagain.
4.HewouldliketovisittheUnitedNations.
5.Susanwillbeoutoftownforthreeweeks.
6.Thestudentsshouldstudyallthenewvocabulary.
7.IhadajobinBoston.
8.Enricoboughthisnewcomputerlastweek.
9.Tarapaintsverywell.
10.Thecarpentersknowhowtobuildthehouse.
EXERCISE45Oscar is a little confused.He has some incorrect information.Help himchangetheaffirmativestatementstonegativeonesandprovidethecorrectinformation.
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1.Tomatoesgrowontrees.
2.Thesunshinesatnight.
3.Roosterscanlayeggs.
4.Alligatorslivedinthedesertlongago.
5.Myrosescouldgrowwithoutwater.
6.TheFrenchinventedtheconceptofzero.
7.(Peterhasproblemswithmath.)Heshouldstudystatistics.
8.Mostluxurycarsgetgoodgasmileage.
9.Boliviahasalargeport.
10.Lionshavefeathers.
EXERCISE46Changethesentencesfromthepresenttothefuture.
1.Grassgrowsfasterinthesummer.
2.Theyservesupperatseveno’clock.
3.Theplanearriveslate.
4.Nobodysleepsafternoon.
5.TheplaybeginsonSaturday.
6.Itissunnythisafternoon.
7.TheWaltonsliveonamountain.
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8.Nothinginterestinghappensaroundhere.
9.Poinsettiasdon’tbloominthesummer.
10.Thefinalexamscountsfor25percentofyourgrade.
EXERCISE47:WRITINGAnswer the questions, using the correct form of the verb. Write acontrastingideaforthenegative.
1.WhattimedoesyourEnglishclassbegin?
It________________________________
_________________not_____________
2.Whoeatspeanutbuttersandwiches?
___________________________________
_________________not_____________
3.HowlongdoesSarahsleepeveryday?
She______________________________
_________________not_____________
4.Whorunsawayfromthecat?
___________________________________
_________________not_____________
5.DoesBadrdrivetotheuniversityeveryday?
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Yes,________________________________
No,______________________________
6.DoesCynthiawalkwiththechildreneveryafternoon?
Yes,________________________________
No,______________________________
7.WhosingsSpanishsongs?
___________________________________
_________________not_____________
8.WhendoesMajadance?
She______________________________
_________________not_____________
9.Whotalksonthetelephonewiththesalesdepartment?
___________________________________
_________________not_____________
10.WhichnewspaperdoesAliaread?
She_______________________________
_________________not_____________
11.DoesCorazonwriteletterstoherfamilyeveryweek?
Yes,_____________________________
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No,______________________________
12.Doesthisrestaurantservegoodfood?
Yes,_______________________________
No,______________________________
PASTTENSE
Anytimebeforenowisconsideredpasttense.Theverbtenseindicatesonlythattheactiontookplaceearlier,withnoreferencetootheractions.Whiletimesmaybeexpressed,theyarenotinrelationtoothertimes.Regularverbsformthepasttensebyadding-dtotheverbsthatendine.
bake>baked tease>teased raise>raised
provide>providedreserve>reservedrule>ruled
Forregularverbsendinginaconsonant,add-edtothepresenttense.
look>looked fail>failed wait>waited
Most one-syllable verbs containing one vowel and ending in a singleconsonant,doublethefinalconsonantbeforeadding-ed.
stop>stopped dot>dotted slam>slammed
Donotdoublethelettersxandw.
wax>waxed mow>mowed
Whena two-syllableverbends ina singleconsonantafter a singlevowelandthesecondsyllableisstressed,doublethefinalconsonantalso.
Noticethatthestressisonthesecondsyllableforeachoftheabove.Now
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lookwhathappensifthestressfallsonthefirstsyllable.
Forwordsendinginconsonant+y,changetheytoibeforeaddinged.
hurry>hurried copy>copied fry>fried
**Remembertousedidastheauxiliaryforquestionsandnegatives.
Didyoufindthenewspaper?
No,Ididnotfindthenewspaper.
Unfortunately,therearemanyverbsinthepasttensethatdonotfollowthisrule.SeeAppendixEforalistwillhelpyoutolearnsomeofthem.
EXERCISE48Circlethecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses.
1.Becausewehad(forgot,forgotten)towindtheclockbeforegoingtobed,wearrivedlateforwork.
2.Havethehikersalready(gone,went)tothemountains?
3.Ourdog(digged,dug)aholeinthebackyard.
4.Mycousin(brang,brought)herguitartotheparty,andwe(sang,sung)manyofourfavoritesongs.
5.Ourneighbors(selled,sold)theirhouselastmonth.
6.Becausethelaborersweresotired,they(sleeped,slept)anextrahourthismorning.
7.Afterplayingtennisfortwohours,theplayers(drank,drunk)twoglassesofjuice.
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8.Theairplane(flew,flied)highoverthemountainpeaks.
9.Afterthehurricanehadhitthearea,manybeautifultrees(fell,fallen)totheground.
10.Anintensecoldwave(freezed,froze)thewaterpipes,causingthemtoburst.
11.Wehad(ate,eaten)somuchthatwecouldnotrideourbicycleshome.
12.Ourlunchfellofftheboat,andIwatcheditasit(sunk,sank)slowlyintothesea.
13.Nooneintheaudience(understand,understood)thespeaker’smessage.
14.They(telled,told)uswhattheyhadplannedtodoinWashington.
15.Lastnightwe(seen,saw)agreatmovie.
16.Thewhistle(blew,blown)loudlyasthetrainapproachedthestation.
EXERCISE49Write the correct form of the verbs, using the past tense or the pastparticiple.
GarageSaling—AWayofLife
LastweektwoofmyfriendsandI(1)were(be)returningfromthe
shoppingmallwhenwe(2)saw(see)some“garagesale”signs.It(3)
________(seem)oddthatsomeonewouldwanttosellagarage,butinthe
interestofculture,we(4)________(decide)tofindoutwhatitwas.Aswe
(5)________(approach)thehouse,we(6)________(see)abouttenpeople
leavingwitharmfulsofthingsthattheyhadjust(7)________(buy).We(8)
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________(park)thecarand(9)________(walk)backtothegarage,where
twoladies(10)________(be)sittingandchattingaway.We(11)________
(look)aroundandsawsomelovelythingsbutcouldnotbelievetheprices,
sowe(12)________(ask)theladiesaboutthem.We(13)________(want)
toknowwhythepricesweresolow,andthey(14)________(say)thatthey
werecleaninghouseand(15)________(want)toeliminatemanyofthe
thingstheycouldnotuseanymore.
Weexcitedly(16)________(pick)throughclothes,books,CDs,
kitchenequipment,bedding,andlamps.Werecently(17)__(move)into
dormsoncampus,andwedidnothaveverymuchinourrooms.We(18)
________(select)our“treasures”and(19)________(can)notbelievethat
wewereabletofillashoppingbagforunder$10!Weaskedtheladies
abouthowoftenpeoplehadthesesalesandhowwecouldfindoutwhere
theywere.They(20)________(tell)usthatintheniceweather,peoplehad
themonThursdays,Fridays,andSaturdays,andthey(21)________
(advertise)inthenewspaperor(22)________(put)uptheirsignsonthe
mainroad.
We(23)________(make)planstogooutagainthefollowingweekto
huntformorebargains.WhatagreatideatheseAmericanshavefor
recyclingtheiroldthings!
AGO
Onetimeexpressionthatindicatesacompletedpastactionisthewordago.
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Itissometimesintroducedbythefollowingexpressions:
howlongago
howmanydaysago
howmanyweeks(months,years)ago
whendid
The time that has elapsed is a duration and usually accompanies anexpressionintheplural,asinthefollowing:
threeweeksago
fiveminutesago
ninehoursago
fourmonthsago
hundredsofyearsago
acenturyago
Whendidyoubuythatbicycle?
Iboughtitthreeweeksago.
HowmanyyearsagodidFernandotraveltoAfrica?
HetraveledtoAfricaeightyearsago.
HowlongagodidHenrywritehisbook?
Henrywrotehisbooksixmonthsago.
Neveruseagowhenyou are trying to relate something in thepast to thepresent. Never use a specific year, day, or date, because it will not show adurationoftime.
INCORRECT:WehadatestagoonMonday.
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CORRECT: Wehadatestfourdaysago.
EXERCISE50Answerthequestions,usingagoandthetimeexpressionsindicated.
1.Howlongagodidyoupaintthehouse?(twoweeks)Ipaintedittwoweeksago.
2.WhendidyoubegintostudyEnglish?(threesemesters)
3.Didtheplanearrivetenminutesago?Yes,_______
4.Howmanydaysagodidwestudythepasttense?(fivedays)
5.WhendidJanicebeginworkingfortheelectriccompany?(eightyears)
6.Didyoufinishyourhomeworktwohoursago?No,_______
7.Whendidtheycatchthebus?(onehour)
8.HowlongagodidCarolmovehere?(sevenmonths)
9.Whendidthisclassbegin?(20minutes)
10.HowlongagodidyoumeetMrs.Nelson?(sixweeks)
11.WhendidWaldemarstarthisweight-liftingprogram?(fourmonths)
12.WhendidNinaandBengetmarried?(10years)
13.Didyoubuyanewcarsixdaysago?No,we_______
14.WhendidSandyandJoansendtheweddinginvitations?(onemonth)
15.Howmanyyearsagodidthenewmuseumopen?(fouryears)
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PROGRESSIVETENSES
Any form of the verb be, past, present, or future, when used with thepresentparticiple, indicates theprogressive tense—that is, it showsanactioninprogressatagiventime,andthesubjectisperformingthataction.
Present:Usethepresenttenseoftheverbbeforanactiontakingplacenow.
S+ +(verb+ing)
Thesearewordsthatindicateanactionistakingplacenow:
now
rightnow
atthismoment
presently
today
Thissemester(giventime)JessisstudyingEnglishliterature.
Rightnowthescoutsarehuntingfortheirsupper.
Past: Usethepasttenseoftheverbbeforanactioninprogressatatimeinthepast.
S+ +(verb+ing)
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Thesearewordsthatindicateanactiontookplaceinthepast:
atthatmoment
while
as
lastsemester/month/year
WhileIwaswatchingtelevision,mysonwasreadingabook.
AsSarahwasdrinkinghercoffeethismorning(giventime),
thefloristdeliveredadozenyellowroses.
Future:Thefutureprogressivelooksatanactionthatwillbetakingplaceatsomedefinitetimelaterthannowandusesthefuturetenseoftheverbbe.
S+willbe+(verb+ing)
Thesearewordsthatindicateanactionthatwilltakeplaceinthefuture:
tomorrow
nextweek/month/year
later
after
By the end of the year (given time), youwill bewriting longer andbetteressays.
WewillbetravelinginSpainnextsummer.
Theadverbstill indicates that theactioncontinues frompast toanyothergiventime.
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Present:MyfriendAndréisstilldatingthesamegirlafteralltheseyears.
Past:WhenwesawPeterlastyear,hewasstilldoingportraitphotography.
Future: Anita is so in love with her work that she will still be practicingmedicinewhensheis80yearsold.
Noticetheplacementoftheadverbineachofthesentencesabove.
EXERCISE51Usingthetimeexpressionsasaclue,writetheappropriateprogressivesforeachsentence.
1.At4:00thismorning,I________(dream)aboutsomethingterriblewhenIsuddenlyawoke.
2.Ourgroup________(meet)againnextmonthtoplanthefallfestival.
3.Nooneweknow________(act)inthisplayonBroadwayrightnow.
4.Atthismoment,JodyandBob________(take)theirscienceexam.
5.Rightnow,Trudy________(write)amemoabouttomorrow’smeeting.
6.Who________(run)acrossthestreetwhenyouleftherethismorning?
7.It________(rain)veryhardwhenwearrivedattheconcertlastnight.
8.We________(visit)theGrandCanyononourvacationnextsummer.
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9.Nancy________(marry)hercollegesweetheartthisafternoon.
10.Theboss________(prepare)thenewbudgetwhenIenteredheroffice.
11.Jim________(sail)toTahitiatthistimetomorrow.
12.Robert________(try)tostartthelawnmowerwhenitstartedtorain.
13.Monica________(drive)toPhiladelphiatoattendaconferencenextFriday.
14.Ourdirector________(eat)hislunchnowandcannotbedisturbed.
15.Howmanystudents________(graduate)innextSaturday’sceremony?
16.Howmanypaychecks________we________(get)nextyear?
17.Sue________(program)allthecomputersinthelablaterthisafternoon.
18.Withallthisheavyrain,thegrass________(grow)higherandhigher.
19.Tom________(copy)somematerialswhenIpassedbyhisoffice.
20.Phil________(photograph)manyinterestingsitesduringhisvacationnextmonth.
PRESENTANDPRESENTPROGRESSIVE
Present tenseusuallyreferstohabitualactionsthatstartedinthepastand
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are still repeated now. Unlike the present progressive, these actions are nottakingplaceatthismoment.Noticethedifferenceinthesetwosentences.
Mrs.Dawsonparkshercarinthesamespotunderthetreeeveryday.(Thisisapracticeshestartedinthepastandrepeatseveryday.)
Mrs. Dawson is parking her car under the tree. (This action is inprogressatthismoment.)
Usesimplepresentfor:
•repeatedorhabitualactions
•generaltruthstatements
•allverbsthatshowmentalaction
•verbsthatpertaintothesenses
Usepresentprogressivefor:
•actioninprogressnow
•be+going+infinitivetoshowfutureaction
•toindicatefutureaction
Lookatthedifferencesinthesesentences.
Habitual:Paulalwayswriteshispoemsinaspecialbook.
Inprogress:Pauliswritingabookofpoemsnow.
Generaltruth:Thesunshineseverydayinthesummer.
Inprogress:Thesunisshiningrightnow.
Mentalaction:Ineedanewtireforthecar.
Mentalaction:Wehatesnowandcoldinthewinter.
Appealstosenses:Thecooktastesthefoodasshepreparesit.
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Future:Myfriendsaregoingtoswiminthepooltomorrow.
Inprogress:Theyareswimmingrightnow.
Future: All my friendswill be singing in the festival tomorrow.Wewill betakingatestnextMonday.
Certain verbs that refer tomental action or that pertain to the senses areusuallyinthesimplepresentandarenotnormallyusedintheprogressiveformasinthefollowinglists:
MentalAction
be
believe mean
belong need
desire prefer
hate suppose
imagine understand
know want
like wishPertaintotheSenses
love
hear
know
see
smell
sound
taste
Thescientistbelieveshistheoryiscorrect. NOT Thescientistisbelieving
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Wehategoingtothedentist. NOT Wearehatinggoing
Iunderstandhowtosolvethatproblemnow.
Ihearthatyouhaveanewjob.
Thesouptasteswonderful.
Foreachofthesesentences,thesimpleformoftheverb(he,she,itformsadd-sor-es)isused.
Someexamplesofwordsorexpressions that showhabitualactionare thefollowing:
Lingusuallyrideshisbiketoschool. Victorstopsinmyofficetochateveryday.
MyparentsoftenvisitonSundayafternoons. WeeatpizzaonWednesdays.
Noticetheplacementofthetimephrases.
Forthepresentprogressive,usethefollowing:
subject+ [v+ING]
Remember that the followingkeywords indicate that the action is takingplace(inprogress):
Thestudentsaretakingtheirexamsatthismoment.
Iampresentlylivinginasmallapartment.
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Bettyiswaitingformeinthecarnow.
EXERCISE52Fillinthecorrectformoftheverbinthepresentorthepresentprogressive.
EventhoughI(1) am alongwayfrommyfamily,Ioften
(2)________(think)aboutthem.AsI(3)________(walk)toclass,I(4)
________(wonder)ifthey(5)________(do)somethingspecialatthis
moment.I(6)________(imagine)thatmysister(7)________(dance)in
herballetclasswhilemybrothers(8)________(play)baseballinthepark.
Mother(9)________(write)haikuinthegarden,andmyfather(10)
________(meet)withsomeimportantbusinessmen.Everydaymyfriends
(11)________(go)toclass,andthenthey(12)________(sit)and(13)
________(study)neartheuniversity.OnSaturdaysthey(14)___________
(swim)inthepooland(15)________(plan)specialactivitiesforSunday.I
(16)________(know)thatallofthem(17)________(have)fun,andthey
(18)________(do)whattheyalways(19)________(like)best.Nowitis
lateandI(20)________(need)tohurrytomyclassandthinkaboutmy
studies.
EXERCISE53Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.
1.Whiletheteacherisexplainingthelesson,thestudents(take,aretaking)notes.
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2.EverydayPeter(calls,iscalling)hisgirlfriend.
3.Nobody(knows,isknowing)theanswertothatquestion.
4.Thenumberofhousesforsale(grows,isgrowing)moreandmoreeveryday.
5.NeitherMrs.Jensennorhersons(play,areplaying)tenniseveryday.
6.OnSaturdaysMr.Dalton(buys,isbuying)hisgroceries.
7.Aboyandtwogirls(use,areusing)thecomputersatthismoment.
8.Thestudentsandfaculty(park,areparking)inthenewloteveryday.
9.TheLopezfamily(prepares,ispreparing)dinnernow.
10.Andrew(packs,ispacking)thesuitcasesrightnow.
11.Harry(studies,isstudying)allnightfortheexamtomorrow.
12.Ourfriends(go,aregoing)tothebeacheverySunday.
13.Tony(eats,iseating)supperathomeatthismoment.
14.Ourprofessor(talks,istalking)aboutthespaceprogramtoday.
15.Hugo(works,isworking)tenhourseveryMonday.
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16.Thebadweather(forces,isforcing)ustostayhometoday.
17.Therabbit(hops,ishopping)aroundtheyardrightnow.
18.Thechemistalways(mixes,ismixing)thechemicalscarefully.
19.Annealways(tries,istrying)tofinishherprojectsontime.
20.We(wait,arewaiting)nowforthelettertoarrive.
INFINITIVES
Thebasic formof all verbs is the infinitive, the simple formof the verbplusto. Inasentence, the infinitiveconsistsof twoparts: to+verb.This formdoesnotindicatewhois/wasperformingtheaction,nordoesitshowwhen thatactiontookplace.Itisnotaconjugatedverb.Examplesoftheinfinitive:
Even though the infinitive is not a conjugated form, there are ways ofexpressingitindifferenttenses,dependingonthemainverbofthesentence.
subject+verb+infinitive+complement
IwanttovisitTahitisomeday.
Marioplanstosingattheconcert.
Someverbsthattaketheinfinitivearethefollowing:
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Present:WewanttoseeClintEastwood’snewmovietoday.
Presentprogressive:Iamhopingtogetticketsfortheballet.
Future:Allenwilltrytomeetwiththepresidenttomorrow.
Pastprogressive:Sandywaswillingtonegotiate,butthecompanyrefused.
If you want to express a negative with the infinitive, be sure to usenotbeforetheinfinitive.
NOT+TO+verb
Iprefernottopaymoretaxesthisyear.
Wedecidednottotakeavacationlastsummer.
Theywilltrynottodrivemorethan400milesaday.
LINKINGVERBS
Verbsinthisspecialcategorylinkorjointhesubjectwithitscomplement.Thesubjectneverperformstheaction,andtheverbnevertakesadirectobject.Adjectives,notadverbs,followtheseverbs.Thefollowingverbsbelongtothisspecialgroup.
*Alsocanbeatransitiveverb.
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Keepinmindthattheverbsbe,become,andremaincanalsobefollowedbynounphrases.Comparethisnounphrasewiththeadjective.
Johnispresidentofthesophomoreclass.(nounphrase)
Tonywasexcitedaboutwinningtheprize.(adjective)
ChristaMacAuliffebecameoneofthefirstwomeninspace.(nounphrase)
Teddybecametiredafterplayingseverallongtennismatches.(adjective)
Mr.Frazerwillremainsenatoruntiltheendofthisterm.(noun)
The studentsremained seated while the school president distributed thediplomas.(adjective)
Theverbsinthelistabovethatareindicatedbyanasterisk(*)canalsobetransitiveverbs(thesubjectdoesperformtheactionandthereisadirectobject).When they are transitive, they can also be followed by an adverb, not anadjective.Lookatthefollowingsentencestodistinguishtheiruseastransitiveorintransitiveverbs.Noticehow the subjectperforms theaction in the sentencesthatcontainadverbsanddirectobjects.
Youwill feel the effects of themedicine in a shortwhile. (takes a directobject)
Jasonfeltuncomfortableinhisthree-piecesuit.(adjective)
Thehikerscautiouslyfelttheirwayalongthedarkmountaintrail.(adverb)
Nancygrew a variety of vegetables in her garden this summer. (takes adirectobject)
Theweathergrewcoldasthefrontpassedoverthearea.(adj.)
Marcellalooksveryattractivewithhernewhairdo.(adj.)
Thelittleboylookedcarefullybeforecrossingthestreet.(adv.)
Thefoodinthekitchensmellsgood.(adj.)
Thecustomerinsistedonsmellingthecolognebeforepurchasingit.(takes
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adirectobject)
Yourplansoundsexcellent.(adj.)
Timsoundedthealarmwhenthefirebrokeout.(takesadirectobject)
Thehotchocolatetastedgoodonsuchacoldnight.(adj.)
The cook tasted the sauce before pouring it on the vegetables. (takes adirectobject)
Themotherhurriedlytastedthefoodtobesurethatitwouldnotburnthebaby’stongue.(adv.)
Theweatherturnedhotandmuggy.(adj.)
Wehadtoturnthekeybeforeopeningthedoor.(takesadirectobject)
JillgotanAonherlasttest.(takesadirectobject)
Wegottiredofwaitingforthebusanddecidedtowalk.(adj.)
Thedistrictattorneyprovedhispointbydisplayingtheevidence.(takesadirectobject)
Theexperimentcouldprovefatalifyoudon’ttaketheproperprecautions.(adj.)
Keep inmind thatwhenyouaremodifyinganadjective,youneed tousethe adverb form. In the following sentences, although you have one of thelinkingverbs,youarereallymodifyingtheadjective,nottheverb.
Wefeltunusuallystrongaftertakingthemedicine.adv. adj.
Despitehermanyproblems,Nellseemedunbelievablyhappy.adv. adj.
USINGADJECTIVESWITHLINKINGVERBS
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Whentheabove-mentionedlinkingverbsareintransitive,thentheadjectiveform,nottheadverbform,followstheverb.Thereisnoactioninvolved,andtheadjectivemodifiesthesubject,nottheverb.
EXERCISE54Underlineeithertheadjectiveortheadverbinparenthesestocompletethemeaning.
1.Thelionroared(ferocious,ferociously)inhissmallcage.
2.Napoleonkepthishand(firm,firmly)placedinsidehiscoat.
3.Iceskatingseemed(easy,easily)totheexperiencedskater.
4.Mygrandmother’sgardensmelled(fragrant,fragrantly)asthespringbudsopened.
5.PresidentBothabecame(angry,angrily)whenthevotersdemandedthathefollowtheirwishes.
6.Theprogramwas(exclusive,exclusively)designedforinternationaltradegroups.
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7.Theoldcook’schilitasted(delicious,deliciously)asweateit.
8.Kevinremained(depressed,depressedly)throughouttheentiremovie.
9.Thelawyeris(hurried,hurriedly)lookingforhisnotesonusurylaw.
10.Thefatmouse(zealous,zealously)chewedonhischeddarcheese.
11.Tarzan(courageous,courageously)foughtmanywildanimalsinthejungle.
12.Thenewsofabetterjob(quick,quickly)liftedmyspirits.
13.ThestrongwindsinAlbanyappeared(unbelievable,unbelievably)longlasting.
14.Althoughthedogwastiedup,hethrashedabout(mad,madly).
15.Adriane’scarlooked(good,well)aftershebroughtitbackfromherlongtrip.
16.Beethoven’smusicsounds(wonderful,wonderfully)whencomparedwithtoday’s.
17.Theaccidentvictimfelt(surprising,surprisingly)goodforsomeoneinhiscondition.
18.Theyoungpolicemanwatched(careful,carefully)ashetriedtofollowtherobber.
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19.Thejuryappeared(unwilling,unwillingly)todeliveritslong-awaitedverdict.
20.Therosepetalsfelt(smooth,smoothly)asItouchedthem.
EXERCISE55Circleeithertheadjectiveortheadverbinparentheses.
1.Melaniewas(grateful,gratefully)toherfriendforhavingrescuedher.
2.Thecontestjudgefelt(tired,tiredly)afterwatching25dancersperform.
3.Noonecouldspeak(quiet,quietly)duetotheloudnoise.
4.Sandrasounded(excited,excitedly)whenIspokewithheronthetelephone.
5.Themilkintheglasssmelled(sour,sourly).
6.Ninalooked(beautiful,beautifully)inherweddinggown.
7.Thepresidentappeared(uncertain,uncertainly)duringhispresentation.
8.Thetablefelt(durable,durably)despiteitsage.
9.Thesoldiersmarched(silent,silently)inmemoryoftheirdeadcomrades.
10.Carmenbecame(rich,richly)afterwinningthelottery.
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11.Thesalesmanseemed(honest,honestly)whenhespoketous.
12.Julieremained(discreet,discreetly)despiteherresentment.
13.Thedarkcloudsintheskyappeared(threatening,threateningly).
14.Theprisonerbecame(violent,violently)whenhewasrecaptured.
15.Joedrovehiscar(reckless,recklessly)throughthedangerousintersection.
16.Theweatherturned(cold,coldly)afterthestorm.
17.Hollyansweredallthequestions(correct,correctly).
18.Therunnerfelt(good,well)afterhehadfinishedtherace.
19.Thepolicemanremained(firm,firmly)whilehewaswritingtheticket.
20.Weallgotintothecar(quick,quickly)asitstartedtorain.
DOANDMAKE
Theverbsdoandmakecausemanyproblems,becausebothmeanbasicallythe same thing.However,most of the expressions containing thesewords areidiomatic,andyoumustlearnthemassuch.Whenindoubtastowhichtouse,consultanunabridged(largeandcomplete)dictionaryunderdoormaketoseeifyou can find the expression you want. On the following page is a list ofidiomatic expressions that use do and make. If you do not understand themeaningofanexpression,lookitupinthedictionary.
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Do Make
doafavor makeadifference
dojustice makesomethingdo
dohomage makepeace
haveone’shairdone maketrouble
dothedishes makenoise
doone’shair makeabargain
do...milesperhour makeroom
doone’sbest makeplans
thatwilldo makeadeal
dotheright(wrongthing) makeatrip
dothecooking makebelieve
doawaywith makeover
doover makecertain
dowithout makeagoodimpression
dohousework makefunof
dohomework makeabed
dothelaundry makeprogress
havetodowith makeone’sliving
doagoodjob makefriends
doityourself makeamistake
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makeaspeech
makeastop
makeout
makeupone’smind
makemoney
makearrangements
EXERCISE56Matchtheexpressionattheleftwiththedefinitionattheright.Writeyouranswerinthespaceprovided.Oneletterisrepeated.
1.
_____doafavor A. eliminate
2.
_____dojustice B. repeat
3.
_____dohomage C. cleanupaftereating
4.
_____
haveone’shair
doneD. travelataspecificspeed
5.
_____dothedishes E. gotothebeautyshop
6.
_____doone’shair F. treatfairly;befavorable
7.
_____
do...milesper
hourG. washandsetyourownhair
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8.
_____thatwilldo H.
makeasacrifice;getalongnothaving
anythingtodo
9.
_____dotherightthing I. preparefood
10._____ dothecooking J. that’senough;somethingservesthepurpose
11._____ doawaywith K. begoodorjust
12._____ doover L. performdomesticchores
13._____ dowithout M. praisesomeone
14._____ dohousework N. helpsomeone
EXERCISE57Match the expression on the left with the definition on the right. Eachanswercanbeusedonlyonce.
1._____ makeadifference A. ridicule
2._____ makesomethingdo B. alter;transform
3._____ makepeace C. plan;putthingsinorder
4._____ maketrouble D. journey;travel
5._____ makenoise E. declareatruce
6._____ makeadeal F. produceafavorableeffect
7._____ makeroom G. createunpleasantsounds
8._____ makeplansforatrip H. pretend
9._____ makearrangements I. createproblems
10._____ makebelieve J. tomatter;influence
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11._____ makeover K. provideextraspace
12._____ makecertain L. agreeaboutsomething
13._____ makeagoodimpression M. eliminateadoubt
14._____ makefunof N. manage
EXERCISE58Match the expression at the left with the definition at the right. Eachanswercanbeusedonlyonce.
1.
_____dohomework A. relatedto
2.
_____dothelaundry B. performataskwell
3.
_____havetodowith C. notallowsomeoneelsetodothejob
4.
_____doagoodjob D. washclothes
5.
_____doityourself E. makeamistake;breakthelaw
6.
_____dothewrongthing F. completeassignments
7.
_____makeabed G.
straightensheetandpillowswhereone
sleeps
8.
_____makeprogress H. work
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9.
_____makeone’sliving I. understand;decipher
10._____ makefriends J. becomeacquaintedwith
11._____ makeamistake K. commitanerror
12._____ makeaspeech L. moveforward
13._____ makeastop M. tobecomerich
14._____ makeout N. tointerruptajourney
15._____makeupone’s
mindO. addressanaudience
16._____makealotof
moneyP. decideonacourseofaction
EXERCISE59Supply thecorrect formofdoormake ineachof thesesentences.Makesuretousethecorrecttense.
Let’sMakePlansfortheWeekend
TONI: Beth,whatareyouplanningto(1) do thisweekend?
BETH:Ihaven’t(2) made upmymindyet.Wehadhopedto(3)
make atriptothestateparkandgocamping.
TONI: Haveyou(4)_________anyarrangementsyet?
BETH:No,wehavetocallaheadandreserveaspace,butIcan’t(5)_________
outthephonenumberhere.
TONI: Letmesee.It’s255-9476.
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BETH: Whatareyougoingto(6)_________withthedogwhileyouaregone?
TONI:Myneighborssaidtheywould(7)_________meafavorandkeephim
forus.
BETH:Ifwegetallofthearrangements(8)_________,wouldyouandSteve
liketojoinus?
TONI:Sure,butbeforeI(9)_________anyplans,Ihaveto(10)_________the
beds,(11)_________thedishes,andgetmyhair(12)_________.
BETH:Whileyouare(13)_________allthat,Iwill(14)_________astopat
Gene’sofficetoseewhatheplansto(15)_________.
TONI:
YouandIcan(16)_________thecookingand(17)_________the
laundry,andwewilllettheboys(18)_________agoodjobofcatching
andcleaningthefish.
BETH: Areyousuretheycan(19)withoutthetelevisionforthatlongatime?
TONI:
Wewillhaveto(20)_________adealwiththemto(21)_________
theirbestatthecampgrounds.Let’snot(22)_________anytroublefor
themandatleastbringaradioalong.
BETH:
Okay,Toni,let’s(23)_______certainthatthisisanenjoyabletripforus,
too.Whateverentertainmentweplanwilldefinitely(24)_______a
differenceontheoutcomeofourweekend.
TONI:Callmewhenyouhave(25)_______allthearrangementsandwewill
talkaboutthem.Seeyoulater.
EXERCISE60:WRITINGAfteryouhavelookeduptheseexpressionsinthedictionaryandaresureof theirmeaning, write an original sentencewith each of the following,varyingyoursubjectsthroughout.
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1.doone’sbestIalwaystrytodomybest.
2.dothecooking_________________
3.doawaywith___________________
4.dowithout_____________________
5.dothelaundry_________________
6.doagoodjob__________________
7.makeadifference______________
9.makeadeal____________________
10.makebelieve_________________
11.makecertain_________________
12.makeagoodimpression_______
13.makeprogress________________
14.makeamistake_______________
15.makeout_____________________
EXERCISE61:WRITINGWritea100-wordparagraphdescribingatypicaldayinyourlife.Usefivedoandfivemakeexpressions.
AFFIRMATIVEANDNEGATIVECOMMANDS
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TheImperativeMood(commonlyknownascommands)isusedwhenyouordersomeonetodoornottodosomething.Thedirectcommandsareaddressedtoyou singular and plural. In each of the following, you is understood as thesubject,thepersontowhomthecommandisaddressed.Affirmativecommandsusethesimplestformoftheverb——thatis,theinfinitivewithoutto.Herearesomeexamples:
togo toeat todance torun
Forthenegative,eachoftheseaddsDon’tinfrontofthecommand.
SpeakEnglishinthisclass.Don’tspeakSpanish.
Behereatoneo’clock.Don’tbehereateleveno’clock.
If the speaker plans to include him/herself in the command, then he/sheusesLet’sfortheaffirmativeandLet’snotforthenegative.
Let’sgotothemoviestonight.Let’snotwalkinthepark.
Let’stalktotheprofessornow.Let’snotwaituntillater.
EXERCISE62:WRITINGImagine that you were the king, queen, or president for one day.Whatwouldyoucommandeveryonetodoornottodo?Usetheverbsbelowtowritecommands,orcreateyourown.
Ex:PayyourtaxesbeforeApril15.
Don’tsmokeinsidethelibrary.
NEGATIVECOMMANDS
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These are commands that instruct a specific person not to perform anaction.Noticethatthenegativefollowstheauxiliarydo.
Dennis,don’twriteyouressayinpencil.
Pleasedon’tlitterthestreetswithpaper.
Don’tletyourgastankrunlow,Rita.
Indirectcommands involve instructionsgiven tosomeone,butnotat theparticular moment of speaking. These forms use the word not before theinfinitive.
Themanageraskedtheemployeesnottoarrivelateforwork.
Ourteacheralwaystellsusnottowastetime.
Pleasetellyourfriendsnottoparktheircarsbehindmine.
Theparkrangersorderedthevisitorsnottofeedthebears.
EXERCISE63Changetheaffirmativecommandstonegativeones.
1.Ifyougettothegrocerystore,buyicecream.(Don’tbuyicecream.)
2.Cookthespaghettiforonly10minutes.(Don’tcookitfor20minutes.)
3.WealwaystellourfriendstogototheHunanrestaurantforgoodChinesefood.
4.Mymotheralwaysasksmetowalkslowly.
5.Telluswhatyourproblemis.
6.Rideyourbicyclesinthestreet.
7.Sendyourlettertotheoffice.
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8.Askthemtosendthecheckinthemail.
9.Ifyoucannotsolvetheequation,askTed.
10.Theinsurancecompanyorderedtheclienttomakepaymentonthebill.
EXERCISE64Kim is a new student on campus and is somewhat confused aboutinformation. Straighten her out by telling herwhatnot to do.Use directcommands.
1.ProfessorGoodingtoldustostudythenewvocabularyinChapter3.
2.Thesecretaryintheregistrar’sofficetoldthemtopayfeesafterJune20.
3.Thepolicemansaystoparkinthebluezone.
4.ProfessorHarrissaidtoarrivebefore8:15.
5.ThelibrarianaskedmetoreturnthebooksafterJune30.
6.Thesigninthecafeteriasaidtoeatinthefacultydiningarea.
7.Myfriendaskedmetorideonthesidewalkoncampus.
8.Ourteacherrequestedustobringabilingualdictionarytoclass.
9.InthedormitorywewereaskedtodoourlaundryonFriday.
10.ThesigninthefinanceofficesaidtowriteourSocialSecuritynumberonthebackofallchecks.
EXERCISE65JudgeJudyisarealjudgewhohasherowntelevisionshowandmeetsallkindsofpeopleeveryweek.She is extremely frankanddemandingwith
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people.Whatmightbesomeofhercommandstothefollowingpeoplewhohaveappearedonhershowrecently?Usedifferentverbsthroughout.Useaffirmativeandnegativecommands.
Example:John,yourbeardisamess.Shaveyourbeard.Getashave.
1.Marsha,youarrivelateforclasseveryday.
2.Preston,yourex-wifecan’tbuythechildren’smedicineonhersalary.
3.Marco,you’retoobossy.
4.Ms.Tamuko,yourneighborsarecomplainingaboutyouryardfilledwithjunk.
5.Ms.Davis,yourcreditorshavebeenpatientlongenough.
6.Raymond,Iwon’tputupwithyouroutburstsinmycourtroom.
7.Mrs.Kaley,yourchildrenaretoonoisy.
8.Vincent,you’realazybum.
9.Mandy,youreadtoomanytrashynovels.
10.Flo,you’retoofatfromeatingsomuchjunkfood.
11.Dennis,youspendmoremoneyeverymonththanyouearn.
12.Bobby,it’samajorcrimetostealcars.
13.Ms.Jackson,yourfoodtastesterrible.
14.Dr.Taylor,yourpatientscan’taffordsuchoutrageousprices.
15.Mrs.Riordan,yourson’sanalcoholicat15.
16.Mario,yourgradesforacollegestudentarepathetic.
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17.Sandy,youareverynastytoyourbrothersandsisters.
18.Mark,yourtypingisterrible.
19.Dr.Daniels,yourstudentscannotunderstandyouwhenyoulectureinclass.
20.Sue,youneedtogetalife.
USEDTO•BEUSEDTO•GETUSEDTO
1.usedto+verbindicatesanaction(repeatedorhabitual)inthepast,butonethatdoesnottakeplacenow.
Jimusedtoridehisbiketoclass,butnowhedrives.
WeusedtoliveinOregon,butnowweliveinOrlando.
2. be used to + [V + ing] indicates an action that has been a commonpracticeforalongtime.
Glenlovestogocamping.Heisusedtosleepingontheground.
Judyisanurse.Sheisusedtoworkinginahospital.
3.getusedto+[V+ing] indicatesanaction thatdidnotpreviously takeplace,butonetowhichthespeakerhasaccustomedhim/herselfatalaterdate.
Although Toshio never spoke English in Japan, he’s getting used tospeakingithere.
Iwasverymuchafraidof thewater,butnowIamused toswimming inthepool.
EXERCISE66Selectthecorrectformforeachsentence.
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1.Marinaisfinallygettingusedto(cook,cooking)inanAmericankitchen.
2.WethoughtPerrywouldnevergetusedto(speak,speaking)beforealargegroup.
3.Thetowelsusedto(be,being)inthehallcloset,butnowthey’reinthebathroomcloset.
4.Louandtheboysareusedto(swim,swimming)intheocean.
5.Scottusedto(go,going)toCapitalUniversity,buthehasgraduatedandisworkinginalawfirm.
6.Theboysarefinallygettingusedto(attend,attending)early-morningclasses.
7.Dollyhadtogetusedto(wear,wearing)heavyclothingagainaftershemovedtotheNorth.
8.Indiausedto(belong,belonging)totheUnitedKingdom,butitisnowanindependentcountry.
9.NewYorkusedto(be,being)calledNewAmsterdam.
10.Thetennisplayersareusedto(practice,practicing)inveryhotweather.
11.Billisusedto(get,getting)toworkearlyeverymorning.
12.Iamfinallygettingusedto(drive,driving)mynewcar.
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13.Theballerinausedto(dance,dancing)sixhoursaday.
14.Myneighborsusedto(live,living)inCanada.
15.Dr.Nicholswillbeusedto(work,working)intheclinicinacoupleofmonths.
16.TheChineseareusedto(eat,eating)withchopsticks.
17.Sherrihopesthatshewillgetusedto(type,typing)onhernewelectricmachinesoon.
18.Elaineisusedto(sew,sewing)sixdressesaday.
19.GuyLombardogotusedto(direct,directing)theorchestrawhenhewasveryyoung.
20.AfterPhilippe’saccident,hehadtogetusedto(ski,skiing)morecarefully.
’sAND’dCONTRACTIONS
Distinguishingbetweenthepairsofconfusingcontractionscanceasetobeaproblemwhenyoufollowthesesimplerules:
The’sruleappliesonlytoformsofhe,she,it,andotherthird-personformsinthesingular.
’s+[V+ing]=is
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Mary’srunningnow.Maryisrunning.
Who’scookingdinner?Whoiscookingdinner?
’s+pastparticiple=has
Vince’searnedhisraise.Vincehasearnedhisraise.
Theteacher’sgradedthepapers.Theteacherhasgraded....
NOTEDonotconfusethecontractionforthird-personsubject+verbwiththepossessives.Althoughtheymaylookthesame,theirmeaningsare
different.
person+’s+noun=possessive
Ann’sdressisveryelegant.(ThedressbelongingtoAnn)
Mymother’scarneedsgas.(Thecarbelongingtomymother)
The’druleappliestoallformsregardlessofthesubject.
’d+pastparticiple=had
Allofourfriendssaidthatthey’dgonecampingthisweekend.
Allofourfriendssaidthattheyhadgonecampingthisweekend.
’d+better=had
You’dbetternoteatallofthecookiesbeforesupper.
Youhadbetternoteatallofthecookiesbeforesupper.
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’d+simpleformoftheverb=would
She’dvisitEuropeifshehadthemoney.
ShewouldvisitEuropeifshehadthemoney.
’d+rather+verb=wouldrather
He’dratherexcavateruinsthantakeatriptoLasVegas.
Hewouldratherexcavateruinsthan...
NOTEForthefollowingexpressions,alwaysusebeastheauxiliary.
accustomedto supposedto usedto
Mel’saccustomedtolivingalone.=Melisaccustomedto...
Sam’ssupposedtoturninhisphotographstomorrow.=Samissupposedto...
He’susedtodrivingasmallcar.=Heisusedto...
EXERCISE67Decidewhichofthetwoformsinparenthesesisthecorrectauxiliaryverb.
1.We’dalreadydecidednottogoonthefieldtrip.(had,would)
2.Everyone’splanningonattendingthelecturetonight.(is,has)
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3.He’sbeenwonderingaboutthatmatterforalongtime.(is,has)
4.They’dprefersteaktochicken.(had,would)
5.She’dboughtthevacuumcleanerbeforeitwasonsale.(had,would)
6.Nothing’smoreunpleasantthantohaveitrainonapicnic.(is,has)
7.Lisa’splayingherguitarforherfriends.(is,has)
8.I’dwantedtovisitPerufor15years.(had,would)
9.He’dbetterpayhisfeesbeforeclosingtimetomorrow.(had,would)
10.Theteacher’ssupposedtoshowussomeslidesthisafternoon.(is,has)
11.Johnsaysthatit’ssnowingsohardthatthetrafficisnotmoving.(is,has)
12.Nancy’dliketoridethroughthescenicarea.(had,would)
13.They’dletusborrowtheportableelectrictypewriter,buttherearenobatteriesforit.(had,would)
14.“Something’srotteninDenmark,”saidHamlet.(is,has)
15.It’dbeeasiertocorrectthatpaperifyouwroteitonthecomputer.(had,would)
16.We’dappreciateyourresponseassoonaspossible.(had,would)
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17.Betty’susedtodrivingalongwaytoworkeveryday.(is,has)
18.How’stheteamsupposedtogethere?(is,has)
19.You’dalreadyorderedthepizzabeforewearrived.(had,would)
20.She’sacceptedthejobthatoffersmorebenefits.(is,has)
EXERCISE68Rewritethesentences,usingcontractions.
1.JoanhasalreadybeentoGrandCanyon,butnotherbrothers.Joan’salreadybeen...
2.Whowouldliketovolunteertobethespokespersonfortherally?Who’dliketo...
3.Whatishappeningwiththepriceofoillately?
4.Melhasbeenworkingveryhardlatelyandhopestobeabletorelaxnextmonth.
5.Youwouldbebetterofftakingthebackroadstoavoidtherush-hourtraffic.
6.Chrissaidhehadriddenhisbicycleabout20milesbeforeitbegantostorm.
7.Sonyaishavingherhairdoneatthenewbeautyshoptoday.
8.Markissurfinginthebigcontestthisafternoon.
9.Brettsaidthathehadalreadywonatrophyintheslalom.
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10.Iwouldcertainlyhaveconsideredthatofferiftheyhadmadeittome.
11.Whatisinthebiggreenboxonthetable?
12.Whenisourplaneduetoarrive?
13.IthasbeensuchalongtimesinceIhavegonenorthtovisitmyrelatives.
14.Wehadnosoonerreturnedfromourvacationthanthephonerang.
15.WhenBillyarrived,Suehadalreadyleftforhome.
16.Berniehadalreadyacceptedthemoneybeforeherealizedwhyithadbeengiventohim.
17.Youwouldwanttoreadthebookifyouknewhowinterestingitwas.
18.Kurtisplayingballthisevening.
19.YouwouldbesurprisedhowmanytouristsvisitMountRushmoreeveryyear.
20.Mrs.HarthastaughtatOakHallSchoolformanyyears.
EXERCISE69Ineachsentence,circletheunderlineditemthatisincorrect.
1.Itwassnowingsohardlastnightthatwecanhardlyseetheroadasweweredriving.A.soB.thatC.canD.weredriving
2.Thenoviceplayermustoftrieddozensoftimestogettheballthrough
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thehoop.A.mustofB.oftimesC.getD.through
3.BecausePaulishavingtroublewiththeexam,hefinishedlaterthananyoneelse.A.BecauseB.havingC.finishedD.else
4.TheDeclarationofIndependenceisproclaimingthatweareendowedwithcertaininalienablerights.A.isproclaimingB.weC.withD.inalienable
5.ProfessorBakerwassowrappedupinhispresentationthathewasdeviatedfromreadinghispreparedspeech.A.wrappedupB.thatC.wasdeviatedD.reading
6.IaskedhimwhoitwaswhocalledsolatelastnightandthenhangedupjustwhenIansweredthetelephone.A.whoitwasB.solateC.hangedD.answered
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7.Dr.Johnsonwastaughtanthropologyandsociologyattheuniversityfortenyearsbeforeretiring.A.wastaughtB.andC.forD.retiring
8.Rosa’sweddingwasscheduledforAugust5,butsomeunforeseencircumstancesforceshertochangeherplans.A.wasscheduledB.August5C.forcesD.tochange
9.Sheroseherheadfromthepillowwhensheheardthestrangenoise.A.roseB.fromC.whenD.heard
10.Icouldn’tsleeplastnight,soIjustlaidtherethinkingabouttomorrow’smeeting.A.couldn’tB.laidC.thinkingD.tomorrow’s
11.Ifyouhadthoughtaboutitlongenough,youwillhavefindasolutiontotheproblem.A.thoughtB.longenoughC.willhaveD.tothe
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12.IfMelaniehadpreparedamuchbetterspeech,thechairmanwouldbeimpressed.A.aB.betterC.wouldbeD.impressed
13.AlltheexhibitswesawrepresentstheColonialperiodinhistory.A.AllB.representsC.periodD.inhistory
14.Readingmanybooksduringthesummerarethegoalofmanyyoungstudents.A.ReadingB.duringC.areD.many
15.Thestudents,accompaniedbytheiradviser,haslabmeetingseveryWednesday.A.TheB.byC.hasD.meetings
16.Acombinationofmusicalinstrumentsproduceanenjoyableandmemorablesound.A.AB.musicalC.produceD.memorable
EXERCISE70
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EXERCISE70Fillinthechart,usingthecorrecttenses.Thefirsttwohavebeendone.
EXERCISE71Fillinthechart,usingthecorrecttenses.Thefirsttwohavebeendone.
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EXERCISE72Findtheerrorineachsentence,andcirclethecorrespondingletter.
1.Agoodpresentationofmerchandisewillmakeaclientfeelinterestinginwhatisondisplay.A.AB.willmakeC.interestingD.what
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2.Myfirstandsecondjobsdifferedinthreemajoraspects:wages,workingcondition,andbenefits.A.secondB.inC.aspectsD.workingcondition
3.Onceastudentisacceptedindentalschool,heisneedingthreemoreyearsofstudybeforehecangraduate.A.acceptedB.isneedingC.ofstudyD.cangraduate
4.Thereisnotmanycommunicationamongneighborslivinginhousesasthereisamongthoselivinginapartments.A.manyB.livingC.amongD.asthereis
5.Theplayerstrytomakeasfewcontactaspossiblewiththeopposingteamtoavoidpenalties.A.tomakeB.fewC.opposingD.penalties
6.GermanshepherdsandDobermansmakeanexcellentpets,protectors,orguidesfortheblind.A.DobermansB.anC.pets
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D.fortheblind
7.Infootballtheplayersarepushingandshovingonbothsides,butinbaseballthereishardlysomecontact.A.areB.bothC.thereisD.some
8.ManypeopleareaccustomedtocometoFloridaforvacationbecauseofthelargenumberoftouristattractionsfoundthereandthewarmsunshineatthebeaches.A.tocomeB.becauseofC.numberD.thewarm
9.Drivingthespeedlimitonournation’shighwayshelpsavelives,avoidaccidents,andreducegasconsumption.A.DrivingB.helpC.accidentsD.reduce
10.UsskierswillbeleavingforthemountainsnextFridayassoonasclassletsoutandwearriveatthestation.A.UsB.willbeleavingC.assoonasD.wearrive
11.Myfriendsaredisappointedinmenottryinghardertofinishtheprojectbeforetheassigneddeadline.A.disappointed
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B.meC.tofinishD.assigned
12.Acowisasweetandgentle-lookingsoul;however,theycanbequitestubbornanddangerouswhenupset.A.gentle-lookingB.theyC.quiteD.when
13.Marijuanawasonceconsideredlessharmfulthancigarettes,butscientistshavenowprovedotherwise.A.onceB.consideredC.thanD.otherwise
14.He’ssupposetoarriveattheairportby2:15,butIheardsomeonesaythattheplanehadanother45-minutedelay.A.supposeB.arriveC.sayD.another
15.She’susedtorideherbicycletoclasseveryday,butshehadaflattireandhadtotakethebus.A.usedB.rideC.toD.totake
16.Ithasbeendifficulttointegrateallthegroupstooursocietyduetotheirdifferentsocialvaluesandtraditions.
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A.tointegrateB.toC.dueD.different
17.Thechildrenwerehavingtoogoodatimeplayingwiththeirnewtoysthattheyforgottowalkthedog.A.wereB.toogoodatimeC.withD.towalk
18.Petertoldusthathefinishedhisprojectbeforeleavingthehouseyesterdaymorning.A.usB.finishedC.leavingD.thehouse
19.Wewouldalreadyboughtandusedthewashingmachinebeforethebigsale.A.wouldB.usedC.beforeD.bigsale
20.Sy’sdoctorsuggestedthathetakeshismedicinewithwater30minutesbeforeeating.A.suggestedB.takesC.withD.eating
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PARTIIESL
AdvancedGrammar
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AdvancedGrammarESLCHAPTER7Pronouns
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Chapter7
PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVEPRONOUNS
Possessivepronounsshowownership(belongingtosomeone).Noticethatthereisnoapostrophe(’)withtheseforms:
mine oursyours yourshis,hers theirs
Thisbookishis.Thatoneismine.
Wehaveourbooks,andtheyhavetheirs.
EXERCISE73Change these possessive adjectives andnouns to pronouns.Then rewritethewholesentence.
Example:Mybookisveryinteresting.Mineisveryinteresting.
1.HissistersliveinKansas.
2.PhilandQuan’sstoreisdowntown.
3.Theirhousehasapatio.
4.Weboughtourtickets.
5.Youneedyourpassportstamped.
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6.Canheeathisdessertnow?
7.Wehaveourpassports.DoesSallyhaveherpassport?
8.Whenwillyoureceiveyourcheck?
9.Ourgrouptooktheexamslastweek.Whendidyoutakeyourexams?
10.Ourbillishigherthanyourbill.
EXERCISE74Look at the following questions and answer them, using the possessivepronouns.
Example:WheredidRosaputherbooks?Sheputhersonthedesk.How often do you visit your family? I visit mine everySunday.
1.Dotheyhavetheirticketsandmyticket?
2.Whenwillyourshoesbereadyattheshoerepair?
3.Didshepassallherfinalexams?
4.Wheredohisparentslive?
5.ArethoseSara’sscissors?
6.CanJamesidentifyhiscarintheparkinglot?
7.Didyoubuymyticketsfortheballet?
8.Haveyouwrittenyourtermpaperyet?
9.Wereyouranswerscorrect?
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10.Whenwillyourchecksarrive?
TRANSFORMATIONOFDIRECTANDINDIRECTOBJECTS
There are two ways to write the direct object and the indirect objecttogetherinasentencewithoutchangingthemeaning.
1.Thedirectobjectcomesfirstandisfollowedbytoorforandtheindirectobject.
S+V+ direct(person/thing)+to/for+ (person/animal)
2.Theindirectobjectwithnoprepositioncancomebeforethedirectobject.
subject+verb+indirectobject+directobject
Thereisnodifferenceinthemeaningbetweenthetwoplacements.Notallverbscan follow this transformationpattern,buthere isa listof those thatdo.Someof theseverbscanuseboth toand for,whileothersmayuseoneor theother.
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Ifyouareusingpronouns,youcanchangeboththeindirectobjectandthedirectobjecttothepronounform.
Tellthestorytome. Tellittome.
Bringtheflowersforthegirls. Bringthemforthem.
If two pronouns are used, follow the first pattern, not the second. In thesecondone, it sounds repetitiveusing the samepronouns. If youdonotknowwhattheyrefertointhefirstsentence,youwillneverunderstandthemeaningofthesentence.
Itisincorrecttoplacetheprepositionalphrasebeforethedirectobject.
INCORRECT:Thebosssenttothemtheletters.
CORRECT: Thebosssentthemtheletters.
Keep in mind that in the transformation when you are using theprepositionalphrase,theindirectobjectdirectlyfollowsthedirectobject,anditisnotplacedafterotherpartsofthesentence.
Givemethebook. Givethebooktome.
Nellyfoundussometickets. Nellyfoundsometicketsforus.
EXERCISE75Rewriteeachsentencesothat theindirectobject immediatelyfollowstheverb,thuseliminatingthepreposition.
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Example:Tellthestorytous.Tellusthestory.
1.Getsomecoffeeforme.
2.Theteacherreadthestorytothestudents.
3.Timleftthisgiftforyou.
4.Theartistdrewaportraitforme.
5.Mysonfeedsthefoodtohisdogeveryday.
6.Thecompanywillbuildahouseforusverysoon.
7.Sally,showyourdolltome.
8.Mr.DixonofferedthejobtoTracy.
9.Pleasefindmysweaterforme.
10.Ipromisedtogetabirdforhim.
EXERCISE76Rewritethedirectobjectimmediatelyaftertheverb,anduseaprepositionwiththeindirectobject.Makesurethatyoukeepthewholedirectobjecttogether.
Example:Lendus$20. Lend$20tousMrs.Jonestaughtthemmath. Mrs.Jonestaughtmathtothem.
1.Peterowesyoumanyfavors.
2.Annetteshowedhermotherthenewdress.
3.Aliceismakinghersisteranafghan.
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4.Cutthemsomecakebeforeitdisappears.
5.I’llsendyouthephotosassoonastheyarrive.
6.Bringmethatcart.
7.Janet’sgrandmotherleftheraspecialring.
8.Soniapaidtheticketagentthemoney.
9.Myfatherreadmethenoticeinthepaper.
10.Nobodyboughtusanythingtoeat.
RECIPROCALPRONOUNS
Thesepronouns—eachotherandoneanother—areusedonlywithpluralconceptstoshowthattwoormorepeopleperformtheactiononeachother(twopeople).Useoneanotherwhenmorethantwopeopleareinvolved.
RomeoandJulietlovedeachother.[Helovedherandshelovedhim.]
Wecalleachother everyday. [I callhim (her, them), andhe (she, they)callme.]
Theywriteeachotherfrequently.
Wevisiteachothereverymonth.
TheGreeksandthePersiansfoughteachotheroften.
Theancientcivilizationscopiedoneanotherinmanyways.
Dressdesignersareconstantlytryingtooutdooneanother.
Aftertheirdivorce,HarveyandLacyhatedeachother somuch that theyalmostkilledeachother.
The children will chase one another around the yard until they areexhausted.
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Athletescompeteagainstoneanotherallthetime.
EXERCISE77Write sentences that show reciprocal action. Add prepositions and anynecessarywordstocompletethesentences.
Example:Actor/actress/kiss/passionately/during/lovescene.
Theactorandactresskissedeachotherpassionatelyduring the lovescene.
1.Mr./Mrs.Smith/sing/often.
2.Chris/Rachel/see/weekends.
3.We/find/inworld/great/technologicaladvances.
4.Henry/Joan/lookfor/incrowd.
5.Marty/hissister/tease/about/pronunciation.
6.Stan/Nancy/theirfriends/buy/Christmasgifts.
7.Mysister/I/give/moralsupport.
8.Thesoldier/hiswife/hold/tightly/after/return/Iraq.
9.Tom/Sally/know/foryears/before/gettingmarried.
10.Tony/hismother/meet/Thursdays/lunch.
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11.Nancy/mother/speak/telephone/everyday.
12.Romeo/Juliet/love/verymuch.
13.John/Paul/nottake/seriously.
14.Judy/Christine/tell/secrets.
WHO,WHOM,WHOEVER,ANDWHOMEVER
Because it isoftendifficult todecideon thecorrect formofwho, whom,whoever,orwhomever,keepthesehintsinmind:
• Block out the rest of the sentence and focus on only the relativeclause. In that clause, how does the word function—as subject orobject?
• Underlineall subjects andverbs in thecomplete sentence.Donotforgettoincludetheyouunderstoodforthecommands.Ifyouhaveaneven number (matched pairs of subjects and verbs), then themissingformwillbewhom.
Itoldthemtoinvite(whoever,whomever)theywanted.
S+V S+V
(Because there are two pairs here, the missing form is the object,whomever.)
If there are not an equal number ofmatching pairs, then use the subjectwho.
Givethebooksto(whoever,whomever)answersthedoor.
(you)give=S+V V
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Here there is one pair and a verbwith no subject, so the correct form iswhoever.Itisthesubjectoftheclausewhoeveranswersthedoor.
S + V + D.O.
Who/whoever and whom/whomever are not interchangeable. Whoeverreferstowhateverperson,anyoneatall,whilewhoreferstosomeonespecific.
The girl who is wearing the red dress is my cousin. (This refers to aspecificgirl.)
Whoever(anypersonatall)needsthemoneyshouldhaveit.
Fortheobject,usewhomevertomakeitthereceiveroftheactioninitsownclause.Theremayormaynotbeapreposition.
Invitewhomever(anypersonatall)youchoose.
Givethepackagestowhoeveranswersthedoor.
Noticethat inthesecondone, theformis thesubject,becauseitperformstheactionoftheclause“whoeveranswersthedoor.”Don’talwaysassumethatbecauseyouhavetheprepositioninfrontofthepronoun,itreferstotheobject.Itreferstotheobjectonlyifitisreceivingtheaction.
Iknowtheboytowhomyouarespeaking.
Whomistheobjectinthefirstclauseaswellasinthesecondclause(youarespeakingtowhom).Whomreceivestheactioninbothclauses.
Giveittowhomeveryouseeatthemuseum.
Whomeveristheobjectoftheverbgive(commandform)inthefirstclauseaswellasinthesecondclause(youseewhomeveratthemuseum).Whomeverreceivestheactioninbothclauses.
Writethelettertowhoeveristhechairmanofthecommittee.
Whoeveristhesubjectofthesecondclause.
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Givethemoneytothemanwhoisstandingbehindthedesk.
Whoisthesubjectoftheclausewhoisstandingbehindthedesk.
EXERCISE78Supply thecorrect formofwho,whom,whoever,andwhomever in eachsentence.
Example:Marioknowswhomthecommitteehaschosenforpresident.
1.ItwasTerrySchmidt_________receivedthegolftrophy.
2.Thegirl_________thereporterinterviewedwasthevictimoftheaccident.
3.Asecretary_________hasnogoodcommunicationskillsisnotanassettothecompany.
4.Appoint_________youchoosetofilltheposition.
5.Thescholarshipwillbegivento_________hasthehighestgrades.
6.To_________didyouwishtospeak,sir?
7.Ican’tdecideon_________toinvitetothedinnerparty.
8.Natalie’smother,_________youmetlastnight,worksinthevicepresident’soffice.
9._________designedthatbuildingcertainlyknewhowtoconservespace.
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10.Can’tyourememberthepersonfrom_________youacceptedthemoney?
11.Givetheinformationto_________answersthetelephone.
12.Mr.Hyle,_________hasbeenourdirectorfor20years,isretiringinJuly.
13.Canyouguess_________iscomingtovisitustomorrow?
14.Thepersonabout_________youspokesohighlyhasbeenofferedthejobasdirector.
15.NancyWilson,_________haslivedherefor25years,decidedtogotothemountains.
16.Ican’timagine_________woulddosuchaterriblething!
17.Yoursuccessorwillbe_________youdesignate.
18.From_________didyourequestthecopies?
19._________selectedthosecolorshasnogoodtaste.
20._________hasallsixnumberswillwinthelottery.
PRONOUNREFERENCE
Pronounreferenceshowstherelationshipamongpronounsinasentenceorthose pronouns that replace nouns previously mentioned. One of the major
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pronounerrorsisfoundintherelationshipofsingularnounslaterreferredtobypluralpronouns.
INCORRECT:
Everyone (singular) has to write their (plural) own summary beforeleaving.
Eachstudentneedstohavepermissionfortheirtripnextweek.
Guncontrollegislaturewillneverbesuccessfuluntiltheyareoutlawed.
OneshouldbeverycarefulbeforeyouacceptdateswithpeopleyoumeetontheInternet.
Ineachofthesesentences,thewriterhasshiftedfromsingulartoplural,orfromthirdpersonalsingular(one)toasecondpersonpronoun(you).
NOTEEventhoughexpressionslikeeachperson,everyteacher,and
everybodyimplyapluralquantity,thesealltakeasingularverbandasingularpronoun.
EXERCISE79Makeallnecessarychangesineachsentencetoreflectpronounagreement.
Example: Every instructor teaches their class differently. Everyinstructorteacheshis/herclassdifferently.
1.AccordingtotheConstitution,eachpersonisfreetodowhatevertheywantaslongastheydon’tinfringeontherightsofothers.
2.Atthebeginningoftheday,everystaffmemberworetheiruniform.
3.EveryGirlScoutshouldcarrytheircup,nametag,andflashlightinaspecialbag.
4.Eachpersonisconvincedthatpeaceisnecessaryforsurvival,andthey
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mustformagovernmentthatwillworkforthebenefitofall.
5.WhenIarrivedatthehoteleveryonewascarryingtheirownsuitcases.
6.Nobodycangetallthethingsthattheywantinthislife.
7.Asheisgrowingup,eachchildneedsalotofunderstanding,orelsetheywillhaveproblemsandtheywillnotbegoodcitizens.
8.EachbookinthelibraryhastheirowncalllettersbasedontheDeweyDecimalSystem.
9.BoyScoutshavetheresponsibilityofcaringforhimselfandcooperatingwithcampcounselorsandotherScouts.
10.Allofthefemaleteacherscreateheractivitiesandhelpstudentsworktogether.
11.Wehadtotaketwosummerclasses,andourteacherstoldusaboutit.
12.Weneededpackingboxes,sowewenttothegrocerystoretogetit.
13.Beforemoving,IusedtogotothemovieseverySaturday,andnowImissitverymuch.
14.Ifapersonreallycaresaboutanother,theycanfindmanywaystoshowtheirfeelings.
15.Wealltraveledtodifferentpartsofthecountryanddecidedtowriteaboutit.
16.Eachoftheteamshastheirownprojecttofinishbeforetheendofthesemester.
17.Ahospitalstaffmemberneedstobefriendly,becausetheyarethefirstpeoplewhocomeincontactwithpatients.
18.Manytimesduringyourlifewecanhaveanunusualexperience.
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19.Eachhouseintheneighborhoodhastheirownuniquedesignandappeal.
20.Everyweekendoneofmyfriendsinvitesmetotheirhouse.
EXERCISE80Readthefollowing,andcirclethecorrectanswer.
DayswithMyGrandmother
HowIrememberthedaysIspentwithmygrandmother!Shewasakindandgenerouswomanwhoalwaysseemedtohavetimeandenergyformanythings.HerhouselookedlikealltheotherlargehousesinoneofCleveland’soldestsections.However,myfondestmemoriesareofherworkinginthekitchen.ShelookedsohappyandcomfortableinhercrispwhiteapronasshekneadedthedoughforherbakingpowderbiscuitsandmoldedthepiecrustinthePyrexdishes.Sheneverseemedtogrowtiredofhermyriaddailychores.Nomatterwhatsheprepared,italwaystastedwonderful.ItoftensmelledsogoodthatI’druninfromplayandask,“Isitreadyyet?HowsoonbeforeIcansampleit?”
EventhoughIwasonlyaten-year-oldgirl,shemademefeelimportant.Wewouldsitontheporchafterlunchandtalkandsiphomemadelemonade.Sheaddedthatextratouchofsomethingspecialthatmadeittastesogood.
Weoftenwentdowntownontheoldstreetcars.Thisprovedtobearealadventureaswewalkedtwolongblockstoboardthecarsandthensatthereastheyrockedbackandforthonthetracksontheseven-miletriptotown.Theconductorsoundedthebellwhenwereachedtheendoftheline.WewalkedupanddownEuclidAvenue,shoppingandstoppingtoeatinaspecialrestaurant.
Threeyearslater,mygrandfatherdied,andsheappearedsadanddistant.Shebecamequiet,andI,too,feltherpain.Igrewupveryquicklythatyear,butIhaveneverforgottenthejoyfuldaysthatwespentinheroldhousewiththelargekitchenfilledwiththearomaofherwonderfulcooking,herkindsmile,andouranimatedconversations.
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1.Theadjectiveherinsentence3,paragraph1,specificallyreferstoA.somewomanB.grandmotherC.houseD.Cleveland
2.Inparagraph1,Itoftensmelledsogood,referstoA.biscuitsB.kitchenpreparedC.doughD.whatshe
3.Inparagraph2,thelastsentence,itreferstoA.lunchB.extratouchC.porchD.lemonade
4.Inparagraph3,sentence2,thewordtheyreferstoA.blocksB.streetcarsC.tracksD.neighbors
5.Inparagraph4,sentence1,shereferstoA.grandfatherB.conductorC.girlD.grandmother
6.Inparagraph4,thelastsentence,thepronounwereferstoA.girlandgrandmotherB.girlandgrandfather
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C.girlandconductorD.girlandI
EXERCISE81Readthefollowing,andanswerthequestions.
Channeling
Channelingisnotthetuningfromonetelevisionstationtoanother.ItisaformofspiritualismorcommunicationbetweenGuidesoftheSpirit,theastrophysicalworldandtheearthlyplane.ItisadialoguecommunicationofaGuidespeakingthroughamediumorpsychicwhohasputhimselforherselfinahypnoticstate.TheGuide,inspeakingexpresses,hisorherthoughtsandnotthoseofthepsychic.
TheGuidesarevariousspiritentities,whohadsupposedlybeenphysicalbeingsatonetime,butnowtheyexistinaworldorplanecommonlycalledthe“astralworld.”SomeoftheseGuidesclaimtobethousandsofyearsoldandhaveanancestrywaybeyondourunderstanding.Guideshaveasomberandcalmwayofexpressingthemselvesandalwaysappeartohaveapleasantandunderstandingpersonality.Somewell-knownGuidesareRamtha,Seth,andRaj.Manymediumsclaimtohaveregularcontactswiththem.
WhileitisclaimedthatanybodycancontactaGuide,itappearsthatonlythosewithaso-calledpsychicpowerhavetheabilitytosucceed.Thechannelingusuallybeginswhenthemediumgoesintomeditationandthenlapsesintoaself-inducedhypnoticstate.Bysome“supernaturalmeans”theGuideiscontactedandbeginsthedialogue.Guidescanbeeithermaleorfemale.Besidesageneraldialogue,Guideswillsometimesanswerquestionsandgiveadvice.Also,duringthedialogue,thepsychichasnocontroloverthewordsoftheGuide,andheorshespeaksinadifferentvoiceotherthanthatofthepsychic.
Generally,theGuideendsthedialogueandthepsychicquicklyreturnstoanormalstate.Channelingisanalogoustospacealiens...somebelieve...somedonot.
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1.Whatischanneling?A.SailingthroughwaterchannelsaroundtheworldB.CommunicationbetweentwoGuidesC.ContactingaliensinouterspaceD.Travelingthousandsofyearsbackintime
2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrueaboutGuides?A.Theyareonlymales.B.Theywereoncehumans.C.Theyexpresstheirthoughtsandnotthoseofthepsychics.D.Theyarecontactedbysupernaturalmeans.
3.WhatareGuides?A.SpacealienswhocommunicatewithEarthB.HumanswhohavecontactwiththespiritworldC.FemalepsychicswhocommunicatewithaliensD.Spiritbeingslivingintheastralworld
4.Whatcanbeinferredaboutchanneling?A.It’sameansofcommunicationwithaliens.B.Itprovidesanswerstosupernaturalmysteries.C.It’sawayofputtingoneselfintoahypnoticstate.D.It’sawayofcommunicatingwiththedead.
5.WhathappenswhenGuidesfinishtheircommunicationwithpsychics?A.Thepsychicsputthemselvesinahypnoticstate.B.Psychicsmovetoanastrophysicalworld.C.PsychicsconversewithRamtha,Seth,andRaj.D.Psychicsleavetheirhypnoticstateandreturntoanormalstate.
6.Howlonghavesomeofthemostwell-knownGuidesbeenaround?A.AfewyearsC.Hundredsofyears
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B.ManyyearsD.Thousandsofyears
7.WhocanmostsuccessfullycontactGuides?A.ThosewhospeakinanothervoiceC.OnlythosewhohavediedB.ThosewithpsychicpowersD.OnlyRamtha,Seth,andRaj
8.Thepronounitinparagraph1referstoA.spiritB.channelingC.communicationD.Guide
9.Thepronounwhoinparagraph1referstoA.SpiritB.psychicC.himselfD.Guide
10.ThewordentitiesmeansmostnearlythesameasA.entertainersB.entrailsC.illusionsD.beings
11.Thepronountheyinparagraph2referstoA.beingsB.GuidesC.thoughtsD.years
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12.Thepronounthemattheendofparagraph2referstoA.mediumsB.entitiesC.contactsD.Ramtha,Seth,andRaj
13.Thepronounheinparagraph3referstoA.GuideB.psychicC.anybodyD.male
14.ThewordclaimedmeansmostnearlythesameasA.repudiatedB.disavowedC.maintainedD.clarified
OTHERANDITSFORMS
Theformsofothercanbedividedintopronounsandadjectives,dependingonhowtheyareusedinthesentence.
Pronouns Adjectives
others other
theother theother
theothers another
another anyother
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Pronounswillreplacetheadjectiveformsandthenounsthatfollowthem.While these are all similar, in that they represent a choice between or amongelements, they cannot be used interchangeably. The other equals a choicebetweentwospecificallymentionedelements.
Ihavetwogifts.Oneisforyou,theotherisforAlice.(theothergift)
Therearetwocarsinthegarage.Oneismysister’s,andtheotherismine.(theothercar)
Iftherearemorethantwoelements,theexpressiontheothersisused.
Iboughtfourcakesatthebakery.Oneisforus;theothersareforthepartytonight.(theothercakes)
Ben found only one pair of his socks, but the others must be lost. (theotherpairsofsocks)
Other and others are rather general terms, not specifically referring toanythinginparticular.
JennybelievesinUFOs.Otherpeople,however,finditdifficulttoacceptthattheseobjectsexist.
Afterhissurgery,Paulhadsomegooddays,butotherdayswerepainful.
Inbothofthesesentencesotherandthenouncouldhavebeenreplacedbyothers,anon-specificgroup.Bothrefertosomethinginthepluralform.
Anothercanbebothapronounandanadjective,anditmeansanyother.Whichever element someone chooses will be acceptable. There are only twoelementsinvolved.
Adjective:Doctor,Ican’tmakemyappointmentonFriday.Canwemakeitanotherday?(anyotherday—Monday,Tuesday,etc.)
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Pronoun:Thispendoesn’twrite.Pleasegivemeanother.(anyotherpen)
Theotherday refers to a specific day, butanother daymeans any otherday,somenon-specifiedday.
EXERCISE82Usingthewordsfromthelist,writethecorrectforminthespaces.
Example: Because his counselor was absent, Mark had to speak toanotheradvisor.
1.Paulismoreathleticthan___________boyinhisclass.
2.Therearen’tenoughbookstofillthisbox.Pleasegetme___________fromontopofthetable.
3.___________daywehadvisitorsfromCleveland.
4.Somestudentswrotecompositionsonfamouspeople;___________wroteontheirownpersonalexperiences.
5.Ourteacheraskedusiftherewere___________questionsbeforewebegantheexperiment.
6and7.Ihadtomake___________dressforthepartybecauseIgave___________onetomysister.
8.Hereis___________exampleoffineChineseart.
9.Louiemadetwooutofthefourgoalsscoredinthegame;Chrismade
10.Sincewedon’thavetimetotalktoday,wewilldoit___________day.
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11.Wedon’tacceptthattheory.___________peopleconsideritaveryimportantconcept.
12.Yourexperimentsareincomplete.Spend___________dayinthelabandfinishthem.
13.Someofthegirlswanttowearlongdressestotheparty;___________prefershorterones.
14.OnMondays,Wednesdays,andFridayswehaveliteratureclass,buton___________dayswehavescienceclass.
15.Somecountriesareworldfamousfortheirwines;___________arenotsorenowned.
16.Ican’tgiveyouanappointmentfor___________time,becausethedoctorwillbeonvacationfortwoweeks.
EXERCISE83Ineachsentence,decidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisincorrect.
1.Oneshouldneverlendhiscartoarecklessdriveriftheywantitreturnedingoodcondition.A.neverB.hisC.theywantD.returned
2.Talktoanyactorandtheywilltellyouthattheshowcannotgoonwithouthim.A.anyB.theyC.youD.goon
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3.Manypeoplebecomestressedoutwhenfinancialproblemsarise,becauseitcanleadtodepression.emotionalchanges.andarguments.A.stressedoutB.ariseC.itD.to
4.Silencereignedinthecourtroomasthejuryreturnedtogivetheirlongdeliberatedverdict.A.SilenceB.asthejuryC.theirD.deliberated
5.BecausetheblousethatNancyhadboughtwastoobig,sheexchangeditforotherone.A.BecauseB.boughtC.toobigD.otherone
EXERCISE84Selectthebestword(s)tocompletethesesentences.
1.Eachchildneedsaparentalconsentformsignedby______parents.A.one’sB.theirC.hisD.our
2.Mybrotherboughtanewcar.______isthemostbeautifulthingI’veeverseen.
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A.OneB.ItC.HeD.She
3.______dayasIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Isawanaccident.A.AnotherB.OtherC.TheotherD.Someother
4.ThedentistsaidthatJoelhadtwocavitiesandthatheneeded______appointment.A.otherB.anotherC.theotherD.some
5.I’mfreeforlunchonThursday.Canwemeetthen?No,______daywillbejustfine,butnotThursday.A.anyotherB.otherC.theotherD.some
EXERCISE85Selectthecorrectformofthepronoun.
1.Haveyouseen(any,some)ofTomCruise’smovieslately?
2.Ican’tmakeanappointmentfortomorrow,but(another,theother)day
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willbefine.
3.Eachofthestudentsmustturninanexamwith(his,their)nameonit.
4.Somepeoplearehappywiththenewpresident;(others,anyothers)arenot.
5.Terrydoesn’tbelieveinUFOs.(Other,Another)people,however,stronglybelieveinthem.
6.Everybookonhisdeskhas(its,their)ownspecialreferencenumber.
7.Philfoundtwoinlaidboxesandasword.(They,It)wereinanantiquestore.
8.Bringthedocumentsto(him,he)onyourwaytotheofficethismorning.
9.Thecommitteesent(us,we)theletters,butwehaven’tansweredyet.
10.Eachofthefigurinescomeswith(its,their)owncertificateofauthenticity.
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AdvancedGrammarESLCHAPTER8Adjectives
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Chapter8
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVESENDINGIN-ly
Most words that end in -ly are adverbs and show the manner in whichsomething is done. However, those that have noun roots are adjectives.Mostadjectiveswithanounrootaddytoformtheadjective.
*Doublethefinalconsonantbeforeaddingy.
Othernounsaddlytoformtheadjective.Theseincludethefollowing:
Observe the following sentences. The underlined words cannot be madeintoadverbs.Youmustfindanotherwordorphrasetoformtheadverb.Ifthe-lywordprecedesanoun,thenitisanadjective.Ifthe-lywordprecedesaverboranadjective,thenitisanadverb.
Adjective:HerqueenlyattiremadeElizabethIstandoutfromalltheother
womenpresent.
Adverb: Themagnificentlydressedqueenstoodoutfromalltheothers.
EXERCISE86
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Replacetheunderlinedwordsinthesesentenceswithasynonymfromthelist below. Look up any new vocabulary before you begin the exercise.Thenrewritethewholesentence,usingthesynonym.
1.John’sghostlyappearancetoldeveryonethathewasasickman.
2.DespiteLou’spowerfulstrength,hewouldnotrenderbodilyharmtoanyone.
3.Inmanysciencefictionstories,earthlybeingslandonotherplanets.
4.Scientistsaretryingtofigureouthowheavenlybodieskeepfromcolliding.
5.FatherPeyton’spriestlyrobeshelpedhimgainadmissiontomanyrestrictedareas.
6.Del’sscholarlyappearancehelpedhimobtainthepartinthenewdocumentary.
7.Theraccoon’snightlyraidsofthegarbagecansangeredtheneighbors.
8.Sue’stimelyentrancesavedmanyofusfromenduringalonglecture.
9.Mike’syearlyincomehasalreadysurpassed$50,000.
10.Mr.Corrigan’sfatherlyadviceenabledhissontobecomeabetterstudent.
EXERCISE87Replacetheunderlinedwordsinthesesentenceswithasynonymfromthelist below. Look up any new vocabulary before you begin the exercise.Thenrewritethewholesentence,usingthesynonym.
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1.Mona’slovelysilkdresswasruinedwhenshespilledchocolatesyruponit.
2.Pam’sfriendlymanneropenedmanydoorsforher.
3.Mr.Stevenson’sorderlypresentationenabledhisstudentstolearnmorequickly.
4.MotherTheresaofCalcuttawasaverysaintlyandunpretentiouswoman.
5.Thesoldier’scowardlybehaviorcausedhimtobecourt-martialedandbarredfromthemilitary.
6.HenryVIII’sworldlywaysappalledtheclergyoftheMiddleAges.
7.Thecostlyconstructionprojectattheuniversityreceivedthedisapprovaloftheboardofdirectors.
8.JoggingisanintegralpartofDr.Erbes’sdailyroutine.
9.FatherDamian’sbrotherlyloveledhimtoworkinalepercolonyuntilhe,too,diedofleprosy.
10.Mrs.Coleman’smotherlyaffectioncausedhertobelovedbyallthechildrenintheneighborhood.
NOUNSASADJECTIVES
ManynounsinEnglishcanfunctionasadjectives.However,thedictionarywill list them only as nouns. Sometimes these “adjective-nouns” are alsoaccompanied by a number.Always use the singular form of the noun when itmodifiesanothernoun.
NOTE
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NOTEAlwaysuseahypheninthenumber-nouncombination.
Followthisformulaforwriting“adjective-nouns”:number-singularnounasadjective+noun
Jerry’snewten-speedbicyclehelpshimmovequicklythroughtraffic.
Mymotherhasjustboughta50-piecesetofchina.
EXERCISE88Rewriteeachsentence,usingnumbersand“adjective-nouns.”Eliminateallunnecessarywords.
Example: Adam needs to buy six stamps worth twenty-five cents.Adamneedstobuysixtwenty-five-centstamps.(nottwenty-five-cents)
1.Ivanhasjustboughtastationwagonthathasfivedoors.
2.Mycousinlikesthatlovelygraypursewithfourcompartments.
3.Ournewcomputerhasaharddriveof9.6gigabytes.
4.Thereisanewtelevisioninthelobbythathasascreenthatis30incheswide.
5.Sherrylikeshernewstereowithitsfourspeakers.
6.Whenwewentonvacation,wetookacoolerthathadacapacityof80quarts.
7.TheEmpireStateBuildingisastructurewith92stories.
8.Canyouchangethisbillworth$20?
9.InourEnglishclasslastweek,wehadtowriteacompositionof250words.
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10.WetookatripacrossAmericathatlastedtenweeks.
11.TogettoGastoniafromhere,youneedtodriveforsixhours.
12.Angelawasveryupsetbecauseshehadspilledacanthatcontainedfivegallonsofoliveoil.
13.Forherdress,Susieneedsthreeyardsofmaterialthatis60incheswide.
14.Tomhasjustboughtabedroomsetthathasfivepieces.
15.Evalivesinahousethathasagaragefortwocars.
16.Barbaramadeanewwintercoatwithfivebuttons.
17.Paul’snewbicyclehasfivespeeds.
18.Montyrepairscars,soheboughtatoolsetthatcontains125pieces.
19.Weneedanextensioncordthatisninefeetlong.
20.Mynewcamplightneedsabatterythathasninevolts.
EXERCISE89Rewrite each sentence, using the [number + noun as adjective]combination.
Example:Tony’sbicyclehastenspeeds.Tonyhasaten-speedbicycle.
1.Thebatteryheneedsforhisradioisfourvolts.
2.Ourjourneythroughthemountainstooksixdays.
3.Ihaveonlytendollars.Canyouchangethisbill?
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4.Mycousinhasjustboughtahouseonthreelevels.
5.Nancyjustboughtabathingsuitwhichcomesintwopieces.
6.Marcella’sapartmenthastenrooms.
7.Theteachersaidthateachmarginusedonthecompositionhadtobethreeinches.
8.TheManleys’colortelevisionis19incheswide.
9.Harryjustboughtatoolsetthatcontains40tools.
10.Myfatherhasagascanthatholdsfivegallons.
11.Thatnewmodeltypewriterhas44keys.
12.Theflagkitcomeswithapolethatis17feetlong.
13.Mandyalwaysusestheplatterwiththethreetierswhensheentertains.
14.Thesalesmantriedtosellusadiningroomsetoffivepieces.
15.Mynewmicrowavehasatimerfor25minutes.
16.Susan’sjustboughtanewcoatmadeofminkwithtwogoldbuttons.
17.Petealwaysusesfilmthathasaspeedof800.
18.TheNelsonsnewcarhasfourdoors.
19.Whenthepresidentpassed,thesoldiersgavehimasaluteof21guns.
20.Veronicareceivedanewteasetthathas15pieces.
Sometimesthenumbersareeliminatedandjustthesingularnounisusedasanadjectivetomodifyanothernoun.
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singularnounasadjective+noun
Ihaveadressmadeofsilk.
Ihaveasilkdress.
EXERCISE90Changethesesentencestofollowthe[noun+noun]pattern.Eliminateallprepositionalphrases.
Example:Kevinlikesgolfclubsmadeoftitanium.Kevinlikestitaniumgolfclubs.
1.Ruthhasalotofjewelrymadeofgold.
2.Ilikeclothesofwoolforwinterbecausetheyarewarm.
3.Forpicnicswealwaysuseforksmadeofplastic.
4.Mymotherwantsacoatofminkforherbirthday.
5.Janeneverlikedflowersmadeofsilk.
6.Beverlyhasasetofchimesofbrass.
7.TheJapanesemakebeautifulflowersoutofpaper.
8.Nancyjustsewedaskirtoutoftaffeta.
9.TheJohnsonsliveinahousemadeofbricks.
10.Thehostessservedherelegantdinneronplatesofchina.
11.Cindylikeshernewredshoesmadeofeelskin.
12.Billy’snewartkithaslotsofcrayons.
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13.Bernadettejustreceivedabriefcasemadeofleatherforherbirthday.
14.Bethisbuildingbookcasesmadeofwood.
15.Jeffneedsaframemadeofcopper.
16.Michelletriedonalovelydressmadeofsilk.
17.Pamprefersclothesmadeofrayon.
18.Thechildrenlovetoplayinahouseinthetree.
19.TheGilbertfamilyjustbuiltapatiomadeofstone.
20.Cherylgotaringofdiamondsforherbirthday.
EXERCISE91:WRITINGChange thefollowing to fit the [nounasadjective+noun]pattern.Writeonegoodsentencewitheach.
1.creamforcoffee
2.soupofvegetables
3.saladoffruit
4.watchforthewrist
5.lampforadesk
6.cameratotakemovies
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7.coversforyourbooks
8.factorythatmakesdresses
9.glovesmadeofleather
10.ashirtmadeofcotton
11.atreeforChristmas
12.bagforshopping
13.analbumofphotos
14.labforchemistryexperiments
15.vacationinthesummer
16.windowofstainedglass
17.ticketforthetrain
18.stationforbuses
19.platesmadeofpaper
20.creamforthehands
PARTICIPLESASADJECTIVES
Participles,whetherpresentorpast,canfunctionasadjectivesinasentence.Itisoftendifficultfornon-nativespeakerstodecidewhethertousethe[verb+-ing]formorthe[verb+-ed]formwhentheyarewritingorspeaking.
Asageneral rule, use the [V+ -ing] formwhen the nounperformsor isresponsiblefortheactiondescribedbytheadjective.
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Thecryingbabywasquietedbyhermother.(Thebabywascrying.)
Thetiringjourneythroughthemountainsseemedendless.(Thejourneywastiringthosewhoweretraveling.)
LastFridaynightweattendedanexcitingplay.(Theplayexcitedus.)
Ontheotherhand,whenthenounmodifiedbytheadjectiveisthereceiverofthataction,usethepastparticiple.
The irritated passengers complained to the captain. (Something orsomeonecaused thepassengers tobe irritated.Theydidnotcause theaction.)
Afterwinningthegrandprize,theshockedcontestantjuststoodthere,notknowingwhattosayordo.(Winningshockedthecontestant.)
Afterdevouringitsprey,thesatisfiedlionlayunderashadytreetotakeanap.(Eatingsatisfiedthelion.)
Theboringteacherlefttheroom.(Theteacherisresponsibleforboringthestudents.)
Thebored teacherleft theroom.(Someoneorsomethingwasresponsibleforherleaving.)
EXERCISE92Circlethecorrectformoftheparticiple(pastorpresent)foreachsentence.
1.Aftertheonslaught,the(raided,raiding)villagetriedtocleanupthedebris.
2.Despitealongdelay,our(requested,requesting)materialsfinallyarrived.
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3.Thekindergartenteacherreadan(interested,interesting)storytoherstudents.
4.Oncethecolonistswere(settled,settling),theybegantoorganizeanewgovernment.
5.Thenewly(explored,exploring)territorywasnamed“Louisiana”inhonorofKingLouisofFrance.
6.The(paid,paying)billwasfiledaway.
7.Unfortunately,itisuptothe(worked,working)classtosupportthepoor.
8.Afteracarefulinvestigation,the(stolen,stealing)propertywasreturnedtoitsowners.
9.Thedayofthe(dreaded,dreading)examhadfinallyarrived,causingmuchanxiety.
10.The(escaped,escaping)refugeesmanagedtoreachsafetybeforetheyhadbeenmissed.
11.The(hated,hating)emperorwasviolentlyattackedbythepeasants.
12.Maria’s(missed,missing)locketwasfinallyfoundinhersister’sdrawer.
13.The(planned,planning)committeehasunanimouslyapprovedthecompany’sproposal.
14.The(postponed,postponing)concertwasrescheduledforthefollowingweek.
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15.Allofthe(wandered,wandering)hikerswerefoundingoodhealth,nottoofarfromtheirwreckedplane.
16.Carlos’s(fought,fighting)spirithasenabledhimtosurviveinthisuncaringsociety.
17.SenatorHawthorneaddressedthecollege(graduated,graduating)class.
18.The(frozen,freezing)temperaturesduringtheholidayswipedoutthecitruscrop.
19.BecauseNellhadnokeys,itwasimpossibleforustogetthroughthe(locked,locking)doors.
20.Thepoliceaskedallthe(invited,inviting)gueststoremainseateduntiltheinvestigationhadbeencompleted.
EXERCISE93Selectthecorrectparticipleineachsentence.
1.Dane’s(admiring,admired)glancesreassuredNathaliethatshewasdoingagoodjob.
2.Thepoliceofficertriedtoresolvetheproblemscreatedbythewitnesses’(conflicting,conflicted)reports.
3.Theoddly(shaping,shaped)brightballintheskycausedgreatconcernamongthetownspeople.
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4.The(warping,warped)doorwasdifficulttopryopen.
5.Therewasalovely(climbing,climbed)rosebushoutsidemybedroomwindow.
6.Thesudden(rising,risen)temperaturesmadeeveryoneattheballgameveryuncomfortable.
7.Theteacher’s(questioning,questioned)lookletChuckknowthatshedidnotbelievehisexcuseforbeinglate.
8.Aneatly(lettering,lettered)signwasplacedinthewindowofthedrugstore.
9.The(simmering,simmered)stewsentapleasantaromathroughoutthehouse.
10.MonaLisa’s(smiling,smiled)faceisknownthroughouttheworld.
11.A(speeding,sped)truckoverturnedontheturnpike,causingamonumentaltrafficjam.
12.The(enveloping,enveloped)fogalongthecoastpreventedtheaircraftfromlanding.
13.NewYork’s(littering,littered)streetsappearunsightlytoourforeignvisitors.
14.Tonychasedthe(bouncing,bounced)balldownthestreet.
15.The(crushing,crushed)flowerfelllimplytothefloor.
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16.Allofthegymnastsrelaxedforanhourafterparticipatinginthe(exhausting,exhausted)exercises.
17.The(opening,opened)envelopelayonthetable.
18.Monica’s(whining,whined)childwasupsettingeveryonewhowaswaitinginthedoctor'soffice.
19.The(returning,returned)letterdidnotbearenoughpostage.
20.Cleveland’s(polluting,polluted)riverhasbeenthesourceofconcernamongitscitizensformanyyears.
COMPARISONSOFADJECTIVES
DoubleComparisonsThere are severalways of expressing double comparisons.With this type
thereisacomparisonforminthemainclauseaswellasinthedependentclause.Themainclausealwayscomesfirst inthesentence.Bothclausesusethewordthe,acomparison,asubject,andaverb.
THE+comparative+S+V,+thecomparative+S+V
Theolderyouget,thesloweryoumove.
Thelongerwewait,themoretiredIget.
ThefasterIread,themoreinterestedIbecome.
EXERCISE94
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EXERCISE94Finishthedoublecomparisons.
1.Thefasteryoudrive,the______________________________.
2.Thehardertheplayerhittheball,the________________.
3.Thehigherthesunrose,the___________________________.
4.Thesooneryoufinishyourjob,the____________________.
5.ThelongerRayleftthephotopaperinthedeveloper,the______________________________.
6.Thelargerthecarengine,the__________________________.
7.Thehigherthetemperature,the_________________________.
8.Thedarkertheskybecame,the__________________________.
9.Thenearerwecametomymother-in-law’shouse,the______________________________.
10.Thefartheryoulivefromme,the______________________.
Otherdoublecomparisonsalwaysuse themore as thecomparative in themainclause.
THEMORE+S+V+[THE+comparative]+S+V
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Themoretoysthechildrensee,themoretheywant.
Themoreyouwaterthegrass,thetalleritwillgrow.
Themorethatdogeats,thefatteritgets.
NOTETherearealsosomeshorteridiomaticexpressionsthatusethedouble
comparatives.
Themore,themerrier.Thesooner,thebetter.
MultipleComparisonsComparisonscanalsobeexpressedinmultiplestoindicateamuchgreater
orlesseramountofdifference.Thesecanincludefractionsandwholenumbers(one-half,one-third,one-tenth).
MexicoCityhasapproximatelythreetimesasmanypeopleasTokyo.
In the French classes there are one-quarter asmany students as in theSpanishclasses.
TheDavidsonsearnfourtimesasmuchmoneyastheDuricas.
Otherratingsorfractionscanbecalculatedasthefollowing:
100percentmoreorless
two-thirdsmoreorless
fourtimesasmuch/manyas
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muchmore/lessthan
one-thirdasmuch/manyas
twiceasmuch/manyas
double,tripletheamount
EXERCISE95How good is your math? Look at the information in each sentence andwriteanappropriatecomparison.
1.StudentsinCostaRicastudy40hoursperweek.StudentsintheUnitedStatesstudy30hours.
2.Itis90degreesinPhoenixand45degreesinButte.
3.Nevadawasaterritoryforonly3yearswhenitwasadmittedtotheUnitedStatesasastate.Washingtonstatewasaterritoryfor36years.
4.Peruhas20nationalpublicholidays.TheUnitedStateshasabout10.
5.EnglandandWalesproduceabout56majorproducts,whiletheFalklandIslandsproduceabout7.
6.Ontheforeignmarket,theexchangerateis12,570TurkishpoundsperAmericandollar.InIndonesiaitis2,095rupiahsperdollar.
7.ThecontinentofAfricahasanareaofabout11,850,000squaremiles.Icelandhasabout39,709.
8.Thediameteroftheearthisabout7,927miles.Thatofthemoonis2,160.
9.TheNileRiverisapproximately4,149mileslong.TheSnakeRiverinIdahois1,038mileslong.
10.TheAnapuruaMountains,inNepal,are26,492feetabovesealevel.MountMitchellinNorthCarolinaisat6,684feet.
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IdiomaticExpressionswithComparisonsInEnglishtherearemanycommonexpressionsthatusecomparisons.Tell
whether the following are equal or unequal comparisons. Because most areidiomatic expressions, look up their meaning in the dictionary.Most are alsoclichés (overworked expressions), and you should avoid using them in formalwriting.
lightasafeather dumbasanox
neatasapin oldasthehills(dirt)
theweathertookaturnfortheworse skinnyasarail
higherthanakite(slang) smoothassilk
nuttierthanafruitcake(slang) toughasnails(person)
wiseasanowl toughasshoeleather(food)
EXERCISE96Usingadictionary,completethecomparisons.
1.Crazyasa_______________
2.Hungryasa______________
3.Nosoonersaidthan______
4.Prettyasa______________
5.Hardasa________________
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6.Thenoisieryouare,___________itisformetohearyou.
7.Wildasthe______________
8.Betterlatethan_________
9.Asplainas______________
10.Asquickasa__________
11.Bettersafethan_______
12.thesooner_____________
13.thebigger_____________
14.asstubbornasa_______
15.aswhiteasa__________
16.asredasa____________
17.assharpasa__________
18.asbusyasa___________
19.wiseasan_____________
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20.asstrongasan________
IllogicalComparisonsComparisons need to focus on the same elements. When they focus on
different elements, they are illogical.Often these illogical comparisons can becorrectedbyusingapossessiveformortheexpressionthatoforthoseof.
INCORRECT: Linda’sweddingdressismoreelegantthanJanet.(comparisonofadressandJanet)
CORRECT: Linda’sweddingdressismoreelegantthanJanet’s.(thanthatofJanet)(comparisonoftwodresses)
INCORRECT: Badr’scarismoreexpensivethanhiswife.(comparisonofacarandawife)
CORRECT: Badr’scarismoreexpensivethanhiswife’s.(thanthatofhiswife)(comparisonoftwocars)
Ifyoumentallyextendthecomparison—Janet’sdress,thatofhiswife(hiswife’s)—youwillseetheneedforthepossessiveorthethat/thoseofforms.
EXERCISE97Correcttheillogicalcomparisonineachsentence.
Example:Thedirector’ssalaryishigherthanhissecretary.The director’s salary is higher than his secretary’s(secretary’ssalary).
1.Pharmacists’jobsaredifferentfromelectricians.
2.Chicago’stemperaturesarelowerthanFlorida.
3.Susana’scoatisprettierthanRosa.
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4.Chestnut’ssuppliesaremoreexpensivethanKmart.
5.Eric’ssportscarisfasterthanDavid.
6.Connie’sexamwasmoredifficultthanhersister.
7.Ralph’snewCorvettecostmorethanhisuncle.
8.Painters’livesaremorediversifiedthanteachers.
9.Musicians’practicesessionsarelongerthandancers.
10.Theuniversity’sfacultyismoreexperiencedthanthecollege.
OtherComparisonsandExpressionsOthercomparisonshavedifferentforms.Youmustlearnthemassuch.
Wordsdealingwithsocialclasses
high-class=veryelegant,relatedtothehighestlevelofsociety
low-class=insomecases,notacceptabletaste
upper-class,middle-class,lower-class
Miscellaneousexpressions
upperdivision,lowerdivision
uppertorso,lowertorso
uppermanagement,midlevelmanagement
high-payingjob
high-water,low-water
abovewater,underwater
abovesealevel,belowsealevel
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high-rent,low-rentdistrict
highlythoughtof(renown)
high-rankinggovernmentofficial
overall
overrated,underrated
overcoat,underwear
Ratingsofachievementinschooloratwork
aboveaverage,average,belowaverage
overachiever,underachiever
SEQUENCEOFADJECTIVESASNOUNMODIFIERS
ManyadjectivesinEnglishprecedethewordsthattheymodify.Theyalsomayfollowthenouns,butthentheyareusuallysetoffbycommas.
Thepinetree,twistedandknotty,wasbendinginthebreeze.
Thetwistedandknottypinetreewasbendinginthebreeze.
Our dogwoods, delicate and attractive, added a touch of elegance to oursurroundings.
Our delicate and attractive dogwoods added a touch of elegance to oursurroundings.
When two adjectives precede a noun and can be interchanged withoutalteringthemeaning,orthewordandcanbeinsertedbetweenthem,thefirstissetoffbyacomma.
Thearid,hotdesertclimatemadeiteasytodryourlaundry.
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Thearidandhotdesertclimatemadeiteasytodryourlaundry.
Noticethedifferenceinthesesentences:
Millie’sdarkgreensuitaccentuatedherlovely,longhair.
Mynewwintercoathaslong,narrowbuttonholes.
Itwouldbewrongtotrytosaydarkandgreenandnewandwinterinthesentences.
Adjectives fit into two basic categories: limiting and descriptive. Theformer consists of articles, possessives, quantities, and numbers. The latterincludes all other adjectives, such as those dealing with size, shape, color,material,quality,andtexture.
Whenyouuseaseriesofadjectivestodescribethesamenoun,thereisasetpatternforwhichadjectivecomesfirstandwhichfollowsthat,andwhatcomesnext.Hereareseveralexamplesthatarecategorizedinthechartonthefollowingpage:
abig,brightbluecircularaluminumobject
thesmallpicturesquefarmingvillage
aprivatelyownedJapanesetapestrymuseumSEQUENCEOFADJECTIVESASNOUNMODIFIERS
InEnglish,whenaseriesofadjectivesareusedtodescribethesamenoun,theyareplacedinasetpatternforwhichadjectivecomesfirst,which
followsthat,andwhatcomesnext.ThedescriptivepropertiesinthistableareplacedintheorderinwhichtheynormallyappearinEnglish.Youcanusethischarttodecidebycategorywhatthewordordershouldbeina
sentence.
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EXERCISE98Categorizeeachword.
Example:Methodist> religion octagonal> form deep >intensity
1.false
2.satin
3.purple
4.narrow
5.copper
6.their
7.twenty
8.oval
9.spiral
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10.pine
11.young
12.horseshoe
13.convex
14.rough
15.happy
16.fuzzy
17.tangerine
18.vast
19.our
20.wide
21.dwarfish
22.oblong
23.curved
24.interior
25.shallow
26.antiquated
27.billowy
28.turquoise
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29.imaginative
30.responsible
31.mechanical
EXERCISE99:WritingCombine threeor fourof the following, and add a subject and averb tocompletethesentence.Writethreesentences.
Example:Iboughtalargeopaqueporcelainvase.Harveylovestomakecarvedminiaturestatues.
EXERCISE100Unscramblethewordgroupssothattheadjectivesfollowthesequencesetupontheprecedingpages.Thenountobedescribedisthefirstword.
1.Dress:elegantthesatinlongred
2.Ball:bigtheroundboy’sbeach
3.Ring:smallovalbrightadiamond
4.Car:bluesleeksportsnewRita’s
5.Nights:wintercoldmanyDecember’slong
6.Bears:littlefatkoalafifteenfurry
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7.Feathers:ostrichbigwhitetwo
8.Tomatoes:fiveredriperound
9.Chair:largecomfortableaoldsoft
10.Handle:ruby-encrusteddelicatelongthe
EXERCISE101Ineachsentence,decidewhichunderlineditemisincorrect.
1.ThespynovelIamreadingismuchmoreexcitingthanmysister.A.TheB.amreadingC.muchmoreD.mysister
2.Theproductyouboughtatthelowerpriceisthemoreinferiortotheonewesellataslightlyhigherprice.A.boughtB.themoreC.theoneD.slightly
3.Thecarpenterismakingacabinetofwoodthatwilltakesixweeksormoretocomplete.A.ismakingB.cabinetofwoodC.takeD.more
4.Lucaswonascholarshipforathleticsthatwillpayforfouryearsofstudyaswellashistuition.
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A.ascholarshipforathleticsB.willC.yearsD.aswellas
5.Manyshiveredsoldiersstoodinlinewaitingforsomehotfoodtoeat.A.shiveredB.inC.waitingD.toeat
6.ThenewlydevelopingplanwouldbepresentedtothecommitteebeforetheendofJune.A.newlyB.developingC.wouldD.before
7.AthoroughbredracehorseisusuallyexpensiverthanaEuropeansportscar.A.raceB.usuallyC.expensiverD.sports
8.Thesooneryoufinishyourassignment,morequicklywe’llbeabletoleavetown.A.ThesoonerB.yourC.morequicklyD.toleave
9.Markwonthegrantbecausehisgradesarehigherthanaverageinhis
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academicfield.A.wonB.becauseC.higherthanaverageD.academic
10.Marcy’snewshoescosthertwicemorethanminecostme.A.newB.herC.morethanD.mine
EXERCISE102BeloweachsentenceyouwillseeanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Selecttheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.
1.Inthepast,tennisusedtobethesportofthe_____class,butthatischanging.A.higherB.superiorC.upperD.midupper
2.Veniceisoneof_____citiesinEurope.A.morebeautifulB.themorebeautifulC.mostbeautifulD.themostbeautiful
3.Theteamplayed_____gameofhockeythatthecoachwaspleased.A.betterB.muchbetter
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C.sogoodD.suchagood
4.Allofyourgradesare_____average.I’mproudofyou.A.aboveB.overC.superDontopof
5.Becausethefreezingtemperaturesdestroyedmuchofthecitruscrop,thepricesare_____.A.doubleB.twotimesmoreC.uptwotimesD.twicemore
6._____peopleinAmericaliketoobserveaswellasparticipateinsports.A.AlmostB.MostC.MuchD.Toomuch
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AdvancedGrammarESLCHAPTER9Conjunctions
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Chapter9
CONJUNCTIONS
Correlativeconjunctionsusuallycomeinpairsandjoinlikeelements.Besure that they are placed directly before the words representing the two likeelements.
both—and notonly—butalso
either—or whether—or
neither—nor
Larryisagiftedmusicianwhoplaysboththepianoandthesaxophone.
ManymoviestarshavehousesnotonlyinCaliforniabutalsoinNewYork.
Whetheryougotothepartyoryoustayhomeisyourdecision.
NOTEBecarefultoplacetheseconjunctionsdirectlybeforethetwolike
elements.
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Whiletheconjunctionaswellasisnotpartofapair,itdoesjointwolikeelements. Notice that it does not influence the verb in terms of singular andplural.
Nancy,aswellasherfamily,supportsthenewproposal.
Teachers,aswellasstudents,plantovisittheDaliMuseum
If,however,youusedtheconjunctionandinsteadofaswellas,eachwouldhaveapluralverb.
Nancyandherfamilysupportthenewproposal.
TeachersandstudentsplantovisittheDaliMuseum.
Rememberthatwhateversubjectfollowsorornorwilldeterminewhethertheverbissingularorplural.
EitherSandyorherbrothersdrivetoschoolinthemorning.
NeithertheJohnsonsnortheirsonhasaccesstothetrust.
However,thesubjectfollowingaswellasandincludingdoesnotdeterminetheverb. It is the subject that comesbefore the conjunctions that does. If youcovertheclauseandworkwithwhateverisleftofthesentence,thenyouwon’thaveanyproblemswithsubject/verbagreement.
Thepriceofthefurniture,includingthetelevisionandsofa,is$500.
Thecollegepresident,aswellasthedeans,isaccountabletotheboardoftrustees.
Relative conjunctions introduce clauses that relate to something orsomeone previously mentioned. These will be studied more in detail in thesection“Clauses.”Thefollowingarerelativeconjunctions.
that which whichever
who whoever
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whom whomever whose
EXERCISE103Correct each sentence so that the correlative conjunction is in the rightplaceorsothatthesubjectandverbagree.
Example:Bennotonlyplaystheguitarbutalsotheflute.Ben plays not only the guitar but also the flute. (twoinstruments)
Example:Eitherthesoldiersorthecaptainpreparetomarchagainsttheenemy.Either thesoldiersor thecaptainprepares tomarchagainsttheenemy.(agreeswiththesubjectclosertotheverb)
1.BothAnnikaandTaraiscousins.
2.Neithertheboysnortheirsisterareplanningacareerinmedicine.
3.Thebandmembers,aswellasthedirector,goesontournextmonth.
4.Wenotonlyhavecardsforbaseballbutalsoforfootballplayers.
5.EitherFriday’sconcertorSaturday’sarefinewithme.
6.WeareplanningnotonlytogotoSwitzerland,butalsotoAustria.
7.John,aswellashisfriends,hopetobeprofessionalwriterssomeday.
8.Neitherfatsnorsweetsispartofagood,healthydiet.
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9.Thebride’selegantbouquetnotonlywasfilledwithgardenias,butalsolilies.
10.Theguests,includingthepresident,payscomplimentstothehostess.
11.Ibothwanttobuythestereoandthecabinet.
12.Neitherthehousenorthedoorshastobepainted.
13.Theflowers,aswellastheoaktree,isgrowingwellafterthestorm.
14.Thegovernmentbothhasthepowerandtheauthoritytoraisetaxes.
15.Boththeplaneandthepilotislandingsafely.
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AdvancedGrammarESLCHAPTER10Verbs
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Chapter10
VERBS
PERFECTTENSES
Toindicatetheperfecttenses,usehave,has,orhadandthepastparticiple.Thesetensespast,present,andfutureshowthecompletion(ornon-completion)of an action in relation to another action or in relation to a time period ordeadline. When you use the present perfect, you deal with now (up to thismoment)asthedeadlineandtheactionhasorhasnotalreadytakenplace.
Thepresentperfectisusedforthefollowing:
1.Anactionthattookplaceatsomeindefinitetimeinthepast:
We have already seen that movie. (Sometime in the past inrelationtonow,thatactiontookplace.)
Hehaswashedhishandsandisreadytoeat.(Thehandwashingtookplaceatatimebeforenow.)
2.Anactionthathappenedmorethanonceinthepast:
IhavevisitedMexicosixtimes.
Nancyhaswrittendozensofletters.
3. An action that began sometime in the past and continues up to thismoment:
Danielhasstudiedheresince1992.(Hestillstudieshere.)
Alanhas lived in that apartment forsixmonths. (He still livesthere.)
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Usethefollowingwordorderwiththepresentperfecttense:
EXERCISE104Eachofthefollowinghastakenplaceatsomeindefinitetime.Asyoulookatthesentences,relatethemtonow.Answereachintheaffirmativeandinthenegative.
1.Hasthechilddrunkhismilk?
Yes,________________________________________________.
No,________________________________________________.
2.HasMarysoldherhouse?
Yes,________________________________________________.
No,________________________________________________.
3.Havethedirectorsthoughtaboutasolutiontotheproblem?
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Yes,_______________________________________________.
No,________________________________________________.
4.Haveallofyouspokentotheteacher?
Yes,_______________________________________________.
No,________________________________________________.
5.Charles,haveyouwornyournewshirt?
Yes,_______________________________________________.
No,________________________________________________.
6.HaveIdoneagoodjobonthepresentation?
Yes,_______________________________________________.
No,________________________________________________.
EXERCISE105Finisheachsentence,usingthesameverbasinthefirstpart.Assumethatthe events follow a normal, habitual pattern and you are relating theseeventstotodayandwhathas(not)takenplaceuptothismoment.
Example:Sallydoesherhomeworkatnight.It’s3:00p.m.andshehasnotdoneityet.Matttakestwovitaminseverymorning.TodayisWednesday(afternoon), and he has taken eight vitamins so far thisweek.(numberofvitamins)
1.Ieatbreakfastat9:00everyday.It’snow8:00andI___________________yet.
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2.ItsnowsalotinFebruary.It’sMay10andit___________________since___________________.
3.Markworksfrom8:00to5:00,MondaythroughFriday.Itis2:00onThursday,andMark___________________already___________________hours.(includethenumberofhours)
4.Peggytypes20letterseveryday,MondaytoFriday,8:00to5:00.Itis5:00Friday,andPeggy___________________letters.(numberofletters)
5.Mrs.Jonesgivesherstudentsmanytests.Thissemestershe___________________already___________________twelvetests.
6.Mybillsaredueonthe28thofthemonth,andIpaythemonthedueday.Todayisthe20th,andI___________________yet.
7.PhilvisitsMexicoonceeveryyear.Inthepastfiveyearshe___________________fivetimes.
8.Ireceivefivelettersfrommyfamilyandfriendseveryweek.ThisweekI___________________letters.(numberoflettersalso)
EXERCISE106Answerthefollowingquestions,usingcompletesentences.
1.HaveyouevertraveledtotheGrandCanyon?
2.Hasyourfamilyevereatensushi?
3.HaveyourfriendsbeentoanAmericanbaseballgame?
4.HaveyourfriendsvisitedtheVanGoghexhibitatthemuseum?
5.Hastheplanearrivedattheairportyet?
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6.Hasyourbestfriendeverplayedatrickonyou?
7.HaveyourteachershelpedyouwithyourproblemswithEnglish?
8.Howmanyexamshaveyoutakenthisweek?
9.WhatnewfoodshaveyoureatenhereinAmerica?
10.HaveyoutoldyourparentsaboutyouradventuresinAmerica?
PASTANDPRESENTPERFECT
Since1985,IhavereadmanybooksontheAztecs.
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SIMPLEPASTANDPRESENTPERFECT
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Singlepastdefinitetime Iparkedinthefacultylotyesterdaymorning.
Indefinite,morethanonce
Ihaveparkedinthefacultylotonlyfourtimesthismonth.
Singlepastdefinitetime ItsnowedalotinClevelandinFebruary.
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Indefinite,morethanonce
IthassnowedfifteentimessinceFebruary.
Periodinthepast Ihatedsnowasachild!
Actionbeguninpast Ihavehatedsnowfortwentyyears!
Onedefinitetime Raysangintheshowerlastnight.
Repeatedindefiniteaction Rayhassungthatsamesongoverandoveragain.
Comparethefollowingsetsofsentences.
♦ TheDavisfamilylivedinOrlandoforsixyears,andthentheymovedtoSt.Augustine.(TheynolongerliveinOrlando.)
TheDavis familyhas lived inSt.Augustineforsixyears. (Thefamilystilllivesthere.)
♦ Martywrotefiveletterslastweek.(onedefinitetime,finishedaction)
Sofar thisweek,Martyhaswritten ten letters. (Hemaywritemorebeforetheendoftheweek.)
♦ Itrainedhardlastnight.(onecompletedpastevent)
Ithasrainedhardfivenightsthisweek.(Itmayrainagainthisweek.)
♦ WeworkedlateFridaynight.(onecompletedaction)
Wehaveworked lateeverynightthisweek.(Wemaycontinuetoworklateeverynight.)
♦ Ipaid$25forlastSaturday’sconcertticket.Thatwastoomuchmoney!(oneevent)
Ihavepaid$25forallmyconcerttickets.(Istillampaying$25perticket.)EXERCISE107
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EXERCISE107Writethecorrectformoftheverb.
1.He(wrote,havewritten)theexercisemanytimesbeforeturningitin.
2.Mark(wore,hasworn)hisnewsuittothepartylastnight.
3.Noone(thought,hasthought)itwouldrainyesterday.
4.Larry(read,hasread)eachoftheHarryPotterbooksthisyear.
5.Paul(quit,hasquit)smokingsincehisheartattack.
6.WhileNealwascuttingthebread,he(hurt,hashurt)hisfinger.
7.Lastsummerwe(took,havetaken)atriptotheGreatSmokyMountains.
8.We(waited,havewaited)since2000tovisitmyfamilyinChina.
9.Thesun(set,hasset)earliereverynightthissummer.
10.Noone(saw,hasseen)thenewMelGibsonmovieyet.
11.Luis(finallyreceived,hasfinallyreceived)histaxrefundlastTuesday.
12.Afterherdeath,MotherTheresa(left,hasleft)usawonderfullegacy.
13.José(danced,hasdanced)verywell.Didyouseehimglideacrossthe
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room?
14.Hugo(ran,hasrun)fivemileseverymorninglastsummer.
15.Thewind(blew,hasblown)sohardlastnightthatourawningcameoff.
16.Bart(sang,hassung)inconcerttentimesthismonth.
17.Thechildren(ate,haveeaten)theapplesontheirwaytothecafeteria.
18.We(heard,haveheard)thegoodnewsandaregladthatyoureceivedtheaward.
19.MarkSpitz(swam,hasswum)inmanyinternationalcompetitions.
20.Thebaseballplayer(caught,hascaught)thehighflyballafterleapingintotheair.
EXERCISE108:WRITINGMakealistof10thingsthatyouandyourfamilydidlastsummer.Changethesubjectstouseallformsoftheverbs.Use10differentverbs.Contrastthisbymakinganotherlistofwhatyouandyourfriendshavedonesofarthis semester. Again, use 10 different verbs, and change the subjects.Noticethedifferenceintheverbforms.
Example:Lastsummermyfamilywenttothebeach.Wewalkedalongtheshore.This semester my family has visited me at school threetimes. My friends and I havewalked in the park manyafternoons.
EXERCISE109:WRITING
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EXERCISE109:WRITINGGetapartnerandinterviewhim/her,usingquestionwords:who,what,
why,when,where,andhow.Askyourpartnereightquestionsabouthis/herlife since he or she came to theUnitedStates.Whenyou have finished,rewritetheanswersinparagraphform,andbepreparedtointroduceyourpartnertotheclass,tellingeveryonewhatyouhavelearnedabouthim/her.
Example:Adamhaslivedhereforeightmonths.Hehasstudiedattheuniversityfortwosemesters....
PASTANDPASTPERFECT
Withthepastperfect (sometimescalled thepluperfect),usehadand thepastparticiple.Inrelationtoapasttimeoraction,thisactionhadalreadytakenplace.Theverbusinghadand thepastparticiple isalways thefirstof the twoactions.
Rememberthefollowingformula:
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BEFORE+timepast(verbinsimplepasttense)AFTER+HAD+pastparticiple
Beforeshecame(secondaction)tothisschool,Moniquehadnotstudied(firstaction)English.
Wehadbought(firstaction)anewcarbeforemywifegot(secondaction)hernewjob.
After the student had sat down (first action), the teacher distributed(secondaction)theexams.
Elvis Presleyhad not been discovered (non-existent first action) before1950(pasttime).
EXERCISE110Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.
1.Before1990Anthu(visited,hadvisited)herfriendsinHolland.
2.AfterI(arrived,hadarrived)attheparty,everyonebegantosinganddance.
3.I(read,hadread)theletterafterthemailmanhaddeliveredit.
4.Saul(told,hadtold)methathisfamilyhadgoneonvacation.
5.Sandy(prepared,hadprepared)awonderfulpartybeforeherfriendsmovedtoArizona.
6.Jose(improved,hadimproved)hisgradesafterhisteacherhadsenthimawarning.
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7.Afterthecommitteehadmadeitsdecision,thechairman(made,hadmade)anannouncement.
8.MypackagearrivedshortlyafterI(ordered,hadordered)it
9.Terry(waited,hadwaited)forthreehoursbeforeheleft.
10.IrememberedthatI(promised,hadpromised)tosendthegifttoRita.
11.Beforethepartyended,Burt(danced,haddanced)withallthegirls.
12.AfterI(mailed,hadmailed)thepackage,Irememberedthecorrectaddress.
13.Ourteacher(gave,hadgiven)usthetestresultsaftershehadgradedthem.
14.Noone(understood,hadunderstood)thelessonbeforeProfessorSobieskiexplainedit.
15.Beforehe(went,hadgone)toGreece,DanadidnotspeakawordofGreek.
EXERCISE111Decidewhethereachsentencerequiresthesimplepastorthepastperfecttense,andwritethecorrectform.
Examples: The landlord raised (raise) the rent after he had sent us anotice.ThepapersblewoffthetableafterMaryhadopened(open)thewindow.
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1.JaniceLawson________(win)thelotterybeforesheboughthernewcar.
2.Veratoldherfriendsthatshe________(return)fromvacationonlyafewdaysago.
3.Themechanic________(repair)Dane’scarafterhehaddamagedthemotor.
4.We________(remain)inSeattleaftertheconferencehadended.
5.Dave________(drive)40milesoutofthewaybeforeherealizedhismistake.
6.Allofthestudents________(pay)theirtuitionbeforeJuly.
7.Thefishermanhadremovedtheirequipmentbeforetheboat________(sink).
8.I________(go)toKansasbeforethetornadostruck.
9.Thepipes________(negativeoffreeze)beforeweturnedoffthewater.
10.I________(ring)thebellafterIhadseenthesign.
11.Thecarpenters________(build)thehouseafterthecrewhadpouredthefoundation.
12.Thepolice________(catch)thethiefafterhehadescaped.
13.Marcy________(negativeoftake)themedicinebeforeshereadthe
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label.
14.Theairplane________(land)afterthepilothadspokenwiththecontroltower.
15.Margaret________(negativeofbuy)thehousebeforeshemarriedJim.
16.Beforethebankmanagerclosedthesafe,he________(put)inthesacksofmoney.
17.BeforeJennieleftforschool,she________(negativeofeat)anything.
18.Notmanypeople________(fly)withthatairlinebefore1988.
PRESENTPERFECTPROGRESSIVE
It isalsopossibletousetheprogressivetoexpressanactionbeguninthepastthatstillcontinuesatthismoment.Usethefollowingformula:
S+ BEEN+[V+ING]+FOR+periodoftime
Ihavebeenlivinghereforthreeyears.(ThreeyearsagoIcameheretoliveandcontinuetolivehere.)
FrankhasbeenstudyingEnglishsince1989.(Frankstartedin1989andstillcontinuestostudyEnglish.)
HOWLONG+ +SBEEN+[V+ING]+complement
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HowlonghaveyoubeenworkingattheAcmeTextileCompany?
Ihavebeenworkingtherefor10years.
HowlonghasJodybeensingingopera?
Jodyhasbeensingingoperafor10months.
EXERCISE112Using the following situations, indicate how long this activity has beentakingplace.
Example:IcametoFloridain1978,andIamstillherein2005.(live)IhavebeenlivinginFloridafor27years.
1.Luisstartedhisclassesattheuniversitythreesemestersago.(study)
2.Mandystartedskiingat9:00a.m.It’snow3:00p.m.
3.Philstartedhisfinalexamat11:00a.m.andit’snow2:30p.m.(take)
4.TheconferencebeganonMondayandwearestillhereonSaturday.(attend)
5.HarryandIbegandancingtogetheronFebruary1.TodayisMay1.
6.Theystartedtoeatat7:30andit’snow9:30.
7.IstartedtospeakSpanishsixsemestersago.
8.NoelPhelpsstartedtowritenovelswhenhewas25.He’snow46.
9.Jackstartedtodriveatruckwhenhewas30.He’snow44.
10.PaulandDorothystarttobuildtheirhouseonApril1.It’snowSeptember30.
11.Kentstartedtoplaybaseballin1989.It’snow2003.
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12.MyfavoritetelevisionprogramstartedinDecember.It’snowApril.(watch)
13.YoustartedtoplaytheroleofKingArthurin2000.It’snow2005.
14.IstartedtakingmysummervacationsinEuropein1979.It’snow1987.
EXERCISE113:WRITINGAnswerthesequestionsbasedonyourpersonalexperiences.
1.HowlonghaveyoubeenstudyingEnglish?
2.Howlonghaveyoubeenlivinginyourapartment(house)?
3.Howlonghasyourfamilybeenwritingletterstoyou?
4.Howlonghasyourbestfriendbeenworkingathis/herjob?
5.Howlonghaveyourclassmatesbeenstudyinginthelibrary?
6.Howlonghaveyouandyourfriendsbeeneatinginthecafeteria?
PASTANDPASTPROGRESSIVE
Whilebothofthesetensesindicateatimebeforenow,theycannotbeusedinterchangeably.Pasttenseindicatesasimplecompletedactionwithnorelationtoanyotheractionbeforeorafterit.
Irantothestoreforsomemilk.
Westudiedforthreehourslastnight.
Itrainedyesterdayafternoon.
However,whenthepastactionwasinprogressatagiventimeorprior toanothersuddensingleaction,theverbisinthepastprogressive.
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IwasrunningtothestorewhenImetBob.
Wewerestudyingfortheexamwhenthelightswentout.
ItwasrainingyesterdaywhenIleftthelibrary.
Eachoftheabovesentencesshowsapastactioninprogressbeforeanothertookplace.Lookattheideainthischart:
Comparethefollowingsetsofsentences.
♦ Myfatherdrovetoworkat8:00yesterday.(onetime)
Myfatherwasdriving toworkat8:00thismorningwhenhegotaflattire.(actioninprogress)
♦ Wetalkedaboutourplansforthepartybeforetheclass.(onetime)
Weweretalkingwhentheteacherarrived.(actioninprogress)
♦ TerryandMonicaplayedtennislastnight.(onetime)
Terry and Monicawere playing tennis when it started to rain. (action inprogress)
♦ Iswaminthepoolthismorning.(onetime)
Iwasswimmingat10:00whenMaritzaarrived.(actioninprogress)
♦ Pattyreadabooklastnight.(onetime)
PattywasreadingabookbythefirewhenIwalkedintotheroom.(actioninprogress)
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Look for thesekeywords to helpyoudecidewhether to usepast or pastprogressive.
Past PastProgressive
once always
never everyday(night,week,etc.)
immediately manytimes
suddenly often
atonce frequently
unexpectedly mentalactionverbs
finally while/when(twosimultaneousactions=atthesametime)
EXERCISE114Readthefollowingparagraphandwritethecorrectformofthepastorpastprogressiveforeachverb.
ThismorningI(1) waswalking (walk)tothebusstop
whenthebussuddenly(2) pulled (pull)away.I(3)
__________(look)atmywatchand(4)__________(see)thatitwasnot
late.Howstrange!I(5)__________(wait)whenmyfriendJung(6)
__________(appear).She(7)__________(carry)alotofbooks,soI(8)
__________(move)oversothatshecouldsitdown.We(9)__________
(talk)whenthenextbus(10)__________(arrive)about15minuteslater.
Onthebusshe(11)__________(read)herbookwhileI(12)__________
(write)somenotesandwe(13)__________(negativeofpay)attention.
Suddenly,I(14)__________(realize)thatwehadmissedourstop.When
we(15)__________(get)offthebus,it(16)__________(begin)torain
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andneitherofus(17)__________(have)anumbrella.We(18)
__________(be)verywetwhenwe(19)__________(enter)thelibrary.
ThisFridaythe13th,(20)__________(be)terrible!NextFridaythe13thI
willstayhomeallday.
EXERCISE115Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.
LastweekI(1)(went,wasgoing)shoppingasIdoeveryFriday.
WhenI(2)(arrived,wasarriving)attheparkinglot,I(3)(found,was
finding)noplacetopark.Suddenly,IsawthatablueToyota(4)(left,was
leaving)aspotclosetotheentrance.I(5)(parked,wasparking)mycar
whensomeonesuddenly(6)(jumped,wasjumping)infrontofme.He(7)
(didn’tpay,wasn’tpaying)attentionandIalmost(8)(hit,washitting)him.
Ifinally(9)(got,wasgetting)intothestoreand(10)(started,wasstarting)
myshopping.I(11)(looked,waslooking)forsomefruitswhentheproduce
personsuddenly(12)(brought,wasbringing)outsomefreshgrapesand
bananas.He(13)(said,wassaying)thattheyhadjustbeendelivered.I(14)
(picked,waspicking)outafewand(15)(put,wasputting)theminmycart.
Inthemeatdepartmentthebutcher(16)(cut,wascutting)somelamb
chops,soI(17)(decided,wasdeciding)towaitafewminutesforhimto
puttheminthedisplaycase.Ihadfoundmostofmygroceriesand(18)
(pushed,waspushing)thecarttothecheckoutwhensuddenlyoneofthe
wheels(19)(fell,wasfalling)off.Themanager(20)(helped,washelping)
meunloadthecart,pay,andgetoutofthestore.Whatashopping
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nightmare!
EXERCISE116Fillinthecorrectformofthesimplepastorpastprogressive.
1.He wastraveling inEuropewhenhemetSally.(travel)
2.I wrote sixletterstoday.(write)
3.She_________herhairwhentheycalled.(brush)
4.Marta_________herdressandcouldn’tanswerthetelephone.(change)
5.Theboys_________abookcaseyesterday.(make)
6.She_________dinnerwhenJohnarrived.(cook)
7.Paul_________hismotherlastnight.(call)
8.Theyalways_________toworkinthemorning.(walk)
9.They_________aboutJameswhenhecamein.(talk)
10.Peoplealways_________nicethingsabouthim.(say)
11.Thegirl_________thebuttertothetableimmediately.(bring)
12.He_________toFrancewhenhisfatherdied.(go)
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13.Ian_________hisbagsandwentaway.(pack)
14.Theaudience_________alotofquestionsafterthespeechlastnight.(ask)
15.JustasI_________thestore,someonetriedtowalkin.(close)
16.Asthewaitress_________thewater,someonebumpedintoher.(pour)
17.Jim_________footballyesterdaywhenhehurthisknee.(play)
18.I_________asmuchasIcouldbutImissedthebus.(hurry)
19.Mike_________aletterwhenyoucalled.(type)
20.WhileMary_________thecar,herboyfriendwaseating.(wash)
VERBSFOLLOWEDBYINFINITIVES
Instead of using a noun as a complement, certain verbs use an infinitive.Thefollowingverbsalwaysrequiretheinfinitive(to+baseformofverb)ifthecomplementisaverb.
Thedirectoragreedtoraisehisemployees’salaries.
Mysonwilllearntoswimthissummer.
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Kahndeservestoreceivetheawardforhishardwork.
VERBSFOLLOWEDBYGERUNDS
Anothergroup,however,requiresagerund(V+ing)asacomplement.Thefollowingfitthispattern:
Thethiefadmittedtakingthejewelry.
Thestudentscontinuedwritingtheexamdespitethepowerfailure.
Imissseeingyoueveryday.Pleasehurryhome.
Thefollowingexpressionsrequirethegerund.InEnglishthegerundusuallyfollowsapreposition.
Idon’tapproveofyourwalkinglateatnight.
Thomasisfondofdrivinginthemountains.
Wejustfeellikesittinghomethisweekend.
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Manuelsucceededinpassingallofhistests.
Therearecertainverbs thatcanbefollowedbyeither the infinitiveor thegerundwithout changing themeaningof the sentence.Here is a partial list ofthoseverbs:
Tomcontinuestostudydespitehisjob. Tomcontinuesstudyingdespitehisjob.
Iprefertotravelinthesummer. Iprefertravelinginthesummer.
Analoveshatestostudymath. Anahatesstudyingmath.
EXERCISE117Circlethecorrectformforeach.
1.Thepoliticiansagreed(debating,todebate)onpublictelevision.
2.Weintend(going,togo)tothemountainsonourvacation.
3.Theweatherseems(being,tobe)bettertoday.
4.Manypeoplereported(seeing,tosee)unidentifiedflyingobjectsoverthelake.
5.Thedoctorwillpostpone(performing,toperform)surgeryuntilthepatientfeelsstronger.
6.Thedissidentsrefused(obeying,toobey)thepolice.
7.Ifyouleavenow,youwillavoid(driving,todrive)throughrush-hour
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traffic.
8.Ourmotherrefuses(allowing,toallow)ustoseethatmovie.
9.Wehope(buying,tobuy)anewtelevisionthisweek.
10.Ritadreads(going,togo)tothedentist’soffice.
11.Eniddecided(repairing,torepair)hercarherself.
12.Thepolicemansaidthatthedriverhadfailed(yielding,toyield)therightofway.
13.Ipromisenot(eating,toeat)anymorechocolate.
14.Ruthresisted(spending,tospend)allofhermoneyinthesamestore.
15.Thepaintersplan(painting,topaint)thehouseearlythismorning.
16.Whydon’tyouconsider(going,togo)tothebeachwithus.
17.Theyenjoy(singing,tosing)intheshower.
18.Thebridehopes(having,tohave)beautifulweatheronherweddingday.
19.Weexpect(entertaining,toentertain)manyfamilymembers.
20.Mycousinpractices(playing,toplay)thepianoeveryday.
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TROUBLESOMEVERBS
Because of their similarities, three sets of verbs—rise/raise, sit/set, andlie/lay—create problems even for native speakers. If you can remember thissimplediagramandonesentence foreachexample,youwillhavenoproblemwiththeseverbs.
Transitiveverbstakeadirectobject
Intransitiveverbstakenodirectobject
raise riselay lieset sit
You can raise your test score by studying harder. (score is the directobject)
Thegovernmenthasraisedtaxesagain.(taxesistheD.O.)
Paulalaidhernewdressonthebed.(dressistheD.O.)
After laying the bricks for the patio, the workers took a long break.(bricksistheD.O.)
Setthepackageonthetable.(packageistheD.O.)
Thedoctorwillhave toset thatbrokenbone so that it healsproperly.(boneistheD.O.)
NOTEThesubjectoftheverbsrise,lie,andsitperformstheactiononitself,
neveronanyoneoranythingelse.
Hotairrisesfasterthancold.(noD.O.)
Thetemperaturerosequicklyintheauditorium.(noD.O.)
Theabandonedtownliesinthemiddleofthedesert.(noD.O.)
Thesunbatherslayonthebeachallday.(noD.O.)
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Althoughwesatnearthewindow,westillcouldnotfeelthebreeze.(noD.O.)
Ourdoglovestositundertheoldoaktree.(noD.O.)
NOTETheverbslayandsetcantakeadirectobjectthatisathingandcanalsotakeanobjectthatisapersonwhenanotherpersonperformsan
actiononthesecondperson.
Thedoctor laid the trembling child inbed so that he could examineher.(Thechildislyingonthebed.)
Mrs. Lucas set her child in the high chair at dinnertime. (The child issittinginthechair.)
*Noticethespellingchangetoavoidwritingthreevowels(iei)together.
Herearesomeidiomaticexpressionswithtroublesomeverbs:
layanegg setabout
layaway setaside
laydownthelaw setback
layinto setout
layoff setabrokenbone
layout setgelatin
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tobelaidup setthetable
takeitlyingdown settheclock
allset
hair-raisingexperience
raiseyourvoice sitstill
raisecain sitin
sitin on
giveriseto sitthrough
earlyriser sittight
situp
EXERCISE118Usethecorrectformofriseorraiseinthesesentences.
Example:Studentsneedtoraisetheirhandsinclass.
1.Whilethemovers_________thedesk,oneofthedrawersfellout.
2.Yesterdaymorningthesun_________at6:12.
3.Mymotherhas_________earlyeverymorningforthepast15years.
4.Ceciliaaskedusnotto_________ourvoicesbecausethebabywassleeping.
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5.Theofficemanagerhappily_________thesalariesofhisemployeeslastJune.
6.Whenthejudgeentersthecourtroom,thebailiffsays,“Willeveryoneplease_________.”
7.Nooneknowswhenthegovernment_________taxes,butitwillbesoon.
8.Theheavyovernightrainsforcedtheriverlevelto_________.
EXERCISE119Usethecorrectformoflie/lay.
Example:Thepatientlayonthebedforthreehoursafterhissurgery.
1.Mydog_________inthesuneverymorning.
2.Thoseoldbookshave_________inthecornerforyears.
3.Jane,please_________youressayonmydesk.
4.Ican’tfindmykeys;IknowI_________themonthetablejustafewminutesago.
5.AfterI_________downforanap,Ialwaysfeelbetter.
6.BecauseSheila_________onthebeachalldayinthehotsun,shehadaterriblesunburn.
7.Thehenhas_________fiveeggsthisweek.
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8.Thehospitalorderlies_________thepatientinbedafterhissurgery.
EXERCISE120Usethecorrectformofsit/set.
Example:NooneknewwhyHarrywassitting in the back of churchafterthewedding.
1.EveryweekChris_________asidesomemoneytobuyastereonextChristmas.
2.Millie_________herhairthismorningsothatitwouldlookniceforthepartytonight.
3.Whenthefirebellrang,thechemistrystudents_________downtheirtesttubesandsilentlyleftthelab.
4.Karen,please_________thetablefordinner.
5.Whilewewere_________aroundwatchingtelevisionlastnight,myauntcametovisitus.
6.Secretariesmust_________alldayattheirdesks.
7.Sinceyouareonadiet,Ihave_________somegelatinfordessert.
8.Marvin_________patientlyinthelobbyandwaitedfornewsonhisbrother’scondition.
9.Mrs.Daletoldherchildrento_________upstraightandtolistentothespeaker.
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CONDITIONALTENSES
Inthistypeofconstruction,whichcontainstheword if, thecompletionofoneactionisdependentonanother.Iftheexistenceorperformanceofanactionishypothetical(notreal)orcannotbefulfilled,thenthatconditionissaidtobeunreal.
Iftheteamlostthegame,thememberswouldbeunhappy.(Theteamwillwinthegame;therefore,thememberswillbehappy.)
Ifthestorewereopennow,Iwouldbuysomegroceries.(Thestoreisclosed;therefore,Icannotbuythegroceriesnow.)
The if clauseprovidedanunreal situation,one that couldnotmaterialize,becauseitwascontrarytofactorhypothetical.Therefore,theresultclauseideacould not occur either. The situation could have taken place in the past, thepresent,orthefutureifthestipulatedconditionhadbeenmet.Unrealconditionscanbepresentorpast.
Toexpresspresentunrealconditions,followthisformula:
IF+verbinpast+ +verb
IfIsawTimonmywaytoclassnow,Iwouldstoptotalk.(Iwon’tseehimbecausehedoesn’thaveclassestoday.)
Ifitsnowedveryhard,wecouldgoskiinginthemountains.(It’stoowarmtosnow;therefore,wecan’tgoskiing.)
Eachofthesesentencespresentsanunrealconditioninthepresent.
NOTEWhenusingtheverbbeinunrealclauses,rememberthatonlywereis
thecorrectformwithpresentconditions.
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IftodaywereSaturday,wecouldsleeplater.
(Today’sWednesdayandwehavetogetupearly.)
IfIwereyou,Iwouldstudyharder.(I’mnotyou.)
However, ifwe lookathowpast situationscouldhavebeen different,wewouldusethefollowingformulatoexpresspastunrealconditions:
IF+HAD+pastparticiple+ +HAVE+past
participle
If Ihadremembered tobringmycheckbook thismorning, Icould havedoneallmygroceryshopping.(Ileftthecheckbookathomeanddidn’thaveenoughmoneytoshop.)
NOTENeverusewouldintheifclause.
INCORRECT: Ifwewouldhaveknownhowtoswim,wecouldhavelearnedtosurf.
CORRECT: Ifwehadknownhowtoswim,wecouldhavelearnedtosurf.
Anotherformofthepastconditionalexpressesthesameideabutomitstheiffromthesentence.Followthisrule:
HAD+subject+pastparticiple+ +HAVE+
pastparticiple
Hadweplayedagainstyouropponent,wecouldhavewoneasily.
Had theyknown youwere in town, Curt andDianawould have visited
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you.
Nowthatwehaveseenhowtheunrealworks, let’s takealookat therealconditionals, those that will almost certainly materialize. At the time ofspeaking, there is nothing hypothetical or contrary to fact. These conditionalsfallintotwocategories:thehabitualandthefactual.Theformerrepresentsthatwhichalwaysoccurswhenacertainconditionispresent.
Toexpresshabitualconditions,followthisformula:
IF+verbinpresent,+present
IfSusiecomestotown,wealwayshaveaparty.
IfAndrewgoesdancing,healwayshasagoodtime.
The if in these sentences has the meaning of when. When one thinghappens,anotheriscertaintohappenalso.
Toexpressfactualconditions,followthisformula:
IF+present+ +verb
Iftheweatherstaysnice,wecantakeatrip.
IfPamhasalltheingredients,shewillbakeusachocolatecake.
Wecanalsousethesefactualconditionswithcommandformsintheresultclause.Thesubjectoftheresultclausecanonlybeyou.
Ifyoudoanysewingtoday,pleasemendmybluecorduroys.
Ifyougettothedrugstore,havemyprescriptionrefilled.
Although the if clause usually comes first in the sentence, you do not
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changethemeaningbyplacingtheresultclausefirstandfollowingitbythe ifclause.
Notice,however,thatthecommaiseliminatedwhentheifclausedoesnotappearfirstinthesentence.
Ifwemissthebus,wewillhavetowalk.
Wewillhavetowalkifwemissthebus.
IfSelenahas anymoreproblemswithher registration, shewill drop thecourse.
Selena will drop the course if she has any more problems with herregistration.
EXERCISE121Writethecorrectformoftheconditionalandwishing.
1.IfIhadknownyouwerearrivingtoday,I_________(go)totheairporttomeetyou.
2.NoonewouldhavecomplainedifJoe_________(do)agoodjob.
3.Marywouldhavevisitedherfriendinthehospitalifshe_________(negativeforleave)worksolate.
4.Ifyougettothelibrary,please_________(pick)upthatbookthatIneed.
5.Wewillnotbeabletohearyouifyou_________(speak)sosoftly.
6.IfI_________(take)thistestnow,Iwouldnotbewellprepared.
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7.IfSherry_________(see)him,shewouldhavegivenhimthebook.
8.Ifyoutakethiscoursethissemester,you_________(graduate)inJune.
9.IfSid_________(have)enoughfilm,hewouldhavetakenmorepictures.
10.We_________(attend)thepartyifwehadfoundaride.
11.Wewishthatwe_________(go)tothemountainswithyoutomorrow.
12.Shewishesthatshe_________(negativeforeat)somuchfordinner.
13.Theywishthatthey_________(have)timetogotothelecture.
14.Sarahwishesthatshe_________(study)harderlastnightfortoday’stest.
15.Paulwishesthathe_________(catch)abigfishnextweek.
16.Billwishesthathisgolfscore_________(negativeforbe)sobad.
17.Allofuswishthattherain_________(stop).
18.Shewishesthatshe_________(win)theprizeinyesterday’slottery.
19.Andywishesthathe_________(lose)moreweightbeforeJune.
20.Iwishmyfriend_________(be)hererightnow.EXERCISE122
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EXERCISE122Readeachsituationand,usingtheconditional,tellwhatyouwoulddo.
1.Youhavejustwonthemillion-dollarlottery.
2.Youhavefinallygraduatedafterlongyearsofstudy.
3.Youhadmadeplansforapicnicoroutdoorevent,butit’srainingandwillcontinuetorainallday.
4.Classeshavebeencanceledforoneweek.
5.Somerelativesofwhomyouarenottoofondareplanningtovisityourtownforoneweekandwouldliketospendseveraldayswithyou.
6.It’srainingveryhard,andit’scold.Youarenotinthemoodtogetoutofbedandgotoclass.
7.Youhavejustseensomeonestealsomemerchandisefromastorewhereyouareshopping.
8.Youarewalkingdownthestreetandfind$80onthesidewalk.
9.Youhaveanimportanttesttomorrowforwhichyouarenotwellprepared.Amovieyouhavebeenwantingtoseeisontelevisionin45minutes.
10.Yourgirlfriend(boyfriend)wantstogotothebeachthisweekend,butyouneedtofinishyourtermpaperfora9:00classonMonday.
11.Yourbestfriendhasboughtyouasweaterthatfitsperfectly,butyouhatethecolorsanddesign.
12.Yourparentsoffertotakeyoushopping,buttheywanttoselectallyourpurchases.
13.Youareattendingapartywithallofyourfriendswhoaredrinking.They
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trytopersuadeyoutodrinkalso,butyouknowthatyouhavetodriveandthatyouneedtogetupearlythenextmorningtogotowork.
14.Youhaveajobthatyoudonotlikethatpays$40,000ayear.Youhaveanofferofamuchmoreenjoyableonethatpaysonly$25,000.
15.Thedoctortellsyouthatyouneedtolose25poundsifyouwanttofeelbetterandhavemoreenergy.Youhatedieting,butyoureallydonotfeelgoodasyouare.
EXERCISE123:WRITINGRead the following story about a shopping trip, and then complete thesentences,usingtheconditionalperfectformoftheverb.Allsentencesarepastunrealconditions.
Carlos’sBargainHuntingintheSupermarket
LastFridayCarlos,aSpanisharchitecturestudent,wentgroceryshoppingasusual.Onlythistime,hewasnotwithhisAmericanfriend.Hewantedtoprovethathecouldmanageonhisown.Heevenwrotealistsothathewouldnotforgetanything.Hestartedwiththeproducesectionandputlettuce,carrots,onions,bigbananas,grapes,andapplesinhiscart.Thenhefoundtheaislewithallthecannedgoods.Hewasexcitedtofindtunaatfourcansforonedollar,soheputeightcansinhiscart.Healsoboughtsomecannedpeasandgreenbeansandapackageofrice.
Inthemeatsection,heselectedsmallpackagesofsausageandhamburger.Finally,inthediarysection,hepickedupabottleofmilkandfoundaloafofbreadnearby.
Proudofhisaccomplishmentandgreatsavings,Carlosleftforhometopreparedinner.Becausehehadaclassanddidn’thavemuchtimetomakesupper,hedecidedtoeatatunasandwich.Hethoughtthetunahada“different”taste,buthewasinahurryandpaidnoattentiontothatsmalldetail.
ThenextnightCarlospreparedsomevegetablesoupandcutthelettuce,carrots,andonionsandputtheminapottoboil.Fiveminuteslaterhe
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lookedathissoupandrealizedthathehadverysoggylettuceandnotcabbage!!Anotherstrangemeal!!Thenextmorning,hecutabananainhisdishofcornflakes,onlytofindthatthebananawasaplantain,andithadtobecookedbeforeeating!!
Hewasinahurryonceagainatlunchtime,soheateanothertunasandwich,againwiththestrangetaste.Finally,aftereatingsevenofthesesandwiches,Carloslookedcloselyatthelabelandrealizedthathehadbeeneatingcatfoodforoneweek!!
Carlos’ssoloshoppingventurehadturnedintoadisaster,andhedecidedthatheneededtoshopwithhisAmericanfriendafewmoretimesbeforegoingsoloagain.
1.IfCarloshadnotgoneshoppingalone,hewouldn’thavemadesomanymistakes.
2.IfCarloshadnotwrittenalist,he___________________.
3.IfCarloshadlookedcloselyatthebananas,___________________.
4.IfCarloshadgoneshoppingearlier,___________________.
5.IfCarloshadnotbeeninahurryatsuppertime,___________________.
6.IfCarloshadreadthelabelsonthecans,___________________.
7.IfCarloshadlookedcloselyatthelettuce,___________________.
8.IfCarloshadeatentheplantain,___________________.
9.IfCarloshadtakenhistimetofixlunch,___________________.
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10.IfCarlos’sfriendhadgonewithhim,theshoppingventure___________________.
UNLESS
The conjunction unless functions the same as if . . . not in conditionalsentences.
Lookattheconstructionofthesesentences:
♦ Unlesswefinishtheprojectsoon,ourclientswillbeangry.
Ifwedon’tfinishtheprojectsoon,ourclientswillbeangry.
♦ UnlessBillhadalltheingredients,hewouldn’ttrytherecipe.
IfBilldidn’thavealltheingredients,hewouldn’ttrytherecipe.
Whateverformscorrespondtorealandunrealconditionswillalsobeusedhere.Unlessisusuallyfollowedbyanaffirmativeclause,notanegativeclause.Avoidusingnegativeclausessuchasthis:
We’llhavethepartyhere,unlessyoudon’tapprove.
Saythefollowinginstead:
We’llhavethepartyhere,unlessthereisaproblem.
INCORRECT: UnlessIdon’tpaythebill,theelectriccompanywillturnoffmylights.
CORRECT: Unless I pay the bill, the electric company will turn off mylights.
EXERCISE124Supplythecorrectformoftheverbineachsentence.
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1.Unlesswepaytherentsoon,thelandlord willevict (evict)us.
2.We_______(attend)thelectureunlessitiscanceled.
3.Noonewillbelieveyouunlessyou_______(show)himtheevidence.
4.Hewouldn’thaveofferedtohelpunlesshe_______(have)thetime.
5.Unlessmyfriendlearnstobudgethismoney,he_______(be)indebt.
6.UnlessSam_______(get)thecontractsigned,hecan’tprovidetheservices.
7.UnlessMr.Sanders_______(find)anassistantsoon,hewillnotfinishhisreport.
8.Youwillhavetopayafareincreaseunlessyou_______(purchase)yourticketbeforeMonday.
9.Myteacher_______(negativeforread)thispaperunlessItypeit.
10.Unlesstheelectrician_______(arrive)soon,wewillhavetositinthedarktonight.
11.Unlessyou_______(try)onthepants,Iwillnotbeabletohemthem.
12.UnlessI_______(prepare)suppersoon,wewillnoteatuntilverylate.
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13.Unlessyou_______(answer)thephone,thecallerwillthinkthatwearenothome.
14.Unlessyouaremorecareful,thecompany_______(negativeforinsure)youinthefuture.
15.Youwillnot_______(receive)yourcheckunlessyoufilloutatimecard.
16.Unlesswe_______(leave)soon,wewillarrivetoolateforthefirstact.
17.Unlesstheyhurry,they_______(miss)thetrain.
18.Unlessastranger_______(try)toenterthehouse,mydogwillnotbarkloudly.
19.Unlessyou_______(put)thetrashnearthecurb,thecitywon’tcollectit.
20.UnlessSandy_______(ask)Terry,shewillneverknowwhytheybrokeup.
POSSIBILITYANDPROBABILITY
Possibility
May andmight are usually interchangeable, butmay seems to be stronger orshowsmoreemphasis.Mightisordinarilyusedforafuturetimeinanounclauseafterapast-tenseverb.
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Forpresentorfuturetime +simpleform
Shemaychangehermindbeforesheleaves.
Shemaybeabletogolater.
Andreathoughtthatshemighttransfertoanotheruniversitythisfall.
HesaidhemighthavetomovetoChicagonextyear.
Mayandmightarecombinedwithtobeabletoandhavetobutneverwithcanormust.
Wemighthavetopostponethepicnicbecauseoftherain.
Gingermaybeabletospeakatourluncheonthisweek.
Forpasttime +pastparticiple
Theboysmayhavetriedtocallyouyesterday.
Imighthaveleftmykeysathome.
Maynotandmightnotexpresslackofpossibilityorprobability.
Imaynotgotothepartyafterall.
Theymightnotbeabletovisitusthisyear.
May andmight are not ordinarily used in questions unlessmay asks forpermissiontodosomething.
MayIseethatphotograph?(askspermission)
Hemaybehereat5:00.Ishelikelytobehereat5:00?
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Canhepossiblybehereat5:00?
Probability
Probability representswhatwe guesswill happen because of a certain set ofcircumstances,butwearenotsureoftheoutcome:
Johnhasn’teatenfor24hours.Oneoftheideasthatwemightguessisthathemustbeveryhungry.ThisprobabilityinthepresentisexpressedbyMUSTBE+adjective.Wecanalsousemustbe+[verb+ing].
Hemustbelookingforarestaurant.
Ritahasspentthewholedayinthesun.Shemustbesunburned.
Stuartisdrinkinghisthirdglassofwater.Hemustbethirsty.
Lookhowdarkitisoutside.Itmustberaining.
Terry’slaughingalot.Hemustbehavingagoodtime.
Lookatthefollowingsentencesandattheprobableactionthatwouldresultfromthissetofcircumstances.
Mehrdadhasn’tsleptinthreedays.Hemustbeverytired.
Kimhasbeenintherainallnight.Shemustbeallwet.
Johntravels25milestoworkeveryday.Hemusthaveacar.
Maryhaswon$100.Shemustbehappy.
Theyhaveboughtanexpensivehouse.Theymustberich.
Shouldandoughttoexpressstrongpossibilitythatapproachesexpectationequalsprobability:
Forpresentorfuture +simpleform
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Youshould(oughtto)receivethepackagebyWednesday.
Thecommitteeshould(oughtto)beannouncingthedecisionbytomorrow.
Henryshould(oughtto)havearrivedonthe8:00train,buthedidn’t.
Youshould(oughtto)haveboughtthecarwhenitwasonsale.
EXERCISE125Read these sentences andmake logical conclusions, using the present orthefutureofprobability.
1.TomswamtheEnglishChannellastweek.
2.Johnhasfailedhisexams.
3.Halhaslost$500.
4.Nobodywantstohelphimwithhishomework.
5.Johnhasaslightfever.
6.Therearemanydarkcloudsinthesky.It’s80degreesoutside.
7.Therearemanydarkcloudsinthesky.It’s30degreesoutside.
8.XianandMaihavebeengoingtogetherforfiveyears.
9.Heislaughingveryhard.
10.Tomisveryfat.
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11.Theyspendalotofmoneyatthebutcher’s.
12.TheSimpsonsownabigcar.
13.ItisveryhotandJennyandherfriendsareatthebeach.
14.Joseisverysad.
15.It’s8:00andtheplaybeginsat8:15.Wehavefartodrive.
16.Melworksveryhard.Heneedsmoremoney.
17.TheyleftNewYorkforMadridlastnight.They_________bynow.
18.ThedirectorhasjustofferedJamesabetterjob.
19.TodayisMary’sbirthday.She_________old.
20.Jakeisgivingaspeechthisafternooninclass.
Past probability guesses at a logical conclusion about a situation in thepast,butitdoesnotrelatetoactionsinthepresent.
Ican’tfindmywallet.Imusthaveleftitathome.
Peterreceiveda65percentonhistest.Hemustnothavestudied.
Mrs.Thomaspaid$1.29apound forchickenonMonday.Today it costs$1.59apound.Theymusthaveraisedtheprice.
Peterdidn’tattendthemeetinglastnight.Hewasprobablybusy.
It’s been10days sinceyouwrote the check. Ithasprobably cleared bynow.
EXERCISE126:WRITINGMakelogicalconclusionstothesesituationsinthepast.
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1.Mrs.Kenleywastalkingwithaverydistinguishedgentlemenatthepartylastnight.He musthavebeensomeoneveryimportant (Hewasprobablysomeoneimportant.).
2.Whattimewasitwhenhearrived?It_________________________.
3.TheDuricaswonthelotterylastyear.They_________________________.
4.Tommyswamtheraceinrecordtime.He_________________________.
5.Jamesfailedallofhisfinalexams.He_________________________.
6.BobwenttoNewMexicolastweek.He_________________________.
7.Theyboughtayachtlastmonth.They_________________________.
8.Nancyleftthepartyearlylastnight.She_________________________.
9.Tedandhisbrotherweren’tinclassyesterday.They_________________________.
10.LastweekGarysawamoviestarringhisfavoriteactor_________________________.
11.Therewasalargepuddleintheyardthismorning.It_________________________.
12.Paulstudiedveryhardforallofhistestsandheknewthematerialwell.He_________________________.
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13.Valwalked12milesafterhercarhadbrokendown.She_________________________.
14.Idepositedyourcheckinthebanklastweek.Thecashierdidn’tsayanythingtometoday.Yourcheck_________________________.
15.Whattimedidyouarrivelastnight?It_________________________.
16.HowmanypeopleattendedthelectureonTuesday?There_________________________.
17.WheredidCindyandLeogoontheirhoneymoon?They_________________________.
18.HowmanytimesdidLouieseethatmovie?He_________________________.
19.Howoldwereyouwhenthatpicturewastaken?I_________________________.
20.Whendidtheyannouncethewinners?They_________________________.
SUBJECT/VERBAGREEMENT
One of the biggest problems in writing correctly is that of getting thesubjectandverbtoagree.
Singularsubjectstakesingularverbs:
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Thecatchasesthemouse.
Nobodywantstolistentothatsonganymore.
Pluralsubjects takepluralverbs.Nounsendinginavoweloraconsonantexceptch,sh,s,andxadd-stoformtheplural:
Thosegirlssinganddanceverywell.
Rosesarered;violetsareblue.
Nounsendinginch,sh,s,andxadd-es:
Theseprettydishesweremygrandmother’s.
Ourtaxesaregoingupagain.
Not all words ending in -s are plural. The following words are alwayssingularandhavenopluralform:
News can become a countable noun only by using the words stories oritems, i.e.news stories or news items.Measles can become plural by sayingcasesofmeasles.
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IRREGULARPLURALS
Somewordsformtheirpluralswithoutadding-s.Theseirregularwordsarethefollowing:
*A louse is an insect that gets in your hair andmakes you scratch yourhead.Younevergetonlyone.
Mytoothhurts.Myteethhurt.
Alouseisaparasite.Liceareparasites.
NOTECompoundwords,suchasfootballandtoothbrush,formtheirplurals
accordingtotherules.Add-sand-es.
Allfivetoothbrusheshavethesameshape.
Theteamhadtobuynewfootballs.
Thefollowingwords,however,alwaysindicateapluralconceptandrequireapluralverb:
scissors glasses(eye)
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pants both
many people
several
However, ifapairofprecedesscissors,pants,andglasses,useasingularverb.
Every andany and their forms (everyone, everything, etc.) and each arealwayssingularandtakeasingularverbandsingularpossessiveadjectives.
PROBLEMSWITHPREPOSITIONALPHRASES
Prepositionalphrasesarenotsubjects,sowhenyouhaveawordgroupthatincludes a prepositional phrase other than thosementioned below, look at thenounbeforethephrasetodeterminewhethertheverbwillbesingularorplural.
When no prepositional phrase follows some, then theword is plural andrequiresapluralverb.
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However, when a prepositional phrase follows the word some, it is theobjectofthepreposition;thenumberoftheobjectdetermineswhethertheverbissingularorplural.
Whethereitherandneitheraresingularorpluraldependsonhowtheyareusedinthesentence.Wheneither...orandneither...norareusedtogether,whateverfollowsorandnordeterminesthenumberoftheverb.
NOTEWhenaprepositionalphrasefollowseitherorneither,theverbisalwayssingular.Rememberthatprepositionalphrasescannotbe
subjects.
Expressionslikealongwith,accompaniedby,togetherwith,andaswellasshouldbetreatedasiftheywereprepositionalphrases.
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Althoughobjects of prepositions cannot be subjects, in a fewexceptionalcases they can determine whether the verb will be singular or plural. Thefollowingphrasescanbesingularorpluraldependingonthewordthatfollowsthem:
Theexpressionanumberofisalwaysfollowedbyapluralverb.
However,theexpressionthenumberofrequiresasingularverb.
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Whenusing the -ing formof theverb (gerund)as thesubject,alwaysusethesingularformoftheverb.
Subjectsof theexpressionsusing [thereorhere+a formof theverbbe]always follow theverb.Find the subject first, and thendeterminewhether theverbshouldbesingularorplural.
Thewordonealwaysrequiresasingularverb.
EXERCISE127Inthisexercise,circlethecorrectformoftheverbforeachsentence.
FeedingtheBirds
Manypeople[pass(1)passes]throughMemorialParkeveryday.
Everybody[talk(2)talks]toMr.Parsons,anoldmanwho[sit(3)sits]ona
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parkbenchand[feed(4)feeds]thebirds.They[fly(5)flies]nearand[peck
(6)pecks]atthebreadthathe[throw(7)throws]tothem.Themajorityof
thepeoplewho[come(8)comes]here[know(9)knows]Mr.Parsons.
Todayapairofbeautifulbluejays[approach(10)approaches]andhe[give
(11)gives]themsomewild-birdseedfromhishand.Alocaljournalist[see
(12)sees]thekindoldmanand[decide(13)decides]totalkwithhim.He
says,“Thenews[is(14)are]notalwaysgood,butsome[has(15)have]
moreappealthanothers.”Neitherthemannorthejournalist[speak(16)
speaks]forawhile.Alittleboy,accompaniedbyhissisters,[ride(17)
rides]byand[say(18)says]hello.Thenumberofpeoplepassingbytotalk
withMr.Parsons[is(19)are]increasing,sothejournalist[take(20)takes]
hisnotebooktointerviewsomeoneelse.
EXERCISE128Circlethecorrectformofeachofverb.
1.Thecolorofthosepants(clash,clashes)withthatofyourblouse.
2.Arthritis(is,are)aseriousdisease.
3.Everypersoninthisroom(has,have)aticketforthedoorprize.
4.NeitherChristienorhersistersever(walk,walks)toschool.
5.Someoftheflowers(is,are)wilted.
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6.Thestudents,accompaniedbytheirparents,(is,are)leavingforafieldtrip.
7.Anumberofsimilartypesofplant(grow,grows)wellinthisclimate.
8.Manyofthegraduatesalready(has,have)summerjobs.
9.Eitherthemanagerorhissecretary(distribute,distributes)theemployees’paychecks.
10.Thisdictionary,aswellasthosetravelbooks,(is,are)onsalethisweek.
11.Alotofnewstudents(come,comes)toclassexpectingagreatdealofhomework.
12.Sixtypercentofthefoodsthatweeat(contain,contains)preservatives.
13.Thenumberofdaysinthebillingperiod(is,are)only20.
14.Two-thirdsofthecorncrop(was,were)savedafterthedrought.
15.(Was,Were)eitherofyouinthebuildingatthetimethatthealarmsounded?
16.Nobody(look,looks)atbacteriawiththenakedeye.
17.Neithertheinvestigatorsnorthescientist(offer,offers)asatisfactoryexplanationforthatoccurrence.
18.Themajorityofthenewsreports(say,says)thatthecrashwasdueto
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enginefailure.
19.Oneofthemachines(break,breaks)downatleastonceamonth.
20.Neitherprofessionalsnoramateurs(photograph,photographs)withoutcheckingthelensfirst.
EXERCISE129Fillineachblankwiththecorrectformoftheverb.
1.Neithertheboysnortheircoach has (have)seenthecaptainoftheteam.
2.Alargenumberoffish________(be)swimmingdowntheriver.
3.Noone________(like)towritesuchlongassignments.
4.Eitherofthem________(be)aworthycandidatefortheaward.
5.Thesescissors________(need)tobesharpened.
6.There________(be)severalbooksonthedesk.
7.Theplanningcommittee________(want)toadoptthenewmeasuresverysoon.
8.Readinghorrorstories________(frighten)manypeople.
9.TheNavy________(train)manynewsailorseveryyear.
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10.Everyathlete________(excel)inonesportoranother.
11.Mathematics________(require)alotoftimeandpractice.
12.Myteeth________(hurt)sinceIhadsurgery.
13.Everyday________(seem)likeaneternitysinceyouwenttoAtlanta.
14.Manypeople________(spend)toomuchmoneyonjunkfoods.
15.Apairofnewglasses________(cost)about$80.
16.Eachofthegifts________(represent)asymbolofmylove.
17.Someofthemoney________(go)forlivingexpenses.
18.Manyoftheproblems________(solve)themselvesafteryoulearnmoreaboutcomputers.
19.NeitherSandynorherbrothers________(drive)toschool.
20.Fortypercentofallaccidents________(occur)closetohome.
ACTIVEANDPASSIVEVOICE
VerbsinEnglishcanbeineithertheactiveorthepassivevoice,dependingonhowthewriterchoosestopresenttheaction.Intheactivevoice,thesubjectperforms the action, whether it is past, present, or future. The followingsentencesshowavarietyoftenses.
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Thesunisshining.
Thechildranaftertheball.
WewillbevisitingourrelativesinOhio.
HasJoelreceivedhispackageyet?
Ifwehurry,wecanseetheparade.
Inalloftheabove,thesubjectperformedtheaction.Hereitwasimportanttoknowwhowasresponsiblefortheaction.
However,inthepassivevoice,thesubjectdoesnotperformtheactionbutratherreceivesit.Basically,thepassiveemphasizestheactionitself,ratherthantheperformerofthataction.Inmostcasestheperformer,knownastheagent,iseitherunimportantorunknown.
ThemagnificentTajMahalwasbuiltin1646A.D.
Doweknowwhothearchitectwas?No.Doesitmatter?No.
Active:subject+verb+directobject
ShakespearewroteRomeoandJuliet.
Passive:subject+verb+BY+agent(BE+pastparticiple)
RomeoandJulietwaswrittenbyShakespeare.
Noticehowthesubjectoftheactivevoicebecametheagentofthepassivevoice, andhow thedirect object of the activevoicebecame the subject of thepassivevoice.Inchangingfromactivetopassive,followthesamepattern.Oftenwe are interested in only the year and the purpose and not in the personwhoperformedtheaction.Thefollowingarecommonconstructionsusingthepassivevoice.
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Utopiawaswrittenin1516.
LaPrimaverawaspaintedbyBotticelliin1478.
TheAmericanRedCrosswasfoundedin1881.
GeorgeW.Bushwaselectedpresident in2000andwasre-elected in2004.
Theprintingpresswasinventedin1450.
Noticetheelementsnecessaryforthiskindofconstruction.
subject+BE+pastparticiple+(BY+agent)
Thelastelementisinparenthesesbecausetheremaynotalwaysbeanagent(theoneresponsiblefortheaction)expressed.
Americawasdiscoveredin1492.(noagentindicated)
AmericawasdiscoveredbyChristopherColumbusin1492.(Heretheagentismentioned.)
Onlytransitiveverbscanbeusedwiththepassivevoice.Aformoftheverb(be+thepastparticiple)mustaccompanyeachverb,regardlessofthetense.
Yourapplicationisbeingprocessedrightnow.
TheflagisraisedovertheCapitoleverymorning.
OurnewgovernorwillbeinauguratednextMonday.
Thecommitteehasbeenappointedbythechairman.
Amy’shousehadbeenbuiltbeforetheoilcrisis.
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When the auxiliariesmust, can, andmay are used, the passive voice isformedwithbeplusthepastparticipleofthemainverb.
Thelettermustbetypedthisafternoon.
Yourloancanbeapprovedquicklyifyouhaveagoodcreditrating.
Wemaybeinvitedtoaweddingnextmonth.
Lookathowtheactiveandpassivevoicearecontrasted.Bothofthemsaybasicallythesamething,butgrammaticallytheyaredifferent.
ActiveVoice PassiveVoice
Theteacherringsthebell. Thebellisrungbytheteacher.
Theteacherisringingthebell.
Thebellisbeingrungbytheteacher.
Theteacherrangthebell. Thebellwasrungbytheteacher.
Theteacherhadrungthebell.
Thebellhadbeenrungbytheteacher.
Theteacherwillringthebell.
Thebellwillberungbytheteacher.
EXERCISE130Changeeachsentencefromtheactivevoicetothepassive.Ifthesubjectisinparentheses,eliminateitinthepassive.
Example:Theteacherrangthebell.Thebellwasrungbytheteacher.
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(Thedirector)calledthemeetingtoorder.Themeetingwascalledtoorderbythedirector.
1.(ArthurMiller)wroteDeathofaSalesmanin1949.
2.Theattackingtroopscapturedthefort.
3.ThomasJeffersondesignedMonticello.
4.(Manypeople)signedtheDeclarationofIndependenceinPhiladelphia.
5.(Theweatherman)ispredictingrainfortomorrow.
6.Theforestfiredestroyedmostoftheprairie.
7.Thelumberjackswillcutdownmanytreesinordertobuild12newhouses.
8.Thealtarserverlitthecandlesbeforetheceremonyhadbegun.
9.(Everyone)sangsongsafterthediscussion.
10.Thousandsofviewerswatchedthefinalepisodeoftheprogram.
11.(Noone)knowstheauthor’sname.
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12.MelGibsondirectedPassion.
13.(Thegovernment)signedthetreatyin1863.
14.(Thepolice)issued500speedingticketsyesterday.
15.(They)willclosetheStockMarketonJuly4.
16.Channel5willfeatureaprogramonSpainonWednesday.
17.Thecommitteehasmadeplansforacelebration.
18.(Thegroup)hadtorndowntheoldchurchbefore1875.
EXERCISE131Changeeach sentence frompassive to activevoice. Ifnoagent isgiven,theninventsomeoneresponsiblefortheaction.
Examples:Abillrequiringeveryonetouseseatbeltswillbesignedbythegovernor.Thegovernorwillsignabillrequiringeveryonetouseseatbelts.
Themedicationwasprescribedbythedoctor.Thedoctorprescribedthemedication.Federalemployeeswereevacuatedfromthebuildingsduringtheriots.
Thepoliceevacuated federalemployees from thebuildingsduringtheriots.
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1.Anewcarwasorderedbythesalesman.
2.Thewaterwasanalyzedbythetechniciantoseewhetheritwaspolluted.
3.Yourpackageisbeingsentairfreight.
4.Thenationalanthemwillbesungbeforethesoccermatch.
5.Frank’shouseisbeingpaintedthisweek.
6.Thefisharebeingcaughtinlargenumbers.
7.MuchtreasurefromthesunkenshipTheAtochahasbeendiscoveredbyMelFisher.
8.Myfavoritesongwasplayedbytheorchestra.
9.St.AugustinewasoccupiedbytheFrenchatonetime.
10.Nancy’sdresshadbeenboughtinAtlantatwoweeksbeforethewedding.
EXERCISE132:WRITINGBecause the agent or person responsible for each of these actions ismentioned, itwouldhavebeenbetter towrite thewholeparagraphin theactivevoice.Rewritethissothatalltheverbsareintheactivevoice.
BeautifulHawaii
TheplaneloadoftouristswasflownoutofLosAngelestowardHawaiibythepilot.Awonderfulmealwasservedonboardbytheflightcrew.Thebeautifulsceneryenroutetotheislandparadisewasenjoyedbythepassengers.Uponarrival,thetouristsweregreetedbynativewomenwearinggrassskirts.TheywereswayingtoHawaiianmelodiesofthetraditionalmusicthatwasplayedonukulelesbylocalmusicians.Thesemusicalinstrumentsareconsideredbymanytobenativetotheislands.Eachofthetouristswasgivenacolorfulleioftinyorchidsbyoneofthelovelywomen.Thevisitorswerewarmlyreceivedbythecitizensofthis
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Pacificisland.
EXERCISE133:WRITINGReadthefollowingparagraphandchangethesentencesfrompassivevoicetoactivevoice.Rewritethewholeparagraph.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge,amegalithicstructurelocatedinEngland,wasbuiltbyanagriculturaltribeofsunworshipersin2750B.C.AnumberoftheoriesaboutthepurposeofsuchastructurehavebeenproposedaboutthemysteryofStonehenge.Themostacceptedtheoryregardingitssignificancewasdevisedin1963byaBritishastronomer,GeraldS.Hawkins.ItwasbelievedthatStonehengewasagiantstonecalendarandobservatory.Thepointatwhichthesunroseduringthemidsummersolsticewasmarkedby“heelstones”inthecenterofthecomplex.Accordingtoanthropologists,religiousritesdatingbacktothetimeofAtlantiswereperformedbyareligioussectcalledDruids.Itwasdiscoveredbyscientists,however,thathistoricallyandchronologicallytheDruidsandStonehengewerefromdifferenteras.
Mostwritingwillbeintheactivevoiceratherthaninthepassive.However,if you arewriting a lot about historical events or scientific accounts, youwillfindthatthepassiveispreferred,mainlybecausethoseresponsiblefortheactionare unknown or else unimportant. These written accounts are usually lessforcefulthanthosedescribedintheactivevoice.
SUBJUNCTIVE
InEnglishtherearethreemoodsorwaystoexpresstheactionoftheverbs,awriterorspeakeruses.Theyareindicative(allofthetensesalreadystudiedinthisunit)whichindicatestherealworld,thatwhichishappening,hashappened,or will happen. The imperative or commands in which the speaker orderssomeone todoornot todosomething.Thesubjunctive represents theunreal,contrary to fact, or form whereby the speaker wants someone else to dosomething. The subjunctive is not used as often as the other two moods in
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English.Sentencesusingthesubjunctivealwayscontaintwoclauses,onemainandonedependent,twodifferentsubjects,andtheconjunctionthat.
S1+V1+THAT+S2+V2(subjunctive)
(mainclause) (dependentclause)
The verb in the subjunctive is always the simple form, one thatdoesnotshowtimeoragreement.Thereisnosequenceoftensesbetweenthemainclauseandthedependentclause.
ThedoctorsuggeststhatItakevitamins. (thathe/she/we/youtake...)ThedoctorsuggestedthatItakevitamins. (thathe/she/we/youtake...)ThedoctorwillsuggestthatItakevitamins. (thathe/she/we/youtake...)
Themainclauseisalwaysthefirstofthetwoandmustcontainoneofthefollowingverbs:
Thegeneralcommandedthathistroopsstandatattention.
Motherwillinsistthatwenotgocampingthisweekend.
Thenutritionistprefers thatAbduldrink eight glasses ofwater eachday.
Rather than use the subjunctive, many people prefer to eliminate theconjunction that and use an indirect object and the infinitive. It is understoodthat the indirect object will be responsible for performing the action of theinfinitive.
subject+verb+indirectobject+infinitive
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Theuniversityrequiresustotakefourmathcourses.
Thepoliceorderedthedemonstratorstoleaveatonce.
Thedirectorwillrequestallmusicianstoarriveearly.
Iurgethemtostayanotherweekortwo.
Anumberof impersonalexpressions (it+be+adjective) canbeused inthemainclausewith the subjunctive in thedependent clause.Again, themainverb(be)canbeinanytenseandthereisnosequenceoftenses.
IT+verbBE+adjective+THAT+S2+V2(subjunctive)
Thefollowingadjectivescanbeusedintheimpersonalexpressions:
Itwasadvisedthatallresidentsleavethestormarea.
It is better that the professor notdiscuss his controversial theory inclass.
Itwillbepreferablethattouristsnotdrivethroughthejungle.
ItisobligatorythatMartapayherfeesatonce.
Iftheitphraseisreplacedbyapersonresponsiblefortheaction, thentheinfinitiveisusedwiththeseadjectives:
Thisisthenewsentencepattern:
S(person)+verbBE+adjective+infinitive
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Youwereadvisedtoregisterimmediately.
Wearerequiredtowearashirtandshoesinthere.
Estherwillbeurgedtostudyeconomicsthisyear.
Anotherwaytogetaroundusingthesubjunctiveistoeliminatethechangeofsubjectandtheconjunctionthatandusetheinfinitive.
IT+verbBE+adjective+infinitive
Itwillbeimperativetostudyeverynight.
Itisobligatorytopaytaxeseveryyear.
Itwasurgenttodiscussyourmedicalproblemimmediately.
Itisbettertowaitforalowerinterestrate.
EXERCISE134Writeeitherthesubjunctiveortheinfinitiveformoftheverb.
1.Anissaaskedherbrothersnot_________(tease)hersomuch.
2.Thedeanrequeststhatyou_________(see)himthisafternoon.
3.Idemandthatthey_________(apologize)immediately.
4.Theteacherwillrecommendthatwe_________(take)theexamonFriday.
5.Itwasnecessary_________(write)totheadmissionsoffice.
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6.ItisimperativethatSaud_________(drive)toclass.
7.Itisbetter_________(eat)threegoodmealseveryday.
8.Weurgedthem_________(visit)themuseumthisweek.
9.MyparentsinsistedthatI_________(live)closetocampus.
10.Youarerequested_________(appear)atgraduationceremonies.
11.Danawasadvised_________(be)cautiousonhertripabroad.
12.Youwillbeurged_________(accept)thenewposition.
13.ItwillbedesirablethattheMurphyfamily_________(move)toalargerhouse.
14.Iwasadvised_________(give)upsmokingformyhealth.
15.Mandyrequiredus_________(arrive)nolaterthan8p.m.
16.Itispreferable_________(study)inthelibraryratherthaninthecafeteria.
17.Itwillbeimportant_________(pay)thisbillontime.
18.Theoldmanorderedthereporters_________(get)offhispropertybeforehecalledthepolice.
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19.Rowenainsistedthatherboyfriend_________(dance)onlywithher.
20.Peterpreferredthathisfriends_________(swim)inthepool,notinthelake.
Another example of using the subjunctive relates to unreal situations andhastheverbwish in themainclause. If thesituationwerereal,youwouldnotwishforachange.TheconjunctionthatisoftenomittedinspokenEnglish.Thesubjunctivehere looks like thepast tense thatyoustudiedbefore. It really isaformofthesubjunctive.Theonlyformoftheverbbeforpresentwishesiswere.Thepatternforthisuseofthesubjunctiveandawishinthepresentisasfollows:
S1+WISH+THAT+S2+pasttense
TimisinCalifornia.Iwishthathewerehere.
TodayisThursday.ThechildrenwishthatitwereSaturday.
Idon’thavetime.IwishthatIhadtime.
Wecan’tgosurfing.Wewishthatwecouldgosurfing.
Itispossibletohavethesamesubjectforboththemainandthedependentclauses.
Awish in the past requires sequence of tenses. It also looks at an unrealsituationrelatedeithertonowortothepast.Followthispattern:
S+WISH{present/past}+THAT+HAD+pastparticiple
Presentwishesrelatedtopastactions:
Ourfriendsdecidednottovisitthisweek.
Wewish(now)thattheyhadvisitedus.
Theweatherwashotanddryalllastweek.
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Iwish(now)thatithadrainedalittle.
Theboyswenttocamplastsummer.
Theirmotherwishes(now)thattheyhadn’tgonetocamp.
Pastwishesrelatedtopastactions:
Joandidn’tstudySpanishincollege.
After Sally hadmoved toMexico, shewished that she had studiedSpanish.
In1982mysonboughtaconvertible.
Laterhewishedhehadboughtapracticalcar.
TheJohnsonswantedalovelyhouseinthevalley.
Theywishedthatithadn’tbeensoexpensive.
EXERCISE135Changeeachofthefollowingwishesfromthepresenttopast.Useapastexpression,andthenrewritethewholesentence.
Example:Wewishyouhadmoretimetovisit.Wewishyouhadhadmoretimelastweek.
1.IwishthatIweregoingtoSwitzerland.
2.Thestudentswishthattheyhadmoretimetostudy.
3.Nancywishesthatshecouldcooklikehergrandmother.
4.WewishTimwereherefortheparty.
5.Theywishthattheydidn’thavetotakesomanymathclasses.
6.Youwishthatwecouldgettogethermoreoften.
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7.Iwishitweren’tsnowingsohard.
8.Wewishthatthisbusdriverdidn’thavetomakesomanystops.
9.Margiewishesthatshecouldtypefaster.
10.Myparentswishthatsomeonewouldbuytheirhouse.
EXERCISE136:WRITINGImaginethatyouhavejustfoundanoldoillamp.Asyouruboffsomeofthedust,agenieappearsandtellsyouthathewillgrant10wishesthatyoucan make for your friends. Using 10 different verbs, wish somethingdifferent(pastorpresent)foreachofyourfriends.
EXERCISE137Fillinthecorrectformoftheverb,usingtheclues.
1.IwishthatI_________(buy)thecoatwhenitwasonsale.
2.Davewishesthathe_________(negativefordrive)sofast,becausehegotaticket.
3.Harryarrivedlatefortheinterviewandwishedthathe_________(got)upearlier.
4.Thetrafficisterriblerightnow,andwewishthatwe_________(take)anotherroute.
5.Johnwishesthathe_________(have)themoneyforsomelotteryticketsbecausethejackpotis$20million.
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6.IwishI_________(know)howtorepaircarsbecausemineisalwayshavingproblems.
7.Jakewishesthathe_________(negativefordrink)somuchatthepartylastnight,becausehehasahangoverthismorning.
8.Mymotherwishesthatthebreeze_________(dry)herclothesinahurrysothatshecouldgettheminbeforeitrains.
9.Elizabethwishesshe_________(negativeforbe)sicklastweekbecauseshehassomuchworktodonowtocatchup.
10.IwishthatI_________(read)asfastasyousothatIcouldfinishthisnoveltonight.
EXERCISE138:WRITINGMelanieandherroommatewenttoaspecialbirthdaypartylastnight,buteverythingseemedtogowrongforthem.Rewritetheparagraph,retellingwhattheywishhadorhadnothappened.
Solangehadtoworklate.Ihadtowaitforhertoshoweranddress.Wearrivedlateatthepartyandmissedalotofthefun.JohnnyDurango,ahotnewlocalsinger,sangacoupleofsongs,butwedidn’thearhim.Therehadbeenalotofgreatfood,butweateonlytheleftovers.PeteSinclair,ahandsomeguyinmybiologyclass,wouldn’tdancewithme.Iwastooshytoaskhimtodance.Solangedranktoomuch,andshegotsickattheparty.Shelostherkeys,soTomofferedtodriveushome.He’ssuchabore!Solangewenttobedat11,andIwatchedtelevision.Ishouldhavestayedhomethatnight!
SAYANDTELL
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Althoughbothsayand tellmeanbasically thesame thing, theycannotbeusedinterchangeably.
Sayisusedwhenthewordthatintroducesasubordinateclause.
subject+SAY+THAT+subject+verb+complement(subordinateclause)
Thenewpresidentsaidthathewouldnotraisetaxes.
PaulsaidthathehadvisitedCanadaeverysummerfortenyears.
Sayisusedwithdirectspeech—thatis,whenthewordsofthespeakerarerepeatedexactlyashesaidthem.
subject+SAY,+“subject+verb+complement”
Tedsaid,“Ihavefinishedmywork,andI’mgoinghome.”
Ourguestspeakerwillsay,“Nowisthetimeforaction.”
Sayisneverfollowedbytoandanindirectobject.
Tonysaysthathewilltakeageologycoursenextsemester.
Fredsaidthathehadtalkedwithhisbossabouttheraise.
Tellisusuallyfollowedbyanindirectobject(thepersontowhomthewordsarespoken),that,andthesubordinateclause.
subject+TELL+indirectobject+THAT+subject+verb+complement(subordinateclause)
Sandra told her sisters (indirect object) that the party was to be asurprise.
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Bettytoldus(indirectobject)thattheclasshadbeencanceled.
Tellisneverusedwithdirectquotations.
Tellisusedwithcertainwordsandphrasesinidiomaticexpressions.
Someonetoldthesecret,andnoweveryoneknows.
Childrenusuallylearntotelltimeinthesecondgrade.
Thejudgetoldthewitnesstotellthetruth.
Theboystoldalieaftertheyhadbrokenthewindow.
Whencomedianstellajoke,everyoneusuallylaughs.
Mrs.Rosmantoldherkindergartenclassafunnystory.
Tomwassoangrythathetoldhisbossoff.
SEQUENCEOFTENSES
Thetimerelationshipthatexistsbetweentwoverbsinasentenceiscalledsequence of tenses. The verbs say and tell most commonly deal with thisrelationship, because they concern themselves with relating past, present, andfutureevents.Observethefollowingrulesforselectingthecorrectverbtenses:
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Say Tell
Joesaysthatheplaystenniseveryday. Joetellsusthatheplaystenniseveryday.
Joesaysthatheisplayingtennisnow. Joetellsusthatheisplayingtennisnow.
Joesaysthathehasplayedinanumberoftournaments.
Joetellsusthathehasplayedinmanytournaments.
JoesaysthathewillplayatWimbledonnextyear.
JoetellsusthathewillplayatWimbledonnextyear.
Phyllissaidthatshedrankacupofcoffeeforluncheveryday.
Phyllistoldhimthatshedrankacupofcoffeeforluncheveryday.
Phyllissaidthatshewasdrinkingacupofcoffeewhenthedoorbellrang.
Phyllistoldhimthatshewasdrinkingcupofcoffeewhenthedoorbellrang.
Phyllissaidthatshehaddrunksomecoffeeinthecafeteriabeforecomingtoclass.
Phyllistoldhimthatshehaddrunksomecoffeeinthecafeteriabeforecomingtoclass.
Phyllissaidthatshewoulddrinkalotofcoffeewhilestudyingforherexams.
Phyllistoldhimthatshewoulddrinklotofcoffeewhilestudyingforherexams.
EXERCISE139
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EXERCISE139Circlethecorrectform.
1.Todd(said,told)usthathewasplanningahuntingtrip.
2.“Supperisready,”(said,told)thehostess.
3.Barry(says,tells)thatthereisagoodmovieontelevisiontonight.
4.Whendidthephotographer(say,tell)youthatthephotographswouldbeready?
5.Lecturersusually(say,tell)astorybeforetheybegintospeak.
6.Thewitnesshas(said,told)thetruthabouttheaccident.
7.“Don’tpointyourfingeratme,”(said,told)Helen.
8.Cananyone(say,tell)mewhathappenedlastnight?
9.Mrs.Mullensis(saying,telling)hergrandsonaboutherlifeasachild.
10.Nobodyhas(said,told)anyonethedetailsoftheproposedtrip.
EXERCISE140Decidewhethereachsentencerequiressayortell.Makeyourverbchoiceagreewiththetenseoftheotherverbsused.
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1.Thechildreninthefirstgradewerelearning_________time.
2.Tonyalways_________thathewillarriveontime,butheneverdoes.
3.NothingSheilaever_________madeanysenseuntilrecently.
4.LastweekDick_________hisstudentsthattheywouldhavetowriteatermpaperthissemester.
5.Andy_________,“Itiscertainlyalovelydayforapicnic.”
6.Thegovernmentwon’t_________usanythingmoreabouttheproject.
7.Howlongwillitbebeforetheinterviewer_________ustheresults?
8.DidCarl_________youthathewasgoingtobuyaboat?
9.Ed_________thatheplanstogofishingthisweekend.
10.Thegirls_________thattheirexhibitisbetterthantheboys’.
In going from direct to indirect speech, many changes take place. Thequotationmarksareeliminated.Thewordthatisused.Theverbinthequotationusuallychangestensetoagreewith theverbin themainclause.Pronounsalsochangeintheindirectspeech.Observethesepronounchanges:
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Thebosssays,“Iwanteveryonehereat8:00sharp.”
Thebosssaysthathewantseveryonehereat8:00sharp.
Mymothersaid,“Youneedtowearyourcoat.”
MymothersaidthatIneededtowearmycoat.
Ourmothersaid,“Youneedtowearyourcoats.”
Ourmothersaidthatweneededtowearourcoats.
Theverbinthesubordinateclause,too,willdifferaccordingtowhethertheverbisinaquotationorinindirectspeech.
The examples below demonstrate how using indirect speech affects thetense of the subordinate verb. The first three pairs use present-tensemain (orspeaking) verbs, and the rest use past-tense main verbs. (The words inparentheses are the names of the tenses of the subordinate verbs, which areunderscored.)
Olgaalwayssays,“Ihavetostudyinthelibrary.”(present)Olgaalwayssaysthatshehastostudyinthelibrary.(present)
Pedrosays,“Iwillbehomelatetonight.”(future)Pedrosaysthathewillbehomelatetonight.(future)
Diosaystotheclass,“Studytheirregularverbs.”(command)Diotellstheclasstostudytheirregularverbs.(infinitive)
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Beverlysaid,“Iamlearningtoplaytheguitar.”(presentprogressive)Beverlysaidthatshewaslearningtoplaytheguitar.(pastprogressive)
Dollysaid,“Iwillbakeacakefortheparty.”(future)Dollysaidthatshewouldbakeacakefortheparty.(conditional)
Silvano said, “We have investigated the matter thoroughly.” (presentperfect)Silvanosaidthattheyhadinvestigatedthematterthoroughly.(pastperfect)
Pavelsaid,“Youowemetwentyfivedollarsforthepainting.”(present)PavelsaidthatIowedhim$25forthepainting.(past)
The doctor said to the patient, “You can play tennis again if you arecareful.”(present)Thedoctortoldhispatientthatshecouldplaytennisagainifshewasmorecareful.(conditional)
Marvinsaid,“Wehaveachemistrytesttoday.”(present)Marvinsaidthatwehadachemistrytesttoday.(past)
Eleanorasaid,“Ireadthatbooklastyear.”(past)Eleanorasaidthatshehadreadthatbooklastyear.(pastperfect)
Janesaid,“Writeyournameonyourtimesheetandturnitin.”(command)Janesaidtowritemynameonthetimesheetandhanditin.(infinitive)
NOTEWhenyouuseverbsrequestinginformation(ask,inquire),thepatternforindirectspeechusuallyuseswhetherorifinsteadofthat.The
yes/noquestionsnowbecomeembeddedinthesentence.Donotuseaquestionmarkunlessthewholesentenceisaquestion.Thewordorder
fortheembeddedquestionalsochanges.
Directspeech:
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Normalquestion:auxiliary+S+V
Weasked,“Willtherebeenoughsnowonthemountainsforskiing?”
Ponce is asking the travel agent, “Will we make a stopover inMadeira?”
Indirectspeech:
Embeddedquestion:WHETHER/IF+S+V
Weaskedwhether(if)therewouldbeenoughsnowonthemountainsforskiing.
Ponceisaskingthetravelagentif(whether)wewillmakeastopoverinMadeira.
The following sentences are questions and require the use of a questionmark.Noticetheembeddedquestion.
AreyousurethatDaddywillaskmewhatIwantformybirthday?
DidhesaywhenGlenwouldarrive?
Hasanyonetoldyouwherethepartywillbe?
Didn’twetellhimhowhehadtodressfortheinterview?
NOTEOfteninspokenEnglishandsometimesinwrittenform,thatis
omittedwithsayconstructions.
Shesays(that)heishere.Icanfeelhispresence.
Henrysaid(that)youwouldbehappytoseeus.
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Whenyouseetwoclauseslikethesejoinedwithoutaconjunction,mentallyinsertthatforindirectspeech.
EXERCISE141:WRITINGRewrite these sentences, changing fromdirect speech to indirect speech.Refertothetableonpage280ifyouarehavingproblemsdecidingonthecorrectform.Makeanynecessarychangesaswell.
Example:Hanksaid,“IwillseeyouonFriday.”HanksaidthathewouldseemeonFriday.
1.Helenasked,“Whereishegoingatthishour?”
2.Theprojectdirectorsaid,“Wewillraiseenoughmoneytofinishconstructionofthenewrecreationcenter.”
3.Dr.Jansensaid,“Yourcaseisunusual.”
4.Noonemovedwhenthepresidentsaid,“Iamresigningmyoffice.”
5.Yolandainquired,“Whatkindofjobisit?”
6.Columbosaid,“Iwonderwherethemurderweaponis.”
7.Intomorrow’sspeech,theambassadorwillsay,“Weneedtonegotiatethistreaty.”
8.Dannyaskedhisteacher,“Whenwilltheexambe?”
9.MarkAntonysaid,“IhavecometoburyCaesar,nottopraisehim.”
10.“DoesHarlanknowhowtofillinthesetaxforms?”askedSaundra.
11.“Whatcanwedotoimprovethepark?”askedthemayor.
12.Thestrikerssaid,“Wewillnotreturnuntilworkingconditionsimprove.”
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13.“HowsillyDebralooksinthatdress!”saidtheoldlady.
14.“There’snothingleftforustodo,”saidtheunhappyfloodvictims.
15.Florainsistedbysaying,“Iwilldiscussthismatterwithyoursupervisorimmediately.”
16.Miloalwayssays,“Nobodyunderstandsme.”
17.Thepolicemansaid,“I’mafraidIwillhavetogiveyouaticketforspeeding.”
EXERCISE142Ifanindirectobjectisindicatedinparentheses,changetheverbtotellandincorporatetheindirectobjectintothesentence.
Example:Solangesaid,“Iwillbereturningtomycountrynextmonth.”(classmates)Solange told her classmates that shewould be returning tohercountrynextmonth.
1.Janesaid,“Iplanonattendingthemeeting?”(me)
2.AfamousAmericanpatriotsaid,“Don’tfireuntilyouseethewhitesoftheireyes.”(hissoldiers)
3.Thecustomsinspectorsaid,“Openthatlargesuitcase.”(us)
4.Thebossreplied,“Ifyouworkveryhard,youwillbepromotedsoon.”(Thomas)
5.Thewitnessreplied,“Ihavenothingmoretosay.”(judge)
6.Trudyissaying,“Thejudges’decisionwillbefinal.”(contestants)
7.Therestaurantmanagersaid,“Iamsorrythatyoudidnotenjoyyourvealcutlet.”(customer)
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8.Kerrysaid,“Thecompanyhastoconcentrateonfindingasolutiontotheproblem.”(agroupofphysicists)
EXERCISE143:WRITINGChange the following paragraph to indirect speech.Make any necessarytenseandpronounchanges.Changesaidtotoldiffollowedbyto+indirectobject.
YesterdayCarlosandIwenttovisitsomefriendsofours.Whilewewerethere,ourhostsaid,“Iwanttomakeanadditiontomyhouse,andIamlookingforsomeonetohelpmewiththeproject.”Carlosreplied,“Iaminterestedinyourproject,andwillgladlyhelpyouwithit.”
Afterhearingthat,ourhostsaidtoCarlos,“IwillshowyouexactlywhatIplantodo,andyoucangivemesomesuggestionsonhowtodoit.”
Whilethemenwerelookingatthehouse,ourhostesstookmeintotheirgreenhouseandshowedmeherlovelycollectionofplants.Shesaidtome,“Thisisthefirstyearthatallofmyplantshavebloomed.”Ithenaskedher,“Doesn’tthecoldbotherthem?”Shereplied,“Ihadasmallgasheaterinstalledtouseoncoldnights.”
Weallwentinsidetodiscussplansforthenewproject.
EXERCISE144Circlethecorrectanswer.
1.Thepainter(said,told)mymotherthathewouldpaintthedoorgreen.
2.Victor(said,told)thathehadalreadygivenhisbrotherthekeystothecar.
3.Themailman(said,told)usnottoputbigpackagesinthebox.
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4.Jose’scoachcalledand(said,told)himthatthebaseballgamehadbeencanceled.
5.Pasquale(said,told)hisdaughterasecretthatshekeptfortenyears.
6.Jody(said,told),“Ihaveadentalappointmentinonehour.”
7.TheSpanishteachercan’t(say,tell)ajokeinEnglish.
8.Thetourist(said,told)aliethatthecustomsofficialdetectedatonce.
9.Manylittlechildrencan’t(say,tell)time.
10.Thelecturer(said,told)thataslidepresentationwouldfollowistalk.
11.Cory(said,told)usatruestoryaboutoneofhisexpeditionstoGuatemala.
12.Bridget(said,told)thetruthdespitetheconsequences.
13.NowRufus(says,tells)thathewantstogotothemovies.
14.Theanthropologistalways(says,tells)hisaudienceajokebeforebeginninghislecture.
15.Someone(said,told)methatwewouldbemovingtoanotherofficesoon.
16.Randy(said,told)thathewasoutofbreathbecausehehadrunsofast.
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17.Allison(said,told),“IwishIhadmyowntelephone.”
18.Bruce’sparents(said,told)thattheywereverypleasedwiththeirson’sgrades.
19.Liana(said,told)thatherdaughterwasgettingadollforChristmas.
20.Michael’suncle(said,told)himthathewouldhelphimbuyacar.
EXERCISE145:WRITINGChange each sentence to a direct statement. Remember the rules forsequenceoftenses.
Example:GlentoldhisfriendsthathewashavingapartyonSaturdaynight.
Answer:Glensaid,“IamhavingapartyonSaturdaynight.”
1.TheprofessortoldTomthattheclasswouldmeetat11.
2.MyfriendsaidthattheyweregoingtoEuropeforthespring.
3.Johnsaidthathealwaysfeltbetterinthemorning.
4.Marysaidthatshewasgoingtothedancetonight.
5.ThesecretarytoldMr.Jonesthatsherememberedmailingtheletter.
6.Frank’sdaughtertoldhimthatherfriendhadgraduatedwithhonors.
7.Thedoctortoldthenursethatheneededherhelp.
8.Johnaskedwherewehadgoneonourvacationlastmonth.
9.Thelawyeraskedwherethecourthousewas.
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10.Thestudentsaskedwhentheclasswouldbegin.
EXERCISE146:WRITINGChangeeachsentencetoindirectspeech.
Example: The teacher said, “Class, there will be an exam nextWednesday.”
Answer: The teacher told the class that therewould be an exam onWednesday.
1.Ourneighborssaid,“Wearegoingtobuyanewcar.”
2.Thepoliticiansaid,“Povertywillbeabolished.”
3.Theprofessorsaid,“Thestudentsareallpresent.”
4.ThelawyersaystoMr.Green,“IthinkIcanhelpyou.”
5.Thesenatorwillsaytohisconstituents,“Iaminterestedinconservation.”
6.Theguestsaidtothehostess,“Yourdinnerisdelicious.”
7.Thecoachsaidtotheplayers,“Youhavetopracticemore.”
8.MaryaskedJohn,“Doyouenjoyclassicalmusic?”
9.Thewaitressaskedme,“Areyoureadytoorder?”
10.Thediplomatasked,“Hasthemeetingbegunyet?”
EXERCISE147Decidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisincorrect.
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1.Althoughtheorganizationbeself-sufficient,itisinneedofvolunteerstohelpcarryoutitsnewprojects.A.be
AlthoughtheorganizationB.inneedofC.tohelpcarryD.its
2.Thecauseoftheairplanecrashcanhavebeenamalfunctioningrightpropeller.A.ThecauseB.canC.aD.malfunctioning
3.Havingwentonapicnicyesterday,wepickedwildflowersinthepark.A.wentB.aC.pickedD.the
4.Itmustberaininglastnight,becausetherearelargepuddlesaroundtheyard.A.berainingB.thereC.largeD.aroundtheyard
5.Thedirectorwasdependonhisstafftogetallthereportstothestockholdersbeforethedeadline.A.wasdependB.togetC.tothestockholders
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D.the
6.Weheardthatourfriendswonthedean’sawardforexcellenceincontributionstotheeducationalprogram.A.thatB.wonC.forD.tothe
7.Martatoldherteacherthatshealreadyreadtheassignedbookandaskedherforanotherassignment.A.herteacherB.alreadyreadC.assignedD.another
8.Petewashavingtheequivalentofacollegedegreewithallhisworkexperienceinthatfieldandhison-the-jobtraining.A.washavingB.collegedegreeC.workexperienceD.on-the-job
9.Ifthemusicianswouldn’thaveplayedsoloudly,theaudiencewouldhaveenjoyedthepresentationmore.A.theB.wouldn’thaveplayedC.loudlyD.enjoyed
10.Whenacatishappy,itwilllaydownwithitsfrontpawstuckedunderitschestandpurrwithitseyesclosed.A.itB.lay
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C.underD.closed
11.Theplayerstrytomakeasfewcontactaspossiblewiththeopposingteamtoavoidpenalties.A.tomakeB.fewC.opposingD.penalties
12.Houseslookespeciallynicewhentheyhavebeenbuildedatthefootofthemountainsorclosetoaflowingstreamorriver.
A.especially B. when C. builded D. flowing
13.Neithertheboysnortheirsoccercoachhaveseenthecaptainorthemembersoftheopposingteamssincetheyarrived.A.haveB.opposingC.sinceD.arrived
14.Beforewecanlayoutthepatternandcutthismaterial,someoneneedssharpenthesedullscissors.A.layoutB.cutC.sharpenD.these
15.WouldTedhavedonethatifheknewtheconsequencesbeforehestartedtocampaignforthepresidency?A.doneB.knewC.started
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D.forthepresidency
16.Thechildrenpromisedtheirparentstonoteatthecakewhiletheyweregoneandwaituntilaftersupper.A.theirB.tonoteatC.weregoneD.untilafter
17.Ellen’saccustomedtointerpretforherforeignstudentswhentheyhaveproblemsunderstandingthegrammarandvocabulary.A.tointerpretB.whenC.haveD.understanding
TestonVerbsReadthefollowingstoryaboutHans’shospitalvisitanddecidewhetherthe
underlinedverbistheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.Somearecorrectaswritten.Multiplechoiceanswersfollowthestory.
VisitingtheEmergencyRoom
LastweekmyfriendHansfellwhileheplayedsoccerandinjuredhisleg.
(2)HewasinsomuchpainthatIsuggestedthathegotothehospital.(3)Hanswasafraidthattheywouldkeephimthere,andbecausehecouldnotspeakthelanguagewell,hewouldnotbeabletocommunicatewiththedoctorsandnurses.(4)Iassuredhimthatthatwasnotthecase,andthathewouldgetverygoodtreatmentintheemergencyroom.(5)Hanswantedtogotothepharmacytogetsomepainkillersandthentogohomeandrest.(6)Iexplainedthathecouldnotgetpainkillersoverthecounter,andthatheneedsadoctor’sprescription.
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(7)Whenwearrivedatthehospital,thereweresevenpeoplewaitingwithvariousproblems:largebleedingcutovertheeye,abrokenarm,foodpoisoning,andafewotherundisclosedmedicalproblems.(8)ItellHansthathewouldhavetospeaktothereceptionistfirst.(9)Finally,anolderreassuringwomancalledhisname,andwegouptoherdesk.
(10)Firstofall,sheaskedtoseehisinsurancecardandID.(11)Sheaskedhisname,address,andphonenumberandwhatiswrongwithhim.(12)Shegiveshimafour-pagequestionnairetofillout.
(13)Hanswasupsetbecausehehastoanswersomanyquestions.(14)Hedidn’tthinkthattohavechickenpox,mumps,andpastoperationswhenhewaslittlemadeanydifferencenow.(15)Hecouldnotunderstandwhytheywantedtoknowabouthisfamily’smedicalhistoryaswell.(16)Helaughedloudlywhenhereadsthequestions“Areyoupregnantordoyouthinkyoumightbepregnant?”“Areyoutakinganyillegaldrugs?”(17)Hewonderedhowmanypeoplewouldhonestlyadmittotakingthesedrugs!!
(18)Hansreturnedthequestionnairetothereceptionistandwaswaitedhisturn.(19)Hansbecomesupsetafterwaitingfortwohours.(20)Finally,hesawthedoctor,whosaysthathewasluckytohaveonlyasprainedknee.(21)Thedoctorgavehimanicepackandsomepainpillsandtoldhimtokeephislegelevatedandtoputtheicepackontoreducetheswelling.
(22)TwoweekslaterHanswillreceiveabillfromthehospital.(23)Hewasgladthathisinsurancepaidthe$250andallhehadtopaywas$30!WhatanexpensivevisitandanotherlessoninAmericanculturalshock!!
1.A.wasplaying B.played C.plays
2.A.goes B.go C.went
3.A.wouldkeep B.willkeep C.werekeeping
4.A.willget B.wouldget C.wouldhavegotten
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5.A.go B.togo C.going
6.A.wouldneed B.needs C.wasneeding
7.A.towait B.waiting C.waswaited
8.A.tell B.wastelling C.told
9.A.go B.wouldgo C.went
10.A.tosee B.saw C.see
11.A.is B.was C.hadbeen
12.A.gives B.gave C.hadgiven
13.A.has B.had C.washaving
14.A.tohave B.having C.had
15.A.can B.could C.couldhave
16.A.reads B.read C.willread
17.A.wouldadmit B.willadmit C.wereadmitting
18.A.waswaited B.waited C.waiting
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19.A.becomes B.became C.willbecome
20.A.said B.says C.hadsaid
21.A.keep B.keeping C.tokeep
22.A.willreceive B.hasreceived C.received
23.A.hadpaid B.paid C.willpay
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ESLCHAPTER11Test-TakingTechniques
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Chapter11
TEST-TAKINGTECHNIQUES
Time management is probably the most important thing to consider inpreparing for tests.Your review can take place a number ofways: immediatereview after class, short daily reviews, and final review. If you reviewwithinsevenhoursofyourclass,youaremorelikelytorememberthematerialthanifyouwait aweekormore.Research shows that ifyoudono reviewwithin24hours,youcouldforgetasmuchas80percentofwhatyoulearned.Ideallyyoushould reviewall thematerial for shortperiodseveryday inorder tokeep theideas fresh inyourmind. Inaddition, try tosetupasystemofkeywords thatwillhelpyouwiththedifferentcoursesyouaretaking.
You can deviseacronyms, newwords formed by using the first letter ofotherwords, to remember some of the concepts. The following acronyms areusedindifferentclassestohelpstudentstorememberandtopreparefortests.
ROYGBIVwillhelpinartclasstorememberthevisiblecolorspectrum:red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,violet
CHONPSwillhelpinchemistrytorememberthegasesintheatmosphere:carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,phosphorus,sulfur
PIHEC inbiologywill helpwith the scientificmethod: state theproblem,gather information, create a hypothesis (theory), perform anexperiment,drawyourconclusion
PEMDAS represents the order forworking algebra problems: parenthesis,exponents,multiply,divide,add,subtract
IPMAT in biology shows steps to remember in stages of cell division:Interphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase
FOILinalgebrashowstheprocessofmultiplyingbinomialsandtrinomials:first,outer,inner,last
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FACEtorememberthenotesonamusicstaffthatfallbetweenthelines
WEDDING is a concept used by someSpanish teachers to help studentsrememberwhichcategoriesofverbsrequirethesubjunctivemood:
Wishing, Emotion, Doubt, Denial, Impersonal Expressions,Imperative,andIndefiniteAntecedents,NegativeAntecedents,andGustar
HOMEShelpsrememberthenamesoftheGreatLakes:
Huron,Ontario,Michigan,Erie,Superior
Each of the above-mentioned groups spells a word, sometimes anonexistentword,thatwillhelpyourememberaconcept.
Anothermemorydeviceiscalledanacrostic.Heresentencesarecreatedbymaking words stand for the first latter of each element you are trying toremember.
KHDODCMishelpfulwhenworkingwiththemetricsystem:
Kids Have Dropped Over Dead Converting Metrics [Kilometers,Hectares,Decameters,Others (meters, liters, grams),Decimeters,Centimeters,Millimeters]
EGBDFforrememberingthenotesonthestafflinesinmusic:
EveryGoodBoyDoesFine
ARITHMETICtospellthewordcorrectly,manyusethissentence:
ARatInTom’sHouseMayEatTom’sIceCream
Repetition is the best review. If you are going to be writing essay-typeexams,youneedspecialpreparations.Inhistory,arthistory,orliteratureexams,whereyouneedtolearnmanydates,names,orstyles,youneedtofindabetterwaytostudy.Whenyouaretakingaliteratureexam,youmightwanttosetupachartthatlookslikethefollowinginordertocoverallthematerialstudied.Fromtheinformationonthechart,youcouldwriteagoodessaytocompare,contrast,describe,showcauseandeffect,ordevelopagiventopic.Ataglanceyoucan
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recallthewholeworkstudied.
Forhistory,youmightsetuponethatlookslikethis:
Forarthistory,somethinglikethismightbeappropriate:
Reviewingthesechartseverynightwillhelpyourecalleverythingstudiedinclass.Itwillbealoteasierthantryingtoreviewparagraphafterparagraphoneverypage.
Anotherway toprepare for essay exams is to set up studygroups of nomorethanfivemembers.Assigndifferenttopicstoeach.Thisway,individuallyyouwill become an expert on your topic, and you can “teach” everyone else.Shareyour“expert”notessothateveryoneelsebecomesanexpert.Meetatleastonetimeperweektoshare,andtwotimesperweekjustbeforethetest.Quizoneanother.
Askyour instructorwhat the testwill be like (fill-ins, true/false,multiplechoice,definitions,essays),andprepareaccordingly.Ifyouwillbehavingessaytests,onceyoucreatesomepossiblequestions,takethetimetowriteessay-typeanswers.Predictingquestionscanbeeasyifyoufollowthesesteps.Bypayingcloseattention inclass,youcanpickuponanumberofcues thatwillhelp todevelop techniques for creating your own questions that might appear on thetest. Observe your instructors as they present the material. If they repeatmaterial, you shouldwritewhat they say.When theywrite informationon theboard,youknowitisimportant.Itcouldincludenames,dates,places,formulas,math problems, charts, or diagrams. Writing this information with different-coloredinkswillmakeitstandoutfromtherestofyournotesandhelpyouto
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remember.Alsowatchyour instructors’gesturesandmovements,because theycouldbeacluetowhatisimportant.Ifinstructorsraisetheirvoices,theymustwant you to note something important. Take notes on what your instructorsemphasize in class. Look in your text to seewhat is written in bold print, inlargerprint, inadifferentcolor,or inaspecialboxorchartandsetapartfromothermaterial.All of these canhelpyoupredict test questions, preparebetter,andreceivehighergrades.
Create flash cards (use 3" × 5" cards or pieces of paper) that havequestionsononesideandanswersontheother,vocabularywordsforspellingortranslation, formulas formath and science, examples ofmathproblems and/ortheories.Youcanalwayscarrythemwithyouandreviewthemwhenyouhaveafewminutes.
Nowthatyouhavestudiedall thematerials,youneed tobecomefamiliarwith the terminologyon the test. Somecommonwords areanalyze, compare,contrast, explain, define, describe, and discuss. Each one asks you to dosomething different. When your instructor asks you to contrast and youdescribe, you probablywon’t get full credit, if any, for your answer. Look atthese terms to seewhatyour instructorwouldwantyou todo.Remember thatwhenyouareaskedtowriteanessayonanexam,youwillprobablybewritingone or twowell-developedparagraphs, not twoor three pages, unless you arewritingforacompositionclass.
AnalyzeBreakdownthemainideaintosmallerpartsandexamineeachone.
Example:AnalyzethecausesofthefalloftheRomanEmpire.
Youwould list about sixor seven causes and explain inmoredetail howeachwasresponsibleforthecollapseoftheempire.
CompareShowsimilaritiesintwoormoreelements.
Example:ComparethepoetryofJohnKeatsandLordByron.
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Mentioningseveralpoemsthatyouhavestudied,youwouldwritespecificinformationthatwouldshowhowtheyarethesame(theme,location,style,etc.).
ContrastShowdifferencesintwoorthreeelements.
Example:ContrastthephysicalgeographyofAlaskaandHawaii.
Aftermaking a short list of the geographical features of both states, youwouldemphasizethedifferencesbetweenthetwo.
ExplainDevelopanideamorefully;suggestreasonsforspecifichappenings.
Example:Explainsomeof the theories for thedeclineof theMayancivilizationinCentralAmerica.
Aftermakingashortlistofreasons,youwouldwriteacoupleofsentencesthat would show how each of these reasons was in part responsible for thedecline.
DefineIdentify;providethemeaningofcertainterms.
Example: Define the following terms: binomials, trinomials, andprimenumbers.
Youneedtowriteashort(usuallyoneortwosentences)definitionforeachoftheterms.Thistypeisdifferentfromtheothers,becausetheemphasisisonashortanswer.
DescribeProvidemanydetails.
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Example:Describethemosteffectivewaytoprepareforyouralgebrafinalexam.
Indicate, by using details in a step-by-step process, how you would getreadyforthetest.
DiscussLookatfavorableandunfavorableaspectsofaparticularissue.
Example:DiscussGeorgeW.Bush’s political platform for the 2000presidentialelection.
Youcouldmentionanumberofissuespresentedintheplatformandexplainwhytheyaregoodorbad(flawed)orcompareandcontrastthemandtheireffectonsocietyandhowGeorgeW.Bushisabletocarrythemout.
As you can see, there is a certain strategy for answering essay-typequestions, and your preparation requires a more detailed review than justknowingalotoffacts.Youneedtosortyourideasanddevelopthetopic.Makesure that you understandwhat you have to do. If you do not know, ask yourinstructorforclarification.
Beforeyoubegintowriteyouressay,dosomebrainstorming—thinkaboutthetopic,andwritedownyourthoughtsandwhatyouknowaboutit—enoughsothat youwill have sufficient information to develop the topic. Then prepare abriefoutline,whichwillsetupaplanformakingyourideasflowsmoothlyandlogically.Nowyouarereadytoanswertheessayquestion.Budgetyourtimesothatyouhaveenoughtimetofinishandproofreadandrevise.Skiplinessothatyouhaveenoughroomtoaddinformationafteryouhaveproofreadyouranswer.
Ifyouhavefill-ins,multiple-choice,andessayquestionsonthesameexam,do the first two beforewriting the essay. Figure out howmuch time youwillneedforeachsection,andsticktothoselimits.First,dotheonesthatyouknowwell, and then do the rest. That way you will have a better chance to scorehigher.
Outsidethetestingcenter,whenyouhavefinishedandwhilethetestisstill
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freshinyourmind,writedownthequestionstorefertothemforfuturetestsincaseyourinstructorallowsyoutokeepyourtests.Alsoreviewyournotestoseewhetheryouhavedevelopedthequestionsasfullyasyoushouldhave.Themoreessay-type tests you take, themore familiar youwill becomewithwhat yourinstructorswantyoutodoandthebetteryouwillperformonthistypeoftest.
TESTTYPES
There are many types of tests given today, from the most common andwidelyusedmultiple-choice type to themoreobscureessay type.Each testinginstrument requires a different amount of preparation and involves varyingdegreesofmemoryrecall.Mostof thestandardizedtestsgiventoday—suchastheCollegeLevelAcademicSkillsTest(CLAST),TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage (TOEFL), GED (Graduate Equivalency Diploma) tests, and othercollege entrance examinations—are totally or at least partly multiple choice.Understandingthetypesoftestsandwhatknowledgeeachisdesignedtoassesswillassistyougreatlynotonlyinthepreparationbutalsoinactuallytakingthetest.
Listedbelowarethenamesofsomeofthemostcommonlyusedtesttypes,followedbyabriefexplanationandsuggestionsand ideasonhowtostudyforandtakeeachtype.
MultipleChoice
Thistesttypeisbaseduponthememorizationofrelevantfacts,dates,shortdefinitions or clues, statements of fact, brief descriptions, or complexmathematical problem solving.These tests are usually designed to test factualinformation.Themostcommonquestionsarethoseaskingforactualanswerstotheproblem/questiongiven.Theotherquestionformatprovidesastatementandyourdecisionastowhetheritistrueorfalse.Inallmultiple-choicetestformats,youwillseethestatement/questionsfirstandthenaseriesofpossibleanswers.
WhatisthecapitaloftheUnitedStatesofAmerica?
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(a)Delaware
(b)Miami
(c)Washington,D.C.
(d)SanAntonio [Correctanswer:(c)]
Sharksareplant-eatingfishfoundintheocean.(a)True
(b)False [Correctanswer:(b)]
Inanumberofmultiple-choicetests,thelistofpossibleanswersincludesachoiceof“noneoftheabove”forquestionsinwhichnoneoftheanswerslistedarecorrect.
WhichwasoneoftheshipsusedbyChristopherColumbus?
(a)LaPinta
(b)Voyager
(c)SeaLady
(d)Martina
(e)Noneoftheabove [Correctanswer:(a)]
StudyGuideStudyone-worddefinitions,rules,mathematicalprinciples,importantdates,
specificterminology,andstatementoffacts.
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Test-TakingHintReadthequestionorstatementandallthepossibleanswerslistedfirst,and
thenselecttheanswer.
Fortrue/falsetests,identify“catchwords,”suchasall,only,occasionally,never,always.Ifthesewordsareused,noexceptioncaneverbepresent.
ThesunneverrisesinAlaska.(a)True
(b)False [Correctanswer:(b)]
Examine the statement(s) of fact given for any inconsistencies. Do notguess,ifatallpossible.
NOTESomemultiple-choicetestsincludeapenaltyforguessing.Thatis,thepercentagecorrectiscalculatedbyusingthetotalnumberofanswersdividedbythenumberofcorrect.Teststhatdonotpenalizeguessingarescoredaccordingtothetotalnumberofpossibleanswersdivided
bythetotalnumbercorrect.
Matching
This type of testing instrument also provides both the questions and thepossible answers. Usually the questions or answers are given in scrambledfashion. You select the answer from the choices given and “match” it to thequestion.Mostmatchingtypetestsprovidetwocolumns—onewithdefinitions,statements,orcluesand theotherwithall thepossibleanswers. Inmany tests,moreanswersthanquestionsareprovided,inanefforttochallengethetesttaker.
The following is a sample of one of the most commonly usedmatching
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tests,includingtheinstructions.
FindthenameinColumnBthatbestidentifiestheinformationinColumnA.Noneofthelettersmayberepeated,andtherewillbetwoextranames.Writeyouransweronthelinesinthemargin.
Amoredifficulttypeofmatchingprovidesastatementthatcontainsblanksindicating that some of the information or facts are missing. The answersprovidealistofthepossible“fillers.”Thequestionsareusuallyansweredbytheprocessofelimination.
Thereareusuallyafewextrasprovided;therefore,youmustbecarefulnottoconfuseanyoftheanswers.Onceyouuseoneofthecorrectanswers,youwillgetanotheronewrong,becauseyoucannotrepeatanyoneofthechoices.
In the column at the right, youwill find the answers to these statements.Writeintheword(s)inthespacesprovided.Donotrepeatanyanswers.
Amoredifficultversionofthefill-inprovidesnoanswercluesandrequiresstudentstobewellversedinthematerialinordertowritetheanswers.Thistypeisverycommonontests.
Inthespacesprovided,fillintheanswerstothefollowingstatements.
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StudyGuideStudy definitions or descriptions that contain one-word “clues,” dates of
majorevents,rules,andtitles.
Test-TakingHintsFirst read thequestionorstatement,and thenbecareful to readallof the
choiceslistedasonemaybemorecorrectthantheother.
Asyoufinisheachquestion,“checkoff”or“crossout” thechoiceof theansweryouusedtomakesureyoudonotrepeatthatanswer.
ShortAnswer
Thisformoftestinvolvestheuseofafragmentofasentence,apartialfactoraquestionorquestionsrequiringyoutoidentifyordescriberelevantfactsorinformation.Manyshortanswertestsuseisolatedquestionsbasedonaparticularchapterorstory.
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Provideabriefsentenceorsentencestodefineordescribetheinformationrequestedbelow.
1.HowdidLouisPasteurdiscoveracureforsmallpox?
2.Whyshouldyoubecarefulwhensiphoningasolutioninapipette?
3.Whatcausesweightlessnessonthemoon?
Amoreadvancedtypeoftestrequiringtotalrecallisoneinwhichyoumustidentifydifferentitems.Theseinvolvenamesofpeoplewithwhomweassociatedates, places, and events, or terms thatwemust define. These usually requireshortanswers.
Identifythefollowingmusicalterms:
(1)chorus
(2)cantusplanus
(3)acappella
(4)polyphony
(5)contrapunto
Many short-answer tests requireyou to readapassageand thenanswer aseriesofquestionsrelevanttotheinformationprovidedinthepassage.Herearethreequestionsbasedonapassagethatwouldhavebeenprovidedonthetest:
1.WhydidChristopherColumbusapplytheterm“Indians”tothepeoplewithreddishskinthathemetintheNewWorld?
2.WhydidQueenIsabellaofSpainprovideChristopherColumbuswithfunds,supplies,andmenandgiveherconsenttohissailingtotheNewWorld?
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3.HowdidColumbusobtainthemembersofhiscrew?
StudyGuideFamiliarizeyourselfwithalltherelevantfactsregardingthemainthemeor
topicyouwererequestedtostudy.
When reviewing themes, rules or terms, outline the main concepts andidentify key words that will assist you in remembering the necessaryinformation.
Test-TakingHintsWhenyouanswerquestionsrelatingtoapassage,readallofthequestions
first, because this will give an idea of the kind of information you will belooking for.Asyoubegin to read thepassage,underlinekeyphrasesorwordsthat you think the questions refer to or that will aid you in answering thequestions.
For short-answer definitions or those listed as “identify,” be sure to giveonly the information you were asked for. Do not provide excessive details,becauseyoumayendupnotevenansweringthequestion.
EssayEssayquestionsaresimilartoshortansweronesinthatyouarerequiredto
write your response. However, essays are usually much longer, require manymore details, and involve thought processes such as reasoning, evaluation, orcomparison.Unlessyouknowthematerialextremelywell,thesetesttypeswillbeverydifficultforyou.
Writeashortessayononlytwoofthesetopics:
1.CompareandcontrasttheAztecandIncacivilizations,payingparticularattentiontosocialstructure,artsandcrafts,writtenlanguage,architecture,andeducation.
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2.Explainwhymanyprimitivecivilizationsdiedoutafteraperiodoftime.
3.WhatmadeHagiaSofiainConstantinoplesuchanarchitecturalachievement?
4.ComparetheconquestsofAlexandertheGreatinthefourthcenturyB.C.withthoseofAdolfHitler.
StudyGuide
Becomeveryfamiliarwiththesubjectmatterbeingtested.
Thinkofpossibleessayquestionsandpossibleanswers.
Outlinemajortopicareastomakeiteasiertomemorizerelevantfactsthatwillassistyouinrememberingthemajorpointsorkeyissues.
Test-TakingHintsFirst read all of the questions completely. This gives you an idea of the
scopeofthetest.Thenrereadallquestionsandunderlinethekeywords,suchaslist,describe,Identify,compareandcontrast,andexplain.
Pay close attention to the directions. If you are given an option, chooseyourscarefully.Answerfirsttheeasiestone(s).
Donotbegintowriteanddon’tcorrectyourgrammarandspellingasyougo. First write, and then, only after you have answered all of the requiredquestions,gobackandreviseandedit.
Determinetheweightorpointsforeachquestion,andusethistogaugethecontentandlengthofeachanswer.Donotwritealotandspendtoomuchtimeonquestionsthatcarryverylittleweight.
Answeronlythatwhichisaskedofyou;donotfabricateorcreateanswers.Simplyanswerthequestion.
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NOTE-TAKINGSKILLS
BeforetheLecture
• Learntotakegoodnotes.Donot trytowritedowneverythingyouhearduringalecture.
• Watchadocumentaryontelevisionandtakenotesforpractice.
• Watchthenewsandsummarizealltheinformationpresented.
• Attendlecturesinthecommunityandtakenotes.
• Listentopoliticalcampaigners.
• Ifyour libraryhas tapedlectures,borrowthem,listento them,andtakenotes.
• Ifyourinstructordistributesavocabularylistforthenextchapter,alwayslookupthewordsbeforethenextclass.Thatway,youwon’thavetotakesomanynotesondefinitions,andyouwillbepreparedtoaskquestionsduringthelecture.
DuringtheLecture
• Writeonlythemostimportantwordsandideas.
• Whenyouare takingnotes inclass,paybetterattention;concentrateonwhattheteacherissaying.
• Askquestionstoclarifyinformation.
• Participateindiscussions.
• Be awareof the teacher’s gestures, raisingvoice, and repetition.Theseusuallyindicatethattheteacherisgivingsomeimportantinformation.
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• Copywhateveryourteacherwritesontheboard.
• Useataperecorderonlyasabackup,becauseyouneverknowwhentherewillbeamechanicalfailure,andifyourelytotallyontherecorder,youwilllosealltheinformationpresented.
• Keepyournotesshortandtothepoint.
• Makeuseofabbreviationsandsymbols.
• Organizeyournotes;usespacetoshowrelationshipsbetweenideas.
• If your instructor distributes a set of notes, focus on theway they arewritten.
• Avoiddistractionssothatyoudonotmissanythingthatisbeingsaid,oryouwillmisinterprettheinformationwhenyouwriteitdown.
• Payattention tographsandcharts,because theycontainagreatdealofinformation in capsule format.Be able to elaborateon the chartwhenyoustudy.
• Leavealotofroominthemarginorskiplinessothatyoucangobacktothenotesandinsertmoreinformation,writememoryaidsinthemargins,orwritequestionstoaskinclassthenextday.
AftertheLecture
• Rereadyournotesassoonaspossibleaftertakingthem.
• Rewritethenotes,expandingyourideas.
• Highlightthemostimportantinformation.
• Ifyoucantype,typeyournotessothattheywillbeeasiertoread.Youcanalsoreviewasyoutype.
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WAYSTOIMPROVEYOURSTUDYSKILLS
• Findaquiet,well-lit,comfortableplacetostudy.
• Ifyouneedmusictocreateastudymood,findsoftermusicwithnolyrics.Avoidthetemptationtosingalong.
• Themoreyourepeat,thelongertheinformationwillstaywithyou.
• Plan many short study sessions, and take breaks to stretch, eat/drinksomething,orunwind.
• Workontoday’snotesfirst,andthenreviewpastnotes.
• Writequestionsonmaterial thatyoudonotunderstand.Thenaskyourteacherthefollowingday.
• Workinsmallgroupsofthreeorfouranddiscussmaterials.
• Createpracticetestsandquizoneanother.
• Create note cards, allowing you to domini-reviews during planned orunplannedfreetime(waitingforsomeone,appointments,etc.).
• Write importantvocabulary, information,dates, etc.,onnotecards, andkeepreviewingdata.
• Keep a small notebook of new vocabulary words from your readings.Review the list often, and make these new words a part of your activevocabulary.
• Previewtestmaterialbeforeclass.Thatway,youwillbepreparedtoaskandanswerquestions.
• Notallofusaregoodartists,butevencopyingcrudelyadrawingfromalecture and labeling it will help you remember the information until later,whenyoucangetabetterpictureforyournotes.
• Practice clustering ideas with a graphic. The focal point is the largest
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circle,andthedetailsareinthesmallerones.Seetheclusteringsectionintheessaywritingpartofthisbook.
• Developyourownstrategy.Whateverworksforyou,useit!
HOWTOPREVIEWINFORMATION
• Whatdoestheexercise/activity/readinginclude?
• WhatamItodowithit?
• Isthereaglossarythatwillhelpmewithnewvocabulary?
• Howistheimportantinformationhighlighted—boldface,italics,capitalletters,footnotes,notesinmargins,graphs,diagrams,photographs?
• Dothequestionsrequiremetothinkaboutalengthyanswerthatmayalsobringinpreviouslylearninginformation?
• WillIfindtheanswerswrittenout,orwillIhavetomakeajudgmentonmyown?
• Readquestionsof anexercise first so thatyouhavean ideaofwhat tolookforinthereading.
• Focusondetails.
• Underlineimportantwords,notthewholeparagraphorpage.
• Learntoreadfaster.Trymovingyourfingertipsacrosstheprintedwordsataregularpaceandgetyoureyestofollowyourfingers.Withpracticeyoucanincreaseyourreadingspeedandcutdownthetimeyourspendonyourassignments. Speed is particularly important in taking timed exams. Thefasteryouread,thefasteryouwillfinish.Readalotandoften.
• Afteryouhavereadaparagraphortwo,stopforamomentand,inyourownwords,writedownsomeoftheideasyouremember.Thiswillallowyoutoseewhetheryoureallyunderstandwhatyouhaveread.
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• Readintroductoryparagraph(s)andsummaryparagraphsfirst.
• Readfirstsentencesofparagraphs(usuallythetopicsentenceexpressthemainidea).
HOWTOPREPAREFORTESTS
• Studymaterialindepth.
• Self-testinavarietyofways.
• Learntheformatoftheexamandpracticeit(multiplechoice,fill-in,etc.).
• Review the material out loud. The more senses are involved in theprocess,themoreyouwillrememberthematerial.
• Domanyshortreviewswithrestbreaksorreviewsessionsscheduledoverseveral days to keep the information in your long-term memory. This isbetterthanonelong“cram”session.
• Settimelimitstoseehowwellyoucanexpressyourideaswithintheselimits.
• Reviewkeywordssothatyoucanusetheminyouranswers.
• Workseriouslywithoneortwootherstudentsandtestoneanotherontheinformation.Discussit.Keeponrepeatingituntilitstayswithyou.
• Trytosimplifyyourlearningthroughtheuseofmnemonicdevices(trickstohelpyouremember)orsimpledrawingsthatwillhelpyoulearnalotinashortperiod.
• Beabletoapplywhatyouhavelearnedinwritingyouranswers.Notalltestswill be fill-ins,multiple choice, ormatching. Your answers could beexplain orcompare/contrast types,whichmeans that you need to providemanydetailstosupportyouranswer.
• Distinguishamongthetermsinthetest-takingsection(explain,describe,
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etc.).
• Ifyouaredoingaseriesofpracticetests,especiallycomputerizedones,keeptrackofyourprogress.
• Thinkoutideaslogicallybeforewritingessays.Asyoubrainstorm—thatis, think about the topic and write down some facts and ideas—use shortoutlines,togiveyourselfabetterideaofhowtheessaywillflow.
• Stayfocused;avoiddistractions.
• Set up charts with different categories to remember information at aglance.
• Keepinmindthattherearenoextra-creditpointsonstandardizedtests,soyoumustanswercorrectlyasmanyquestionsaspossible.
• Setatimertopracticetimedexercises.
WhattoDotheNightBeforetheExam
• Getagoodnight’srest.
• Ifyouhavestudiedoftenforshortperiods,youshouldhaveyourmaterialwell organized in your mind. Relax and watch your favorite televisionprogramorlistentoyourfavoritemusictounwindbeforeyougotobed.Ifyou are not stressed when you get to bed, you should sleep well and berefreshedinthemorning.
• Feelconfidentthatyouwilldowell.
Stress-ReductionTechniques
Whetherwe like it or not,we are surrounded by stress.No one has everbecome really happy living with a great deal of stress. How can you relievesomeofthestressinyourlife?
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• Practice deep-breathing exercises. Sit, stand, or lie in a comfortableposition. Concentrate only on your breathing, very deep breathing at first,andthenshallowerinhalingandexhaling.Thiswayyoucanconcentrateononlyonethingatatime,andyouwon’tfeeltheanxietyassociatedwiththetest.
• Thinkofsomethingpleasant,likefloatingaimlesslyonacloud.
• Soakinwarmwaterinatub.
• Turnonsomedreamymusicandmovegentlytotherhythm.
• Planahead,anddon’twaituntilthelastminute.Thatcauseswhenstresstosetin.
• Eliminatethenegativefeelingsthatsurroundyou.
• Takeawalkinaquietarea,andconcentrateonlyonnature.
• Swiminapoolwhenitisquiet,usuallylateratnight.
• Arriveearlyforthetest.
• Tellyourselfthatyouhavepreparedwellandwilldoyourbest.
• Don’tletotherstudents’behaviordistractyou(earlydeparture,coughing,nervousness).Realize thatmanystudentshavenotprepared themselves forthetest.
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ESLAPPENDICES
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIXA
USEOFARTICLESA,AN,ANDTHE
AANDAN
As a general rule, a should be used before words beginning with aconsonantsound,andanshouldbeusedbeforeavowelsound.Thelettershanduwillcauseproblems.Wordsinwhichtheletterh ispronouncedareprecededbya(aham,aheart,ahorn),whilethoseinwhichthehisnotpronouncedareprecededbyan.
Agoodruletofollowisthatallwordsbeginningwithhhavethefirstletterpronouncedexcept for the following, inwhichh isnotpronouncedandwhichusethearticlean:
Inthefollowingwords,thehispronounced,sousethearticlea:
Whenwordsbeginningwiththeletteruhavetheconsonantsoundyoo(ū),theyareprecededbythearticlea:auniform,auniversity,autensil.
Thosethatbeginwiththe sound,asfoundincup,requirethearticlean:anumbrella,anunhealthyuncle.
Theprefixun-,indicatinganegative,alwayshasavowelsound:unfriendly,unhappy,unusual.
NOTE
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NOTETheyoosounddoesnotalwaysmeanthatthewordwillbeginwiththe
letteru.
Otherexamplesoftheyoosoundarethefollowing:
aEuropeanvacation
aeulogydeliveredbyherbrother
aeuphemism
Shehasaeuphoricglowabouther.
aeucalyptusinthebackyard
Otherwordsthatbeginwiththeyoosoundandusethearticlea:
THE
Thearticletheisusedtoindicatesomethingspecific.
Thebookonthetableismine.
Imailedtheletterthatyougavemeyesterday.
Theisalsousedfornamesofmountains,rivers,islands,andoceans;namesofmusicalgroups;ethnicgroups;specificdocuments,etc.
ManypeoplespendtheirvacationsintheRockyMountains.
MelandSandyspenttheirhoneymoonintheHawaiianIslands.
TheBeatleswereafamousmusicalgroupinthesixtiesandseventies.
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TheDeclarationofIndependencewaswrittenin1776.
Non-count nouns can use the in some situations and not in others. Forexample,whenreferringtoanelementingeneralterms,thearticleisnotused.
Moneyisnecessarytopaythebills.
Budgetingtimecarefullywillmakeyouabetterstudent.
Foodtastesbetterwhenitisfresh.
However, when the element is used in specific terms, the article the isnecessary.
ThemoneyIgaveyouisfortherent.(specificmoney)
Thetimewehavetogetherisprecious.(specifictime)
Ineedtobuythefoodforourparty.(specificfood)
Whenpluralcountnounsrefertoelementsingeneral,noarticleisrequired.
Workingdaysismorepleasingtosomethantoothers.
Grapesgrowinbunchesonvines.
Some words, unless they restrict the meaning, do not use the definitearticle.
breakfast,church,college,dinner,home,hospital(British)
heaven,hell,lunch,school,supper
Somepeoplebelieveinheavenandhell,butothersdon’t.
Johnstudiesatschool,andhismotherworksathome.
Mildredislearningagreatdealinherartclassesincollege.
Tomhadanaccidentandisinhospital.(British)
Tomhadanaccidentandisinthehospital.(American)
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APPENDIXB
VOCABULARYHELP
IBeforeERuleIbeforeE
ExceptafterCOrwhensoundedasay,Asinneighborandweigh.
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APPENDIXC
PLURALCONCEPTS
NON-COUNTNOUNS
Somecategories of non-count nouns canbe subdivided into count nouns.Someoftheseincludethefollowing:
NOTEManynon-countnounscanbeusedwithpluralconcepts
whenapluralunitofmeasureprecedesthem.
piecesoffurniture kindsofproduce
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stacksofmoney categoriesofliterature
boxesofjewelry sourcesofinformation
typesofagriculture meansoftransportation
Other non-count nouns that are always singular are those referring tointangibleorabstractconcepts.Theyincludethefollowing:
FORMINGPLURALS
Wordsendinginvowelsandconsonantsusuallyadd-stoformtheirplurals.
Exceptions
1.Afters,sh,ch,andx,add-es
press—presses patch—patches wish—wishes tax—tax
2.Fornounsendinginyafteraconsonant,changeytoi.
fly—flies enemy—enemies lady—ladies salary—salaries
3.Fornounsendinginyfollowingavowel,add-s.
monkey—monkeys tray—trays decoy—decoys
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4.Somenounshaveirregularplurals.Learnthem.
foot—feet tooth—teeth child—children ox—oxenwoman—women man—men louse—lice mouse—mice
5.Somewordsusethesameformforsingularandplural.
fish deer sheep moose reindeer caribou
6.Compound,ortwo-part,wordspluralizeonlytheentitythatcouldbecountable.Rememberthatthefirstpartofacompoundwordusuallyactsasaadjective,andadjectiveshavenopluralsexcepttheseandthose.Notice,however,intheword,andsisters-in-law,itisthefirstpartthatispluralized,becauseitistheentitythatcanbecounted.
football—footballs butterfly—butterflies toothbrush—toothbrushes
7.Thepluralsofmostnounsendinginfareformedbyadding-s.
brief—briefs proof—proofs belief—beliefs
Exceptions:Changeforfetovandadd-es.
8.Followtheserulesforpluralsofpropernounsandfamilynames.
Jones—theJoneses Whitley—theWhitleys Mixa—theMixas
TheJoneses (the Jones family) are leaving for PuertoRico on the noonflight.
RexRyanisatennisstar.AlltheRexesIknowarefootballplayers.
9.Forcertaingroupofnounsendinginconsonant+o,add-estothesewords.
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echoes dominoes potatoes tomatoes heroes
10.Forsomewordsthatendinexandix,dropthesuffixandaddicestoformtheplural.
index>indices codex>codices
ibex>ibices appendix>appendices
11.Anothercategoryofirregularpluralsrelatestowordsendinginsis.Insteadofaddingestotherootword,theiinthesuffixjustchangestoe.Otherwordsinthiscategoryarechrysalis,synthesis,dialysis,hypothesis,antithesis,andparenthesis.
Thereareanumberofotherrulesdealingwithforeignwordsthathavebeenincorporated into the language, as well as a variety of other plural forms.Wheneveryoufindanounandarenotsureofthepluralform,lookitupinyourdictionary.
Non-count nouns are those that do not usually have a plural form andcannotbenumberedastheonesabove.
However,wecanplace the liquids incontainersandcount thecontainers;moneyismentionedinmonetaryunits(dollars,cents); timeisfiguredinhoursandminutes,etc.
fivecupsofcoffee twentydollars
sixhours fiftyminutes
Singular vocabulary dealing with food can also become plural if wementiontheunitsorcontainersforthatfood.Examples:
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Someadjectivesarealsolimitedtocountandnon-countnouns.
Certainwordsreferringtofoodsareconsiderednoncountableandhavenopluralforms.Hereisapartiallist:
Ontheotherhand,somefoodscanbecountedanddohavepluralforms:
Youmightalsofinditstrangetoseehowsomeofthesefoodsaremeasured:
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APPENDIXD
WORDPHRASESWITHPREPOSITIONS
In English there are a number of word groups that contain prepositions.Theyincludecombinationswithnouns,adjectives,andverbs.Hereisapartiallist. Practice using them in sentences until they become part of your activevocabulary.
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Verb+Preposition
Theverb+preposition list isfargreater thantheother lists,becauseoneverbcanuseavarietyofprepositions.Witheachpreposition,theverbtakesonadifferentmeaning. Look up these verb phrases in an unabridged (larger,morecomplete)dictionary.
approveof
breakawaybreakdownbreakoffbreakupbreakinbreakoutbreakthroughbreakwith
callafter
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callawaycalloncallupcallbackcalloffcalldowncallforthcalltogethercalloff
careaboutcarefor
checkintocheckoutcheckoutofcheckovercheckuponcheckwith
closeinonclosedowncloseoffcloseoutcomeacrosscomeaftercomeawaywithcomebycomein
lookafterlookforlookup
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lookdownlookoverlookoutforlookaboutlookatlookbackonlookforwardtolookinonlookinto
refertorelyondetractfrom
countoncountdowncountoutcountup
doawaywithdoupdooverdofordoabout
drawupdrawondrawasidedrawout
comealongwithcomedownwithfigureout
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figureon
findoutfindinfavorofdependon
getbygetovergetupgetthroughgetdowntogetingiveupgiveoutgiveintogiveawaygivebackgiveforthgiveovergiveoff
coverupcoverforcoverovercoverwith
dowithoutdowithhavetodowithdisagreewith
fillupfillout
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fillin
getacrossgetaftergetalonggetaroundgetatgetalongwithgetawayfromgetbackatgetbehind
getout
searchfor
dropoverdropoutdropindropoff
comeoutcomeovercomeabout
tryontryouttryfor
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APPENDIXE
IRREGULARVERBS
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Thefollowingverbshavethesameformsforallthreeparts.
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ESLGLOSSARY
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GLOSSARY
Active voice. Sentence structure in which the subject is responsible forperformingtheactionoftheverb.
Heruns. Shereads. Theywrite.
Adjective.Wordthatdescribesanounorapronoun.
Thefatcatclimbedthetreeslowly.
Adverb.Wordthatmodifiesaverb,anadjective,oranotheradverb.
Theballerinadancedgracefullyacrossthestage.
Agreement.Howwordscorrespondtootherwordsinasentenceorphrase.
Thatpairofslacksneedstobewashed.
Clause. Part of a sentence. Main clauses (independent) can stand alone andconvey a complete thought. Dependent (subordinate) clauses do notconveyacompleteideaeventhoughtheymaycontainasubjectandverb.Thelatterneedthemainclausetogivethewholestructuremeaning.
Becauseitwasraining(dependent),wearrivedlate(independent).
Danglingparticiple.Participialphrase(V+ingorV+ed)atthebeginningofasentencethatisnotthesubjectanddoesnotmodifythenounorpronounafterthephrase.
Poundingthenail,thepicturewasfinallyhung.
Directspeech.Theexactwordsofsomeone,usuallywrittenbetweenquotationmarks.
Tomsaid,“Iwillattendthemeetingat8:00tonight.”
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The opposite is indirect speech: Tom said that he would attend themeetingat8:00tonight.
Fragment.Partofasentencethatdoesnotconveyacompleteidea.
Thatmorninginthepark.(nosubject,noverb,nocompleteidea)
Gerund.Verbformendingin-ingthatmaybeusedasanoun.
Runningisgoodexercise.
Jogging,swimming,anddancingaregoodexercises.
Participle.Formofverbusuallyendingined(past)oring(present)
frightened—frighteningfried—frying
Passive voice. Sentence structure in which the subject does not perform theaction,butratherreceivesit;be+pastparticiple.
TheplaywaswrittenbyShakespeare.
Preposition.Wordrelatinganounorpronountootherwordsinasentence(forexample, in, into, on, and by). The tickets are for the afternoonperformance.
Pronoun.Awordthattakestheplaceofanoun.
Relative pronoun. Pronoun that relates to the word that precedes it. Suchpronounsintroduceadependentclause(who,whom,that,which)
IknowDaneCameron,whoisthedirectorofAcmeComputers.
Run-on.Twocompletesentences joinedwithoutanypunctuation (which isanerroringrammar).
Itrainedveryhardwegotwetandhadanaccident.
Sentence. A group of words containing a subject, a verb, and a completethought.
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Mrs.DavisdrovetoChicagoonMonday.
Sequenceoftenses.Relationshipintimeofverbsusedinasentence.
TheteachersaidthatwewouldhaveanexamonFriday.
Voice.Formofverbthatshowswhetherthesubjectperformsaction(active)orreceivesaction(passive).
Vincewrotethepoemin1980.(activevoice)
Thepoemwaswrittenin1980.(passivevoice)
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ESLANSWERKEYS
ANSWERKEYS
EXERCISE11.She2.We3.me4.her5.us6.them7.He8.him9.us—we10.her11.she12.us13.they14.him15.her16.her17.they18.I19.he—they20.he
EXERCISE2
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1.He2.us3.her—me4.him5.Whom6.us7.them8.I9.he10.me11.us12.them13.they14.us15.she16.me17.her18.I19.I20.who
EXERCISE31.yourself2.himself3.ourselves4.themselves5.itself6.myself7.herself8.yourselves9.herself10.himself/herself
EXERCISE41.We2.I3.himself
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4.him5.yours6.themselves7.Mine8.herself9.them10.her11.they12.I13.ourselves
EXERCISE51.ImetanactorwhosepicturewonanOscar.2.Weboughtahouse,whichcost$150,000.3.Sallyintroducedmetoherboyfriend,whoisacivilengineer.4.Maureenboughtadress,whichcosther$45,andhadtoreturnit.5.JakegaveIsabelaringthathaddiamondsandrubies.6.Mrs.DuncanistalkingtoherstudentswhoseprojectaredueonFriday.7.Normanliveswithhissisterwhoisanurse.8.Thesoldierstowhomthepresidentisawardingthemedalwereinjuredincombat.(Thepresidentisawardingmedalstothesoldierswhowereinjuredincombat.
9.Mr.FranklingradedtheteststhatwetookonFriday.10.Thedirectorknowsthecandidatewhowaschosentobemanager.
EXERCISE61.who2.whose3.that4.whom5.whom6.that7.which8.that9.that10.whose11.which
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12.which
EXERCISE71.are2.are3.was4.have5.Has6.have7.are8.wasn’t9.Were10.was11.Has12.is13.Are14.have15.Were16.Have17.are18.are19.Are20.Was
EXERCISE81.to2.to3.that4.to5.that6.to7.that8.to9.that10.that11.that12.to
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13.that14.to15.that16.that17.to18.that19.that20.to
EXERCISE91.It2.there3.It4.It5.it6.there7.there8.it9.It10.there11.there12.it13.there14.there15.there16.It17.It18.There19.It20.It
EXERCISE101.C2.A3.A4.B5.B
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6.A
EXERCISE111.A2.C3.C4.A5.D6.A7.C8.C
EXERCISE121.whom2.any3.I4.there5.whomever6.whose
EXERCISE131.my2.Peter’s3.herstudents’4.their5.his6.your7.thelandlord’s8.Terry’s9.my10.your11.Kim’s12.our13.theworkers’14.thepoliceman’s15.Tom’s
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16.thegroup’s17.my18.theclub’s19.Ann’s20.thegovernment’s
EXERCISE141.his2.Helen’s3.friend’s4.clowns’5.your6.my7.Anne’s8.citizens’9.brother’s10.boy’s11.son’s12.Tony’s13.Anita’s14.Our15.their16.children’s17.Lonnie’s18.birds’19.neighbors’20.their
EXERCISE151.some2.any3.any4.Someone/Somebody5.any6.anyone/anybody7.anyone/anybody(someone-conv.)8.someone/somebody
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9.any10.anything11.some12.some13.any14.some15.something16.some17.someone/somebody18.anyone/anybody19.anything20.anything
EXERCISE161.wider2.paler3.braver4.cuter5.humbler6.nobler7.wiser8.politer9.closer10.staler11.later12.larger13.riper14.rarer15.safer
EXERCISE171.cozier2.shier3.dizzier4.angrier5.easier6.heavier
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7.prettier8.uglier9.merrier10.earlier11.noisier12.friendlier13.lonelier14.healthier15.lovelier
EXERCISE181.quieterthan2.lovelierthan3.fasterthan4.closer5.slimmerthan6.hazierthan7.sleepierthan8.narrowerthan9.colderthan10.coyerthan
EXERCISE191.morefamous2.morehelpful3.morepensive4.morecaptive5.moreexact6.moreloving7.moredaring8.morebasic9.morefiendish10.moremorose11.morecutting12.moreclever13.morenormal14.moresheepish
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15.morefestive16.moreglorious17.morechildlike18.morealive19.moreflagrant20.morefragrant21.morecallous22.moreforward23.moregrateful24.moreuseless25.moreselfish
EXERCISE201.manymore2.muchprettierthan3.moreabundantthan4.lessintelligentthan5.farlesscrampedthan6.manymore7.morestraightforwardthan8.much(far)less9.morerapidly10.much(far)lessinteresting
EXERCISE211.MexicoCityhasmanymoreinhabitantsthanMicanopy.MicanopyhasfewerinhabitantsthanMexicoCity.
2.Philipearnsmuchmore(money)thanTony.TonyearnsmuchlessthanPhilip.
3.Nancyisyoungerthanherbrother.Nancy’sbrotherisolderthanshe.4.ThemillionairehasmanymorecarsthanIhave.Ihavefewercarsthanthemillionaire.
5.Theartbuildingistallerthanthelanguagelab.6.Achocolatebarhasmorecaloriesthanabanana.Abananahasfewercaloriesthanachocolatebar.
7.ItismuchhotterinArizonathaninAnchorage.ItismuchcoolerinAnchoragethaninArizona.
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8.RudystudieslessthanRalph.Ralphstudiesmore(harder)thanRudy.9.ItiswarmerinClevelandthaninBuffalo.ItiscolderinBuffalothaninCleveland.
10.BettylearnedPortuguesemoreeasilythanArabic.BettylearnedArabicmoreslowlythanPortuguese.
EXERCISE22Answerswillvary.1.Silvercostslessthangold.Goldismorevaluablethansilver.2.Anelephantislargerandstrongerthanamonkey.Amonkeyissmaller,weaker,andmoreintelligentthananelephant.
3.Cottonissofterthanplastic.Plasticisharderthancotton.4.Coca-Colaissweeterthanmilk.Coca-Colaislessnutritiousthanmilk.MilkismorenutritiousthanCoca-Cola.
5.Spinachislesstastythancake.Cakeistastierthanspinach.6.TomCruiseisyounger(morehandsome)thanPaulNewman.PaulNewmanisolder(moremature)thanTomCruise.
7.Ayachtismoreexpensive(faster)thanacanoe.Acanoeislessexpensive(slower)thanayacht.
8.Anairplaneisfaster(bigger,moreexpensive)thanatrain.Atrainisslower(smaller,lessexpensive)thananairplane.
9.SwimmingismoreactivethanwatchingtelevisionWatchingtelevisionislessactivethanswimming.
10.TheNorthPoleiscolder(fartheraway)thanCalifornia.Californiaiswarmer(closer)thantheNorthPole.
EXERCISE231.better2.farther3.better4.worse5.better6.Farther7.better8.better9.worse10.better
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EXERCISE241.KevinhitasmanyhomerunsasDave.2.It’saswarminOahuasinDallas.3.Maureenateasmanypiecesofpizzaashersister.4.BriansleepsasmanyhoursasRita.5.PhilweighsasmuchasHarry.6.TracyworksasdiligentlyinschoolasTrisha.7.Thissweatercostsasmuchastheyellowone.8.Joelrunsasfastashisbrother.9.Thelongdressisaselegantastheshortdress.10.JoséspendsasmuchtimestudyingEnglishasmath.11.Somehighschoolstudentsdoasmanyhomeworkassignmentsascollege
students.12.JoanCollinshasasmuchjewelryasLizTaylor.13.TheAndersonshaveasmanypiecesoffurnitureinthediningroomasinthe
livingroom.14.Thereareasfewstudentsinthechemistryclassasinthephysicsclass.15.IpaidasmuchformytextbookasAnnedid(paidforhers).
EXERCISE251.Semi-glosspaintisthemostexpensive.Flatpaintistheleastexpensive(cheapest).
2.Thecanofcornisthelargest.Thecanofmushroomsisthesmallest.3.Apricotsarethemostfatteningfruit.(Apricotshavethemostcalories.)Cantaloupeistheleastfatteningfruit.(Cantaloupehasthefewestcalories.)
4.Clevelandisthehottestcity.Trentonisthecoolestcity.5.Bremertonisthefarthest(city)fromOlympia.Tacomaistheclosest(city)toOlympia.
6.Theredcandlewillburnthelongest.Thewhitecandlewillburntheshortest.7.Thekitchencabinetisthelargest(widest).Thebathcabinetisthesmallest.(narrowest)
8.Thequarterbackwasthehungriest.(Thequarterbackatethemosthamburgers.)Thecheerleaderwastheleasthungry.(Thecheerleaderatethefewesthamburgers.)
9.Arthuristhehealthiestathlete.Tedistheleasthealthyathlete.10.Dianewasthethirstiest.(Dianedrankthemostlemonade.)Suzywasthe
leastthirsty.(Suzydranktheleastlemonade.)
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EXERCISE261.farther2.best3.hotter4.moreexpensive5.morefamous6.moreboring7.morehelpful8.moreinterested9.morefrequently10.worst11.mostquietly12.mostquickly13.best14.colder15.mostfoolish
EXERCISE271.from2.as3.than4.than5.as6.as7.from8.as9.than10.from11.more12.as13.from14.more15.than
EXERCISE281.C
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2.C3.A4.C5.B6.A7.B8.C9.B10.A11.C12.A13.B14.A15.C16.B
EXERCISE291.C2.A3.D4.A5.B6.B7.A8.C
EXERCISE301.basically2.historically3.majestically4.economically5.comically6.strategically7.critically8.antiseptically9.cryptically10.sympathetically
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11.artistically12.domestically13.automatically14.aromatically15.organically16.systematically
EXERCISE311.sloppily2.heavily3.angrily4.clumsily5.readily6.busily7.steadily8.merrily
EXERCISE321.nobly2.ably3.capably4.responsibly5.feasibly6.comfortably
EXERCISE331.always2.rarely(seldom)3.often(usually/frequently)4.never5.hardly6.Occasionally(Sometimes)7.hardly(rarely,scarcely)8.sometimes9.usually(frequently)10.seldom(rarely)
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EXERCISE341.FootballfansalwayswatchthegamesonSundayafternoons.2.PasqualehasneverwrittenalettertohiscousininItaly.3.Ihaveseenthatprogramoccasionally,butIdon’tlikeit.(Ihaveoccasionallyseen...)
4.WeusuallystudyonFridayafternoons.5.Martagenerallypreparesapeachpieforspecialoccasions.6.Theyhardlyseeusonweekends,becausewearesobusyduringtheweek.7.Monicahasseldomgoneshoppinginthenewmall,becauseitissofaraway.8.Thisneighborhoodisusuallyquiet,buttodayitisrathernoisy.9.HasJudesometimessungandplayedforthelocaldances?10.Haveyouoftenthoughtaboutwritinganovel?11.Thegirlsgenerallytakethebustowork,buttodayitwasrainingandthey
gotaride.12.IhaveseldomseenTomwithouthiswifeatthecouncilmeetings.13.Theybarelytalktoussincetheymovedtothenewneighborhood.14.WefrequentlytakethechildrentotheparkforapicniconSundays.15.Haveyouneverwonthelottery.
EXERCISE351.yet2.never/already3.still4.still5.yet6.yet(already)7.already8.still(already)9.yet(already)10.ever11.still12.yet13.yet14.still15.yet16.already17.never
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18.ever
EXERCISE361.already2.still3.already4.never5.still6.ever7.ever8.never9.ever10.ever11.never12.ever13.yet14.already15.ever16.still17.yet
EXERCISE371.in2.by/at3.in4.to5.among6.becauseof7.Before8.in9.above/over10.on11.in12.in13.on14.at15.in
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16.with17.from18.off19.between20.for21.for22.before23.on24.above/over25.of/about
EXERCISE381.of2.into3.about/of4.for/to5.of/to6.of/for7.to8.in/at9.of10.for/for11.into12.in13.away14.by/across15.to16.off17.about/up18.about19.at20.to/about
EXERCISE391.In2.on3.in
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4.in5.about6.of7.of8.of9.of10.on11.in12.of13.from14.to15.On16.off17.for18.to19.for20.from21.to
EXERCISE401.A2.D3.B4.A5.B6.A7.C8.C9.D10.A11.C12.A13.A
EXERCISE411.and—twoideas2.but—contrast
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3.so—twoideas4.but—contrast5.nor—twoideas6.yet—twoideas7.and—twowordsofthesamepartofspeech8.for—twoideas9.nor—twowordsofthesamepartofspeech10.but—contrast11.and—twoideas12.but—twoideas13.and—twowordsofthesamepartofspeech14.and—twoideas(commands=twoideas)15.or—twowordsofthesamepartofspeechbut—contrast
EXERCISE421.fries2.magnifies3.pinch4.itches5.deny6.does7.marches8.teaches9.hurry10.blush11.wash12.fishes13.studies14.go15.scorches16.apply17.dries18.flies19.bleaches20.cries
EXERCISE43
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1.have2.did3.is4.can5.will6.do7.painted8.seems9.had10.were
EXERCISE441.Canwesee...?2.DoesNancyhave...?3.Mightthelandlordraise...?4.Wouldhelike...?5.WillSusanbe...?6.Shouldthestudents...?7.DidIhave...?8.DidEnricobuy...?9.DoesTarapaint...?10.Dothecarpentersknow...?
EXERCISE451.Tomatoesdon’tgrowontrees.2.Thesundoesn’tshineatnight.3.Roosterscan’tlayeggs.4.Alligatorsdidn’tliveinthedesertlongago.5.Myrosescan’tgrowwithoutwater.6.TheFrenchdidn’tinventtheconceptofzero.7.Heshouldn’tstudystatistics.8.Mostluxurycarsdon’tgetgoodgasmileage.9.Boliviadoesn’thavealargeport.10.Lionsdon’thavefeathers.
EXERCISE46
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1.willgrow2.willserve3.willarrive4.willsleep5.willbegin6.willbe7.willlive8.willhappen9.won’tbloom10.willcount
EXERCISE47Answerswillvary.1.Itbeginsat8:00.Itdoesn’tbeginat11:00.2.Thechildreneatpeanutbuttersandwiches.Theydon’teatspinach.3.Shesleepseighthourseveryday.Shedoesnotsleeplateonweekdays.4.Thedogrunsawayfromthecat.Thedogdoesnotrunawayfromthechildren.
5.Yes,hedrivestotheuniversityeveryday.No,hedoesn’tdrivetoworkeveryday.
6.Yes,shewalkswiththechildren.No,shedoesn’twalkwiththedog.7.IngridsingsSpanishsongs.Shedoesn’tsingItaliansongs.8.Majadancesatparties.Shedoesn’tdanceinclass.9.Themanagertalkswiththesalesdepartment.Hedoesnottalkwiththeadvertisingdepartment.
10.AliareadstheWashingtonPost.ShedoesnotreadNewsweek.11.Yes,shewritesletterstoherfamily.No,shedoesn’twriteletterstoher
students.12.Yes,itservesexcellentfood.No,itdoesn’tserveJapanesefood.
EXERCISE481.forgotten2.gone3.dug4.brought...sang5.sold6.slept
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7.drank8.flew9.fell10.froze11.eaten12.sank13.understood14.told15.saw16.blew
EXERCISE491.were2.saw3.seemed4.decided5.approached6.saw7.bought8.parked9.walked10.were11.looked12.asked13.wanted14.said15.wanted16.picked17.moved18.selected19.could20.told21.advertised22.put23.made
EXERCISE50
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1.Ipaintedthehousetwoweeksago.2.IbegantostudyEnglishthreesemestersago.3.Yes,theplanearrivedtenminutesago.4.We(you)studiedthepasttensefivedaysago.5.Janicebeganworkingfortheelectriccompanyeightyearsago.6.No,Ididn’tfinishmyhomeworktwohoursago.7.Theycaughtthebusonehourago.8.Carolmovedheresevenmonthsago.9.Thisclassbegan20minutesago.10.ImetMrs.Nelsonsixweeksago.11.Waldemarstartedhisweightliftingprogramfourmonthsago.12.NinaandBengotmarried10yearsago.13.No,wedidn’tbuyanewcarsixdaysago.14.SandyandJoansenttheweddinginvitationsonemonthago.15.Thenewmuseumopenedfouryearsago.
EXERCISE511.wasdreaming2.willbemeeting3.isacting4.aretaking5.iswriting6.wasrunning7.wasraining8.willbevisiting9.willbemarrying10.waspreparing11.willbesailing12.wastrying13.willbedriving14.iseating15.willbegraduating16.will...begetting17.willbeprogramming18.willbegrowing19.wascopying20.willbephotographing
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EXERCISE521.am2.think3.amwalking4.amwondering/wonder5.aredoing6.imagine7.isdancing8.areplaying9.iswriting10.ismeeting11.go12.sit13.study14.swim15.plan16.know17.arehaving18.aredoing19.like20.need
EXERCISE531.aretaking2.calls3.knows4.isgrowing5.play6.buys7.areusing8.park9.ispreparing10.ispacking11.isstudying12.go13.iseating14.istalking
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15.works16.isforcing17.ishopping18.mixes19.tries20.arewaiting
EXERCISE541.ferociously2.firmly3.easy4.fragrant5.angry6.exclusively7.delicious8.depressed9.hurriedly10.zealously11.courageously12.quickly13.unbelievably14.madly15.good16.wonderful17.surprisingly18.carefully19.unwilling20.smooth
EXERCISE551.grateful2.tired3.quietly4.excited5.sour6.beautiful7.uncertain
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8.durable9.silently10.rich11.honest12.discreet13.threatening1.violent1.recklessly16.cold17.correctly18.good19.firm20.quickly
EXERCISE561.N2.F3.M4.E5.C6.G7.D8.J9.K10.I11.A12.B13.H14.L
EXERCISE571.J2.N3.E4.I5.G6.L
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7.K8.D9.C10.H11.B12.M13.F14.A
EXERCISE581.F2.D3.A4.B5.C6.E7.G8.L9.H10.J11.K12.O13.N14.I15.P16.M
EXERCISE591.do2.made3.make4.made5.make6.do7.do8.made9.make
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10.make11.do12.done13.doing14.make15.do16.do17.do18.do19.do20.make21.do22.make23.make24.make25.made
EXERCISE60Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE61Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE62Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE631.Don’tbuyicecreamatthegrocerystore.2.Don’tcookthespaghettiforonlytenminutes.3.WealwaystellourfriendsnottogototheChineserestaurant.4.Mymotheralwaysasksmenottowalkslowly.5.Don’ttelluswhatyourproblemis.6.Don’trideyourbicycleinthestreet.7.Don’tsendyourlettertotheoffice.8.Don’taskthemtosendthecheckinthemail.
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9.Ifyoucannotsolvetheproblem,don’taskTed.10.Theinsurancecompanyorderedtheclientnottomakepaymentonthebill.
EXERCISE641.StudythevocabularyinChapter3.Don’tstudythevocabularyinChapter4.2.Don’tpayyourfeesbeforeJune20.3.Parkinthebluezone.Don’tparkintheredzone.4.Arrivebefore8:15.Don’tarriveafter9:00.5.ReturnthebooksafterJune30.Don’treturnthembeforeJune30.6.Eatinthefacultydiningarea.Don’teatinyouroffice.7.Don’trideonthesidewalk.8.Don’tbringaSpanishdictionarytoclass.9.DoyourlaundryonSaturday.Don’tdoyourlaundryonFriday.10.Don’twriteyourSocialSecuritynumberonthefrontofyourchecks.
EXERCISE65Answerswillvary,butherearesomepossibilities:1.Getupearlierandarriveontime.2.Giveyourwifemoremoneyformedicine.Buythemedicineforyourchildren.
3.Stopbeingsobossy.Benicertoeveryone.4.Ms.Tamuko,cleanupyouryard.Getridofalthatjunkinyouyard.5.Ms.Davis,payyourcreditorsimmediately.6.Raymond,bequietinmycourtroom.Don’ttalkunlessIspeaktoyou.7.Mrs.Kaley,keepyourchildrenquiet.Tellyourchildrentobequiet.Controlyourchildren.
8.Vincent,getajob.Getupandgotowork.9.Mandy,stopreadingtrashynovels.Getagoodbook.Gotothelibraryandfindagoodbook.
10.Flo,goonadiet.Seeadoctoraboutyourweight.Stopeatingjunkfood.Eathealthyfood.
11.Dennis,stopspendingsomuchmoney.Controlyourspending.Spendwisely.Getabetterjob.
12.Bobby,stopstealingcars.Getcounseling.13.Ms.Jackson,leantocook.Takethisbackandfixmesomethingelse.14.Dr.Taylor,loweryourprices.Haveaheart.15.Mrs.Riordan,gethelpforyouson.Stopgivinghimalcohol.
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16.Mario,studyharderandgetbettergrades.Getatutor.Talktoyourprofessorsandgetsomehelp.
17.Sandy,benicertoyourbrothersandsisters.Speakkindlytothem.18.Mark,learntotype.Getaprofessionaltypist.19.Dr.Daniels,getamicrophone,speakloudandclearly.Useabetterchoiceof
words.20.Sue,getalife.Takeupsomesports.Joinaclub.Meetsomeinteresting
people.
EXERCISE661.cooking2.speaking3.be4.swimming5.go6.attending7.wearing8.belong9.be10.practicing11.getting12.driving13.dance14.live15.working16.eating17.typing18.sewing19.direct20.skiing
EXERCISE671.had2.is3.has4.would5.had
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6.is7.is8.had9.had10.is11.is12.would13.would14.is15.would16.would17.is18.is19.had20.has
EXERCISE681.Joan’s2.Who’d3.What’s4.Mel’s5.You’d6.he’d7.Sonya’s8.Mark’s9.he’d10.I’d...they’d11.what’s12.When’s13.It’sbeen...I’vegone14.We’d15.Sue’d16.Bernie’d...it’dbeen17.you’d18.Kurt’s19.You’dbe20.Mrs.Hart’s
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EXERCISE691.C2.A3.C4.A5.C6.C7.A8.C9.A10.B11.C12.C13.B14.C15.C16.C
EXERCISE701.sing,sings;sang;willsing;am,is,aresinging2.write,writes;wrote;willwrite;am,is,arewriting3.fly,flies;flew;willfly;am,is,areflying4.think,thinks;thought;willthink;am,is,arethinking5.bake,bakes;baked;willbake;am,is,arebaking6.send,sends;sent;willsend;am,is,aresending7.swim,swims;swam;willswim;am,is,areswimming8.see,sees;saw;willsee;am,is,areseeing9.dance,dances;danced;willdance;am,is,aredancing10.run,runs;ran;willrun;am,is,arerunning11.drive,drives;drove;willdrive;am,is,aredriving12.eat,eats;ate;willeat;am,is,areeating13.fry,fries;fried;willfry;am,is,arefrying14.prepare,prepares;prepared;willprepare;am,is,arepreparing15.carry,carries;carried;willcarry;am,is,arecarrying
EXERCISE71
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EXERCISE721.C2.D3.B4.A5.B6.B7.D8.A9.B10.A11.B12.B13.A14.A15.B16.B17.B18.B19.A20.B
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EXERCISE731.HisliveinKansas.2.Theirsisdowntown.3.Theirshasapatio.4.Weboughtours.5.Youneedyoursstamped.6.Canheeathisnow?7.Dohersworkintheoffice?8.Whenwillyoureceiveyours?9.Allofyoutookyourslastweek.10.oursishigherthanyours.
EXERCISE741.Theyhavetheirsandmine.2.Minewillbereadyafter3p.m.3.Shepassedhers.4.HisliveinGreeneville.5.Thosearehers.6.Jamescanidentifyhis.7.Ours(Yours)haveexpired(arelost).8.I’vewrittenmine.9.Yourscometovisitoften(seldom,etc.).10.Ours(Mine)willarrivetomorrow.
EXERCISE751.Getmesomecoffee.2.Theteacherreadthemthestory.3.Timleftyouthisgift.4.Theartistdrewmeaportrait.5.Mysonfeedsthedogitsfoodeveryday.6.Thecompanywillbuildusahouseverysoon.7.Sally,showmeyourdoll.8.Mr.DixonofferedTracythejob.9.Pleasefindmemysweater.10.Ipromisedtogethimabird.
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EXERCISE761.Peterowesmanyfavorstoyou.2.Annetteshowedthenewdresstohermother.3.Aliceismakinganafghanforhersister.4.Cutsomecakeforthembeforeitdisappears.5.I’llsendthephotostoyouassoonastheyarrive.6.Bringthatcarttome.7.Janet’sgrandmotherleftaspecialringtoher.8.Soniapaidthemoneytotheticketagent.9.Myfriendreadthenoticeinthepapertome.10.Nobodyboughtanythingforustoeat.
EXERCISE771.Mr.andMrs.Smithsingtoeachotheroften.2.ChrisandRachelseeeachotheronweekends.3.Wefindeachotherinaworldofgreattechnologicaladvances.4.HenryandJoanlookforeachotherinthecrowd.5.Martyandhissisterteaseeachotherabouttheirpronunciation.6.StanandNancyandtheirfriendsbuyoneanotherChristmasgifts.7.MysisterandIgiveeachothermoralsupport.8.ThesoldierandiswifeheldeachothertightlyafterhisreturnfromIraq.9.TomandSallykneweachotherforyearsbeforegettingmarried.10.TonyandhismothermeetonThursdaysforlunch.11.Nancyandhermotherspeaktoeachotheronthetelephoneeveryday.12.RomeoandJulietlovedeachotherverymuch.13.JohnandPauldonottakeeachotherseriously.14.JudyandChristinetelleachothersecrets.
EXERCISE781.who2.whom3.who4.whomever5.whoever6.whom7.whom
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8.whom9.Whoever10.whom11.whoever12.who13.who14.whom15.who16.who17.whomever18.whom19.Whoever20.Whoever
EXERCISE791.theywant>hewants,theydon’t>hedoesn’t2.their>his/her3.their>her4.they>he5.their>his/her6.their>he/shecome>comes7.they>hetheywillbegoodcitizens>hewillbeagoodcitizen.8.their>its9.himself>themselves10.her>their11.it>them12.it>them13.it>the14.they>he,their>his15.it>them16.their>its17.theyare>he,sheis,18.we>you19.their>its20.their>his/her
EXERCISE80
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1.B2.D3.D4.B5.D6.A
EXERCISE811.B2.A3.D4.B5.D6.D7.B8.B9.B10.B11.A12.D13.D14.C
EXERCISE821.anyother2.theothers/another3.Theother4.others5.anyother6.another7.theother8.another9.theothers10.another11.Some(Other)12.another13.others
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14.theother/other15.others16.anyother(another)
EXERCISE831.C2.B3.C4.C5.D
EXERCISE841.C2.B3.C4.B5.A
EXERCISE851.any2.another3.his4.others5.Other6.its7.they8.him9.us10.its
EXERCISE861.pale2.corporeal3.terrestrial4.celestial
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5.religious6.studious7.nocturnal8.well-timed9.annual10.paternal
EXERCISE871.beautiful2.amiable3.organized4.holy5.uncourageous6.materialistic7.expensive8.diurnal9.fraternal10.maternal
EXERCISE881.Ivanhasjustboughtafive-doorstationwagon.2.Mycousinlikesthatlovelygrayfour-compartmentpurse.3.Wehaveanew9.6-GBcomputer.4.Thereisanew30-inch-screentelevisioninthelobby.5.Sherrylikeshernewfour-speakerstereo.6.Whenwewentonvacationwetookan80-quartcooler.7.TheEmpireStateBuildingisa92-storystructure.8.Canyouchangethis$20bill.9.InourEnglishclasslastweek,wehadtowritea250-wordcomposition.10.Wetooka10-weektripacrossAmerica.11.Gastoniaissix-hourdrivefromhere.12.Angelawasveryupsetbecauseshehadspilledafive-galloncanofoliveoil.13.Susieneedsthreeyardsof60-inchmaterialforherdress.14.Tomhasjustboughtafive-piecebedroomset.15.Evalivesinahousewithatwo-cargarage.16.Barbaramadeanewfive-buttonwintercoat.17.Paulhasanewfive-speedbicycle.
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18.Montyrepairscars,soheboughta125-piecetoolset.19.Weneedanine-footextensioncord.20.Mynewcamplightneedsanine-voltbattery.
EXERCISE891.Heneedsafour-voltbatteryforhisradio.2.Wetookasix-dayjourneythroughthemountains.3.Canyouchangethisten-dollarbill?4.Mycousinhasjustboughtathree-storyhouse.5.Nancyjustboughtatwo-piecebathingsuit.6.Marcellahasaten-roomapartment.7.Theteachersaidthatweneededthree-inchmarginsonthecomposition.8.TheManleysowna19-inchcolortelevision.9.Weinstalledaneight-tracktapeplayerinthecar.10.Myfriendhasafive-gallongascan.11.Thereisanewmodel44-keytypewriter.12.Theflagkitcomeswitha17-footpole.13.Mandyalwaysusesthethree-tierplatterwhensheentertains.14.Thesalesmantriedtosellusafive-piecediningset.15.Mynewmicrowavehasa25-minutetimer.16.Susanhasanewtwo-goldbuttonminkcoat.17.Peteralwaysuses800-speedfilmforhiscamera.18.TheNelsonshaveanewfour-doorcar.19.WhenthePresidentpassed,thesoldiersgavehima21-gunsalute.20.Veronicaboughtanew15-pieceteaset.
EXERCISE901.goldjewelry2.woolclothes3.plasticforks4.minkcoat5.silkflowers6.brasschimes7.paperflowers8.taffetaskirt9.brickhouse10.chinaplates
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11.eelskinshoes12.crayonartkit13.leatherbriefcase14.woodbookcases15.copperframe16.silkdress17.rayonclothes18.treehouse19.stonepatio20.diamondring
EXERCISE911.coffeecream2.vegetablesoup3.fruitsalad4.wristwatch5.desklamp6.moviecamera7.bookcovers8.dressfactory9.leathergloves10.cottonshirt11.Christmastree12.shoppingbag13.photoalbum14.chemistrylab15.summervacation16.stainedglasswindow17.trainticket18.busstation19.paperplates20.handcream
EXERCISE921.raided2.requested3.interesting
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4.settled5.explored6.paid7.working8.stolen9.dreaded10.escaping11.hated12.missing13.planning14.postponed15.wandering16.fighting17.graduating18.freezing19.locked20.invited
EXERCISE931.admiring2.conflicting3.shaped4.warped5.climbing6.rising7.questioning8.lettered9.simmering10.smiling11.speeding12.enveloping13.littered14.bouncing15.crushed16.exhausting17.opened18.whining19.returned
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20.polluted
EXERCISE94Answerswillvary.1....thesooneryouwillgetthere.2....thefartheritwent.3....thehotteritgot.4....thesooneryoucanleave.5....thedarkerthephotographgot.6....themorehorsepoweryouwillhave.7....thethirstierIget.8....themoreitlookedlikerain.9....themorenervousIgot.10....thelongeritwilltakeyoutogethere.
EXERCISE951.StudentsintheUnitedStatesstudythree-quartersasmuchasstudentsinCostaRica.
2.ItistwiceashotinPhoenixasinButte.3.Washingtonstatewasaterritory12timesaslongasNevada.4.PeruhastwiceasmanynationalholidaysastheUnitedStates.5.EnglandandWalesproduceeighttimesasmanymajorproductsastheFalklandIslands.
6.YouneedsixtimesasmanyTurkishpoundsasIndonesianrupiahstoequaloneAmericandollar.
7.Icelandisaboutone-thirdaslargeasthecontinentofAfrica.Africaisabout300timesaslargeasIceland.
8.Thediameteroftheearthisalmostfourtimesasbigasthatofthemoon.9.TheSnakeRiverisaboutone-fourthaslargeastheNile.10.TheAnapurnaMountainsinNepalareaboutfourandahalftimesashighas
MountMitchellinNorthCarolina.
EXERCISE961.fox2.bear3.done
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4.picture5.rock6.theharder7.wind8.never9.day/noseonyourface10.wink11.sorry12.thebetter13.thebetter14.mule15.ghost/sheet16.beet/lobster/tomato17.tack18.bee19.owl20.ox
EXERCISE971.Pharmacists’jobsaredifferentfromelectricians’jobs.2.Chicago’stemperaturesarelowerthanFlorida’stemperatures.3.Susana’scoatisprettierthanRosa’scoat.4.Chestnut’ssuppliesaremoreexpensivethanKmart’ssupplies.5.Eric’ssportscarisfasterthanDavid’scar.6.Connie’sexamwasmoredifficultthanhersister’sexam.7.Ralph’snewCorvettecostmorethanhisuncle’sCorvette.8.Painters’livesaremorediversifiedthanteachers’lives.9.Musicians’practicesessionsarelongerthandancers’sessions.10.Theuniversity’sfacultyismoreexperiencedthanthecollege’sfaculty.
EXERCISE981.quality2.material3.color4.quality5.noun6.limiting
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7.limiting8.form9.form10.material11.description12.form13.form14.texture15.description16.texture17.noun/color18.intensity19.limiting20.size21.quality22.form23.form24.description25.quality26.quality27.texture28.color/noun29.color/noun30.quality31.quality
EXERCISE99Answerswillvary.Answerswillvary
EXERCISE1001.thelongelegantredsatindress2.theboy’sbigroundbeachball3.asmallbrightovaldiamondring4.Rita’snewsleekbluesportscar5.December’smanylongcoldwinternights6.15littlefatfurrykoalabears
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7.twobigwhiteostrichfeathers8.fiveroundriperedtomatoes9.alargeoldsoftcomfortablechair10.thelongdelicateruby-encrustedhandle
EXERCISE1011.D2.B3.B4.A5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C
EXERCISE1021.C2.D3.D4.A5.A6.B
EXERCISE1031.bothare2.theirsisteris3.membersgo4.wehavecardsnotonlyfor...5.eitheris6.planningtogonotonlytoSwitzerlandbutalso7.John...hopestobeaprofessionalwriter8.sweetsare9.bouquetwasfilledwithnotonly...butalso...10.guestspay
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11.Iwanttobuyboth...12.doors...have13.flowersare14.governmenthasboththepowerand...15.both...are
EXERCISE1041.Yes,thechildhasdrunkhismilk.No,thechildhasn’tdrunkhismilk.2.Yes,Maryhassoldherhouse.No,Maryhasn’tsoldherhouse.3.Yes,thedirectorshavethoughtaboutasolutiontotheproblem.No,thedirectorshaven’tthoughaboutasolutiontotheproblem.
4.Yes,allofushavespokentotheteacher.No,allofushaven’tspokentotheteacher.
5.Yes,Ihavewornmynewshirt.No,Ihaven’twornmynewshirt.6.Yes,youhavedoneagoodjobonthepresentation.No,youhaven’tdoneagoodjobonthepresentation.
EXERCISE1051.Ihavenoteatenbreakfastyet.2.ithasn’tsnowedalotsinceFebruary3.Markhasalreadyworked33hours4.hasalreadytyped100letters5.hasalreadygiven6.havenotpaidmybillsyet7.hasvisitedMexico8.Ihavereceivedfive
EXERCISE106Answerswillvary,butherearesomepossibilities:1.Ihave(never)traveled2.Myfamilyhas(never)eaten3.Myfriendshave(never)beenin4.Myfriendshave(not)visited5.Theplanehas(not)arrived6.Mybestfriendhas(not,never)played7.My(our)teachershave(not)helpedus
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8.Ihavetaken_______exams9.I(we)haveeaten_______10.Ihave(not)toldmyparents
EXERCISE1071.haswritten2.wore3.thought4.hasread5.hasquit6.hurt7.took8.havewaited9.hasset10.hasseen11.finallyreceived12.left13.danced14.ran15.blew16.hassung17.ate18.heard19.hasswum20.caught
EXERCISE108Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE109Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE1101.hadvisited2.hadarrived
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3.read4.told5.hadprepared6.improved7.made8.hadordered9.hadwaited10.hadpromised11.haddanced12.hadmailed13.gave14.hadunderstood15.hadgone
EXERCISE1111.hadwon2.hadreturned3.repaired4.remained5.haddriven6.hadpaid7.sank8.hadgone9.hadnotfrozen10.rang11.built12.caught13.hadnottaken14.landed15.hadnotbought16.hadput17.hadnoteaten18.hadflown
EXERCISE1121.Luishasbeenstudyingintheuniversityforthreesemesters.2.Mandyhasbeenskiingforsixhours.
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3.Philhasbeentakinghisfinalexamsforthreehours.4.Wehavebeenattendingtheconferenceforsixdays.5.HarryandIhavebeendancingforthreemonths.6.Theyhavebeeneatingfortwohours.7.IhavebeenspeakingSpanishforsixsemesters.8.NoelPhelpshasbeenwritingnovelsfor21years.9.Jackhasbeendrivingatruckfor14years.10.PaulandDorothyhavebeenbuildingtheirhouseforsixmonths.11.Kenthasbeenplayingbaseballfor14years.12.Ihavebeenwatchingmyfavoritetelevisionprogramforfourmonths.13.YouhavebeenplayingtheroleofKingArthurforfiveyears.14.IhavebeentakingmysummervacationsinEuropeforeightyears.
EXERCISE113Answerswillvary;however,theverbsshouldbethefollowing:1.Ihavebeenstudying2.Ihavebeenliving3.Myfamilyhasbeenwriting4.He/Shehasbeenworking5.Theyhavebeenstudying6.Wehavebeeneating
EXERCISE1141.waswalking2.pulled3.looked4.saw5.waswaiting6.appeared7.wascarrying8.moved9.weretalking10.arrived11.wasreading12.waswriting13.werenotpaying14.realized
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15.got16.began17.had18.were19.entered20.was
EXERCISE1151.went2.arrived3.found4.wasleaving5.wasparking6.jumped7.wasn’tpaying8.hit9.got10.started11.waslooking12.brought13.said14.picked15.put16.wascutting17.decided18.waspushing19.fell20.helped
EXERCISE1161.wastraveling2.wrote3.wasbrushing4.waschanging5.made6.wascooking7.called
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8.walked9.weretalking10.said11.brought12.wasgoing13.packed14.asked15.wasclosing16.waspouring17.wasplaying18.hurried/washurrying19.wastyping20.waswashing
EXERCISE1171.todebate2.togo3.tobe4.seeing5.performing6.toobey7.driving8.toallow9.tobuy10.going11.torepair12.toyield13.toeat14.spending15.topaint16.going17.singing18.tohave19.toentertain20.playing
EXERCISE118
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1.wereraising2.rose3.risen4.raise5.raised6.rise7.willraise8.rise
EXERCISE1191.lies2.lain3.lay4.laid5.lie6.lay7.laid8.laid
EXERCISE1201.sets/issetting2.set3.set4.set5.sitting6.sit7.set8.sat9.sit
EXERCISE1211.wouldhavegone2.haddone3.hadnotleft4.pick5.speak
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6.took7.hadseen8.willgraduate9.hadhad10.wouldhaveattended11.couldgo12.hadnoteaten13.had14.hadstudied15.couldcatch16.werenot/hadnotbeen17.wouldstop18.hadwon19.couldlose20.were
EXERCISE122Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE123Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE1241.willevict2.will(may,can)attend3.show4.had(hadhad)5.willbe6.gets7.finds8.purchase9.will(may,can)notread10.arrives11.try12.prepare13.answer
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14.will(may,can)notinsure15.receive16.leave17.will(can,may)miss18.tries19.put20.asks
EXERCISE125Possibleanswers:1.Tommustbeagoodswimmer.Tommustbestrong.2.Johnprobablydidn’tstudy(mustnothavestudied).3.Halmustbeworried.4.Hemustbeobnoxious.5.Johnmustbesick.6.Itwillprobablyrain.Itmustbegoingtorain.7.Itwillprobablysnow.Itmustbegoingtosnow.8.XianandMaimustbeverygoodfriends.Theywillprobablygetmarriedsomeday.
9.Hemusthaveheardafunnyjoke.10.Tommustnotgettoomuchexercise.Tomprobablyeatstoomuch.11.Theymustlikemeat.12.Theymusthavealotofmoney.Theyprobablyhavealargefamily.13.Theymustbehavingfun.Theywillprobablygoingswimming.14.IwonderifJoséfailedthetest.15.Wewillprobablyarrivelate(missthefirstact).16.Melmusthavealotofdebts.Melprobablydoesnotbudgethismoney.17....musthavearrived...18.Hemustbeagoodemployer.Heprobablyreceivedapromotion.19....mustbe20(anynumber)years...20.Jakemustbenervous.Hemustberehearsingrightnow.
EXERCISE126Answerswillvary.1.Hewasprobablythenewdirector(aprofessor,anartist,...)2.Itwasprobably(musthavebeen)eighto’clock(anytime).3.Theymusthavebeenveryhappy.
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4.Hemusthavetrainedveryhard.5.Hemustnothavestudied.Hemustbeveryunhappy.6.Hemusthavebeentired.Hemusthaveenjoyedhistrip.7.Theymusthavebeensailingonthehighseas.Theymusthavealotofmoney.
8.Sheprobablydidn’tfeelgood.Shemusthavehadanearlyclass.Sheprobablyhadtogetupearlytoday.
9.Theymusthavebeensick.Theymusthavehadtoworktoday.10.Hemusthaveenjoyedthemovie.11.Itmusthaverainedearlier.12.Heprobablygotgoodgradesinallofthem.13.Shemusthavebeenverytired.14.Yourcheckhasprobablyclearedbynow.15.Itmusthavearrivedabout10o’clock(anytime).16.Therewereprobably50(anynumber)peoplethere.17.Theyprobablywent(musthavegone)toGatlinburg.18.Hemusthaveseenit10times.(anynumber)19.Iwasprobablyeightyearsold.(anyage)20.TheymusthaveannouncedthewinnersonSaturday.(anyday)
EXERCISE1271.pass2.talks3.sits4.feeds5.fly6.peck7.throws8.come9.know10.approaches11.gives12.sees13.decides14.is15.has16.speaks17.rides
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18.says19.is20.takes
EXERCISE1281.clashes2.is3.has4.walk5.are6.are7.grow8.have9.distribute10.is11.come12.contain13.is14.was15.Was16.looks17.offers18.say19.breaks20.photograph
EXERCISE1291.has2.are3.likes4.is5.need6.are7.wants8.frightens9.trains10.excels
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11.requires12.hurt13.seems14.spend15.costs16.represents17.goes18.solve19.drive20.occur
EXERCISE1301.DeathofaSalesmanwaswrittenin1949.2.Thefortwascapturedbytheattackingtroops.3.MonticellowasdesignedbyThomasJefferson.4.TheDeclarationofIndependencewassignedinPhiladelphia.5.Rainisbeingpredictedfortomorrow.6.Mostoftheprairiewasdestroyedbyaforestfire.7.Manytreeswillbecutdownbythelumberjackstobuildtwelvenewhomes.(Twelvenewhomeswillbebuiltafterthetreeshavebeencutdown.)
8.Beforetheceremonyhadbegun,thecandleswerelitbythealtarboys.9.Houdinihadbeenlockedinaboxforoneofhistricks.10.Thefinalepisodeoftheprogramwaswatchedbythousandsofviewers.11.Theauthor’snameisnotknown.12.PassionwasdirectedbyMelGibson.13.Thetreatywassignedin1863.14.Fivehundredspeedingticketswereissuedyesterday.15.ThestockmarketwillbeclosedonJuly4.16.AprogramonSpainwillbefeaturedonChannel5onWednesday.17.Plansforacelebrationhavebeenmadebythecommittee.18.Theoldchurchhadbeentorndownbefore1875.
EXERCISE1311.Thesalesmanorderedanewcar.2.Thetechniciananalyzedthewatertoseewhetheritwaspolluted.3.I(anyname)amsendingyourpackageairfreight.4.We(someone)willsingthenationalanthembeforethesoccermatch.
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5.ThepaintersarepaintingFrank’shousethisweek.6.Thefishermenarecatchingfishinlargenumbers7.MelFisherhasdiscoveredmuchtreasurefromthesunkenshipTheAtocha.8.Theorchestraplayedmyfavoritesong.9.AtonetimetheFrenchoccupiedSt.Augustine.10.NancyboughtherdressinAtlantatwoweeksbeforethewedding.
EXERCISE132:BEAUTIFULHAWAII
Thepilot flewaplaneloadof touristsoutofLosAngeles towardHawaii.Theflightcrewservedawonderfulmealonboard.Thepassengersenjoyedthebeautiful scenery en route to the island paradise. Upon arrival, nativewomenwearing grass skirts greeted the tourists. They were swaying to Hawaiianmelodies of traditional music that the local musicians were playing on theirukuleles.Manyconsidertheseinstrumentstobenativetotheislands.Oneofthelovelynativesgaveeachofthetouristsacolorfulleioftinyorchids.ThecitizensofthisPacificislandreceivedthetouristswarmly.
EXERCISE133:STONEHENGE
In 2750 B.C. an agricultural tribe of sun worshipers built Stonehenge, amegalithic structure located inEngland. Scientists have proposed a number oftheoriesaboutthepurposeofsuchastructureandthemysteryofStonehenge.In1963 a British astronomer, Gerald S. Hawkins, proposed the most acceptedtheoryregardingitssignificance.HebelievedthatStonehengewasagiantstonecalendarandobservatory.“Heelstones”inthecenterofthecomplexmarkedthepoint at which the sun rose during the midsummer solstice. A religious sectcalledDruidsperformedritestherethatanthropologistssaydatebacktothetimeofAtlantis.Scientistsdiscoveredthathistoricallyandchronologically,however,theDruidsandStonehengearefromdifferenteras.
EXERCISE1341.totease2.see3.apologize4.take5.towrite
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6.drive7.toeat8.tovisit9.live10.toappear11.tobe12.toaccept13.move14.togive15.toarrive16.tostudy17.topay18.toget19.dance20.swim
EXERCISE135(verbsonly)1.hadgone2.hadhad3.couldhavecooked4.hadbeen5.hadn’thadtotake6.couldhavegotten7.hadnotbeensnowing8.hadnothadtomake9.couldhavetyped10.wouldhavebought
EXERCISE136Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE1371.hadbought2.hadnotdriven3.hadgotten
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4.hadtaken5.had6.knew7.hadnotdrunk8.woulddry9.hadnotbeen10.read/couldread
EXERCISE138
WewishSolangehadn’thadtoworklate.IwishIhadn’thadtowaitforhertoshoweranddress.Wewishwehadn’tarrivedlateatthepartyandmissedsomuchofthefun.WewishwewouldhavebeenabletohearJohnnyDurango.Wewish we could have eaten more than just the leftovers. I wish I could havedancedwithPeteSinclair. (IwishPeteSinclairhaddancedwithme.)Solangewishes shehadn’tdrunk somuchandgotten sickat theparty.Shewishes shehadn’tlostherkeys.WeallwishTomhadn’tofferedtodriveushome.Iwishheweren’tsuchabore!IwishSolangehadn’tgonetobedat11:00.IwishIhadn’twatched(hadn’thadtowatch)television.IwishIhadstayedhomethatnight!
EXERCISE1391.told2.said3.says4.tell5.tell6.told7.said8.tell9.telling10.told
EXERCISE1401.totell2.says3.said
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4.told5.said6.tell7.tells8.tell9.says10.say
EXERCISE1411.Helenaskedwherehewasgoing...2.Theprojectdirectorsaidwewouldraise...3.Dr.Janskesaidthatmy(your,our)casewasunusual.4.Noonemovedwhenthepresidentsaidthathewasresigninghisoffice.5.Yolandaaskedwhatkindofjobitwas.6.Columbosaidthathewonderedwherethemurderweaponwas.7.Intomorrow’sspeech,theambassadorwillsaythatwe(they)wouldnegotiatethistreaty.
8.Dannyaskedhisteacherwhentheexamwouldbe.9.MarkAntonysaidthathehadcometoburyCaesar,nottopraisehim.10.SaundraaskedwhetherHarlanknewhowtofilloutthese(those)forms.11.Themayoraskedwhatwe(they)coulddotoimprovethepark.12.Thestrikerssaidthattheywouldnotreturnuntilworkingconditions
improved.13.TheoldladysaidthatDebralookedsillyinthatdress.14.Theunhappyfloodvictimssaidthattherewasnothingleftforthemtodo.15.Florainsisted(bysaying)thatshewoulddiscuss...16.Miloalwayssaysthatnobodyunderstandshim.17.Thepolicemansaidthathewasafraidthathewouldhavetogivemeaticket
...
EXERCISE1421.Janeaskedmeif(whether)Iplanned...2.AfamousAmericanpatriottoldhissoldiersnottofireuntiltheysaw...3.TheCustomsinspectortoldustoopen...4.ThebosstoldThomasthatifheworkedveryhard,hewouldbe...5.Thewitnesstoldthejudgethathe(she)hadnothing...6.Trudyistellingthecontestantsthatthejudges’decisionwillbefinal.
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7.Therestaurantmanagertoldhiscustomerthathewassorrythathe/shedidnotenjoyhis/hervealcutlet.
8.Kerrytoldagroupofphysiciststhatthecompanyhadtoconcentrateon....
EXERCISE143
YesterdayCarlosandIwent tovisitsomefriendsofours.Whilewewerethere,ourhostsaidthathewantedtomakeanadditiontohishouseandthathewas lookingforsomeonetohelphimwith theproject.Carlossaid thathewasinterestedinhisprojectandwouldgladlyhelphimwithit.
Afterhearingthat,ourhosttoldCarlosthehewouldshowhimexactlywhathehadplannedtodoandaskedhimtogivehimsomesuggestionsonhowtodoit.
While themenwere looking at the house, our hostess tookme into theirgreen-houseandshowedmeherlovelycollectionofplants.Shetoldmethatthiswasthefirstyearthatallofherplantshadbloomed.Iaskedherwhetherthecoldbothered them.She toldme thatshehadasmallgasheater installed touseoncoldnights.
Weallwentinsidetodiscussplansforthenewproject.
EXERCISE1441.told2.said3.told4.told5.told6.said7.tell8.told9.tell10.said11.told12.told13.says14.tells15.told
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16.said17.said18.said19.said20.told
EXERCISE1451.Theprofessorsaid,“Theclasswillmeetat11.”2.Myfriendsaid,“They(We)aregoingtoEuropeforthespring.”3.Johnsaid,“Ialwaysfeelbetterinthemorning.”4.Marysaid,“Iamgoingtothedancetonight.”5.Thesecretarysaid,“Iremembermailingtheletter.”6.Frank’sdaughtersaid,“Myfriendhasgraduatedwithhonors.”7.Thedoctorsaid,“Ineedyourhelp.”8.Johnasked,“Wheredidyougoonyourvacationlastmonth?”9.Thelawyerasked,“Whereisthecourthouse?”10.Thestudentsasked,“Whenwilltheclassbegin?”
EXERCISE1461.Ourneighborssaidthattheyweregoingtobuyanewcar.2.Thepoliticiansaidthatpovertywouldbeabolished.3.Theprofessorsaidthatthestudentswereallpresent.4.ThelawyertoldMr.Greenthathethoughthecouldhelphim.5.Thesenatorwilltellhisconstituentsthatheisinterestedinconservation.6.Theguesttoldthehostessthatherdinnerwasdelicious.7.Thecoachtoldtheplayersthattheyhadtopracticemore.8.MaryaskedJohnif(whether)heenjoyedclassicalmusic.9.Thewaitressaskedmeif(whether)Iwasreadytoorder.10.Thediplomataskedwhether(if)themeetinghadalreadybegun.
EXERCISE1471.A2.B3.A4.A5.A
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6.B7.B8.A9.B10.B11.B12.C13.A14.C15.B16.B17.A
TESTONVERBS1.A2.B3.A4.C5.B6.A7.B8.C9.C10.A11.B12.B13.B14.B15.B16.B17.A18.B19.B20.A21.C22.C23.A