esia karot power
TRANSCRIPT
巴基斯坦卡洛特电力有限公司
KAROT POWER COMPANY (PVT.) LIMITED
720 MW KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT
UPDATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)
JANUARY 2015
PAKISTAN ENGINEERING SERVICES (PVT.) LTD. 7-B, Street No. 12, Phase-V, DHA, Lahore Tel: 92-42-37182500-5
Fax: 92-42-37182508, Email: [email protected], Web: www.pespk.com
KAROT POWER COMPANY (PVT.) LIMITED
720 MW KAROT HYDRPOWER PROJECT
UPDATED
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)
January, 2015
Authors
The team for preparing the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Karot
Hydropower Project consists of the following members:
Name Position in Team
Dr. Mohammad Nawaz Tariq Chief Environmental Engineer
M. Naeem Akhtar Principal Envornmnetalist
Muhammad Saleem Principal Sociologist
Muhammad Asif Principal Design Engineer
Muhammad Tariq Vegetation Expert
Attia Dastgir Fishery Expert
Mr. Rafaqat Masroor Amphibian & Reptiles Specialist
Mr. Muhammad Kabir Birds Specialist
Mr. Shoaib Hameed Mammals Specialist
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-I January 2015
UPDATED
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... ES-1
1.1 Project Review ................................................................................................................... ES-1
1.2 Present Updated EIA Study .............................................................................................. ES-1
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................ ES-2
2.1 Project Access ................................................................................................................... ES-2
2.2 Project Components .......................................................................................................... ES-2
2.3 Dam Safety ........................................................................................................................ ES-2
2.4 Prone Areas of Reservoir .................................................................................................. ES-3
2.5 Flood Study ....................................................................................................................... ES-3
2.6 Project Operation ............................................................................................................... ES-3
2.7 Energy Generation ............................................................................................................ ES-4
2.8 Sediment Management ..................................................................................................... ES-4
2.9 Environmental Flows ......................................................................................................... ES-4
2.10 Construction Facilities at Dam Site ................................................................................... ES-4
2.11 Construction Schedule ...................................................................................................... ES-4
2.12 Material Source Planning .................................................................................................. ES-4
2.13 Switchyard and Transmission Line .................................................................................... ES-5
2.14 Project Layout Alternatives ................................................................................................ ES-5
3. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................ ES-5
3.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Legislation IEE/EIA .................................................. ES-5
3.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 (PEPA - 1997) ............................................ ES-5
3.3 The AJK, Environmental Protection Act, 2000 .................................................................. ES-6
3.4 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak. EPA) ................................................... ES-6
3.5 Environmental Tribunals .................................................................................................... ES-6
3.6 Catagorisation of the Project ............................................................................................. ES-6
3.7 National Resettlement Policy and Ordinance .................................................................... ES-6
3.8 Land Acquisition Act 1894 ................................................................................................. ES-6
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-II January 2015
3.9 Legislation on Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ................................................... ES-7
3.10 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) .......................................................... ES-7
3.11 Other Relevant Regulations for Karot Hydropower Project............................................... ES-7
3.11.1 Land Acquisition Procedures ............................................................................................. ES-7
3.11.2 The Forest Act, 1927 and the Forest (Amendment) Act 2010 .......................................... ES-7
3.11.3 Wildlife Act of 1975 ............................................................................................................ ES-7
3.11.4 Antiquities Act of 1975 ....................................................................................................... ES-7
3.11.5 Local Government Ordinance of 2001 .............................................................................. ES-7
3.11.6 Regulations for Mines and Oil Fields/ Mineral Development Act of 1948 ......................... ES-8
3.11.7 Motor Vehicles Ordinance of 1965 .................................................................................... ES-8
3.11.8 Factories Act of 1934 ......................................................................................................... ES-8
3.11.9 Highways Safety Ordinance of 2000 ................................................................................. ES-8
3.11.10 Pakistan Penal Code of 1860 ............................................................................................ ES-8
3.11.11 Explosives Act of 1884 ...................................................................................................... ES-8
3.11.12 Environmental Tribunal Rules of 1999 .............................................................................. ES-9
3.11.13 Forest Regulation Rules 2 of 1930 .................................................................................... ES-9
3.12 Interaction with other Agencies ......................................................................................... ES-9
3.12.1 Punjab and AJK- EPAs...................................................................................................... ES-9
3.12.2 Revenue Departments of Punjab and AJK........................................................................ ES-9
3.12.3 Punjab and AJK Forestry and Wildlife Departments ......................................................... ES-9
3.12.4 Local Government and Municipalities ............................................................................... ES-9
3.13 Requirements of External Support Agencies .................................................................. ES-10
3.13.1 IFC‟s Requirements ......................................................................................................... ES-10
3.14 The Karot Hydropower Project ........................................................................................ ES-10
4. BASELINE CONDITIONS ............................................................................................... ES-10
4.1 Baseline Burvey Bethodology ......................................................................................... ES-10
4.2 Physical Environment ...................................................................................................... ES-10
4.2.1 Topography ..................................................................................................................... ES-10
4.2.2 Geology ........................................................................................................................... ES-11
4.2.3 Seismology ...................................................................................................................... ES-11
4.2.4 Soils ................................................................................................................................. ES-11
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-III January 2015
4.2.5 Climate............................................................................................................................. ES-11
4.2.6 Rainfall ............................................................................................................................. ES-11
4.2.7 Temperature .................................................................................................................... ES-11
4.2.8 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................ ES-12
4.2.9 River Water Quality ......................................................................................................... ES-12
4.2.10 Ambient Air Quality .......................................................................................................... ES-12
4.2.11 Noise Levels .................................................................................................................... ES-12
4.3 Biological Environment .................................................................................................... ES-12
4.3.1 Vegetation Study: ............................................................................................................ ES-12
4.3.2 Natural Fauna .................................................................................................................. ES-13
4.3.3 Fish Biodiversity .............................................................................................................. ES-13
4.3.4 Protected Area ................................................................................................................. ES-13
4.4 Socio - Economic Environment ....................................................................................... ES-14
4.4.1 Census Survey of Affected Households .......................................................................... ES-14
4.4.2 Administrative and Social Set-up .................................................................................... ES-14
4.4.3 Demography and Population ........................................................................................... ES-14
4.4.4 Project Area Population ................................................................................................... ES-14
4.4.5 Religion ............................................................................................................................ ES-14
4.4.6 Culture and Local Traditions ........................................................................................... ES-14
4.4.7 Tribes in Project Area ...................................................................................................... ES-15
4.4.8 Mechanism for Resolving Disputes ................................................................................. ES-15
4.4.9 Language ......................................................................................................................... ES-15
4.4.10 Educational Facilities ....................................................................................................... ES-15
4.4.11 Literacy ............................................................................................................................ ES-15
4.4.12 Health Services ............................................................................................................... ES-15
4.4.13 Occupation / Livelihood ................................................................................................... ES-15
4.4.14 Income ............................................................................................................................. ES-15
4.4.15 Credit Availability ............................................................................................................. ES-15
4.4.16 Agriculture ....................................................................................................................... ES-16
4.4.17 Tenancy Status ................................................................................................................ ES-16
4.4.18 Land Holding Size ........................................................................................................... ES-16
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-IV January 2015
4.4.19 Livestock .......................................................................................................................... ES-16
4.4.20 Grazing ............................................................................................................................ ES-16
4.4.21 Banking ............................................................................................................................ ES-16
4.4.22 Housing ........................................................................................................................... ES-16
4.4.23 Drinking Water Supply ..................................................................................................... ES-16
4.4.24 Sanitation ......................................................................................................................... ES-16
4.4.25 Electricity ......................................................................................................................... ES-17
4.4.26 Road Network .................................................................................................................. ES-17
4.4.27 Industry ............................................................................................................................ ES-17
4.4.28 Minerals ........................................................................................................................... ES-17
4.4.29 Cultural Heritage .............................................................................................................. ES-17
4.4.30 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ..................................................................... ES-17
4.4.31 Gender Status in the Project Area ................................................................................... ES-17
4.5 Socio-Economic Profile of Affected Households ............................................................. ES-17
5. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION .................. ES-18
6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION ......................................................... ES-18
6.1 Design Related Impacts and Mitigation ........................................................................... ES-19
6.1.1 Permanent Land Acquisition ........................................................................................... ES-19
6.1.2 Loss of Houses ................................................................................................................ ES-19
6.1.3 Loss of Commercial Structures and income.................................................................... ES-19
6.1.4 Daily Wage Earners ......................................................................................................... ES-20
6.1.5 Relocation of Public Infrastructures ................................................................................. ES-20
6.1.6 Relocation of Community Structures ............................................................................... ES-20
6.1.7 Relocation of Roads and Bridges .................................................................................... ES-21
6.1.8 Vulnerability Status of Affected Households ................................................................... ES-21
6.1.9 Health and Safety Aspects of Workers ............................................................................ ES-21
6.2 Construction Related Impacts and Mitigation .................................................................. ES-21
6.2.1 Dust Impacts .................................................................................................................... ES-21
6.2.2 Excavated Material .......................................................................................................... ES-21
6.2.3 Traffic Aspects and Access ............................................................................................. ES-22
6.2.4 Air Quality ........................................................................................................................ ES-22
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-V January 2015
6.2.5 Noise................................................................................................................................ ES-22
6.2.6 River Water Quality ......................................................................................................... ES-22
6.2.7 Fishery ............................................................................................................................. ES-23
6.2.8 Landscaping .................................................................................................................... ES-23
6.2.9 Post Construction Site Restoration and Rehabilitation ................................................... ES-23
6.2.10 Soil Erosion ..................................................................................................................... ES-23
6.2.11 Affected Trees/Forest ...................................................................................................... ES-23
6.2.12 Fauna............................................................................................................................... ES-24
6.2.13 Community Health, Safety and Security .......................................................................... ES-24
6.2.14 Traffic Disruption and Community Safety ........................................................................ ES-24
6.2.15 Workers‟ Camp Solid and Liquid Wastes ........................................................................ ES-24
6.2.16 Fuel and Hazardous Material Storage Sites.................................................................... ES-25
6.2.17 Socio-Economic Aspects ................................................................................................. ES-25
6.2.18 Chance Find .................................................................................................................... ES-25
6.2.19 Post Construction Site Restoration and Rehabilitation ................................................... ES-25
6.3 Operation Related Impacts and mitigation ...................................................................... ES-25
6.3.1 Microclimate and Emissions of Green House Gases ...................................................... ES-25
6.3.2 Fishery ............................................................................................................................. ES-26
6.3.3 Impact of River Water Sediment and Sediment Flushing ............................................... ES-26
6.3.4 Collection of Sand ........................................................................................................... ES-27
6.3.5 Socio-Economic Aspects ................................................................................................. ES-27
6.4 Deccomissioning of the Project ....................................................................................... ES-27
6.5 Cumulative River Basin Impacts ..................................................................................... ES-27
6.5.1 Cumulative Impact on River Flows .................................................................................. ES-27
6.5.2 Cumulative Impact on Aquatic Ecology ........................................................................... ES-27
6.5.3 Climate Change & its Relevance ..................................................................................... ES-28
6.5.4 Adaptation in the wake of Climate Change Impacts ....................................................... ES-28
6.5.5 Climate Change in Himalayas ......................................................................................... ES-28
6.5.6 Climate Change Effects on Jehlum River ........................................................................ ES-28
6.6 Positive Impacts .............................................................................................................. ES-28
6.7 Socio-Environmental Uplift Programme .......................................................................... ES-28
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-VI January 2015
7. INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN.................................................................................................... ES-29
7.1 Institutional Arrangements ............................................................................................... ES-29
7.2 Environmental and Social Management Plan ................................................................. ES-29
7.3 Site Specific Environmental Management Plans (SSEMPs) ........................................... ES-29
7.4 Monitoring and Evaluation ............................................................................................... ES-29
8. ENVIRONMRNTAL AND RESETTLEMENT COSTS .................................................... ES-29
CHAPTER –1 ........................................................................................................................................ 30
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 30
1.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................................. 30
1.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 30
1.3 Scope of Consultant Service ................................................................................................. 30
1.4 Present Updated EIA Study .................................................................................................. 30
CHAPTER - 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 32
PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 32
2.1 Project Background ............................................................................................................... 32
2.2 Project Location ..................................................................................................................... 32
2.3 Project Access ....................................................................................................................... 35
2.3.1 Project Approach Road ........................................................................................................ 35
2.3.2 Project Approach by other Modes of Transport .................................................................... 35
2.3.3 Equipment Transport ............................................................................................................. 35
2.3.4 Selection of Mode of Transport ............................................................................................. 36
2.3.5 General Problems Relating to Very Heavy Loads Transportation ........................................ 36
2.3.6 Mode of Transportation by Rail up to Rawat ......................................................................... 36
2.3.7 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 37
2.4 Project Components .............................................................................................................. 37
2.4.1 Dam, Reservoir and Power Intake ........................................................................................ 41
2.4.2 Headrace Tunnels ................................................................................................................. 41
2.4.3 Penstocks and Powerhouse .................................................................................................. 42
2.4.4 Processing Standard of Inundation ....................................................................................... 42
2.5 Dam Safety ............................................................................................................................ 51
2.6 Prone areas of reservoir ........................................................................................................ 52
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-VII January 2015
2.7 Flood Study ........................................................................................................................... 58
2.8 project Operation ................................................................................................................... 60
2.8.1 Energy Generation ................................................................................................................ 60
2.9 Sediment Management ......................................................................................................... 61
2.10 Environmental flows .............................................................................................................. 62
2.10.1 Hydraulic Design for Ecological Feed Pipe ........................................................................... 62
2.11 Construction Facilities at the Dam Site ................................................................................. 62
2.12 Construction Schedule .......................................................................................................... 64
2.13 Material source planning ....................................................................................................... 65
2.14 Switchyard and Transmission Line ........................................................................................ 65
2.14.1 Method of Connection to Electric Power System .................................................................. 66
2.15 Alternative options for Karot hPP .......................................................................................... 67
2.15.1 Project Alternatives ................................................................................................................ 67
2.15.2 Carbon Credits ...................................................................................................................... 68
2.15.3 Non-Renewable Option ......................................................................................................... 68
2.15.4 „‟No Project‟‟ Option ............................................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER - 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 70
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................... 70
3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 70
3.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Legislation ..................................................................... 70
3.2.1 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)/ Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ............. 70
3.3 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 (Pak-EPA Act 1997) ....................................... 70
3.4 The AJK, Environmental Protection Act, 2000 ...................................................................... 71
3.5 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak. EPA) ....................................................... 71
3.6 Environmental Tribunals ........................................................................................................ 72
3.7 Catagorisation of the Project ................................................................................................. 72
3.8 National Resettlement Policy and Ordinance ........................................................................ 72
3.9 Land Acquisition Act 1894 ..................................................................................................... 73
3.10 Legislation on Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ....................................................... 73
3.11 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) .............................................................. 73
3.12 Other Relevant Regulations for Karot Hydropower Project................................................... 74
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-VIII January 2015
3.12.1 Land Acquisition Procedures ................................................................................................. 74
3.12.2 The Forest Act, 1927 and the Forest (Amendment) Act 2010 .............................................. 74
3.12.3 Wildlife Act of 1975 ................................................................................................................ 74
3.12.4 Punjab wildlife Protection, Preservation, Conservation & Management Act, 1974 ............... 74
3.12.5 AJK Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Ordinance, 2013 . 74
3.12.6 The Fisheries Act, 1897 and Punjab Fisheries Ordinance, 1961 .......................................... 75
3.12.7 Antiquities Act of 1975 ........................................................................................................... 75
3.12.8 Local Government Ordinance of 2001 .................................................................................. 75
3.12.9 Regulations for Mines and Oil Fields/ Mineral Development Act of 1948 ............................. 75
3.12.10 Motor Vehicles Ordinance of 1965 ........................................................................................ 75
3.12.11 Factories Act of 1934 ............................................................................................................. 75
3.12.12 Highways Safety Ordinance of 2000 ..................................................................................... 76
3.12.13 Pakistan Penal Code of 1860 ................................................................................................ 76
3.12.14 Explosives Act of 1884 .......................................................................................................... 76
3.12.15 Environmental Tribunal Rules of 1999 .................................................................................. 76
3.12.16 Forest Regulation Rules 2 of 1930 ........................................................................................ 76
3.12.17 Punjab Forest Act, 1927 ........................................................................................................ 76
3.12.18 Jammu and Kashmir Forest Regulations, 1930 .................................................................... 76
3.13 Interaction with other Agencies ............................................................................................. 77
3.13.1 Punjab and AJK- EPAs.......................................................................................................... 77
3.13.2 Revenue Departments of Punjab and AJK............................................................................ 77
3.13.3 Punjab and AJK Forestry and Wildlife Departments ............................................................. 77
3.13.4 Local Government and Municipalities ................................................................................... 78
3.14 Requirements of External Support Agencies ........................................................................ 78
3.14.1 IFC‟s Requirements ............................................................................................................... 78
3.14.2 IFC's Performance Standards on Social and Environmental ................................................ 79
3.14.3 IFC‟s Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) General Guidelines .................................... 80
3.14.4 IFC's Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and
Distribution ............................................................................................................................. 81
3.14.5 World Commission on Dams (WCD) ..................................................................................... 81
3.14.6 Equator Principles ................................................................................................................. 81
3.15 The Karot Hydropower Project .............................................................................................. 81
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-IX January 2015
CHAPTER –4 ........................................................................................................................................ 82
BASELINE CONDITIONS .................................................................................................................... 82
4.1 Overview of Baseline ............................................................................................................. 82
4.2 Baseline Survey Methodology ............................................................................................... 82
4.2.1 Delineation of the Study Area ................................................................................................ 82
4.2.2 Data Collection ...................................................................................................................... 83
4.3 Physical Environment ............................................................................................................ 84
4.3.1 Topography ........................................................................................................................... 84
4.3.2 Geology of Project Area ........................................................................................................ 85
4.3.3 Seismology ............................................................................................................................ 85
4.3.4 Soils ....................................................................................................................................... 85
4.3.5 Climate................................................................................................................................... 85
4.3.6 Rainfall ................................................................................................................................... 85
4.3.7 Temperature .......................................................................................................................... 87
4.3.8 Hydrology .............................................................................................................................. 88
4.3.9 Hydrological Stations ............................................................................................................. 88
4.3.10 River Water Quality ............................................................................................................... 89
4.3.11 Ambient Air Quality ................................................................................................................ 90
4.3.12 Noise Levels .......................................................................................................................... 91
4.4 Biological Environment .......................................................................................................... 92
4.4.1 Vegetation Study ................................................................................................................... 92
4.4.1.1 Survey Methodology Adopted ............................................................................................... 92
4.4.1.2 Plant Species in the Project Area .......................................................................................... 92
4.4.1.3 Fruit Trees ............................................................................................................................. 95
4.4.1.4 Forests in the Project Area .................................................................................................... 95
4.4.1.5 Cover Percentage, Species Composition and Forage Production ........................................ 96
4.4.1.6 Conservation Status of Flora of Karot HPP ........................................................................... 97
4.4.2 Fauna Study .......................................................................................................................... 97
4.4.2.1 Approach and Methodology .................................................................................................. 98
4.4.2.2 Existing Fauna of the Project Area ........................................................................................ 99
4.4.2.3 Conservation Status of Species .......................................................................................... 102
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-X January 2015
4.4.3 Fish in the Project Area ....................................................................................................... 103
4.4.4 Protected Areas ................................................................................................................... 104
4.5 Socio – Economic Environment .......................................................................................... 104
4.5.1 Census Survey of Affected Households .............................................................................. 104
4.5.2 Methodology Adopted During 2009 for Socio-Economic Baseline ..................................... 105
4.5.3 Sampling Design ................................................................................................................. 106
4.5.4 Administrative and Social Set-up ........................................................................................ 106
4.5.5 Demography and Population ............................................................................................... 106
4.5.6 Project Area Population ....................................................................................................... 107
4.5.7 Religion ................................................................................................................................ 107
4.5.8 Culture and Local Traditions ............................................................................................... 108
4.5.9 Tribes in Project Area .......................................................................................................... 108
4.5.10 Mechanism for Resolving Disputes ..................................................................................... 108
4.5.11 Language ............................................................................................................................. 108
4.5.12 Educational Facilities ........................................................................................................... 109
4.5.13 Literacy ................................................................................................................................ 109
4.5.14 Health Services ................................................................................................................... 109
4.5.15 Occupation / Livelihood ....................................................................................................... 110
4.5.16 Income ................................................................................................................................. 111
4.5.17 Credit Availability ................................................................................................................. 111
4.5.18 Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 112
4.5.19 Tenancy Status .................................................................................................................... 113
4.5.20 Land Holding Size ............................................................................................................... 113
4.5.21 Livestock .............................................................................................................................. 113
4.5.22 Grazing ................................................................................................................................ 114
4.5.23 Nomads ............................................................................................................................... 114
4.5.24 Banking ................................................................................................................................ 114
4.5.25 Housing ............................................................................................................................... 114
4.5.26 Drinking Water Supply ......................................................................................................... 114
4.5.27 Sanitation ............................................................................................................................. 115
4.5.28 Electricity ............................................................................................................................. 115
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-XI January 2015
4.5.29 Existing Road Network/Bridges in the Project Area ............................................................ 115
4.5.30 Industry ................................................................................................................................ 116
4.5.31 Minerals ............................................................................................................................... 116
4.5.32 Cultural Heritage .................................................................................................................. 116
4.5.33 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ......................................................................... 117
4.5.34 Gender Status in the Project Area ....................................................................................... 117
4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS ....................................... 119
4.6.1 Population of Affected Area ................................................................................................. 119
4.6.2 Age ...................................................................................................................................... 119
4.6.3 Marital Status ....................................................................................................................... 119
4.6.4 Education ............................................................................................................................. 119
4.6.5 Tribes ................................................................................................................................... 120
4.6.6 Occupation .......................................................................................................................... 120
4.6.7 Sand Collection ................................................................................................................... 120
4.6.8 Language ............................................................................................................................. 121
4.6.9 Family Structure .................................................................................................................. 121
4.6.10 Monthly Income ................................................................................................................... 121
4.6.11 Housing Characteristics....................................................................................................... 121
4.6.12 Number of Rooms ............................................................................................................... 122
4.6.13 Number of Latrines/Bathrooms ........................................................................................... 122
4.6.14 Housing Area ....................................................................................................................... 122
4.6.15 Amount Borrowed ................................................................................................................ 122
4.6.16 Size of Land Holdings.......................................................................................................... 122
4.6.17 Major Crops ......................................................................................................................... 122
4.6.18 Source of Water ................................................................................................................... 122
4.6.19 Vulnerability Status of Affected Households ....................................................................... 123
4.6.20 Choice of Resettlement ....................................................................................................... 123
4.7 Gender Analysis .................................................................................................................. 123
4.7.1 Education ............................................................................................................................. 123
4.7.2 Marital Status ....................................................................................................................... 123
4.7.3 Health Status ....................................................................................................................... 123
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-XII January 2015
4.7.4 Family Members Accompanying the Female for Treatment ............................................... 124
4.7.5 Role in Decision Making ...................................................................................................... 124
4.7.6 Priority of Services of Food ................................................................................................. 124
4.7.7 How often they Travel Outside ............................................................................................ 124
4.7.8 Daily Routine Work of Respondents ................................................................................... 124
4.7.9 Project Awareness ............................................................................................................... 124
4.7.10 Present Skill and Willing to Receive Training ...................................................................... 124
CHAPTER – 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 125
INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ..................................... 125
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 125
5.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 125
5.3 Identification of Stakeholders .............................................................................................. 126
5.3.1 Primary Stakeholders .......................................................................................................... 126
5.3.2 Secondary Stakeholders ..................................................................................................... 126
5.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 126
5.5 Public consultation ............................................................................................................... 127
5.6 Feed back from Consultations ............................................................................................. 127
5.6.1 Community Concerns .......................................................................................................... 127
5.6.2 Consultation with Secondary Stakeholders ......................................................................... 128
5.7 Future Consultations ........................................................................................................... 128
5.8 Procedure for Public Disclosure .......................................................................................... 129
5.8.1 Information Disclosure ......................................................................................................... 129
5.9 Public Hearing ..................................................................................................................... 130
CHAPTER – 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 131
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION ............................................................................ 131
6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 131
6.2 Design Related Impacts and Mitigation ............................................................................... 133
6.2.1 Permanent Land Acquisition ............................................................................................... 133
6.2.2 Loss of Houses .................................................................................................................... 134
6.2.3 Loss of Economics Assets .................................................................................................. 135
6.2.3.1 Loss of Commercial Structures and Income ....................................................................... 135
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
TOC-XIII January 2015
6.2.3.2 Daily Wage Earners ............................................................................................................. 136
6.2.4 Relocation of Public Infrastructures ..................................................................................... 137
6.2.5 Relocation of Community Structures ................................................................................... 137
6.2.6 Relocation of Roads and Bridges ........................................................................................ 137
6.2.7 Route of Nomads ................................................................................................................. 140
6.2.8 Vulnerability Status of Affected Households ....................................................................... 140
6.2.9 Health and Safety Aspects of Workers ................................................................................ 141
6.3 Construction Related Impacts and mitigation ...................................................................... 142
6.3.1 Dust Impacts ........................................................................................................................ 142
6.3.2 Excavated Material .............................................................................................................. 143
6.3.3 Traffic Aspects and Access ................................................................................................. 146
6.3.4 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................ 146
6.3.5 Noise Aspects ...................................................................................................................... 147
6.3.6 River Water Quality ............................................................................................................. 148
6.3.7 Fishery ................................................................................................................................. 148
6.3.8 Landscaping ........................................................................................................................ 149
6.3.9 Post Construction Site Restoration and Rehabilitation ....................................................... 150
6.3.10 Soil Erosion ......................................................................................................................... 150
6.3.11 Affected Trees/Forest .......................................................................................................... 151
6.3.12 Fauna................................................................................................................................... 154
6.3.13 National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries .................................................................................... 156
6.3.14 Community Health, Safety and Security .............................................................................. 156
6.3.15 Workers‟ Camp Solid and Liquid Wastes ............................................................................ 157
6.3.16 Fuel and Hazardous Material Storage Sites........................................................................ 159
6.3.17 Socio-economic Aspects ..................................................................................................... 160
6.3.18 Chance Find ........................................................................................................................ 161
6.4 Operation Related Impacts and mitigation .......................................................................... 162
6.4.1 Microclimate and Emissions of Green House Gases .......................................................... 162
6.4.2 Fishery ................................................................................................................................. 162
6.4.3 Impact of River Water Sediment and Sediment Flushing ................................................... 164
6.4.4 Collection of Sand ............................................................................................................... 165
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6.4.5 Socio-Economic Aspects ..................................................................................................... 166
6.5 Decommissionig of the Project ............................................................................................ 166
6.6 Cumulative River Basin Impacts ......................................................................................... 168
6.6.1 Cumulative Impact on River Flows ...................................................................................... 172
6.6.2 Cumulative Impact on Aquatic Ecology ............................................................................... 172
6.6.3 Climate Change & its Relevance ......................................................................................... 172
6.6.4 Adaptation in the wake of Climate Change Impacts ........................................................... 173
6.6.5 Climate change in Himalayas .............................................................................................. 173
6.6.6 Climate change effects on Jehlum River ............................................................................. 174
6.7 Positive Impacts .................................................................................................................. 175
6.8 Socio-Environmental Uplift .................................................................................................. 175
CHAPTER – 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 177
INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
............................................................................................................................................................ 177
7.1 Institutional Arrangement .................................................................................................... 177
7.1.1 Institutional Set-up and Formation of Environmental Management Unit (EMU) ................. 177
7.2 Complaints and Grievance Redressal ................................................................................. 178
7.3 Environmental Review and Approval .................................................................................. 179
7.4 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) ........................................................ 179
7.5 Site Specific Environmental Management Plans (SSEMPS) .............................................. 180
7.5.1 Construction Phase SSEMPs .............................................................................................. 180
7.5.2 Operation Phase SSEMPs .................................................................................................. 180
7.6 Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................................... 206
7.6.1 Internal Monitoring ............................................................................................................... 206
7.6.2 External Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 206
7.7 Environmental and Social Training ...................................................................................... 214
7.8 Incident Management Procedures ...................................................................................... 214
7.9 Emergency Preparedness and Response Procedures ....................................................... 215
7.9.1 Define the Problem .............................................................................................................. 215
7.9.2 Manage the Situation........................................................................................................... 215
7.9.3 After the Event ..................................................................................................................... 215
7.9.4 Operation Contractor Emergency Response Procedures ................................................... 215
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CHAPTER – 8 ..................................................................................................................................... 217
ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESETTLEMENT COSTS ........................................................................ 217
8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 217
8.2 Overall Environmental and Resettlement Costs ................................................................. 217
8.3 Land Acquisition Cost .......................................................................................................... 217
8.4 Resettlement Cost of Affected Houses ............................................................................... 218
8.5 Compensation Cost of Buisness Enterprises ...................................................................... 218
8.6 Business Loss Allowance .................................................................................................... 218
8.7 Vulnerability Allowance........................................................................................................ 218
8.8 Project Affectees Allowance ................................................................................................ 218
8.9 Compensation Costof Affected Trees ................................................................................. 218
8.10 Relocation of Government and Community Infrastructures ................................................ 219
8.11 Management and Monitoring Cost ...................................................................................... 219
8.12 Socio-Environmental Uplift Cost .......................................................................................... 219
8.13 Contingencies ...................................................................................................................... 219
8.14 Resettlement Budget ........................................................................................................... 221
CHAPTER – 9 ..................................................................................................................................... 222
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................. 222
9.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 222
9.2 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 222
9.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 223
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TABLES
Table 2.1: Physical Components of Karot Hydropower Project ........................................... 37
Table 2.2: Standard Meter of Designed Flood for Different Floored Object ......................... 42
Table 2.3: Scope of the Influenced Area of Reservoir of Karot Hydropower Project ............ 53
Table 2.4: Recorded Maximum Monthly Water Levels in 2013 (May ~September) .............. 58
Table 2.5: Main Momentum Indicators under the Recommended Scenario ........................ 60
Table 2.6: Average Energy Output by Month and Percentage to Annual Total .................... 61
Table 2.7: Main Indicators of Owner‟s Permanent Campsite ............................................... 63
Table 4.1: Climatological Data ............................................................................................ 89
Table 4.2: Hydrological Data ............................................................................................... 89
Table 4.3: Water Quality of River Jhelum ............................................................................ 90
Table 4.4: Ambient Air Quality at Dam Site ......................................................................... 91
Table 4.5: Ambient Air Quality at Powerhouse Site ............................................................. 91
Table 4.6: Noise Levels at Various Location of the Project Area ......................................... 91
Table 4.7: List of Plant Species in the Project Area ............................................................. 92
Table 4.8: Type of Fruit Trees in Project Area ..................................................................... 95
Table 4.9: District-wise Forest Types Area in Project Area (in ha and %age) ..................... 95
Table 4.10: Location wise Cover percentage, Species Composition and Forage Production in
Karot HPP ............................................................................................................. 97
Table 4.11: Checklist of Mammals .................................................................................... 101
Table 4.12: Village Wise Households and Sample Size .................................................... 106
Table 4.13: District wise and Projected Population in the Project Area .............................. 106
Table 4.14: Population of the Sample Villages in Project Area .......................................... 107
Table 4.15: Major Castes, Religion and Spoken Language in Sample Villages of Project
Area- District Rawalpindi ..................................................................................... 108
Table 4.16: Education Facilities in Project Area ................................................................ 109
Table 4.17: Profession/Occupation in Project Area ........................................................... 110
Table 4.18: Household Income ......................................................................................... 111
Table 4.19: Status of Agriculture in the Project Area ......................................................... 112
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Table 4.20: Fruit Production and Area in Rawalpindi District ............................................. 113
Table 4.21: Livestock/ Poultry Heads in Sample Villages .................................................. 113
Table 4.22: Basic Infrastructure in Project Area ................................................................ 116
Table 4.23: NGO‟s working in Rawalpindi and AJK ........................................................... 117
Table 4.24: Basic Characteristics of the Population in Project Affected Area .................... 119
Table 4.25: Age status of the Affected Households ........................................................... 119
Table 4.26: Educational Status of the Affected Households .............................................. 120
Table 4.27: Percentage of Occupation of Affected Households ......................................... 120
Table 4.28: Family Structure of the Affected Households .................................................. 121
Table 4.29: Monthly Income of Affected Households ........................................................ 121
Table 4.30: Type of Construction of Affected Houses ....................................................... 121
Table 4.31: Percentage of Number of Rooms in Affected Houses ..................................... 122
Table 4.32: Land Holding Size .......................................................................................... 122
Table 4.33: Vulnerable Groups ......................................................................................... 123
Table 5.1: Name of Villages and Number of Participants Consulted .................................. 127
Table 6.1: Type of Affected Assets and Number of Affected Households .......................... 131
Table 6.2: Type and Number of Relocation/Protection of Community and Public
Infrastructures ..................................................................................................... 132
Table 6.3: Permanent Land Acquisition due to Project Interventions ................................. 133
Table 6.4: Number of Lost Houses and Affected Persons in the Project Area .................. 134
Table 6.5: Impacts on Commercial Structures and Income ............................................... 135
Table 6.6: Affected Daily Wage Earners............................................................................ 136
Table 6.7: Location of Road Sections and Bridges to be relocated in Reservoir Area ....... 139
Table 6.8: Quantities of Excavated Material ...................................................................... 143
Table 6.9: Ownership and type of Trees affected due to Construction Activities................ 151
Table 6.10: Existing and Proposed Hydropower Projects in the Jhelum River Basin ......... 168
Table 7.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan ................................................... 182
Table 7.2: Environmental Monitoring Plan ......................................................................... 208
Table 8.1: Environmental and Resettlement Cost Estimate ............................................... 219
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FIGURES:
Figure 2.1: Project Location Map ........................................................................................ 33
Figure 2.2: Project Layout Satellite Imagery ........................................................................ 34
Figure 2.3: Project Layout Plan ........................................................................................... 39
Figure 2.4: Project Layout Plan (3D Perspective View) ....................................................... 40
Figure 2.5. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-1............................................................................. 44
Figure 2.6. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-2............................................................................. 45
Figure 2.7. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-3............................................................................. 46
Figure 2.8. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-4............................................................................. 47
Figure 2.9. Layout of reservoir area 7-5 .............................................................................. 48
Figure 2.10. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-6 ........................................................................... 49
Figure 2.11. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-7 ........................................................................... 50
Figure 2.12: Reservoir Prone Area (Suspension Bridge Area on Left Bank) ........................ 54
Figure 2.13: Reservoir Prone Area (Deformation Area on the Right Bank) .......................... 55
Figure 2.14: Reservoir Prone Area (Substation Area on the Right Bank) ............................ 56
Figure 2.15: Reservoir Prone Area (Downstream on Azad Pattan Bridge of the
Right Bank) ........................................................................................................... 57
Figure 2.16: Peak Flood Discharge Series at Karot and Azad Pattan Stations .................... 58
Figure 2.17: Construction Facilities ..................................................................................... 63
Figure 4.1: Mean Monthly Precipitations at Various Rain Gauging Stations ........................ 86
Figure 4.2: Mean Annual Precipitations for the Watershed .................................................. 86
Figure 4.3: Average Annual Precipitations for the Watershed ............................................. 87
Figure 4.4: Mean Monthly Temperature at Mangla Reservoir .............................................. 87
Figure 4.5: Mean Annual Temperatures at Domel ............................................................... 88
Figure 4.6: Sampling Points/Transects along Karot HPP .................................................... 99
Figure 4.7: Sampling Points for Birds – Karot HPP .......................................................... 100
Figure 4.8: Existing Access Road Rawalpindi/Islamabad – Kahuta – Karot/Azad Pattan .. 115
Figure 6.1: Existing Rawalpindi – Kahuta – Kotli Road ...................................................... 138
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Figure 6.2: Alignment of Road to be Re-Located ............................................................... 139
Figure 6.3: Disposal Sites for Excavated Material ............................................................. 145
Figure 6.4: Existing and Proposed Hydropower Projects in the Jhelum River Basin .......... 171
Figure 7.1: Institutional Setup for ESMP Implementation .................................................. 178
REFERENCES
APPENDICES:
Appendix – I National Environmental Quality Standards
Appendix – II Proformas for Socio-Environmental Survey
Appendix – III List of Participants and their Concerns during Stakeholders Consultations
Appendix – IV Laboratory Water analysis Results
Appendix – V SGC Report on Ambient Air, Noise Water Quality
Appendix – VI Vegetation Study
Appendix – VII Fauna Study
Appendix – VIII Fish Study
Appendix – IX Rate List of Land Provided by District Management
PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION
A- Photographs Showing Meetings with Officers of Line Departments
B- Photographs Showing Scoping Sessions / Consultations with Locals of the Project Area
C- Photographs Showing Various Assets to be Affected by the Project Intervention
D- Photographs Showing Various Project Areas
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
ADB : Asian Development Bank
AJ&K : Azad Jammu and Kashmir
amsl : above mean sea level
AHs : Affected Households
APs : Affected Persons
CC
CCGT
:
:
Construction Contractor
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
CAS : Compulsory Acquisition Surcharge
Cu.ft : Cubic Feet
CSPDR : Chaningjiang Survey, Planning, Design & Research Company,
Limited.
DC : Deputy Commissioner
DO : Dissolved Oxygen
DRO : District Revenue Officer
EF : Environmental Flow
EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment
ESMP : Environment and Social Management Plan
EPA : Environmental Protection Agency
ESDC : Environment and Social Development Cell
Ft. : Feet
GIS/RS : Geographic Information System/Remote Sensing
Govt : Government
GRCs : Grievance Redress Committees
GWh : Giga Watt Hour
HSE : Health and Safety Environment
hrs : Hours
HPP : Hydropower Project
IEE : Initial Environmental Examination
IFC : International Finance Corporation
IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
Km : Kilo meter
kV : Kilo Volt
LAA : Land Acquisition Act (1894)
Ltd : Limited
LOI : Letter of Indent
Lab : Laboratory
m : Meter
mm : Mili meter
m3/sec : Cubic Meter per Second
MW : Mega watt
NEQS : National Environmental Quality Standards
Nos. : Numbers
OP : Operational Policy
NTDC : National Transmission & Dispatch Company
Pvt : Private
PCDP : Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan
PEPA : Pakistan Environment Protection Agency
PEPC : Pakistan Environment Protection Council
ES : Performance Standards
RAP : Resettlement Action Plan
NGO : Non-Government Organization
P&D : Planning and Development Department
PES : Pakistan Engineering Services (Private) Ltd.
PMU : Project Management Unit
Rs : Rupees
SWHP : Surface Water Hydrology Project
SSEMP : Site Specific Environmental Management Plan
TOR‟s : Terms of Reference
WAPDA : Water and Power Development Authority
WB : World Bank
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
Karot Power Company Limited (KPCL) contracted Pakistan Engineering Services Private
Limited (PES) to carry out an update of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
(ESIA) report prepared by SMEC in 2009. The objective of the assignment was to update
the ESIA report of 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project based on the design change and to
meet the requirements of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and AJ&K
Environment Act 2000 as well as those of IFC Performance Standards (PS) and
guidelines, including preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan.
1.1 PROJECT REVIEW
The ESIA study of the project was completed by SMEC in 2009. Later on, as per
requirement of Pak-Environmental Protection Act 1997, the study was approved by the both
relevant Environmental Protection Agencies (Punjab - EPA and AJ&K - EPA) in 2010 and
2011 vide their approval letter nos. DD(EIA)/EPA/F-2502/2K9/335 dated 06-03-2010 and
Ref No. 178-80 dated 6-6-2010 respectively.
Later, China Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC) became the sponsor in 2014. They
reviewed and modified the design to a rock fill dam and a surface power house. The
conditions laid down in the approval letters of the relevant agencies (Punjab – EPA and
AJ&K - EPA) requires that „‟ Any change in the approved project shall be communicated to
EPA, Punjab and EPA – AJ&K and shall be commenced after obtaining the approval.‟‟
1.2 PRESENT UPDATED EIA STUDY
The present updated Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report prepared by
Pakistan Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd. (PES) Lahore. This report is an update of the 2009
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study of the Karot hydropower
project; since then, no significant baseline changes have occurred. This ESIA report seeks
to describes the additional associated project impact assessment with respect to social
aspects particularly due to change in design. The additional information discussed in this
updated ESIA report due to change in design includes the following:
Project Description and layout
Relocation and Resettlement Issues
Affected local communities
Loss of Business
Loss of community and government infrastructure
Socio-economic profile of the project affectees
Public consultation and disclosure process; and
Preparation of a standalone RAP of the project
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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The proposed area of Karot Hydropower Project is located on Jehlum River in Karot village,
tehsil Kahuta, District Rawalpindi in Punjab province, about 74km upstream of Mangla dam.
The dam will have a maximum height of 95.5 meters. It will impound 152 million cubic
meters of water at normal pool level of 461 masl and extending upstream up to 5.54 km²
into the narrow canyon that would submerge the bare and unproductive areas around river
bed. Three diversion tunnels have been envisaged to divert the river flows during
construction of main dam. With powerhouse located on the surface, the project will
generate up to 720 MW of electric power.
2.1 PROJECT ACCESS
The Karot Hydropower Project Site is accessible from Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi by
air, as well as, by road. Through railway, it is accessible upto Rawalpindi / Rawat. The
nearest airport for the Project is at Islamabad.
Existing access road Rawalpindi to Karot via Rawat (i.e. Rawat- Chowk Pandori-Beor-
Karot) is preferred over via Kahuta route (i.e. Sihala-Kahuta-Karot) to project site as the
later route via Kahuta is restricted for the foreigners.
Natioal Highway Authority (NHA) to be approached, through PPIB, for reconstruction / up-
gradating of road, Rawat-Chowk Pandori-Beor-Karot to class-70 specifications to transport
the construction machinery.
2.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS
Major physical components of Karot HPP as per feasibility update report by KPCL design
team are as under:
Powerhouse On surface, above ground with 170.4 m (L) x 27 m (W) x 61.7 m
(and Design Discharge of 1248.4 m³/s
Dam Asphalt Concrete Cote Rock Fill Dam, max. height 95.5 m, Normal
Pool Level 461 masl & Design Flood 20,700 m³/s
Spillway Overflow Type with Radial Gates, size 12m x 22m (each)
Tunnels
Diversion Tunnels
3 Nos. with 12.5 m dia & tunnel length of 450 (each)
Head Race Tunnels
4 Nos. with 9.5 m dia & tunnel length of 240 m (each)
Tailrace Channel
Length 170.4 m and width 17.5 m.
2.3 DAM SAFETY
Safety is given utmost importance in the project design. The detail parameters are given in
the design documents. Major safety parameters adopted in the project design and
operation is given below:
Safety against hydraulic pressure from full supply level and high flood level.
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Safety against flood inflow. Additional flood storage has been provided in the design
to accommodate the basic design.
Safe against spill over due to extreme waves or flood events. A free board has been
accommodated to accommodate waves.
Safety against leakages. The dam design has provided inspection galleries. These
will allow monitoring of the dam after the fill. The high quality concrete will allow only
very little transmissibility.
Safety against land sliding during reservoir filling and drawdown. The filling of the
dam for the first time, and subsequently for operation will result in increase of pore
pressure. If the rock is poor, it may fail and result in land slide. The pore pressure
developed during filling will create reverse hydraulic gradient. This can result in the
failure of the slope and creating a land slide. The fill and emptying the reservoir must
be kept at low rate for safety of weir. The first filling of the reservoir will be carried out
at a rate of 1 m/day while monitoring slope failures. During flushing operations a filling
rate of 3 m/day and drawdown rate of 4 m/day will be adopted. However, landslide
prone areas will be stabilized after a few cycles of filling and drawdown.
Safety during repeated drawdown cycles and fill cycles if used for peaking power is
critical. It is important to keep surveillance during operation and keep studying the
slope movement. For this purpose the slopes are mapped and their movement
recorded to forecast the land slides. This has to be part of operation manual.
2.4 PRONE AREAS OF RESERVOIR
The influenced area of reservoir includes the areas of landslide and collapse caused by
reservoir filling. According to the the findings of geological survey in the influenced area of
reservoir
According to the geological survey, the bank slope sections with more concentrated
influence on the reconstruction of bank slope are mainly distributed at four places,
including; the bank slope in the surrounding of cable bridge with 12 ~13km away from the
dam site of the left bank, bank slope of distribution section of deformable bodies of
collapsed slide rock on the right bank with 16.3m from the dam site, bank slope in the
surrounding of transformer substation on the right bank with 17.9 ~18.2km from the dam
site, and the bank slope on the right bank with 19.2m from the dam site.
2.5 FLOOD STUDY
Extreme heavy flood occurred in the Jhelum River in 1992. Azad Pattan Bridge, located
7km upstream of Azad Pattan station, was destroyed by the flood. The maximum peak
flood discharge was 14730 m3/s.
In 2001 Mangla dam PMF review report, 1992 rainstorm was selected as most devastating
rainstorm in Pakistan since 1929. It was selected from 1929, 1959 and 1992 rainstorms.
2.6 PROJECT OPERATION
In the wet months of May, June, July and August, the power intake will divert 1248.4m³/s
from the reservoir into the power house water channel and thereby generate electricity up
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to the full installed capacity level almost round the clock. From October to February, river
flows will be stored in the reservoir for diversion into the power house channel during the
peak demand hours of the system. As such, the plant will generate electricity at its full
capacity for at least 4 hours per day and the reservoir level will vary accordingly over a 24
hour period between Minimum Operating Level and Full Supply Level. During the
intervening months of September and March the hours of power generation at maximum
capacity will fall/rise according to the fluctuations in the river discharge.
2.7 ENERGY GENERATION
Installed capacity of the station is 720 MW with four units. The unit capacity is 180MW, the
warrant output is 116.5 MW, the average annual electricity output is 3.213 billion kW·h and
the annual utilization hours are 4,462.
2.8 SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT
The mean annual suspended load transport is 33.15 million tons including bedload of 4.97
million tons. The total sediment transport is 38.12 million tons. Sediment mainly comes in
the flood season from April to August.
The lower the sediment release level, the longer the annual sediment release downtime,
and the greater the limitation on the energy output of the station. In terms of the ability to
achieve higher energy output, the 451 m sediment release level is better.
2.9 ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS
It need to be considered that the ecological feed pipe should meet the requirements of
15m3/s discharge after the reservoir falls into the flushing water level.The diameter of the
ecological steel tube is subject to adjustment during detail design phase.
2.10 CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES AT DAM SITE
Construction facilities such as labour camp, workshops, storage yards, aggregate crushing
plant, concrete batching plant and material stockpiles are are provided. Areas for the labour
camp, workshops and storage yards must not be located in the immediate vicinity of the
dam. They must be located on unused land in the vicinity of the village of Karot.
2.11 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
In accordance with project characteristics and construction scheme, total construction
period for Karot hydropower station will be 5 years (60 months), and power duration will be
4 years and 7 months (55 months). Therein the construction preparation period will be 25
months, construction period of principal works 30 months, and construction completion
period 5 months; the project period of preparing to build will be 12 months, in which the time
of coincidence with preparation period will be 8 months.
2.12 MATERIAL SOURCE PLANNING
Concrete aggregate and gravel filling material are exploited from Beor natural gravel quarry
and the exploited quantity for design is 2,324,700 m3. 32,900 m
3 asphalt concrete mineral
aggregate and 41,600m3 anti-scouring wear resisting concrete aggregate are purchased
from Taxila limestone quarry.
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2.13 SWITCHYARD AND TRANSMISSION LINE
Karot Powerhouse will be connected to the national grid through 500kV transmission line. A
Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) has been proposed for Karot HPP. The rated voltage of
GIS is 550kV, rated current 2000A, and rated short circuit breaking current 50kA. GIS
power distribution equipment room will be established on the upstream auxiliary
powerhouse with elevation of 431.0m.
The electricity generated by the Karot Hydropower Project will be incorporated by the
national grid of Pakistan. The generated power will be transmitted to three load centers,
namely, Gujranwala, Lahore and Rawalpindi, which will make up the maximum load
demand of the system. The construction of the project will actively promote the social and
economic development of the site and the power supply areas by improving the local power
supply guarantee rate, driving the local industrial development and enhancing the living
standard and employment rate of the local people.
2.14 PROJECT LAYOUT ALTERNATIVES
Different alternatives were examined from an environmental viewpoint to ensure that the
selected option is appropriate to minimize environmental impacts. Two alternatives were
developed for comparative evaluation, identification, analysis, and selection of the preferred
alternative. This exercise led to the earlier selection of Alternative 2 comprising a dam at
Karot with four power tunnels and an underground powerhouse at Karot village.
3. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
In updating of ESIA report for Karot Hydropower Project, the requirements laid down by
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and AJ&K Environmental Protection Act 2000
as well as guidelines of IFC have been followed. Land acquisition and resettlement aspects
have been focused with reference to IFC Involuntary Resettlement and Land Acquisition
Act 1894.
3.1 PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LEGISLATION
IEE/EIA
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 (PEPA-1997) Section 12 lays down basic
requirements and procedures for the Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental
Impact Assessment. The Act provides that “No proponent of a development project shall
commence construction or operation unless he has filed an IEE with the Government
Agency designated by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency or Provincial
Environmental Protection Agencies, as the case may be, or, where the project is likely to
cause a significant adverse environmental effect, an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA), for approval from Government Agency in respect thereof”.
3.2 PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1997 (PEPA - 1997)
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, has published a set of environmental
guidelines for conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management
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of different types of development projects. Besides providing overview of Policy, Legal and
Administrative Framework, the section 2 also adumbrates guidelines and requirements of
IFC related to the Project.
3.3 THE AJK, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT, 2000
The Government of Pakistan promulgated “Pakistan Environmental Protection Act” in 1997.
The same was adopted by the Government of AJK. However, this act was notified in 2000
as Azad Jammu and Kashmir Environmental Protection Act, 2000. Under Section 11 of the
2000 Act, a project falling under any category (qualifying IEE or EIA) requires the proponent
to file IEE or EIA with the AJK-EPA.
3.4 PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (PAK. EPA)
Under Section 5 of PEPA-1997, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency has been
established with a Director General as its head. Sections 6 and 7 of PEPA 1997 describe
the functions and powers of the Agency. Similarly provincial EPA‟s are functional in each
province as provided in PEPA-1997. Azad Jammu and Kashmir has its own EPA.
3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL TRIBUNALS
Under Section 20 of the Act, Environmental Tribunals have been established to try cases of
contravention or failure to comply with designated provisions of PEPA-1997.
3.6 CATAGORISATION OF THE PROJECT
Under policy and procedures for filing, review and approval of environmental assessment
issued in August 2002, includes Schedules A, B and C defining projects in terms of
requirements of IEE and EIA.
Karot Hydropower Project has an estimated generation of 720 MW. Consequently, the
preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and of a Resettlement Action
Plan (RAP) is required under Schedule A.
3.7 NATIONAL RESETTLEMENT POLICY AND ORDINANCE
Only legislation relating to land acquisition and compensation is the Land Acquisition Act
(LAA) of 1894. The LAA is limited to a cash compensation policy for the acquisition of land
and built-up property, and damage to other assets, such as crops, trees, and infrastructure
based on market prices. The LAA does not consider the rehabilitation and resettlement of
disrupted populations and the restoration of their livelihoods. In the absence of this, Land
Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement as spelled out in IFC PS5 will form the basis for
managing the resettlement needs arising from the project.
3.8 LAND ACQUISITION ACT 1894
The Land Acquisition Act 1894 is a “law for the acquisition of land needed for public
purposes and for companies and for determining the amount of compensation to be paid on
account of such acquisition‟‟. The association of the persons interested in the property, with
the process of determination of its negotiated market value by the Collector is a highlight of
this Act.
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3.9 LEGISLATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
Under the EPA Guidelines, “Policy and Procedures for the filing, review and approval
of environmental assessments”, the EMP is defined as a “document designed to ensure
that the commitments in the Environmental Report, subsequent review reports, and
Environmental Approval conditions are fully implemented”.
3.10 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS)
The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs) specify the standards apply to
gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by batching plants, asphalt plants, camp
sites, construction machinery, and vehicles. The standards for vehicle, noise wastewater
and drinking water will apply during the construction as well as operational phase of the
project.
3.11 OTHER RELEVANT REGULATIONS FOR KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT
3.11.1 Land Acquisition Procedures
Under the Land Acquisition Act (1894), the Provincial Revenue Departments are
empowered to carry out the acquisition of private land or built-up property for public
purposes, including on behalf of a federal agency or a private developer. The acquisition of
land and payment of compensation as such will be the responsibility of the client and the
implementing agency.
3.11.2 The Forest Act, 1927 and the Forest (Amendment) Act 2010
The Act, inter alia, deals with the matters related with protection and conservation of natural
vegetation/habitats. Cutting of trees for the construction purposes or otherwise, prior
permission is required from the forest department of the concerned province.
3.11.3 Wildlife Act of 1975
In part of the project area in Punjab, Punjab wildlife protection, preservation, conservation
and management act, 1974 (amended up to 2007 and rules amended up to 2010) shall
enforce for the overall protection of wildlife flora and fauna. Whereas, in part of the project
area in AJK, the AJK Wildlife and Fisheries Department that has the basic responsibility to
ensure enforcement of the Act. It prohibits the dealing with any wildlife animal, dead or
alive, for domestic or commercial use without a Certificate of Lawful Possession. Permits
and trade license are necessary for the import, export and trade of wild animals of an
endemic or exotic species.
3.11.4 Antiquities Act of 1975
The Antiquities Act of Pakistan relates to the protection, preservation and
conservation of archaeological and historical sites and monuments. The Antiquities Act
would as such require that M/s, KPLCL notify the Department if anything of archaeological
value is excavated or discovered during project construction.
3.11.5 Local Government Ordinance of 2001
The Government of Pakistan has issued ordinances related to land use;
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conservation of natural vegetation; air, water, and land pollution; disposal of solid waste
and wastewater effluents; and public health and safety, including some provisions for
environmental protection.
3.11.6 Regulations for Mines and Oil Fields/ Mineral Development Act of 1948
This legislation provides regulatory procedures for the quarrying and mining of
construction material on public as well as private lands.
3.11.7 Motor Vehicles Ordinance of 1965
The Ordinance deals with the powers of motor vehicle licensing authorities and empowers
other related agencies: to regulate traffic rules, vehicle speed and weight limits, and
vehicle use; to erect traffic signs; and to prescribe the specific duties of drivers in case of
accidents. M/s, KPCL would be required to coordinate with related agencies during design
and construction stages, so that the requirements relating to the safety and management
of traffic on the roads are observed.
3.11.8 Factories Act of 1934
The clauses relevant to the project area those which concern: health; safety and welfare of
workers; disposal of solid waste and effluent; and damage to private and public property.
The Factories Act also provides regulations for handling and disposing of toxic and
hazardous materials. As construction activity is classified as „industry‟, these regulations
will be applicable to the project‟s construction contractor.
3.11.9 Highways Safety Ordinance of 2000
This Ordinance includes provisions for: licensing and registration of vehicles and
construction equipment; maintenance of road, vehicles; traffic control offences, penalties
and procedures; and the establishment of a police force for motorways and national
highways to regulate and control the traffic as well as keep the highways clear of
encroachments.
3.11.10 Pakistan Penal Code of 1860
Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) deals with offences where public or private property and/or
human lives are affected due to the intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or
body of residents. The Penal Code provide a basis for M/s, KPCL to co-ordinate their
activities with the local authorities so that the construction activities do not become a
cause of public nuisance or inconvenience.
3.11.11 Explosives Act of 1884
Under the Explosives Act, the project contractors are bound by regulations on licensing,
handling, transportation, storage and using explosives during quarrying, blasting, and
other purposes. These regulations will be applicable to the project‟s construction
contractor.
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3.11.12 Environmental Tribunal Rules of 1999
According to these rules, the tribunal shall make every effort to dispose of a
complaint or an appeal or other proceeding within 60 days of its filing.
3.11.13 Forest Regulation Rules 2 of 1930
Forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir are managed according to the guidelines provided
by Jammu and Kashmir Forest Regulations of 1930. This regulation lays down the rules
and regulations for both demarcated and un-demarcated forests, collection of drift and
stranded wood as well as penalties and procedures for not abiding by these regulations.
In part of the project area in Punjab, the Forest Act, 1927 (amended up to 2010) shall
enforce for the overall protection of forest.
3.12 INTERACTION WITH OTHER AGENCIES
3.12.1 Punjab and AJK- EPAs
No deviation is permitted in design and scope of rehabilitation during project
implementation without the prior and explicit permission of the EPAs once the approval is
obtained.
3.12.2 Revenue Departments of Punjab and AJK
The respective Revenue Departments of Punjab and AJK are empowered to carry out the
acquisition of private land or built-up property for public purposes.
The proponent also needs to liaise with the departments of agriculture, horticulture, and
forestry in order to evaluate affected vegetation resources, such as trees and crops etc. for
compensation purposes.
The proponent will approach the relevant departments for valuation of the affected building
or infrastructure before removing the facilities.
Likewise, the proponent will also liaise with other relevant departments/agencies for
relocation of public facilities such as electricity and telephone poles, public water supply
schemes, public buildings, etc.
3.12.3 Punjab and AJK Forestry and Wildlife Departments
The project is expected to involve clearing of vegetation and trees within the proposed
project area. The project contractor will be responsible for acquiring a „No-Objection
Certificate‟ (NOC) from the respective Forest Departments and Local Administration. The
proponent is required to coordinate with the departments to ensure that impacts on
vegetation and wildlife are minimized.
3.12.4 Local Government and Municipalities
The proponent and Contractor should liaise closely with the concerned bodies of the
governments of Punjab and AJK for the establishment of construction camps and plants,
use of the water resources and the safe disposal of wastewater, and toxic materials.
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3.13 REQUIREMENTS OF EXTERNAL SUPPORT AGENCIES
External support agencies like the World Bank, IFC, Asian Development Bank, and other
bilateral organisations lay emphasis on the protection of environment and resettlement of
affected populations.
3.13.1 IFC’s Requirements
IFC applies the Performance Standards to manage social and environmental risks and
impacts and to enhance development opportunities in its private sector financing.
Together, the eight Performance Standards establish standards that the client is to meet
throughout the life of an investment by IFC or other relevant financial institution.
3.14 THE KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT
According to the IFC guidelines this project has been classified as an Environmental
Category „A‟ project. Category „A‟ projects are expected to have significant impacts that
may be sensitive, diverse or unprecedented and require full EA. This is also in compliance
with the provisions of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997.
Under the provisions of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, this EIA for the Karot
Hydropower Project will be filed with EPAs of Punjab and AJ&K for their approval.
4. BASELINE CONDITIONS
The project area covers administrative region consisting of Rawalpindi district in Punjab
province; Kotli and Sudhnuti districts in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Jhelum is the
major river in the project region.
No significant changes in the baseline conditions are observed during the socio-economic
survey 2014, therefore, the baseline data of the project area remain unchanged. The survey
team consisted of PES professional staff including Chief Environmentalist, Principal
Environmentalist, Sociologist and Civil / Hydropower Engineer.
4.1 BASELINE BURVEY BETHODOLOGY
The methodological approach adopted during baseline survey in determining the
environmental and socio-economic baseline conditions of the project area consisted of the
following;
- Delineation of the Study Area.
- Data Collection i.e. primary and secondary data collection through consultation with the
locals of the project area by focussed group discussions and by participatory rural
approach.
- Use of pre-designed questionnaires.
4.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
4.2.1 Topography
Project area is located in the medium-upper reach of Jhelum River. It belongs to medium-
low mountain topography. The hilltop ground elevation of the bank slopes is generally 510
m to 870 m.
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The shape of the valley in the dam site area is generally asymmetrical “V" shaped.
Upstream of the left bank U turn of the river are generally stepped slopes. The terrain below
the U turn is relatively wide. The left bank is characterized as multi-stage gentle near shore
slope.
4.2.2 Geology
The geological formation of the dam site at Karot consists of Siwalik formation of thick,
massive sandstones and clay inter beds. On the left bank of the river, there is a flat bench
with thick overburden cover. Banks of Jhelum River on both sides are covered with stream
sediment material having some gravel on the surface. There are signs of major slides which
could create some problems after reservoir is filled near Azad Pattan Bridge.
4.2.3 Seismology
The PGA (Peak Ground Accelerations) of 0.55 g is adopted as MCE (maximum credible
earthquake) for Karot hydropower project. Karot HPP lies in the Jhelum fault which yields
maximum magnitude potential Mw = 7.5. The maximum potential magnitude for Himalayan
Frontal Thrust (HFT) was selected equal to the magnitude Mw = 7.6 of recent Kashmir
earthquake.
4.2.4 Soils
Most of the soils are formed by alluvial or alluvial deposits. They are generally non
calcareous, soils in the piedmont plains are of medium to light textured and well to
excessively drained.
4.2.5 Climate
Project area climate can be divided into four seasons as follows;
- The North - East Monsoon (December to February),
- Hot Weather Period (March to May)
- South - West Monsoon (June to September)
- Transition Period (October to November).
The distribution of rain during the year depends principally on topography of the area and
season. Summer rain fall in particular varies significantly in time and place.
4.2.6 Rainfall
The mean monthly precipitation for the watershed area is 124.5 mm. There are two peaks
of rainfall, the first peak appears in the month of March and second in July, however, the
second peak is the highest. The mean annual rainfall for the watershed based on available
stations data is 1442 mm.
4.2.7 Temperature
The highest temperatures are observed in the months of June and July, which is 28.62 °C
on the average. The lowest average daily temperature is 9.17 °C and is observed in the
month of January. On average, the results reveal that January is the coldest and June is
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the hottest month.
4.2.8 Hydrology
In addition to surface water resources consisting of Jhelum River and numerous nullahs
draining into Jhelum River, ground water also exists at different location in the project area.
This resource can be tapped by means of dug wells and tube wells. The groundwater thus
tapped will be of acceptable quality for drinking, crop irrigation and for other purposes.
4.2.9 River Water Quality
The main surface water source is Jhelum River. The chemical analysis of the water
samples in the project area shows that water quality is well within the prescribed limits.
4.2.10 Ambient Air Quality
There are no major sources of air pollution in the vicinity of the project area. Routine
vehicular traffic on the nearby roads of the project area causes dust, which effect is fairly
localized.
4.2.11 Noise Levels
Overall, the noise levels are within safe limits in the project area as no industrial units exist
in the surrounding area of the project site.
4.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
4.3.1 Vegetation Study:
The project area falls under the sub-tropical pine forests and sub-tropical broad leaved
evergreen. These areas are mainly covered by "chir pine" and include the lower sub-
mountainous terrain of the project area within the lower reaches of the Jhelum River. Pinus
roxhurghii (Chir Pine) is the only conifer forest plant and is dominant within the area
with patches of broad leaved species such as; (Olive) Olea ferruginea, (Phulai) Acacia
modesta, (Timmer) Zanthoxylum armatum, (Fig) Ficus carica, (Sanatha) Dodonea
viscosa and (Simblu) Berberis lyceum and cultivated fruit trees.
Legally the forests of the Karot Hydro Power Project area are of two types the
Reserved/Protected or the Government owned forests, and the Guzaras/ Private/
Community Owned Forests also known as Khalsa Sarkaar in Azad Jammu & Kashmir.
Almost all the reservoir area lies in the Guzara/Community owned forests and far away
from the Reserved Forests (all the activities/rights are prohibited unless permitted by the
provincial government). A small portion of reservoir comes under Reserved/Protected
Forest (all activities/rights like cutting of trees, collection of firewood, grazing, grass
collection, collection of medicinal plants etc are permitted until and unless provincial
government prohibit any/all of these activities)
The flora of the Karot project does not contain any species which was declared as
endangered, threatened or rare. Only three species Celtis australus (Tree of Heaven),
Ficus bengalensis (Bohr) and Ficus carica (Fig) were found rare in Pakistan but they are
listed as common for the rest of the world. The rest of the vegetation species were found
protected and common in Pakistan and for the rest of the world.
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4.3.2 Natural Fauna
Amphibians and Reptiles (Herpeto–Fauna):
A total of 288 reptile and amphibian specimens belonging to 32 species were observed in
the ecological study area. The most abundant amphibian seen here was the Skittering Frog
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Except for Cyrtopodion rohtasfortai and Fejervarya limnocharis
which have not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2014), the rest of the taxa
are categorized as LC in IUCN Red List.
Birds:
Among the birds, the order Passeriformes have highest number of recorded birds species
(51) followed by Falconiformes (08) Coraciiformes and Galliformes (04 each) respectively.
Along the stream and water bodies Kingfisher, wagtail and little egret were recorded. The
critically endangered species, the white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) and
endangered Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) were recorded in very small
number. The causes such as habitat destruction, food shortage, human persecution,
poisoning and pesticide use may have a gradual decline in vulture populations (Birdlife
International, 2010). The abundance of Egyptian Vulture, Black kite and crow species was
higher near the waste and garbage stored land. The habitat and distribution range
overlapping of two crow species, Jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) and House crow
(Corvus splendens) were also observed.
Mammals:
About 28 species of mammals were reported in the selected sampling points. Three large
mammals reported from the ecological study area are included in IUCN Red List 2013.
These are the common Leopard Panthera pardus and common Otter Lutra lutra, both of
which are listed as near threatened and smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) as
vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN Red List 2013. However, none of the mammal species
observed or reported from the ecological study area is endemic; their distribution is not
limited to any specific site or habitat type. Their distribution is widespread.
4.3.3 Fish Biodiversity
The most commonly found species is Schizothorax plagiostomus belonging to the carp
family and is common in the river. Other common species upstream of project area are
snow carp and loaches while downstream species are Tor Putitora and Chinese carps are
important. Fisheries activities are not common. Apart from opportunistic fishing, fish does
not form an important part of diet of the local communities. Within the project area there is
no formal fish market. The fish biodiversity study particularly stress upon Karot HPP and
generally encompasses footprints of cascading hydropower projects on Jhelum River reach
and their impacts and mitigation on fish fauna.
4.3.4 Protected Area
A portion of 2.8 km of reserved forest falls in the re-alignment of existing Kahuta – Kotli
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road route, for which NOC has been obtained from the relevant forest department. No other
protected areas such as national parks, wild life parks, and wildlife sanctuary and private
game reserves fall in the project area.
4.4 SOCIO - ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
4.4.1 Census Survey of Affected Households
During updating the EIA report, the additional census survey of the project affectees was
carried out during the months of June and July 2014. For this purpose participatory rural
appraisal technique was used and scoping sessions were held during census survey. The
aspect of land acquisition, affected houses, community and government infrastructure
supposed to be affected by the construction of project structures were investigated. This
involved consultations and scoping sessions with primary and secondary stakeholders like
owners of land, people of the area, shopkeepers, religious community leaders. Cost of land,
built-up property, economic trees etc was discussed with the owners, local people, and
revenue department staff.
4.4.2 Administrative and Social Set-up
The project area falls in Rawalpindi district of the Punjab province whereas the left bank of
the reservoir falls in the districts of Kotli and Sudhnuti of AJ&K. The administrative setup of
the Rawalpindi district is similar to the districts of AJ&K. District administration is headed by
the Deputy Commissioner (DC) who is assisted by District heads of other departments.
4.4.3 Demography and Population
The District wise population of the project area is as follow;
District wise and Projected Population in the Project Area
District Area
Sq.km Population
1998 Growth
Rate Family
size Projected Population
2018
Rawalpindi 5,286 336,4000 2.7 6.4 5,425,796
Kotli 1,862 563,000 2.59 7.3 892,401
Sudhnuti 569 224,000 1.99 7.3 322,023
The table indicates that the Rawalpindi districts more populated than the other districts of
the project area.
4.4.4 Project Area Population
The present population of the surveyed villages totals to 1881 with 583 households. The
average no. of persons per household varies from 6.2 to 8.8.The average household size
varies from 6 to 8. It is characterised neither by ethnic diversity nor by any indigenous
people.
4.4.5 Religion
As for as religion of project affected area is concerned, 100% population is Muslim.
4.4.6 Culture and Local Traditions
The majority of the population follows the Islamic tradition, which is well practiced in rural
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area and has high moral values in the society.
4.4.7 Tribes in Project Area
In the entire six sample villages, majority of the population belongs to Rajput, Janjua, Satti,
Qureshi and Sudhan tribes.
4.4.8 Mechanism for Resolving Disputes
People resolve their minor disputes through heads of families while major disputes are
resolved through the Punchayat system which consists of an assembly of elders. Police and
the court of law is the last option which is very rare.
4.4.9 Language
Main spoken language is Punjabi followed by Hindko, Kashmiri and Saraiki. However,
the Urdu is also spoken but only with the visitors.
4.4.10 Educational Facilities
Educational facilities are lacking in the project area. Karot, Gorah and Hollar villages have
only one primary school. No high school exists in the area. Students from surrounding
areas go to Brohi village for high school education.
4.4.11 Literacy
The overall literacy rate among the respondents is about 43.6 %. The literacy rate is
minimum at Karot i.e 37.2 % and maximum in Azad Pattan i.e 49.4%. Higher literacy rate in
Brohi shows the availability of better facilities for education in that area.
4.4.12 Health Services
Overall the project area has not adequate medical facilities. The prevailing diseases in the
project area were reported to be diarrhea, dysentery, pneumonia, typhoid and tuberculosis
(TB) of lungs. The main reasons for the diseases are unclean drinking water, poor diet and
unhygienic living conditions.
4.4.13 Occupation / Livelihood
The socio-economic survey reveals that 58.3%t are farmers, shopkeeper/hotel owner are
16.7%, government employee 12.5%, businessmen 8.3% and the private employees are
4.2%.
4.4.14 Income
According to the social impact assessment survey, a good number 30% of the people in the
project affected area belong to monthly income group between Rs.15,000 to 25,000. While
46% are earning between ranges of Rs. 5000 – 10,000.
4.4.15 Credit Availability
The availability of institutional credit is very limited in the project area. The main users of
non-institutional credit are shop keepers and relatives of well-off families in the settlements.
These loans are mainly used for domestic and social needs such as marriages, birth
ceremonies, funerals, health and education.
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4.4.16 Agriculture
Agriculture in the project area is rainfed. Wheat and Maize are main crops. Ploughing is
done usually by bullocks. The use of latest agricultural equipment and chemical fertilizer is
not common. The important fruit trees are apple, mango, citrus, guava, apricot, walnuts,
peach and pears.
4.4.17 Tenancy Status
Tenancy is not very common in the project area, because the agricultural land is limited;
therefore local population prefer to cultivate the land by themselves. Majority of the
respondents in project area were owner-cum-operator.
4.4.18 Land Holding Size
The average land holding in the project area was 15 Kanals. The maximum land holding
size was in Muslimabad i.e. 28.4 kanals and minimum size was10kanals at Barohi.
4.4.19 Livestock
Livestock comprises native cattle, goats and sheep along with poultry and donkeys for
transportation of loading/unloading of materials.
4.4.20 Grazing
In the project area, the agricultural fields are mainly used for grazing after crop harvesting
which adds manure to the fields improving the soil fertility. Moreover, the vegetation along
the Nullah/forest is also usually used for grazing purpose.
4.4.21 Banking
Banking services are very limited in the project area as only one branch of Habib Bank
Limited is available in Hollar village. The residents of remaining project area go to nearby
town Kahuta for banking services.
4.4.22 Housing
About 79% of the total houses have Pacca construction whereas about 2% and 19% of the
houses were semi Pacca and Katcha construction respectively in the project area. The
total area of housing units varied from 6.8 marlas to 15 marlas.
4.4.23 Drinking Water Supply
The surface water is available in the river and nullah but that is not used for drinking
purpose. The groundwater resource is available at limited scale, which is only used for
drinking purpose. Ground water is available at a depth of about 120 – 50 feet. Hand pumps
are available to a limited number of families in the project area.
4.4.24 Sanitation
The sanitation conditions of the project area are unsatisfactory. People drain out used water
in open spaces. Similarly the open dumping of solid waste is normal practice in the project
area.
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4.4.25 Electricity
The project area surveyed villages are connected with a nearby national grid system.
However, shortage of electricity and load shedding is normal practice in the area as with
other parts of the country.
4.4.26 Road Network
The Karot Hydropower Project is located in Tehsil Kahuta, District Rawalpindi. A road leads
to Karot and Azad Pattan villages from Rawalpindi via Kahuta. Karot Bridge is also an entry
point for AJK. A road from Karot leads to Kotli and Mirpur Districts. A road from Azad Pattan
leads to Rawala Kot and Sudhnuti districts.
4.4.27 Industry
There are no industries of major importance in the project area.
4.4.28 Minerals
District Rawalpindi is rich in mineral wealth including limestone, marble, fire clay, ordinary
sand and stones. AJK has variety of minerals and precious stones including marble, coal,
gypsum, graphite, silver, copper, bauxite and ruby, tourmaline and garnets. However, none
of the respondents reported any mineral exploration in the project area.
4.4.29 Cultural Heritage
There are some ruins of Owen Qila at the left bank of River Jhelum near the proposed dam
site which are located above the crest level of reservoir and thus safe and will remain
protected as such. Similarly, foundation stone of old Karot wall and a shrine is present
along the side of Kahuta-Karot road about 3 km away from the dam site.
4.4.30 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Many NGOs like AJ&K Rural Support Programme, IR International, and Neelum
Development Organization are working with communities in the health and education
sectors.
4.4.31 Gender Status in the Project Area
There is a male dominating society and they dominate in all occupations. Despite the
overall discrimination, women are responsible for management of daily family relations and
economic performance. They are taking over a huge work load of the family.
4.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS
The estimated total population of the project affected area is 510 with 72 households having
the average household size is 7.08.
A small proportion 4 % of them have never been to school; About 30 % of them got their
education up to primary, 36% were educated up to Middle and 30 % had education up to
matric level.
By virtue of their local tribal origin; 84% belong to Janjua tribe; whereas 10% of them were
Gujjar; while remaining 6% were Hashmi.
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People of project affected area have small land holding and about 22% of them were under
the category of farmers; 4 % engaged in business, general laborers were 8%; 6% were
engaged in government services; 22% were private services (drivers); whereas 18% was in
abroad and rest 20% were in category of retired services etc.
About 58% nuclear family system was prevailed in the project affected area;
whereas 42% were belonged to joint family system.
Monthly income of 22% of the respondents was up to Rs.10000, whereas 30% were
between Rs.10001 to 20000 and a significant majority 48% was under the category of Rs
20001and above.
Among the small business category, seven people are engaged in sand and gravel
collection downstream of the powerhouse site for use in construction business. This activity
is carried out at both banks of River Jhelum on a very limited scale as the river bed
downstream of the powerhouse is narrow and relatively steep.
Usually the collection of sand is carried out in winter from September to March during low
flow period as more of the river bed and banks are exposed during this period. During the
high flow season in summer months, particularly in the monsoon period, the river tends to
flow full thus making access to river sand impossible.
Nature of construction of 94% of the houses was reported to have Pacca construction,
whereas about 6% were Katcha construction.
Majority 70% owned land 3 - 5 kanal land holding while; about 30 % were having land
holding of 5.1 and above kanal.
Wheat and Maize were the major crops of the project affected area which were rain
dependent. Main source of water is springs and nullah. Hand pump and bore was being
used for drinking purpose.
99% of the population wanted to resettle in the vicinity of project area. Affected people
showed their apprehension that project should provide resettlement site for their future
residence near project area.
Significant (82%) majority of female respondents were uneducated; only 9% having
education up to middle; whereas 9% received education up to matric.
99% of the female respondents expressed that there were no health facilities available at
village level. They have to go Kahuta to avail health facilities.
5. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
The present EIA has been prepared by consultations with local communities,
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and concerned government departments/
organizations in compliance to the requirements of the IFC Performance Standard 1. Their
views and concerns have been taken into account in the study.
6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
The project impacts have been discussed with reference to design, construction and
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operation related impacts and positive impacts. The severity of the predicted impacts has
been assessed on the basis of significance, type and magnitude of the impact.
6.1 DESIGN RELATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
The key design-related environmental impact relates to the loss of whole Karot village and
partially Hollar village, relocation of government and private infrastructures including trees
losses due to construction of dam and its ancillaries and creation of 27 km long reservoir at
480m amsl maximum flood level. This will result in displacement of 510 Nos. of persons
with 72 Nos. of Households. All affected persons (APs) will be compensated based on the
rates provided by the district management including 15% compulsory acquisition surcharge
(CAS) and free salvage material for new construction.
6.1.1 Permanent Land Acquisition
Land acquisition represents one of the major impacts which become unavoidable due to the
nature of such projects. In Karot HPP the need for land acquisition was assessed based on
the previous experiences in hydropower projects in Pakistan.
The analysis of the impact on affected households brought forth that most of the affectees
engaged in agricultural activities will be losing their terrace agriculture by losing 49.67 ha of
rainfed cultivated land.
A total of 907.69 ha of land will be affected due to the project interventions. Land
compensation including 15% CAS will be provided to the affectees on the basis prevailing
market rates as well as the negotiations between the affectees.
6.1.2 Loss of Houses
About 72 No. of houses will be affected by the construction of dam, spillway, diversion
tunnels, headrace tunnels and powerhouse. Few of them will be acquired as a result of
blasting and drilling activities in the construction period. The impact on residential houses
would lead to the displacement of 72 households with population of 510 affected persons.
All Affected households (AHs) are Muslim and ethnically Rajput and Sudhnuzai. There are
neither tribal nor minority people amongst the AHs.
All AHs will be compensated based on the prevailing market rates in the project area. They
will also get 15 % compulsory acquisition surcharge (CAS) and free salvage material for
new construction.
6.1.3 Loss of Commercial Structures and income
About 58 Nos. of shops, nine road side hotels and a petrol pump along the road on right
side of the Jhelum River will be affected by the reservoir impounding and 10Nos, of shops
will be acquired as a result of construction of dam structures thus losing their income
generating activities.
Affectees of the commercial enterprises will be compensated according to the prevailing
markets rate and negotiation between the sponsor and the relevant departments including
15% compulsory acquisition surcharge (CAS) and free salvage material for new
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construction. In addition to structure compensation, the affectees will be compensated with
business loss allowance equalling the average income of three months.
6.1.4 Daily Wage Earners
A total of 32 wage earners employed as labourers and helpers in the shops, restaurants
and petrol pump will be affected by their relocation. Special consideration will be given to
these affected daily wagers in job employment during the construction and operation stages
of the project. In addition, they will be given special Project Affectees Allowance equal to
their three month income i.e Rs.30, 000/wage earner.
6.1.5 Relocation of Public Infrastructures
The detail of public infrastructure needing relocation is given in Table below.
Relocation of Public Infrastructures
Sr.
No. Infrastructures Number
1. Concrete Bridge (Reservoir submergence) 1
2. Suspension Bridge (Reservoir submergence) 2
3. Forest Check Post (Reservoir submergence) 1
4. Police Check Post (Reservoir submergence) 1
5. 11 kV Electric Poles (Reservoir submergence) 25
6. Metaled Road of 8000m length (Reservoir submergence) 1
7. Surface Water Hydrology Gauge Room (Reservoir submergence) 1
8. Concrete Bridge in Karot Village (Construction of Dam and Powerhouse) 1
9. Rest House Building (Construction of dam and Powerhouse) 1
10. Tourism Building (Construction of Dam and Powerhouse) 1
11. 11kv Electric Poles (Construction of Dam and Powerhouse) 35
12. School (Construction of Dam and Powerhouse) 2
Relocation cost of all these public infrastructures is provided in environmental costs.
6.1.6 Relocation of Community Structures
Community structures such as four Mosques, two graveyards including one Shrine need to
be protected during construction of dam, spillway and powerhouse. These structures will
not be affected directly by the construction activities as these are 2-3km away from the
construction zone of the project. Mosques will be reconstructed at appropriate place with
the mutual consent of the community and a retaining wall of 2-3 m will be constructed
around the graveyards and shrine. The CC shall take care of these structures. The lump
sum cost for the relocation of mosques and protection of graveyards and shrine is given in
environmental cost.
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6.1.7 Relocation of Roads and Bridges
Existing access roads and bridges need to be improved or relocated for the movement of
heavy machinery and vehicles. The 2.8km section of the existing Karot – Kotli road will be
affected due to construction of spillway thus requiring relocation. It has been proposed that
this affected portion of the road will be relocated so as to reach the relocated new Karot
Bridge.
As a result of creation of dam reservoir, about 8.9km Kahuta – Azad Pattan including one
Azad Pattan bridge and two suspension bridges will be submerged. These road and
bridges will be relocated at higher locations to reconnect them with the existing Kahuta –
Azad Pattan road.
During relocation activities the movement of the traffic and provision of utility services will
be affected for a short period of time causing low negative impact which is unavoidable.
However, on long term basis the impact will be significant positive locally as well as
regionally.
6.1.8 Vulnerability Status of Affected Households
About six AHs have been identified as vulnerable on the basis of their socio-economic
realities. These households consist of hard core poor and female-headed households.
These vulnerable households will be offered vulnerable allowance equal to Rs.
50,000/person for their rehabilitation to restore their livelihood. This allowance will be in
addition to the compensation of lost assets.
6.1.9 Health and Safety Aspects of Workers
The significance of the impact is minimized to low negative if health and safety of workers is
ensured by implementation of a comprehensive safety plans for the workers. Health and
safety aspects of the workers will be met by compliance the IFC Performance Standard 2
(PS2) which aims to promote “safe and healthy working conditions, and to protect and
promote the health of workers.
6.2 CONSTRUCTION RELATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
6.2.1 Dust Impacts
Construction activities, heavy machinery and traffic on the road will likely to generate dust.
Spraying water on exposed surfaces and soil at adequate frequency to keep soil, moist at
all times can reduce the total dust emissions from the project by as much as 75%. By
maintaining a vehicular speed limit of 20 Km/h or less on all unpaved areas within the
construction route can also reduce the dust emissions.
Dust emission from soil and aggregate storage stockpiles will be minimized by covering the
pile with tarpaulin or thick plastic sheets.
6.2.2 Excavated Material
A total of 14,129.4 thousand m3 material will be excavated from surface foundations and
underground excavations. About 1/3rd
quantity of the excavated material will be used as fill
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material for construction of main dam, coffer dams, power house building and widening of
road etc. The remaining surplus material 10,493.10 thousand m3
will be removed and
loaded on dumpers and disposed-off at designated four dumping locations with dumping
capacity of 15400 thousand m3 in an environmentally sound manner.
This issue will significantly affect different aspects such as land acquisition, use of terrestrial
habitats, traffic, noise, air quality and tourist activities. Thus, the impact of dumping
excavated material on several environmental aspects has to be evaluated as being high
negative.
Side effects related to the transport of excavation material can be mitigated by proper
management of heavy traffic used in loading and dumping of the excavated material.
6.2.3 Traffic Aspects and Access
Movements of trucks along the existing road can increase the traffic volume resulting in
noise and emissions of dust and exhaust. Though nearby settlements are about 3km away
from the construction side. Short transportation ways from the site of excavation to the
dumping site are selected. The severity of the impact has been visualized as low if the
proposed mitigation measures are adopted adequately.
6.2.4 Air Quality
Gaseous emission and dusty atmosphere will result from movement of heavy vehicles for
transportation of equipment and construction materials. Similar effects would be caused by
drill-blasting for the tunnel, pressure shaft and caverns. The additional impact on air quality
caused by the project is assessed to be low if proper management is carried out during
construction activities.The contractor would be required to control noise and exhaust
pollution by construction management techniques as per NEQS.
6.2.5 Noise
There will be no noise impact on the nearby settlements due to vehicular movement as no
settlements exist near the project construction activities area. Noise nuisances can be
minimized by preventing traffic movement during night time 21:00 hrs to 06:00 hrs, blowing
of horns and by proper tuning and maintenance of construction equipment.
6.2.6 River Water Quality
It is expected that river water quality will deteriorate during construction phase. This will
mainly be due to the increase of suspended solids, turbidity and waste due to run-off from
land. This change in water quality will be of temporary, medium negative during
construction activities only.
The deterioration of river water quality will be minimized by controlled blasting, drilling and
construction activities along the river banks. Hazardous chemicals and fuels will be
managed as per standard procedures to avoid their spillage into river. The construction of
diversion tunnels would not be carried out during lean periods. Moreover, Construction and
maintaining temporary drainage channels around areas where major construction activity
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and construction spoils are located. The drainage system would preferably lead the water to
a temporary pool or swamp before it is properly discharged in the river, to settle extra
suspended material related to construction activity. The CC has to ensure that all such
construction activities are carried out in a planned manner.
6.2.7 Fishery
Construction related impacts on fishery has been visualized as low negative which include
water pollution due to construction activities, impacts due to restriction in normal flow,
sediments and workers resorting to illegal poaching.
In-stem river pollution will be managed by controlled construction activities such as;
hazardous chemicals and fuels will be managed as per standard procedures to avoid their
spillage into river. The contractor will ensure that construction of diversion tunnels will not
be carried out during lean periods. The contractor‟s workforce will be sensitized about the
protection of fish life. The stranded fish will be stocked in downstream reaches of river to
avoid mortality.
6.2.8 Landscaping
For the conservation of existing natural environment and the minimization of final
disturbance to landscape, the Contractor will make effort to minimize the area of disturbed
land and apply Landscape / Vegetation Rehabilitation Plan to provide recovered status to
local existing landscape.
6.2.9 Post Construction Site Restoration and Rehabilitation
After finalization of the construction activities, the areas of construction activities will be
rehabilitated in their original ecological status and parks or play grounds. Proper vegetation
and planting will be provided to construction area after activities to restore the concerned
environment to original or planned status.
6.2.10 Soil Erosion
Land construction slope should be kept as flat as is reasonably possible. Methods such as
slope rounding, terracing or contouring to minimize erosion and to promote plant growth will
be adopted. The extent of impact of erosion is assessed to be medium due to removal of
trees from the reservoir which will affect the stability of the slopes of the river bank. This
impact can be reduced to low if proper mitigation measures regarding the slope protection
are adopted throughout the life of reservoir.
6.2.11 Affected Trees/Forest
It is estimated that 5676 number of private and government trees will be acquired due to the
project interventions. It is to be pointed out that submergence area would involve major tree
cutting of the project component. The exact number and ownership of trees will be
executed by the forest department with the involvement of the revenue department.
The cutting of trees will affect the ecological balance of the area and enhance soil erosion
and landslide potential. The impact of the construction activities on terrestrial fauna and
flora is assessed to be medium negative. It is recommended that only the smallest possible
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number of trees should be cut to clear the land for construction. Only indigenous tree
species will be selected for replacement and no alien invasive species will be used. At least
seven new trees will replace each cut tree in the periphery of the reservoir, dam,
powerhouse and staff colony.
It will be the responsibility of the contractor to avoid maximum tree cutting during
construction activities of the project structures and plant seven new against each tree
cutting. Respective owners of the trees will be compensated according to the rate finalized
by the forest and horticulture department.
6.2.12 Fauna
As a result of dam construction, the level of reservoir will rise and the habitat therein will be
submerged which will negatively affect and dislocate the population of reptiles and rodent
species to higher steel slopes of the mountains. Habitat shrinkage will greatly affect these
animals. However, a positive impact on the population of amphibians, birds and large
mammals is expected in the long-term scenario. On the other hand dam construction will
add a wetland for many migratory birds‟ species.
Fauna having migrated to nearby safe areas will have the opportunity to return to their
habitats due to distribution of similar habitat throughout the project area after construction
activities are over.
Controlled blasting, mining and construction activities will reduce impact on the population
of lizards, snakes and rodents in the short-term activities.
The on-going annual tree plantation campaigns by the Forest Department can be seen on
mitigation measures for wildlife habitats rehabilitation.
Considering the common leopard, wolf, barking deer and Indian pangolin which are very
rare in the area and only occasionally seen, hydropower development in these basins will
significantly alter the habitats of these species of very high conservation importance. For
this, extensive long-term seasonal studies are required.
6.2.13 Community Health, Safety and Security
Construction activities can impact the community of the area in terms of security, safety and
health. The significance of impact is minimized to negligible if comprehensive safety plans
and awareness among the community is highlighted.
6.2.14 Traffic Disruption and Community Safety
The construction related traffic on the road can disrupt existing traffic and can also create
safety hazards for the villagers. A traffic management plan will be developed and submitted
by the contractor at least one month before commencement of construction work. Its main
objective is to maximize the safety of the workforce and the travelling public and to keep
traffic flowing as freely as possible.
6.2.15 Workers’ Camp Solid and Liquid Wastes
The camps can be a source of environmental pollution if the wastes are not managed
properly. It is recommended that proper sanitation facilities, pour flush type latrines with
septic tanks are recommended. Also proper arrangements of solid waste management
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should be made in construction camps. Proper water supply system should be provided
from the springs. All such facilities are to be provided by the contractors.
6.2.16 Fuel and Hazardous Material Storage Sites
Fuel and hazardous material storage sites and their handling are the potential sites for soil
and water pollution. Improper siting, storage and handling of fuels, lubricants, chemicals
and hazardous materials, and potential spills from these will severely impact the soil and
water quality and cause safety and health hazards. The impact of fuel and hazardous
material storage sites on the environment is assessed to be medium negative.
The storage sites are to be designed such way that any spills from these goods will not
pollute the soils and water. As a minimum, these sites are to be bunded on all sides on top
of an impermeable layer (e.g. concrete lined) by providing absorbent and containment
material (e.g. absorbent matting).
All the associated equipment such as filling and off-take points, gauges, etc. should be
located within the bund. All the personnel involved in the handling of these sites are to be
properly trained. Fuel supply equipment will be regularly revised to prevent leakage due to
inappropriate condition of refueling equipment.
Regular plant checks will be undertaken to ensure no leaks or other problems are apparent.
Vehicle maintenance, cleaning, degreasing etc. will be undertaken only in designated areas
of hard-standing.
6.2.17 Socio-Economic Aspects
During the construction phase of the project a mass inflow of outside workers and heavy
machinery will disturb the local socio political and socio cultural life. As a result the women
folk in particular could be restricted by a more strict application of purdah and sense of
insecurity among the locals may increase.
Negative influence of migrant workers on the society including spreading of HIV will hardly
occur and the risk is assessed to be very low
It is anticipated that residential accommodation facilities will be developed and the local
people will be exposed to new income generation opportunities. People from other places
are expected to visit the project site for participation in the construction activities leading to
cultural transformation and learning from each other.
6.2.18 Chance Find
In case of chance find it will be the responsibility of the project engineer to stop the activities
and report to the Archaeological Department for further necessary action.
6.2.19 Post Construction Site Restoration and Rehabilitation
The Construction Contractor will ensure to restore and rehabilitate all construction sites to
their original conditions.
6.3 OPERATION RELATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
6.3.1 Microclimate and Emissions of Green House Gases
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The effect on the microclimatic conditions will be minimal. Most of the organic materials as
trees, shrubs etc. will be removed before filling the reservoir. This reduces the generation of
greenhouse gases to a minimum. Compared with oil or coal fired power plants the emission
of CO2 can be neglected.
6.3.2 Fishery
Some of the impacts due to cascading projects on Jhelum River during operational phase
will include modification in lotic habitat i.e. compartmentalization of river into lotic and
lacustrine river segments. The diversion tunnels in case of cascading projects upstream of
Karot HPP will also impact the long river reaches and there will be direct low negative
impact on aquatic biota and riparian users. Upper rithronic portion of Jhelum River has
limited ichthyo diversity and gradually it reaches to its peak at Mangla dam with 46 fish
species. This biodiversity in impacted reach will be further reduced in favour of planktivore
species. However, biomass of benthic species will be reduced.
The fisheries management in the impacted river reach will encompass two fold
management i.e. propagation of culture based fisheries in fluctuating reservoirs and
ensuring availability (15m3/s in case of Karot HPP) of environmental flows in downstream
reaches.
The indirect mitigation measures include participation of local stakeholders in fisheries
management, enforcement of fisheries regulations, protection of natural spawning grounds
and reduction in ichthy mass of carnivore varieties.
Ecological flow: The environmental flows as assessed for Neelum Jhelum HPP and other
cascading projects by modifying Montana method comes to 15m3/s.
For Karot HPP, on an average daily flows of lean period works out as 150 m3/s. It is
proposed that 10% of this flow namely 15m3/s downstream of the project head works may
be made available in winter season to provide for environmental flow requirements which
would take care of the need for aquatic flora and fauna including fisheries in the relevant
river stretch of the project area.
6.3.3 Impact of River Water Sediment and Sediment Flushing
The total sediment transport is 38.12 million tons. Sediment mainly comes in the flood
season from April to August. The sediment inflow into the Karot reservoir is highly
concentrated in contrast to the limited reservoir storage of only 152 million m3.
A lower sediment release level will better help reduce the reservoir sedimentation and lower
the dam-front sedimentation height. After examining the one-dimensional numerical
sedimentation simulation result of the reservoir area and the three-dimensional numerical
simulation of the damsite area, three scenarios of 451 m, 446 m and 441 m were selected
and he reservoir sedimentation will be 108 million m3, 104 million m
3 and 99 million m
3,
respectively at the end of 10 years. The reservoir sedimentation will be 132 million m3, 126
million m3 and 120 million m
3, respectively at the end of 20 years‟ service for the 451 m,
446 m and 441 m sediment release levels.The lower the sediment release levels the
smaller the reservoir sedimentation.
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In terms of the ability to achieve higher energy output, the 451 m sediment release level is
better.
6.3.4 Collection of Sand
The continuous extraction of sand/gravel will not affect the daily income of inhabitants
accruing from this activity weather the project is built or not built. On the other hand, the
continuous extraction of sand/gravel will insignificantly affect the aquatic ecology of the river
downstream of the powerhouse.
The best way to achieve the reduction in sand/gravel collection is to focus on these
extraction activities in fewer areas where they can be better managed as this will reduce the
area of sediment extraction hence suggesting controlled sand/gravel collection practices at
the alternate locations.
6.3.5 Socio-Economic Aspects
Employment
The employment opportunities available during the operation phase of the project will be
limited to a number of technicians / skilled workers like engineers. The effect on
employment of local people during operational period will be positive.
6.4 DECCOMISSIONING OF THE PROJECT
Low to mediun adverse negative impacts have been assessed during decommissioning of
the project.
6.5 CUMULATIVE RIVER BASIN IMPACTS
Under the cascade development plan on the mainstream of Jhelum River, upstream of the
Mangla dam, five hydropower plants with installed capacity of more than 500 MW are to be
constructed in the Kohala – Mangla river section, namely; Kohala (1100MW), Mahl
(700mw), Azad Pattan (640mw), Karot (720mw), Mangla (1000mw). Most of these cascade
reservoirs are designed with daily regulation capability. Their water levels are generally
connected with each other.
6.5.1 Cumulative Impact on River Flows
The cascade hydro projects in the Jhelum River basin will directly affect the Jhelum River
flow. There diversions will release diverted flows back into the Jhelum River. The
environmental flow from these projects will be sufficient for bare survival of the aquatic life
of the affected reaches in the Jhelum River.
6.5.2 Cumulative Impact on Aquatic Ecology
Fish migration will be restricted and fish biodiversity may be altered by the construction of
cascade of hydropower projects resulting in river compartmentalization. Accordingly, the
potential impact on fisheries is considered to be negative and of moderate magnitude.
To mitigate the losses/reduction in fish numbers due to the project, in situ fisheries
management techniques including culture based fisheries management, reduction in
carnivore varieties, and adoption of conservation measures will result in enhancement in
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fisheries bio productivity.
6.5.3 Climate Change & its Relevance
It is widely accepted that increasing concentrations of (GHG) in the atmosphere are causing
climate change, but there still exists uncertainly in magnitude; timing and spatial distribution
of these changes. The role of simulation modeling in assessing climatic changes impacts on
hydrology & river is essential.. The temporal variability in the availability of water resources
in the basin under the influence of climate change indicate the need for developing different
adaptation strategies, particularly for lean period flows i-e winter flows.
6.5.4 Adaptation in the wake of Climate Change Impacts
The climate change oriented adaptation measures in case of future viability of Jhelum River
fisheries, include basin wide understanding of intricacies of water budget changes,
integrated water resource management, construction of cascading HPP in the anticipation
of changing climatic scenarios. Introduction of eurytonic fish species, having flexible
feeding, breeding and living habits can thrive in changing environment.
Water loss through evaporation in cascading reservoirs will require further knowledge about
species which can adopt in changing epilimnion i-e surface feeders aquatic environment.
6.5.5 Climate Change in Himalayas
The impacts of climate change in the Himalayas are real. Melting glaciers, erratic and
unpredictable weather conditions, changing rainfall patterns, and increasing temperatures
are impacting on the people and wildlife of the region.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “glaciers in the
Himayalas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and if the present rate
continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very
high if the earth keep getting warmer at the current rate”. According to the IPCC report the
total area of glaciers in the Himalaya will shrink from 1930051 square miles to 38,000
square miles by 2035.
6.5.6 Climate Change Effects on Jehlum River
As Pakistan falls in arid climate region therefore construction of dam/ reservoir in particular
Jehlum / Karot will have negligible impact on the local climate. Also the Karot reservoir is
confined in a gorge therefore evaporation losses will be negligible.
6.6 POSITIVE IMPACTS
The Project is expected to provide 300 MW of energy which will assist in addressing the
power deficits of the country. This will have tremendous beneficial impacts on the national
economy and improve the quality of life of the people currently suffering due to power
shortage every other hour of the day.
6.7 SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL UPLIFT PROGRAMME
Considering the betterment of the local community following socio-environmental
development plans have been proposed;
i) Improvement of the sites used for various construction activities for parks,
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playgrounds etc.
ii) Development Scheme like Medical Treatment, School Support, Drinking Water
Treatment Plants etc.
7. INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Environmental impacts associated with construction and operation of the project need to be
mitigated for which institutional arrangements have been proposed by establishing a project
management unit (PMU) headed by a full time Project Director to ensure compliance with
IFC guidelines. For addressing complaints and grievances of project affectees, a grievance
redress committee (GRC) has been proposed.
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The environmental and social management plan (ESMP) has been drawn up to address
environmental concerns, recommend mitigation measures and assign responsibility to
implement and monitor them. The environmental and social management plan should be
used as a basis for environmental compliance programme and be included in the contract
document.
7.3 SITE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS (SSEMPS)
The respective contractor will ensure to prepare all relevant management plans for
construction and operation phases as part of SSEMPs before start of construction and
operation phases respectively.
7.4 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Environmental performance of the project will be monitored both, internally and externally.
Internal monitoring will be conducted by PMU/ESDC. The external monitoring will be
assigned to an organization hired by Karot power Company Ltd and approved by IFC and
will be undertaken in the form of periodic audit, for which IFC will prepare the terms of
reference (ToR).
8. ENVIRONMRNTAL AND RESETTLEMENT COSTS
The total environmental and resettlement cost including compensations for the affected
and, houses, shops, trees including relocation cost of community structures has been
estimated as Rs. 1338 million 15% CAS has also been included in the replacement cost of
land and houses.
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CHAPTER –1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE
The Karot Power Company Limited (KPCL) intends to construct a 720 MW Karot
hydropower project on river Jhelum in Rawalpindi District, Punjab province near Karot
village, through the financial assistance to be provided by the World Bank/International
Finance Corporation (IFC). KPCL contracted Pakistan Engineering Services Private Limited
(PES) to carry out an update of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report
prepared by SMEC in 2009.
Karot Power Company Limited (KPCL) was assigned to update the feasibility of the project.
Consequently, they reviewed the design and modified it from concrete dam to rock fill dam
and from underground powerhouse to a surface powerhouse. This Report presents the
outcome of the EIA update exercise based on the design change carried out by the
Consultant.
Pakistan is facing an acute crisis in the energy sector. Increase in oil and gas prices has
doubled the production cost of thermal power. It, therefore, becomes necessary to take up
hydel power projects to keep the electricity tariff within the affordable limits.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The objective of the assignment was to update the EIA report of 720 MW Karot Hydropower
Project to reflect the final design and to meet IFC Performance Standards, including
preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan.
1.3 SCOPE OF CONSULTANT SERVICE
The scope of services undertaken by the consultant was to update the EIA report of Karot
HPP and make it an internationally acceptable document in light of the World Bank/IFC
Environmental Guidelines and their applicable Performance Standards in addition to the
national requirements as laid down in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997
(Pak-EPA 1997) as well as those of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Environmental Protection Act
(AJK-EPA 2000).
1.4 PRESENT UPDATED EIA STUDY
The present updated Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report prepared by
Pakistan Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd. (PES) Lahore, addresses Karot Hydropower
Project, which would develop the hydroelectric potential of the Jhelum River from
upstream limit at elevation 480 masl to a proposed powerhouse near village Karot in
Rawalpindi district, Punjab province.
This report is an update of the 2009 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of the
Karot hydropower project; since then, no significant baseline changes have occurred. This
EIA report seeks to describe the additional associated project impact assessment with
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respect to social aspects particularly due to change in design. The additional information
discussed in this updated EIA report due to change in design includes the following:
Project Description and layout
Relocation and Resettlement Issues
Affected local communities
Loss of Business
Loss of community and government infrastructure
Socio-economic profile of the project affectees
Public consultation and disclosure process; and
Preparation of a standalone RAP of the project
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CHAPTER - 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) in November 1984 conducted
ranking studies of possible sites for development of Hydropower Projects along river
Jhelum. Karot Hydropower scheme was identified as potential site for hydropower
production. The ranking studies were conducted by Hydro Electric Power Organization of
WAPDA NWFP province (now KPK) and German Consultants Company GTZ. No further
work on this proposal was, however, carried out leaving it as a raw site. In later years, the
scheme was taken up by the Private Power Infrastructure Board (PPIB) which offered it as
an investment power project (IPP) to the private sector in 2007. A group of Pakistani and
Chinese sponsors was awarded the Letter of Interest (LOI) after an international
competitive bidding process in March 2007. M/s. Associated Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (ATL)
was awarded the project and signed a contract on August 21, 2007. ATL consisted of a
consortium of international and local companies namely M/s SMEC International (Pvt.) Ltd.,
Australia, M/s Mirza Associates Engineering Services (Pvt.) Ltd., Pakistan (MAES), M/s
Engineering General Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd., Pakistan (EGC). The EIA study of the project
was completed by SMECK in 2009.
Later on, as per requirement of Pak-Environmental Protection Act 1997, the study was
approved by the both relevant Environmental Protection Agencies (Punjab - EPA and AJ&K
- EPA) in 2010 and 2011 vide their approval letter nos. DD(EIA)/EPA/F-2502/2K9/335 dated
06-03-2010 and Ref No. 178-80 dated 6-6-2010 respectively.
The conditions laid down in the approval letters of the relevant agencies (Punjab – EPA and
AJ&K - EPA) requires that „‟ Any change in the approved project shall be communicated to
EPA, Punjab and EPA – AJ&K and shall be commenced after obtaining the approval.‟‟
After extensive field works and desk studies, a feasibility review/update report was
prepared in March 2014 in which major layout / design changes have been proposed such
as the main dam axis has been shifted downstream and its type has been changed from
concrete gravity type to rock fill type. The spillway is no more part of dam body, instead a
separate spillway structure has been provided in open cut adjacent to power intake. The
powerhouse has been changed from cavern type to above ground/surface type.
This chapter mainly describes the project as conceived by the Changjiang Design Institute
in their feasibility update report of March 2014.
2.2 PROJECT LOCATION
Karot Hydropower Project is proposed to be built on River Jhelum, upstream of Mangla
Dam near village Karot in Kahuta Tehsil of Rawalpindi District. The site is accessible from
the Federal Capital Islamabad via Kahuta-Kotli Road and lies at an approximate distance of
65 kilometres south-east of Rawalpindi. The site has GPS coordinates 33-36-N and 73-36
E. Upstream of the Proposed Hydropower project, Jhelum River is joined by its main
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tributaries i.e., Kunhar, Neelum and Mahl Rivers. A location map of Jhelum River and Karot
Hydropower Project Area is presented in Figure 2.1.
The Project Area comprises locations in the AJK (reservoir left Bank only) and in the
Province of Punjab, on Jhelum River upstream of the existing Mangla Reservoir, near the
village of Karot. The satellite imagery of dam site is given in Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.1: Project Location Map
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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Figure 2.2: Project Layout Satellite Imagery
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
35 January 2015
2.3 PROJECT ACCESS
The existing road route from the port of Karachi to Karot (Project Site) can be subdivided
into following segments:
i) From the Karachi Port to Rawalpindi / Rawat
ii) From Rawalpindi / Rawat to Karot Hydropower Project Site.
The status of infrastructure existing as of today in the above mentioned route segments
are briefly described hereafter.
The Karot Hydropower Project Site is accessible from Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi by
air, as well as, by road. Through railway, it is accessible up to Rawalpindi / Rawat. The
nearest airport for the Project is at Islamabad.
2.3.1 Project Approach Road
The National Highway N-5 connects Karachi and Rawalpindi, covering a distance of 1540
kilometres. The N-5 is a two lane highway that caters for about 80% of the country's
economy related transportation and is suitable for transportation of all kinds of vehicles.
There should be no need for improvement / alteration of roads / bridges or lifting of
transmission lines. The highway is regularly used for transportation of similar heavy
equipment as contemplated to be transported for Karot Hydropower Project. Local access
roads, however, need to be upgraded and bridges reinforced.
2.3.2 Project Approach by other Modes of Transport
Approach by Railway / Roads: The railway link is available from Karachi to Rawat /
Rawalpindi. Equipment for Karot Hydropower Project can be transported from Karachi to
Rawat by Railway and, further, it can be transported to the Project Site through roads. Two
separate routes from Rawalpindi to Karot site as noted have been studied.
Rawalpindi – Sihala – Kahuta – Karot
Rawat – Chowk Pandori – Beor – Karot
Access by Air: The proposed Project Site can be reached through the airports at
Islamabad and Lahore. These airports handle international flights and can be reached
directly and via Karachi.
2.3.3 Equipment Transport
The heavy equipment such as gates, generators, transformers, turbines, cranes etc shall
arrive at Karachi Port. From docks of Karachi, equipment shall be transported to the dam
and powerhouse sites, located along the Jhelum River near Karot Bridge. Two modes of
transport, can be adopted for transportation of the equipment to the Project Area, as stated
below.
Entirely by Road: By road from Karachi to Rawalpindi / Rawat and then to the Project Site.
By Combination of Rail and Road: By rail from Karachi to Rawat and then by road from
Rawat to the specific Project locations.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
36 January 2015
2.3.4 Selection of Mode of Transport
It has been realized that transportation of equipment from Rawat to the Project Area is only
possible by road. However, for journey from Karachi to Rawalpindi / Rawat, two alternatives
are available; either by road or by train.
In case of journey by road, equipment shall be loaded at Karachi Port on long body trucks,
having appropriate number of trailers with bogies, depending on weight of the
consignments. Trucks will reach Rawat and from there onwards the trucks will move to the
Project Site. It is recommended that the transportation of all equipment be done by road to
avoid trans-shipments at Rawat.
2.3.5 General Problems Relating to Very Heavy Loads Transportation
Very heavy components of Project machinery and equipment to be transported would have
been 3-phase transformers, turbine runners, inlet valves and generator rotors, etc. By using
singly phase transformers, the heaviest part for transportation would be turbine runner with
a weight of 84 tons and diameters of 5.5 meters. The other heavy component of machine
like rotors and stators of generators will be received in pieces and will be assembled at
power station site. Transformer will be transported on a flatbed trailer giving an axle load of
approximately 9.5 tons. If this is not possible, a trailer with two bogies will be used. All other
main generator parts will be transported on either of the two trailers.
Runner of the turbines and other hydro-mechanical equipment, including main turbine parts,
will be transported on the trailers, which will be used for the transformers; either the flat-bed
or the bogie trailer. Depending on the size of spiral casing of turbine, the delivery of casing
in one part or two parts will be done. Due to the width or height restrictions, the spiral
casing will be cut into parts and later re-joined with an erection weld at site. However,
dividing the spiral casing into two with a flanged joint is a more expensive proposition.
The heavy pieces of equipment will be unloaded at each bay of the power station after the
power station cranes have been erected. Before that, it is assumed that the contractor will
provide a mobile crane with adequate capability. Even with smaller pieces of plant and
equipment, bridges with a load carrying capacity of not less than 15 - 20 tons are required.
For sharp bends, a transport which allows some measure of articulation may even become
necessary. Some of the bridges will have to be replaced or strengthened.
The suggestion of using helicopters to transport the heaviest pieces of equipment is
unworkable on following grounds:
Restricted lifting capacity of the largest helicopter available in Pakistan.
Enormous cost
Risk of using helicopters with heavy loads to be carried.
2.3.6 Mode of Transportation by Rail up to Rawat
Railway Line Characteristics: The main broad gauge line form Karachi to Rawalpindi, has
a design capacity of 22.86 tons axle load. The free profile of this branch line has a free
width of 4.1 meters and a free height of 5.8 meters.
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All the equipment, with exception of the transformers and turbine runners can be
subdivided to allow transportation by railway. The subdivision can be made so that the axle
load does not exceed 16.5 tons. Suitable railway cars, either with 2 or 3 axle bogies and
double load-bearing beams or flat-bed, are available with Pakistan Railways for
transportation of heavy parts.
Unloading at Rawat: The equipment will be unloaded at Rawat and loaded on to trucks or
trailers. The transformers may be moved side-ways from railway car on to the trailer without
lifting provided that suitable railway cars are used. For all other equipment, it is assumed
that contractor will provide a mobile crane for lifting various parts of the Project machinery.
2.3.7 Recommendations
As an outcome of the Transportation Studies the maximum size of equipment to be
transported to the Project site is 5.5 meters.
Transportation of equipment, machinery and materials by road should be preferred
over transportation by rail. Maximum size of equipment is restricted to 5.5 meters.
With road transportation Rawat to the Project Site, the Route N.2 (i.e. Rawat- Chowk
Pandori-Beor-Karot) is preferred over the Route No. 1 (i.e. Sihala-Kahuta-Karot)
NHA to be approached, through PPIB, for reconstruction / up-gradating of road,
Rawat-Chowk Pandori-Beor-Karot to class-70 specifications.
Transformers should be transported on hydraulic platform trailers having 15 meters
length, 3 meters width approximately number of axles and wheels/tyres, depending
upon type of transformers these phase or single phase to be used.
A minimum of 16 meters turning radius be provided for easy manoeuvrability of
hydraulic plat form trailers.
Pavement design, retaining walls, culverts and bridges of access roads need top
graded/reconstructed for carrying class 70 loads vehicles.
Convoy-rest-areas and crossing places be provided at appropriate places.
New access roads are to be constructed within the Project Area to gain time for the
main (civil works).
2.4 PROJECT COMPONENTS
Table 2.1 enumerates the major physical components of Karot HPP as per feasibility
update report by KPCL design team (March 2014). The latest project layout as per
feasibility update report by KPCL is presented at Figures 2.3 & 2.4.
Table 2.1: Physical Components of Karot Hydropower Project
Sr. # Project Components Data
1. Powerhouse
Powerhouse Type
Dimensions (L x W x H)
Surface, above ground
170.4 m x 27 m x 61.7 m
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Sr. # Project Components Data
Design Discharge 1,248.4 m3/s
Installed Capacity 720 Mw
Mean Annual Energy 3,213 GWh
Plan Factor 50.94%
Auxiliary Consumption 1%
2. Turbines
No. 4
Type Francis
Rated Output
Rated Flow
Rated Head
Maximum Head
182.7 MW (each)
312.1 m3/s (each)
65.0 m
79.34 m
3. Dam
Dam Type Asphalt Concrete Core Rockfill
Dam
Maximum Dam Height
Normal Pool Level
Design Flood
95.5 m
461 masl
20,700 m3/s
Safety Check Flood
Check Flood Level
29,600 m3/s
467.06 (5000 Year Flood)
4. Spillway
Spillway Type Overflow with Radial Gates
Gate Size 14 m x 22 m (each)
No. of Gates 6
5. Sluicing Gates
No. of Gate Orifices 2
Gates Types Radial
Gate Size 9 m x 10 m (each)
6. Diversion Tunnels D & B (Drill and Blast)
Type Concrete Lined Tunnel
No. of Tunnels 3
Tunnel Dia 12.5 m
Tunnel Length 450 m (each)
7. Head Race Power Tunnel D & B (Drill and Blast)
Type
No.
Concrete Lined Tunnel
4
Tunnel Diameter 9.5 m (each)
Tunnel Length 240 m (each)
No. of Penstocks 4 m
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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Sr. # Project Components Data
Diameter of Penstocks 7.9 m (each)
8. Tailrace Channel
Type
Length
Width
Concrete Lined Channel
170.4 m
17.5 m
9. Electrical Works
Transmission Line Capacity 500 kV
Generator 4, Turbo units
Generator Capacity 180 MW/ 200 MVA
Generation Voltage 18 kV
Figure 2.3: Project Layout Plan
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40 January 2015
Figure 2.4: Project Layout Plan (3D Perspective View)
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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2.4.1 Dam, Reservoir and Power Intake
The proposed dam will be located downstream of the village of Gorah, about 200 meters
upstream of Karot Bridge. During construction, the foundation of the dam and power
intake will cover an area centred on the river bed between the upstream and downstream
cofferdams. The project area mostly covers bare, unproductive rock and river bed. Three
diversion tunnels have been envisaged to divert the river flows during construction of main
dam.
The dam will have a maximum height of 95.5 meters. It will impound 152 million cubic
meters (MCM) of water at normal pool level of 461 masl. The normal pool level has been
assigned to the project by Private power Infrastructure Board (PPIB). Government of
Pakistan (on the basis of cascade study) carried out study for optimal allocation of gross
head to the hydropower projects proposed upstream of Mangla Dam on Jhelum River. At
normal pool level, this reservoir will extend upstream upto 5.54 km² into the narrow canyon
and would submerge the bare and unproductive areas around river bed. The topographic
map of reservoir area is shown in Figures 2.5 - 2.11. It has been proposed to permanently
acquire land in reservoir area corresponding to 20 years flood in the Karot reservoir.
The dead level has been recommended as 451 m on the basis of the dam-front
sedimentation elevation. It is fixed by considering water level requirement at intake and
ensuring the operational stability of the generating units by minimizing the energy output
loss during reservoir sediment release period.
After 20 years of reservoir operation, there will still be approximately 20 million m3
regulating storage left. This indicates that the selected dead water level will still satisfy the
requirement of intake and daily regulation.
2.4.2 Headrace Tunnels
Four headrace tunnels will convey up to 312.1 m³/s (each tunnel) of water from the power
intake on the right bank of Jhelum River to the powerhouse.
One generator is matched with one tunnel to avoid large diameter of tunnel and keep
flexibility in running of generator. There are 4 tunnels in total. These will be excavated using
drill and blast method.
These 4 tunnels will run parallel to each other and are to be connected by means of
“straight line-arc-straight line”. Distance between tunnel axis is 27m.
The diameter of tunnel shall be not too large as surrounding rocks in are classified as III
and IV. If proposed diameter of tunnel is 10m and thickness of rock pillar between tunnels is
only 1.25 times of the diameter (not thick enough), there will be instability of surrounding
rock. In this circumstance, it is necessary to widen space between tunnels. This will enlarge
intake, increase amount of work meanwhile bring a range of problems in layout and power
generation structure. The tunnels will be concrete lined having a diameter of 9.5 m.
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2.4.3 Penstocks and Powerhouse
From the downstream end of the headrace tunnel, water will be conveyed through the
penstocks to the powerhouse. This powerhouse would be located in open cut on the right
bank of Jhelum River at Karot. The discharge from the turbines will run through a 170
meters long tailrace channel back to the Jhelum River. All material excavated from the
penstock, powerhouse and tailrace channel will be properly dumped in the disposal areas
selected for the project.
2.4.4 Processing Standard of Inundation
As there is no regulations and codes and related provisions related with respects of the
processing standards for inundation in Pakistan. In combination with the practical situation
of the reservoir area, considering the degree of importance of flooded objects and the
original flood control standard as well as the influenced degree by reservoir inundation, the
processing standard and processing scope of inundation of reservoir area in Karot HPP is
considered by KPCL.
Designed Backwater of Reservoir: The designed flood standard of farmland shall be
once in 5 years, the designed flood standard of resettlement line shall be once in 20 years,
the designed flood standard of highway and other professional projects shall be determined
according to the provisions of the relevant industrial technical standards, for those are not
stipulated by relevant industrial technical standards, the designed flood standard shall be
determined according to the study of importance of its service objects. Refer to Table 2.2
for details about the designed flood standards of different flooded objects. The calculation
of backwater of reservoir considered the influence of sediment deposition used for 20
years.
Table 2.2: Standard Meter of Designed Flood for Different Floored Object
Flooded Object Flood Standard
(frequency %) Recurrence Interval (year)
Farmland 20 5
Forest land, grassland and
unused land Normal pool level -
Housing estate 5 20
Free height of reservoir: comprehensively consider the factors of safety, the resettlement
line shall be considered to add 1m in height and the land acquisition line to add 0.5m in
height.
The designed final position of the terminal of backwater of reservoir: take the calculated
section with a difference value of 0.3m from the water surface profile of backwater of the
designed flood sediment deposition to the water surface profile of natural flood with the
same frequency as the section of terminal of backwater of reservoir, the inundated area of
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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the upper reach of section of terminal of backwater of reservoir shall be horizontally
extended to place intersecting with the averaged water surface profile of natural river
course for several years. In consideration of the dam site of Azad Pattan Hydropower
Station at the cascade in upper reach of Karot Hydropower Project of Jhelum River locates
at the Azad Pattan Bridge with 7km away in the upper reach. When the section of designed
flood backwater terminal locates at the upper reach of dam site of Azad Pattan Hydropower
Project , finger out shall be conducted in the way that the section of Azad Pattan dam site to
be cut off vertically.
Scope of Reservoir Inundation Area:
Line of land acquisition: The farmland shall be the recommended normal pool level
(461m, the same below) in front of dam + free height value of reservoir (the influence of
storm waves and ship waves shall be considered in this phase and measured as 0.5m)
horizontally connecting the water surface profile of backwater of the designed flood
sediment deposition occurred once in 5 years, the normal pool level shall be deemded as
that of the forest land, grassland and unused land.
Resettlement line: Include the housing estates, cities and towns (markets) and general
professional projects. Horizontally connect the water surface profile of backwater of the
designed flood sediment deposition occurred once in 20 years to the normal pool level in
front of dam + free height value of reservoir (the influence of storm waves and ship waves
shall be considered in this phase and measured as 1.0m), among which, for the high grade
professional projects, refer to the designed flood standards specified by relevant
professional norms.
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Figure 2.5. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-1
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
45 January 2015
Figure 2.6. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-2
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46 January 2015
Figure 2.7. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-3
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47 January 2015
Figure 2.8. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-4
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48 January 2015
Figure 2.9. Layout of reservoir area 7-5
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
49 January 2015
Figure 2.10. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-6
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50 January 2015
Figure 2.11. Layout of Reservoir Area 7-7
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
51 January 2015
2.5 DAM SAFETY
Safety is given utmost importance in the project design. The detail treatment of the subject
is given in the design documents. A summary of safety parameters adopted in the project
design and operation is given below:
Safety against hydraulic pressure from fully supply level and high flood level.
Safety against combined pressure of water and soil (sediment); this is structural part
of the design. This condition will not develop on initial filling, but may develop after
years of reservoir operation if no sediment is removed.
Safety against flood inflow. Additional flood storage has been provided in the design
to accommodate the basic design.
Safe against spill over due to extreme waves or flood events such as GLOFs. The
safety check flood of the dam is designed to consider a combined event of historical
GLOFs, rainfall records and natural dam failures. A free board has been
accommodated to accommodate waves.
Safety against waves generated by landslides in reservoir. The chances of landslides
fill during and after reservoir filling cannot be ruled out. A large landslide drop into the
reservoir has potential of generating a wave. The land slide wave can be absorbed by
the provision in the weir design for flood + wave.
Safety against scour in plunge pool scours depth. The discharge from spillway will flip
from the bucket into the air and fall in the pool of water below. The formation of
eddies will dissipate the energy. The process will scour the river bed and depth of the
water in the plunge pool will increase. This depth will attain equilibrium and reach no
scour no deposit. The foundation of the weir is below the maximum scour depth is
surety of the safety.
Safety against Tilt or differential settlement: The foundation is on firm fresh rock.
There is no chance of differential settlement.
Safety against leakages. The dam design has provided inspection galleries. These
will allow monitoring of the dam after the fill. The high quality concrete will allow only
very little transmissibility. Should the inflow indicate an abnormal increase, the
operator will have to investigate the reason and eliminate it.
Safety against land sliding during reservoir filling and drawdown. The filling of the
dam for the first time, and subsequently for operation will result in increase of pore
pressure. If the rock is poor, it may fail and result in land slide. The pore pressure
developed during filling will create reverse hydraulic gradient. This can result in the
failure of the slope and creating a land slide. The fill and emptying the reservoir must
be kept at low rate for safety of weir. The first filling of the reservoir will be carried out
at a rate of 1 m/day while monitoring slope failures. During flushing operations a filling
rate of 3 m/day and drawdown rate of 4 m/day will be adopted. However, it is
expected the landslide prone areas will be stabilized after a few cycles of filling and
drawdown.
Safety during repeated drawdown cycles and fill cycles if used for peaking power is
critical. It is important to keep surveillance during operation and keep studying the
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slope movement. For this purpose the slopes are mapped and their movement
recorded to forecast the land slides. This has to be part of operation manual.
Preparation of annual safety report for review by dam experts. This has to be the part
of operation manual.
Monitoring is an important tool to ensure safety. After completion of the construction, the
dam safety Programme consists of Three Tiers:
The First Tier: Monitoring is carried out by the operation and maintenance (O&M) staff of
the project. This consists of observing the responses of the vast network of instruments
embedded in the various structures. The data collected thus is compiled and analysed to
identify the areas of abnormal behaviour and to devise measures for immediate action.
The Second Tier: Monitoring is carried out. It is done by keeping a constant watch on the
flow of instrument response data of the project structures through Tier One, analysing it
using the latest interpretation techniques, locating the areas of abnormal behaviour and
suggesting short term and long term solutions. Annual inspections to see the physical
condition of the works and to make on site appraisal of performance data. At the end of the
inspection, a comprehensive report is issued commenting upon the physical condition of the
works, abnormalities observed, their likely causes and possible solutions. Experts also visit
projects, whenever any abnormal situation is reported, to study the phenomenon in situ and
suggest corrective measures. In summary Expert's functions under Second Tier are as
below:
Carrying out annual inspection and issuance of inspection report, identifying physical
inadequacies, erratic performances, possible causes and the corrective measures.
Compilation, tabulation and interpretation of performance data of project structures
and issue biannual safety evaluation reports.
Paying site visits to study, diagnose and prescribe problems of emergent natures.
The Third Tier: Monitoring implies periodic Inspections which are undertaken at an interval
of 2 to 5 years, depending upon the hazard value and age of the project. This is supposed
to be carried out by an external team, who are not part of project. The external team will
prepare a comprehensive inspection reports reviewing the health of the structures,
identifying the areas of concern and suggesting short term and long term corrective
measures”.
2.6 PRONE AREAS OF RESERVOIR
According to the the findings of geological survey in the influenced area of reservoir, the
influenced area of reservoir includes the areas of landslide and collapse caused by
reservoir filling.
After the reservoir filling of Karot Hydropower Project, different levels of reconstruction
phenomena on the reservoir bank slope will be caused by the effect of fluctuation and wave
washout of the water in the reservoir, and the facilities and civil buildings inside the
reconstruction influenced area will be affected. According to the field survey and analytical
prediction, the bank slope sections with more concentrated influence on the reconstruction
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of bank slope are mainly distributed at four places, including the bank slope in the
surrounding of cable bridge with 12 ~13km away from the dam site of the left bank, bank
slope of distribution section of deformable bodies of collapsed slide rock on the right bank
with 16.3m from the dam site, bank slope in the surrounding of transformer substation on
the right bank with 17.9 ~18.2km from the dam site, and the bank slope on the right bank
with 19.2m from the dam site, refer to Table 2.3 for details, among which:
Table 2.3: Scope of the Influenced Area of Reservoir of Karot Hydropower Project
Sr.
# Location
Distance from
Dam(km)
Area
(km2)
1 Cable bridge areas on the left bank 12 ~13 0.0176
2 Deformable Bodies areas on the right bank 16.3 0.0011
3 Transformer substation areas on the right bank 17.9 ~18.2 0.0093
4 Areas nearby the lower reach of Azad Pattan
Bridge on the right bank 19.2 0.0005
Cable Bridge Area on the Left Bank: It is distributed in the cable bridge surrounding with
12 ~13km from the dam site on the left bank, this section of bank slope is the quaternary
collapsed slide rock piled up bank slope, the thickness of the collapsed slope generally is 3
~5m with the most thickness reaching more than 10m. The predicted length of
reconstruction area along river shall be of 823m after reservoir filling, and the width of
reconstructed bend shall be of 10 ~20m, the highest influenced elevation shall be of about
490m, and there mainly are highways and houses, etc. For layout see Figure 2.12.
Deformable Bodies Areas on the Right Bank: It is 16.3m away from the dam site, this
section of bank slope shall be quaternary collapsed slide rock piled up bank slope, and
mainly are massive gravels with thickness of 3~5m, overall deformation has happened at
present. The predicted length of reconstruction area of this section of reservoir bank along
river shall be 100m also, and the width of reconstructed bend shall be 5~15m and the
highest influenced elevation shall be about 469m. The reconstruction of reservoir bank will
mainly have effect on the normal operation of highways in the inner side. For layout see
Figure 2.13.
Transformer Substation Areas on the Right Bank: It is 17.9 ~18.2km away from the dam
site, this section of bank slope is the collapsed slide rock piled up bank slope and is made
up by clay with gravel and massive gravels. The predicted length of reconstruction scope of
reservoir bank along the river is more than 220m, the width of reconstructed bend is 30
~50m and the highest affected elevation is about 485m, and it will mainly have effect on the
safe operation of transformer substations in the inner side. For layout see Figure 2.14.
Areas Nearby the Lower Reach of Azad Pattan Bridge on the Right Bank: The bank
slope in this area mainly consists of the collapsed slope rock and gravelly soil, the predicted
length of reconstruction scope of reservoir bank along the river is about 40m, the width of
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reconstructed bend is 10 ~17m and the highest affected elevation is about 470m, it will
mainly have effect on the normal operation of highways in that area. For layout see Figure
2.15.
In general, reconstruction is slight; the width of reconstruction affected zone is
generally less than 5m. There shall be no highway and other key facilities and
dwellings inside the affected area.
Figure 2.12: Reservoir Prone Area (Suspension Bridge Area on Left Bank)
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Figure 2.13: Reservoir Prone Area (Deformation Area on the Right Bank)
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56 January 2015
Figure 2.14: Reservoir Prone Area (Substation Area on the Right Bank)
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57 January 2015
Figure 2.15: Reservoir Prone Area (Downstream on Azad Pattan Bridge of the Right Bank)
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2.7 FLOOD STUDY
Karot Hydropower project is located on the downstream side of Jhelum river basin. Neelum and Kunhar are two major tributaries that join the Jhelum River at upstream side of the dam site.
Jhelum river basin has torrential rains and is frequent during monsoon season in summer.
Rainfall mainly concentrates in southern and western river basin.
Peak flood discharge series of Karot station and Azad Pattan project are mainly collected
from WAPDA and are used for runoff design.Water level observation started from 8:00 a.m.
to 5:00 p.m. Water level was observed once every hour, so high water level observation
may have been missed. Recorded maximum monthly water levels and occurrence time in
2013 through May to September are referred inTable 2.4.
Table 2.4: Recorded Maximum Monthly Water Levels in 2013 (May ~September)
Month Maximum water level recorded by
water level recording meter (m) Time
May 433.26 27th, 8:30
Jun. 432.16 12nd
, 14:05
Jul. 431.10 8th, 8:30
Aug. 433.43 19th, 17:10
Sept. 427.56 13rd
, 14:20
Maximum water level in flood season is 433.43m and was recorded on August 19 at 17:10.
It was higher than maximum water level of 433.39m recorded by water level recording
meter at 17:00 on the same day. Maximum monthly water levels observed in May, June,
July and September, 2013 occurred during regular observation period in Pakistan.
The difference is only 0.04m between the readings. This has less impact on annual
maximum peak flood discharge measured at this station.
The peak flood discharge series of Karot station and Azad Pattan station are shown in
Figure 2.16.
Figure 2.16: Peak Flood Discharge Series at Karot and Azad Pattan Stations
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
19
69
19
71
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
20
07
20
09
Dic
har
ge(
m3/s)
years
Karot Azad Pattan
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Extreme heavy flood occurred in the Jhelum River in 1992. Azad Pattan Bridge, located
7km upstream of Azad Pattan project, was destroyed by the flood. The maximum peak
flood discharge was 14730 m3/s.
In 2001 Mangla dam PMF review report, 1992 rainstorm was selected as most devastating
rainstorm in Pakistan since 1929. It was selected from 1929, 1959 and 1992 rainstorms.
Site investigation and SMEC consultants also confirmed that 1929 heavy flood that
occurred at Azad Pattan station is the heaviest flood since 1929. It was having peak flood
discharge even higher than that of 2010 flood (peak flood discharge 9748m3/s).
The return period of 1992 flood at Azad Pattan station was determined to be 82 years.
Karot dam site is located downstream of Azad Pattan hydrology station and Karot hydrology
station (abandoned in 1979). There is no large tributary between Karot dam site and Azad
Pattan hydrology station.
Difference of drainage area of the two stations is very small as Karot hydrology station is
close to Azad Pattan hydrology station. The maximum flood may occur through March to
September at Karot dam site. Probability of flood in August and September is maximum.
Maximum flood cannot occur from October to next February.
According to requirement of flood control calculation for Karot Hydropower project, peak
flood, 3days flood discharge and 7days flood discharge are selected for flood frequency
calculation.
Empirical frequency of extreme heavy flood is calculated from following formula:
1M
MP
N
Empirical frequency of surveyed continuous flood seriesis calculated from the formula:
111
1
ln
lm
N
a
N
aPm
Where,
PM: empirical frequency of extreme heavy flood, item M;
Pm: empirical frequency of surveyed flood series, item m;
N: research period of extreme heavy flood;
M: sequence number of extreme heavy flood (M=1, 2,……, a);
a: item number of extreme heavy flood with continuous sequence in N years;
l: item number of surveyed flood taken out as extreme heavy flood;
m: sequence number of surveyed flood;
n: item number of surveyed flood series
P-Ⅲ type curve is adopted as design flood frequency curve of Karot dam site.
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2.8 PROJECT OPERATION
In the wet months of May, June, July and August, the power intake will divert up to
1248.4m³/s from the reservoir into the power house water channel and thereby generate
electricity up to the full installed capacity level almost round the clock. During this time, the
reservoir level will vary slightly remaining at or close to Full Supply Level. From October to
February, river flows will be stored in the reservoir for diversion into the power house
channel during the peak demand hours of the system. As such, the plant will generate
electricity at its full capacity for at least 4 hours per day and the reservoir level will vary
accordingly over a 24 hour period between Minimum Operating Level and Full Supply
Level. During the intervening months of September and March the hours of power
generation at maximum capacity will fall/rise according to the fluctuations in the river
discharge.
2.8.1 Energy Generation
Karot project is designed for the purpose of generating power with daily regulation
capability. The daily operation will involve arrangement of the transient output of the station
and the start/shutdown, the service/shutdown of the generating units and load distribution
under the defined daily average output (or daily energy output). During the flood season,
the station will provide the system intermediate load and base load. During the dry season,
peak shaving may be used as required by the power system.
If the reservoir level is higher than or equal to 451 m and the power generation head is
larger than the minimum head of the generating units, the station will continue to generate
power as usual. When the inflow discharge is larger than 4,850 m3/s or the reservoir level is
lower than 451 m, the station will stop operation.
Under the recommended scenario, the momentum indicators are: normal pool level 461m;
dead level 451m; daily regulation capacity; station installed capacity 720MW; guaranteed
output 116.5MW (P=90%; mean annual energy output 3.213 billion kWh; available hours of
installed capacity 4462h. Table 2.5 lists the main momentum indicators of the Karot HPP.
Table 2.6 shows the month-to-month energy output distribution of a year.
Table 2.5: Main Momentum Indicators under the Recommended Scenario
Item Unit Indicator
Control catchment area at damsite Km2 26700
Mean annual runoff 100m m3 258.3
Normal pool level m 461
Storage below normal pool level 10,000m3 15200
Dead level m 451
Dead storage 10,000m3 10295
Balancing storage 10,000m3 4905
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Item Unit Indicator
Regulating performance / Daily regulation
Guaranteed output (90%) MW 116.5
Installed capacity MW 720
Mean annual energy output 100m kWh 32.13
Available hours of installed capacity h 4462
Weighted average output head m 69.12
Table 2.6: Average Energy Output by Month and Percentage to Annual Total
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
Annual
energy
output
(100m
kWh)
1.03 1.40 3.00 4.33 4.14 3.87 4.29 3.91 2.51 1.53 1.10 1.03 32.1
3
Percent
(%) 3.21 4.37 9.34 13.47 12.88 12.04 13.34 12.16 7.82 4.76 3.41 3.20
100.
00
2.9 SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT
Estimation of sediment inflow is prerequisite for planning of any reservoir because life of
reservoir is directly affected by rate of sediment inflows. Sediment is a part of fragmented
rocks of varying size from less than 0.075 mm to larger than 1.0 m. Due to erosion,
sediments become part of River. Transport of sediment depends upon velocities in Jhelum
River. With construction of dam on River, river velocities will drop down leading to
deposition of sediments in the storage area. The coarser material will be deposited
upstream of top set slope and relatively finer material will be deposited in fore set and
bottom set slope of the reservoir. Sediment depositions in the reservoir will result in the
decrease of gross storage and ultimately no space would be available after several years of
operation. Therefore sediment data, its processing and exact determination of deposition
pattern are prerequisites for estimation of useful life of the dam.
According to analysis for Karot HPP, the mean annual suspended load transport is 33.15
million tons including bedload of 4.97 million tons. The total sediment transport is 38.12
million tons. Sediment mainly comes in the flood season from April to August. The sediment
inflow into the Karot reservoir is highly concentrated in contrast to the limited reservoir
storage of only 152 million m3. The reservoir sediment delivery ratio is 5.2. When the project
is complete, the reservoir will suffer heavy sedimentation.
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2.10 ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS
To meet the requirements of ecological flow discharge, an ecological discharge steel tube
with an inner diameter of 800mm is to be provided. The inlet of the discharge tube is set
with trash rack. In order to adjust the velocity of the inlet grid, the inlet pipe size of the
ecological discharge steel tube is 2800mm, the length of the gradual change section is
6.23m. The inlet elevation is 440.00m. The inlet of the ecological discharge steel tube is
equipped with an overhauling valve. The outlet thereof is equipped with a working valve.
The diameter of the ecologoical steel tube is subject to adjustment during detail design
phase.
2.10.1 Hydraulic Design for Ecological Feed Pipe
The original feasibility study report of 720MW Karot HPP (Consultant Consortium,
September 2009) pointed out that in order to meet the requirements of the downstream
ecological environment, it is needed to drain abut 15m3/s of ecological flow for the karot
reservoir.
During the normal power generation of the power station, the discharge flow per unit of the
power station should be 312m³/s, which satisfies the discharge requirements of ecological
flow. It need to be considered that the ecological feed pipe should meet the requirements of
15m3/s discharge after the reservoir falls into the flushing water level.
And the pipe size of the ecological feed pipe should be estimated according to the
pressure nozzle formula
2.11 CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES AT THE DAM SITE
Labour camp, workshops, storage yards, aggregate crushing plant, concrete batching plant
and material stockpiles are needed to support the dam‟s construction work.
Areas for the labour camp, workshops and storage yards must not be located in the
immediate vicinity of the dam. There should be located on unused land in the vicinity of the
village of Karot. However, the aggregate crushing plant, concrete batching plant and
material stockpiles must be located close to the site of construction. The land would be
formed into larger terraces in order to accommodate various components of the
construction facilities. It has been decided to permanently acquire the land for construction
facilities instead of leasing it for a limited time. The location for construction facilities are
presented in Figure 2.17.
The office and living campsite of the owner‟s Karot Hydropower Project will consist of two
dormitory buildings, four villas and four watch houses, an office building, a meeting centre,
a canteen, an activity room, a maintenance shop, a switching house, a pump house, and a
garage. The building area totals 6,552m2. Outdoor facilities will include outdoor sports
facilities (such as basketball court), enclosing wall, gate, roads and parking lot, etc.
gH
Qd
c 2
4
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Figure 2.17: Construction Facilities
The campsite will be arranged at the mechanical parking area on the right bank. The
elevation of the campsite will be about 510m and the total floor space will be 31,200m2.
Located in the front of peninsula where the project area is, the land is relatively isolated and
surrounded by beautiful landscape. Total building area of the owner‟s office and living
campsite: 6,552 m2. The main components of permanent campsite are given in Table 2.7
below.
Table 2.7: Main Indicators of Owner’s Permanent Campsite
Project Indicator
Total area of used land 31200 m2
Gross building area 6552 m2
Office building 1950 m2
Meeting centre 540 m2
Dormitory building (2) 2340 m2
Villa (4) 720 m2
Activity room 270 m2
Canteen 480 m2
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Project Indicator
Power distribution room 72 m2
Water pump room 54 m2
Maintenance workshop 216 m2
Garage 144 m2
Watch house (4) 36 m2
Building density 15%
Floor area ratio 0.21
Greening rate 60%
Parking space 49
2.12 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
In accordance with project characteristics and construction scheme, total construction
period for Karot hydropower station will be 5 years (60 months), and power duration will be
4 years and 7 months (55 months). Therein the construction preparation period will be 25
months, construction period of principal works 30 months, and construction completion
period 5 months; the project period of preparing to build will be 12 months, in which the time
of coincidence with preparation period will be 8 months (not counted into the total
construction period).
During the project period of preparing to build, project bidding, dam transportation (including
Dam Bridge), construction power supply line, land requisition and resettlement, contract
signing, campsite of early stage will be completed.
The period of preparing to build will start from September of the first year, and will be used
for construction preparation.
In January of the first year, excavation of diversion tunnel adit will start; at the beginning of
April of the same year, open excavation of diversion tunnel exit will start; at the end of
September of the second year, diversion tunnel will have existence condition of water
system.
At the beginning of October of the second year, major river bed closure will be carried out;
at the end of February of the third year, cofferdam anti-seepage and foundation pit pumping
will be completed.
At the beginning of March of the third year, foundation excavation and treatment will be
carried out in the dam river bed; in December of this year, concrete base pouring and
consolidation, and curtain grouting will be completed; at the beginning of September of the
same year, filling of dam enrockment will be started; at the end of September of the fourth
year, full section of dam will be filled to the elevation of 434m; at the end of March of the
fifth year, the dam will be filled to top elevation of 469.5m.
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Construction of powerhouse slope will be started at the beginning of May of the first year,
and completed at the end of April of the second year; concrete pouring of powerhouse will
be started in May of the same year, and concrete pouring of first unit will be completed in
June of the fourth year; in July, installation of first unit will be started and completed in
January of the fifth year; since then, one unit will be installed every 2 to 3 months;
installation of all units will be completed in August of the fifth year.
The gate will be lowered for impoundment at the end of February of the fifth year; at the end
of March, the first unit will be put into operation; all the units will be put into operation at the
end of August, so that the project will be completed.
2.13 MATERIAL SOURCE PLANNING
Total concrete quantity of main works of Karot hydropower project and diversion works is
1,146,500 m3. Asphalt concrete is 21,400 m
3 and the demand of finished material is 32,900
m3; anti-scouring wear resisting concrete is 26,700 m
3 and the demand of finished material
is 41,600 m3; normal concrete is 1,098,400 m
3 and the demand of finished aggregate is
1,713,400 m3.
Total earth-rock filling is 4,492,500 m3, amounting to the bank measure of 4,185,400 m
3.
Stone filling including different kinds of block stone, stone ballast and stone ballast mixture,
etc. is 4,049,300 m3, amounting to the bank measure of 3,636,400 m
3; different kinds of
gravel materials (including bedding material) are 443,200 m3, amounting to the bank
measure of 549,000 m3.
In the phase of feasibility study, two natural gravel quarries and one stone quarry nearby
the Karot hydropower project area have been investigated in detail and excavated materials
of main structures have been analysed. Slightly weathered and fresh pelitic siltstone and
sandstone in the excavated materials of structures meet the design requirement of filling
material and its geological reserve is 7,521,100 m3, and available quantity is 5,060,000 m
3.
Concrete aggregate and gravel filling material are exploited from Beor natural gravel quarry
and the exploited quantity for design is 2,324,700 m3. 32,900 m
3 asphalt concrete mineral
aggregate and 41,600m3 anti-scouring wear resisting concrete aggregate are purchased
from Taxila limestone quarry.
A total of 14,129.4 thousand m3 material will be excavated from surface foundations and
underground excavations. About 1/3rd
quantity of the excavated material will be used as fill
material for construction of main dam, coffer dams, power house building and widening of
road etc. The remaining surplus material 10,493.10 thousand m3
will be removed and
loaded on dumpers and disposed-off at designated four dumping locations with dumping
capacity of 15400 thousand m3 in an environmentally sound manner.
2.14 SWITCHYARD AND TRANSMISSION LINE
It is pointed out that the following description of transmission line is not part of the present
updating of EIA Study Report of Karot HPP.
Karot Powerhouse will be connected to the national grid through 500kV transmission line. A
Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) has been proposed for Karot HPP. The rated voltage of
GIS is 550kV, rated current 2000A, and rated short circuit breaking current 50kA. GIS
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power distribution equipment room will be established on the upstream auxiliary
powerhouse with elevation of 431.0m.
Karot Hydropower project is on the 4th level of the five cascade hydropower project
planned for Jhelum River. It is located at upstream (1.75km) of the Karot bridge and 74 km
upstream from the Mangela dam on the downstream. This station is a hydropower hydro
complex dedicated to power generation. At present, the installed capacity of the station is
720 MW with four units. The unit capacity is 180MW, the warrant output is 116.5 MW, the
average annual electricity output is 3.213 billion kW·h and the annual utilization hours are
4,462.
The Karot Hydropower Project was established by the Sanxia Group in the BOT mode.
According to the results of the spatial analysis on the power market of Pakistan, the power
utilization demand of Pakistan is increasing rapidly with huge power market potential and
strong hydropower digestion capacity. The electricity generated by the Karot Hydropower
Station will be incorporated by the national grid of Pakistan. The generated power will be
transmitted to three load centers, namely, Gujranwala, Lahore and Rawalpindi, which will
make up the maximum load demand of the system. The construction of the project will
actively promote the social and economic development of the site and the power supply
areas by improving the local power supply guarantee rate, driving the local industrial
development and enhancing the living standard and employment rate of the local people.
2.14.1 Method of Connection to Electric Power System
The design will be based on the connection system and primary electrical connection
requirements. On the meeting held in January 2013, NTDC provided the planning of the
Pakistani power grid by 2030. An output line from Karot Hydropower Project will connect to
the GUJRANWALA substation. Another line is connected to the NJ power station which is
about 100 km away from the hydropower station. The voltage classes of the connection
system and connecting lines are 500kV. The Hydropower Project near Karot is under
construction. The installed capacity of the station is 4×265.5MW. The unit connection is
used for the combination of its generators and main transformers. The 500kV 1.5-time
breaker connection is used on the high voltage side. The power station has two output
lines.
According to the requirements specified by NTDC and the location and installed capacity
(720MW) of the power station as well as the installed capacity of the NJ power station
(1060MW) and the transmission distance and direction, the two-circuit 500kV AC lines shall
be used to output electricity. One circuit shall be connected to the 500kV GUJRANWALA
substation, and the other circuit shall be connected to the NJ power station. The power
transmission distances are 150km and 100km, respectively.
Furthermore, since the two 500kV output lines of the Karot Hydropower Project have long
power transmission distances and the charge capacity of the power distribution grid is
large, the reactive power balance and overvoltage of the first generator as well as the
corresponding measures shall be considered. Since the contracted system designing is
undergoing and the information about the system is insufficient, the paralleling reactor will
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not be installed in the Karot Hydropower Station at the current stage. The research works
shall not be done until the designing of the connection system of the power station is
completed and the information is fully provided.
2.15 ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS FOR KAROT HPP
2.15.1 Project Alternatives
During the feasibility studies of 2009, six main parameters were considered in the analysis
of Karot project alternatives. These parameters included:
● Number of project affected persons;
● Number of religious sites under threat of demolishes
● Degree of willingness of affected persons to relocate
● Presence of sensitive entities
● Strategic security of the dam structure and
● Construction cost of the project
All alternatives were examined from an environmental viewpoint to ensure that the
selected option is appropriate to minimize environmental impacts. Two alternatives were
developed for comparative evaluation, identification, analysis, and selection of the
preferred alternative. This exercise led to the earlier selection of Alternative 2 comprising
a dam at Karot with four power tunnels and an underground powerhouse at Karot village.
The KPCL carried out additional field investigations and desk studies from 2010 to 2014
and proposed different layouts of the project mainly comparing the dam type and location of
dam axis. An asphalt core rockfill dam has been proposed instead of concrete gravity dam
thus requiring a separate spillway structure on the right bank of Jhelum River. The
underground powerhouse cavern has been changed to surface type powerhouse in open
cut. The revised project layout offers cost savings as well as lesser complications in
construction activities. The scope of land acquisition however has been increased as
compared to the layout proposed in the feasibility study by SMEC consortium. The latest
project layout as per feasibility update report by KPCL design team is presented at Figures
2.3 & 2.4. The present EIA report has been updated for this revised layout.
The direct yield of the project will be 720 MW of electrical power and 3,213 GWh of
electrical energy per year. In the wet summer months of May, June, July and August, the
plant will generate the full installed capacity almost around the clock. From October to
February, the power plant will operate for only 4 hours per day. During the intervening
months of September and March the hours of generation at maximum capacity will
fall/rise as per river flow fluctuation.
It is necessary to compare this hydropower project with thermal power plants in the
generation of electricity. The Thermal power stations produce huge amounts of CO2 - a
greenhouse gas associated with global warming. Karot HPP will not emit any CO2 during its
operation and is thus credited with displacing that quantity of CO2 that would otherwise be
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emitted into the atmosphere by a thermal power plant generating the equivalent amount of
electricity. This will amount to about 1,927,800 tonnes of CO2 per year.
2.15.2 Carbon Credits
Karot Hydropower Project will generate on an average 3,213 GWh per year of electrical
energy without producing any CO2. The reservoir area is devoid of vegetation thus CH4 will
also not be produced during the project life.
At present Pakistan base energy is generated by hydropower plants, thermal power plants
using combined cycle gas turbines. A combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) is the only
thermal plant that can generate both base and peak energy at competitive prices. Gas
turbines normally operate in combined cycle/ open cycle mode to generate base energy.
The CCGT plants can be fired with different fuels. For the purpose of present assessment,
natural gas has been adopted. A CCGT will produce CO2 as follows:
Combined Cycle Mode:
Natural gas consumption by volume = 230 m³/MWh
Natural gas density = 0.717 kg/m³
Natural gas consumption by mass = 165 kg / MWh
Open cycle mode:
Natural gas consumption by volume = 314 m³/MWh
Natural gas density = 0.717 kg/m³
Natural gas consumption by mass = 225 kg/MWh
Assuming that natural gas is methane (CH4), the complete combustion of 1kg of natural gas
will result in the emission of 2.75 kg of CO2.
Therefore, the CO2 emission rates are as follows:
Combined cycle mode (for base energy) = 454kg CO2/MWh (450 t CO2/GWh).
Open cycle mode (for peak energy) = 619kg CO2/MWh (620 t CO2/GWh).
On average, the Karot HPP will generate annually 3,213,000 MWh of energy. The
implementation of the Karot Project will thus avoid the annual emissions from a natural gas
fired CCGT of:
Average CO2 avoidance per annum = 1,927,800 t CO2.
2.15.3 Non-Renewable Option
Non-renewable options such as solar and wind are not brought into the national grid at any
of the location in Pakistan, however, few wind projects are at different stages of
implementation/ construction. Pakistan imports oil from other countries to meet domestic
needs whilst the gas reserves of the country are fast depleting and hence cannot be
presently considered as reliable sources of power generation. The only coal used in
Pakistan is imported from Indonesia and South Africa. The Thar Coal resources are still in
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early stages of exploration and are yet to be further evaluated for potential to generate
electricity. Wind power is currently in the experimental stage and few projects are under
implementation and having lower efficiency and power potential cannot be considered as a
replacement or full time substitute of other sources of power generation. Numerous
perennial and seasonal rivers are flowing in the north south direction in Pakistan. Hence
Hydel power is considered a viable option for a country rich in surface water resources. For
a developing country like Pakistan minimum O&M cost makes the hydel power as a viable
option.
2.15.4 ‘’No Project’’ Option
The “No Project” option is least considered option for Pakistan. The country is currently
going through the worse power crisis of the history. Energy crisis is considered as major
development hurdle in Pakistan and has resulted in massive load shedding in the country
hugely deteriorating the economic development and growth. In year 2012-13 reveal that the
power shortfall touched the figured of 6,390 MW with average shortfall of 3,886 MW. The
total generation was 95,364 GWh during year 2011-12 which represent only 47% capacity
utilization. “No Project” scenario is considered or adopted it would mean that the already
power deficient economy would suffer even more and at current rate if no power is added to
the national grid. Given the gravity of energy crisis and its repercussion on the economy,
Pakistan cannot afford to deprive itself of a major project of cheap source of electricity.
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CHAPTER - 3
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 GENERAL
Legal requirements for carrying out the Environmental Impact Assessment of Karot
Hydropower Project are covered by environmental regulations enumerated in Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act 1997 and in the document titled Review of IEE and EIA
Regulations 2000. In addition, any project that would be implemented with financial
assistance from the IFC, needs to follow its standards and guidelines.
3.2 PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LEGISLATION
3.2.1 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)/
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 (PEPA-1997) Section 12 lays down basic
requirements and procedures for the Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental
Impact Assessment. The Act provides that “No proponent of a development project shall
commence construction or operation unless he has filed an IEE with the Government
Agency designated by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency or Provincial
Environmental Protection Agencies, as the case may be, or, where the project is likely to
cause a significant adverse environmental effect, an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA), for approval from Government Agency in respect thereof”.
The Government of Pakistan in the year 2000 adopted, the Regulations for the Review of
IEE and EIA, henceforth given as (“the Review Regulations”). Under the Review
Regulations, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) stipulated relevant procedures for
the proponents to be compliance with environmental quality requirements for the
preparation of the environmental assessment studies (either IEE or EIA). The Review
Regulations define the role of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Provincial
EPA‟s as the approving governmental agencies for according approval to the various
IEE/EIA Studies after ascertaining that appropriate level of Public Consultation was made
and stake holders feedback was incorporated.
3.3 PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1997 (PAK-EPA ACT 1997)
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, aims at providing a set of “comprehensive
procedures and guidelines for environmental assessment in Pakistan”. The provisions of
the Act include the following:
- Pakistan Environmental Legislation & National Environmental Quality Standards
(NEQS).
- Policy and Protection for Filing and Approval of Environmental Assessment
Reports.
- Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports.
- Guidelines for Public Consultations.
- Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas.
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- Sectoral Guidelines for major thermal and hydel power stations, major chemical and
manufacturing plants, water supply projects, industrial estates, new township
development, major roads, sewerage schemes, and oil and gas exploration.
In addition, the list includes guidelines for Irrigation and drainage, dams, forestry, and urban
waste disposal.
3.4 THE AJK, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT, 2000
The AJK, Environmental Protection Act, 2000 empowers the AJK –EPA to:
• Administer and implement the provisions of the Act and the rules and regulations
made there-under to comply with the environmental policies approved by the Council;
• Enforce the provisions of the Act through environmental protection orders and
environmental tribunals headed by magistrates with wide-ranging powers, including
the right to fine violators of the Act.
• Prepare or revise, and establish the Environmental Quality Standards with the
approval of the Council;
• Develop environmental emission standards for parameters such as air, water and
land. Identify categories of projects to which the Initial Environment Examination
(IEE) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) will apply.
• Develop guidelines for conducting initial environmental examinations (IEE) and EIA‟s
and procedures for the submission, review and approval of the same.
• Review IEE or EIA with the objectives that these meet the requirements of the Act.
Public participation shall be ensured during review process of IEE or EIA reports.
3.5 PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (PAK. EPA)
Under Section 5 of PEPA-1997, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak.EPA) has
been established with a Director General as its head. Sections 6 and 7 of PEPA 1997
describe the functions and powers of the Agency. Similarly provincial EPA‟s are functional
in each province as provided in PEPA-1997. Azad Jammu and Kashmir has its own EPA.
Under Section 6(2) of the Act, Pak- EPA has the authority:
- To undertake inquiries or investigations into environmental issues.
- To request any person to furnish any information or data relevant to the functions of
Pak - EPA.
- To recommend to the Federal Government incentives, prizes, awards, subsidies,
tax exemptions, rebates etc. for achieving environmental objectives and goals.
Under Section 7(a) of the Act Pak- EPA has been empowered:
- To summon and enforce the attendance of any person for conduct of any
enquiry/investigation into any environmental issue.
- To enter and inspect any land, building and premises to verify an offence under the
Act being committed.
- To take sample of effluents, wastes or air pollutant being discharged or emitted and
- To arrange for test and analysis of the samples at a laboratory certified by Pak -
EPA.
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3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL TRIBUNALS
Under Section 20 of the Act, Environmental Tribunals have been established to try cases of
contravention or failure to comply with designated provisions of PEPA-1997.
3.7 CATAGORISATION OF THE PROJECT
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency issued in August 2002 policy and procedures for
filing, review and approval of environmental assessment for the development of projects
relating to various sectors of national economy. This document includes Schedules A, B
and C defining projects in terms of requirements of IEE and EIA.
Schedule A defines projects which require an EIA. It deals with list of major projects which
have the potential to affect a large number of people. The impact of such projects may be
irreversible and could lead to significant changes in land use and in the social, physical and
biological environment. The Section of Schedule A relating to Energy Sector is reproduced
below.
Energy Sector – Schedule A
- Energy Sector: Hydroelectric power generation over 50 MW.
Schedule B defines projects which require an IEE. It deals with projects where the range of
environmental issues is comparatively narrow and issues can be understood and managed
through less extensive analysis. The Section of Schedule B relating to Energy Sector is
reproduced below.
Energy Sector – Schedule B
- Energy Sector: Hydroelectric power generation less than 50 MW.
Schedule C combines everything not in Schedule A and B. Illustrative example given in
Schedule C includes the following.
- Projects promoting energy efficiency
Karot Hydropower Project has an estimated generation of 720 MW. Consequently, the
preparation of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and of a
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is required under Schedule A. This is in agreement with
international used guidelines as derived from IFC (see section 3.14.1).
3.8 NATIONAL RESETTLEMENT POLICY AND ORDINANCE
At this point, the only legislation relating to land acquisition and compensation is the
Land Acquisition Act (LAA) of 1894. The LAA is, however, limited to a cash compensation
policy for the acquisition of land and built-up property, and damage to other assets, such as
crops, trees, and infrastructure based on market prices. The LAA does not consider the
rehabilitation and resettlement of disrupted populations and the restoration of their
livelihoods.
Experience with large-scale infrastructure development projects implemented by institutions
such as the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) has demonstrated
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the need for a cohesive national policy for resettlement. In spite of the fact that a National
Resettlement Policy and related legislation has been drafted, it has not been officially
notified. In the absence of this, Performance Standard 5 of IFC will form the basis for
managing the resettlement needs arising from the project.
3.9 LAND ACQUISITION ACT 1894
The Land Acquisition Act 1894 is a “law for the acquisition of land needed for public
purposes and for companies and for determining the amount of compensation to be paid on
account of such acquisition”. The raison de etre of this piece of legislation is, therefore, two-
fold: firstly to fulfil the needs of government and companies for land required by them for
their projects, and secondly, to determine and pay compensation to those private persons
or bodies whose land is is so acquired. The exercise of the power of acquisition has been
limited to public purposes. The principles laid down for the determination of compensation,
as clarified by judicial pronouncements made from time to time, reflect the anxiety of the
law-giver to compensate those who have been deprived of property, adequately. It is with
this end in view that the association of the persons interested in the property, with the
process of determination of its negotiated market value by the Collector is a highlight of this
Act.
3.10 LEGISLATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
EPA Guidelines “Policy and Procedures for the filing, review and approval of
environmental assessments” (September 1997), describe in detail what has to be done for
the preparation of an EMP. The EMP is defined as a “document designed to ensure that
the commitments in the Environmental Report, subsequent review reports, and
Environmental Approval conditions are fully implemented”. The EPA Guidelines further
highlight that the EMP is “a comprehensive document which is usually finalised during or
following detailed design of the proposal, after Environmental Approval of the development
application”.
3.11 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS)
The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs) specify the following standards:
- Maximum allowable contamination of pollutants (32 parameters) in emission and
liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland water.
- Maximum allowable concentration of pollutant (16 parameters) in gaseous emission
from sources other than vehicles.
- Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from vehicle
exhaust and noise emission from vehicles.
- Maximum allowable noise level from vehicles. Ambient noise standards
- Ambient air quality standards.
These standards apply to gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by batching
plants, asphalt plants, camp sites, construction machinery, and vehicles. The standards for
vehicle, noise wastewater and drinking water will apply during the construction as well as
operational phase of the project. These NEQS are presented in Appendix – I.
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3.12 OTHER RELEVANT REGULATIONS FOR KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT
3.12.1 Land Acquisition Procedures
Under the Land Acquisition Act (1894), matters relating to land use and ownership are
outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Government. Consequently, the Provincial Revenue
Departments are empowered to carry out the acquisition of private land or built-up property
for public purposes, including on behalf of a federal agency or a private developer such as
M/s, KPCL. The acquisition of land and payment of compensation as such will be
the responsibility of the client and the implementing agency i.e. Revenue Department of the
Government of Punjab and AJ&K.
3.12.2 The Forest Act, 1927 and the Forest (Amendment) Act 2010
The Act, inter alia, deals with the matters related with protection and conservation of natural
vegetation/habitats. In that matter it empowers the concerned agency to declare protected
and reserved forest areas and maintaining these. In spite of the fact that it recognizes the
right of people for access to the natural resources for their household use, it prohibits
unlawful cutting of trees and other vegetation.
Therefore, for cutting trees for the construction purposes or otherwise, prior permission is
required from the forest department of the concerned province.
3.12.3 Wildlife Act of 1975
In addition to empowering the Wildlife Department to establish game reserves, parks, and
wildlife sanctuaries, the Act regulates hunting and disturbance of wildlife. While reviewing
the ESIA, the EPA may consult the Wildlife Department if the project has an impact on
wildlife.
3.12.4 Punjab wildlife Protection, Preservation, Conservation & Management Act, 1974
In part of the reservoir in Punjab, Punjab wildlife protection, preservation, conservation and
management act, 1974 (amended up to 2007 and rules amended up to 2010) shall enforce
for the overall protection of wildlife flora and fauna.
3.12.5 AJK Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Ordinance,
2013
The AJK Wildlife (Protection, Preservation and Management) Ordinance 2013 was
promulgated by the President of AJK in 2010. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of
government organizations and departments primarily the AJK Wildlife and Fisheries
Department that has the basic responsibility to ensure enforcement of the Act. The
Ordinance also provides for the declaration of various categories of protected areas:
wildlife sanctuaries, wildlife refuge, national parks, game reserves, biosphere reserves,
biodiversity reserve and national natural heritage site. It prohibits the dealing with any
wildlife animal, dead or alive, for domestic or commercial use without a Certificate of
Lawful Possession. Permits and trade license are necessary for the import, export and
trade of wild animals of an endemic or exotic species.
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3.12.6 The Fisheries Act, 1897 and Punjab Fisheries Ordinance, 1961
The Fisheries Act, 1897 and Punjab fisheries ordinance, 1961 (amended up to 2010) shall
enforce for the overall protection of fisheries resources.
3.12.7 Antiquities Act of 1975
The Antiquities Act of Pakistan relates to the protection, preservation and
conservation of archaeological and historical sites and monuments. It prohibits
construction (or any other damaging) activity within 200 meters of such sites unless prior
permission is obtained from the Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums.
The Antiquities Act would as such require that M/s, KPCL notify the Department if
anything of archaeological value is excavated or discovered during project construction.
3.12.8 Local Government Ordinance of 2001
The Government of Pakistan has issued ordinances related to land use;
conservation of natural vegetation; air, water, and land pollution; disposal of solid waste
and wastewater effluents; and public health and safety, including some provisions for
environmental protection.
3.12.9 Regulations for Mines and Oil Fields/ Mineral Development Act of 1948
This legislation provides regulatory procedures for the quarrying and mining of
construction material on public as well as private lands.
3.12.10 Motor Vehicles Ordinance of 1965
The Motor Vehicles Ordinance of 1965 was extended to the whole of Pakistan in 1978.
The Ordinance deals with the powers of motor vehicle licensing authorities and empowers
other related agencies: to regulate traffic rules, vehicle speed and weight limits, and
vehicle use; to erect traffic signs; and to prescribe the specific duties of drivers in case of
accidents. It also prescribes powers of police officers to check and penalize traffic
offenders. At the same time, the Ordinance also empowers the Regional Transport
Authority to operate as a quasi-judicial body at the district level to monitor road transport,
licensing requirements, and compensations for death or injury to passengers on public
carriers. M/s, KPCL would be required to coordinate with related agencies during
design and construction stages, so that the requirements relating to the safety and
management of traffic on the roads are observed.
3.12.11 Factories Act of 1934
The clauses relevant to the project are those which concern: health; safety and welfare of
workers; disposal of solid waste and effluent; and damage to private and public property.
The Factories Act also provides regulations for handling and disposing of toxic and
hazardous materials. As construction activity is classified as „industry‟, these regulations
will be applicable to the project‟s construction contractor.
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3.12.12 Highways Safety Ordinance of 2000
This Ordinance includes provisions for: licensing and registration of vehicles and
construction equipment; maintenance of road, vehicles; traffic control offences, penalties
and procedures; and the establishment of a police force for motorways and national
highways to regulate and control the traffic as well as keep the highways clear of
encroachments.
3.12.13 Pakistan Penal Code of 1860
Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) deals with offences where public or private property and/or
human lives are affected due to the intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or
body of residents. In the context of environment, the PPC empowers the local authorit ies
to control noise, noxious emissions and disposal of effluent. (NEQS enforced by the EPAs
supersede the application of this legislation to industries and municipalities). The Penal
Code, however, can provide a basis for M/s, KPCL to co-ordinate their activities with the
local authorities so that the construction activities do not become a cause of public
nuisance or inconvenience.
3.12.14 Explosives Act of 1884
Under the Explosives Act, the project contractors are bound by regulations on licensing,
handling, transportation, storage and using explosives during quarrying, blasting, and
other purposes. In the context of Karot Hydropower Project, this will be of particular
relevance for tunnelling and major excavation activities.
3.12.15 Environmental Tribunal Rules of 1999
According to those rules, the tribunal shall make every effort to dispose of a
complaint or an appeal or other proceeding within 60 days of its filing. The
regulations were prepared by the Federal EPA and issued on March 10, 2000.
3.12.16 Forest Regulation Rules 2 of 1930
Based on those regulations, registration of Fuel Wood Depot Rules was framed in August
1990. These rules state that carriage of purchased stock from one forest to another shall
not be allowed, except with the special permission of the Divisional Forest Officer, and in
case of interdivisional transaction, by the Conservator of Forests.
3.12.17 Punjab Forest Act, 1927
In part of the reservoir in Punjab, the Forest Act, 1927 (amended up to 2010) shall enforce
for the overall protection of forest. Punjab Forest Sector Policy, 1999 also outlines the
guidelines for the protection of forest and its products.
3.12.18 Jammu and Kashmir Forest Regulations, 1930
Forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir are managed according to the guidelines provided
by Jammu and Kashmir Forest Regulations of 1930 (including amendments), generally
known as Forest Law Manual. This regulation lays down the rules and regulations for both
demarcated and un-demarcated forests, collection of drift and stranded wood as well as
penalties and procedures for not abiding by these regulations.
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3.13 INTERACTION WITH OTHER AGENCIES
The proponent is responsible for ensuring that the project complies with the laws and
regulations controlling the environmental concerns of dam construction and
operation, and that all pre- construction requisites, such as permits and clearances are
met. This section describes the nature of the relationship between the proponent and line
departments.
3.13.1 Punjab and AJK- EPAs
The proponent is responsible for preparing the complete environmental documentation
required by the Punjab and AJK-EPAs and remain committed for getting clearance from it.
Moreover, it is also desirable that once clearance from both EPAs is obtained, the
proponent should remain committed to the approved project design. No deviation is
permitted in design and scope of rehabilitation during project implementation without the
prior and explicit permission of the EPAs.
3.13.2 Revenue Departments of Punjab and AJK
Under the national law, matters relating to land use and ownership are provincial subjects,
and for the purposes of this project, the respective Revenue Departments of Punjab and
AJK are empowered to carry out the acquisition of private land or built-up property for
public purposes. In order to depute land acquisition collectors (LACs) and other revenue
staff who will be responsible for handling matters related to acquisition of land and the
disbursement of compensation, the proponent must lodge applications with the Punjab and
AJK government.
The proponent will provide logistical support and assist in preparing the documents
necessary for notification. It will also need to liaise with the departments of agriculture,
horticulture, and forestry in order to evaluate affected vegetation resources, such as trees
and crops etc., for compensation purposes. Where public buildings/infrastructures are
involved, the proponent will approach the relevant departments for valuation of the
affected building or infrastructure before removing the facilities.
Likewise, the proponent will liaise with other relevant departments/agencies for relocation
of public facilities such as electricity and telephone poles, public water supply schemes,
public buildings, etc.
3.13.3 Punjab and AJK Forestry and Wildlife Departments
The project is expected to involve clearing of vegetation and trees within the proposed
project area. The project contractor will be responsible for acquiring a „No-Objection
Certificate‟ (NOC) from the respective Forest Departments and Local Administration
depending upon the type of forest, viz., demarcated, un-demarcated or individual forests
under threat. The application for an NOC will need to be endorsed by the proponent.
Where construction is to be carried out in close proximity of protected forests and wildlife
areas, the proponent is required to coordinate with the departments to ensure that impacts
on vegetation and wildlife are minimized.
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3.13.4 Local Government and Municipalities
The proponent and its contractors must ensure that the project meets the criteria
of the governments of Punjab and AJK for the establishment of construction camps and
plants, use of the water resources and the safe disposal of wastewater, and toxic
materials. These matters lie in the jurisdiction of Local Governments. Therefore, the
Contractor should liaise closely with the concerned body. The project Proponent will
coordinate and monitor environment-related issues.
The project proponent will liaise with local government/administration and municipalities on
the matters related to resettlement of squatters and removal of encroachments or
sources of congestion. In specific cases, the project proponent will enter into agreements
with the municipality, local government, or other service provider on the resettlement of
displaced squatters.
3.14 REQUIREMENTS OF EXTERNAL SUPPORT AGENCIES
Funds in the form of loans or grants for development Projects in Pakistan are generally
available from external support agencies like the World Bank, Asian Development Bank,
and other bilateral organisations. As a policy matter, external support agencies lay
emphasis on the protection of environment and resettlement of affected populations.
Proponents of projects in Pakistan planning to receive financial support from such
organizations must ensure that the projects are not harmful to the environment, and that
appropriate mitigation measures are carried out, as necessary, in accordance with the
requirements laid down by the external support agencies.
3.14.1 IFC’s Requirements
IFC applies the Performance Standards to manage social and environmental risks and
impacts and to enhance development opportunities in its private sector financing in its
member countries eligible for financing. The Performance Standards may also be applied
by other financial institutions electing to apply them to projects in emerging markets.
Together, the eight Performance Standards establish standards that the client is to meet
throughout the life of an investment by IFC or other relevant financial institution:
Performance Standard 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management
System.
Performance Standard 2: Labor and Working Conditions
Performance Standard 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement
Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety and Security
Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement
Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural
Resource Management
Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples
Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage
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3.14.2 IFC's Performance Standards on Social and Environmental
International Finance Corporation applies the Performance Standards to manage social
and environmental risks and impacts and to enhance development opportunities in its
private sector financing in its member countries eligible for financing. Together, the eight
Performance Standards establish standards that the client is required to meet throughout the
life by IFC or other relevant financial institution.
PS1 Social and Environmental Assessment and Management System- It establishes the
importance of integrated assessment to identify the social and environmental impacts,
risks, and opportunities in the project‟s area of influence. PS 1 requires Social and
Environmental Assessment and Management Systems for managing social and
environmental performance throughout the life cycle of this Project and runs through all
subsequent PSs. The main elements of PS 1 includes following elements: (i) Social and
Environmental Assessment; (ii) Management program; (iii) organizational capacity;
(iv)training; (v) community engagement; (vi) monitoring; and (vii) reporting.
PS2 Labor and working conditions- requires that worker-management relationship is
established and maintained, compliance with national labor and employment laws and
safe and healthy working conditions are ensured for the workers.
PS 3 Pollution prevention and Abatement- outlines approach to pollution prevention and
abatement in line with Internationally disseminated technologies and practices with
objectives to a) avoid or minimize adverse impacts on human health and the environment
by avoiding or minimizing pollution from activities; and b) promote the reduction of
emissions that contribute to climate change. It requires a project to avoid, minimize, or
reduce adverse impacts on human health and the environment by avoiding or minimizing
pollution from project activities.
PS4 Community health, safety and security- concentrates on the responsibility that must be
undertaken by the client to avoid or minimize the risks and impacts to the community's
health, safety and security that may arise from project activities.
PS5 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement- This standard requires that project does
not result in involuntary resettlement or at least if unavoidable it is minimized by exploring
alternative project designs. Also the project will ensure that social and economic impacts
from land acquisition or restrictions on affected persons' use of land are mitigated.
PS6 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management- aims at
protecting and conserving biodiversity, the variety of life in all its forms, including
genetic, species and ecosystem diversity and its ability to change and evolve, is
fundamental to sustainable development. This PS addresses how clients can avoid or
mitigate threats to biodiversity arising from their operations as well as incorporate
sustainable management of renewable natural resources.
PS7 Indigenous Peoples- acknowledges the possibility of vulnerability of indigenous people
owing to their culture, beliefs, institutions and living standards and that it may further get
compromised by one or other project activity throughout the life cycle of the project.
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This PS underlines the requirement of minimizing adverse impacts an indigenous people
in the project area, respecting the local culture and customs, fostering good relationship
and ensuring that development benefits are provided to improve their standard of living
and livelihoods.
PS8 Cultural Heritage- aims to protect the irreplaceable cultural heritage and to guide
clients on protecting cultural heritage in the course of their business operations.
The applicability of these Performance Standards is established during the Social and
Environmental Impact Assessment process, while implementation of the actions is
necessary to meet the requirements of IFC, the Performance Standards are
managed through the owner's Social and Environmental Management System.
KHPP will have to follow all the Performance Standards of IFC for this project and should
also ensure that the contractors / subcontracts (subcontractors of the contracts) appointed
by KPCL, all follow the IFC performance standards on Environmental and Social
Sustainability.
3.14.3 IFC’s Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) General Guidelines
The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific
examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). The applicability of the EHS
Guidelines should be tailored to the hazards and risks established for each project on the
basis of the results of an environmental assessment in which site-specific variables, such
as host country context, assimilative capacity of the environment, and other project factors,
are taken into account. The General EHS Guidelines consist of the following components:
Environmental: This guideline applies to facilities or projects that generate emissions to
air at any stage of the project life-cycle. They also look into aspects of energy
conservation, wastewater and ambient water quality, water conservation, hazardous
materials management, waste management, noise and contaminated land.
Occupational Health and Safety: This section provides guidance and examples of
reasonable precautions to implement in managing principal risks to occupational health
and safety. Although the focus is placed on the operational phase of projects, much of the
guidance also applies to construction and decommissioning activities. This incorporates
general facility design and operation, communication and training, physical hazards,
chemical hazards, biological hazards, radioactive hazards, Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE), special hazard environment and monitoring.
Community Health and Safety: This guidance complements the above two guidelines by
specifically addressing aspects of project activities which fall outside the traditional project
boundaries but which are related to the project operations as and when they occur.
Construction and Decommissioning: This section provides an additional and specific
guidance to the prevention and control of community health and safety impacts that may
occur during new project development, at the end of the project life-cycle or due to
expansion or modification of existing project facilities.
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3.14.4 IFC's Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission
and Distribution
The EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution include information
relevant to power transmission between a generation facility and a substation located
within an electricity grid, in addition to power distribution from a substation to consumers
located in residential, commercial, and industrial areas. The various aspects comprising
this guidance are industry specific impacts and management and performance indicators
and monitoring.
3.14.5 World Commission on Dams (WCD)
This ESIA is also guided by the „Report of the World Commission on Dams (WCD)‟ and by
findings of a workshop on „Large Dams, Learning from the Past, Looking at the Future‟
(IUCN and The World Bank; Workshop Proceedings Gland, Switzerland, April 11-12,
1997).
3.14.6 Equator Principles
The environmental policy of many private donor banks follows the so called “Equator
Principles”. In financing private projects, these Equator Principles Financial Institutions
(EPFIs) demand to encounter social and environmental issues during development of
projects. Thus, negative impacts on project-affected ecosystems and communities should
be avoided where possible, and if these impacts are unavoidable, they should be reduced,
mitigated and/or compensated for appropriately. The methods to reach these goals follow
mainly the IFC Guidelines as well as national requirements as laid down in Pak – EPA 1997.
3.15 THE KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT
Karot Hydropower Project has an estimated generation of 720 MW. Consequently, the
project falls under category „A‟ thus requiring preparation of an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) and of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) under Schedule A. This is in
compliance with the provisions of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997.
According to IFC PS1, this project has been classified as an Environmental Category „A‟
project. Category „A‟ projects are expected to have significant impacts that may be
sensitive, diverse or unprecedented and require full EIA.
This ESIA for the Karot Hydropower Project will be filed with EPAs of Punjab and AJ&K for
their approval.
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CHAPTER –4
BASELINE CONDITIONS
4.1 OVERVIEW OF BASELINE
Overall, the project area has a mountainous topography dissected by rivers, hill streams
and springs. The project area covers administrative region consisting of Rawalpindi district
in Punjab province; Kotli and Sudhnuti districts in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).
Jhelum is the major river in the project region. The description of existing baseline
conditions includes physical environment such as topography, geology/ seismicity, soil, land
use, meteorology, hydrology/ water resources; biological environment like flora, fauna,
crops, horticulture and forestry and socio-economic environment including demography,
source of income, civic amenities and utilities etc.
Several field surveys and consultations were conducted in the process of preparing EIA and
in assessing stakeholders‟ views in 2009. During updating of the EIA report, the field work
for determination of environmental baseline and in particular socio-economic setting of the
project area due to change in design was undertaken during the month of June – July 2014.
No significant changes in the baseline conditions are observed during the socio-economic
survey 2014, therefore, the baseline data of the project area remain unchanged. The survey
team consisted of PES professional staff including principal environmentalists, sociologist
and engineers.
4.2 BASELINE SURVEY METHODOLOGY
The methodological approach adopted during baseline survey in determining the
environmental and socio-economic baseline conditions of the project area is discussed in
the following sections.
4.2.1 Delineation of the Study Area
The area falling under project influence due to construction of various project structures is
termed as study area. Some of these areas are directly affected while others are indirectly
affected by the project activities. Considering the mountainous topography dissected by
river, hill stream most of the potential area would fall within 150m on either side of the river
Jhelum and about 27km in length covering the river stretch from tail of the reservoir to dam
site. The right bank of the reservoir (Jhelum River) falls in Rawalpindi district, Punjab
province whereas the left bank falls in Kotli and Sudhnuti districts of AJ&K. The area of
most concerns included;
i) Area of Karot (Rawalpindi district) and Hollar (Kotli district) villages falling in the
vicinity of the project structures such as Dam, spillway, diversion tunnel, intake
headrace tunnel, tunnel, tail race tunnel and power house.
ii) 27 km long reservoir and 150m wide on either side of the reservoir area to be created
by the construction of dam. The right bank is included in Rawalpindi district of Punjab
province and left bank in the Districts of Kotli and Sudhunti of AJ&K.
iii) Areas to be used for establishing construction camps
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iv) Areas likely to be used for dumping of spoil material from excavation of tunnel, dam
and power house,
v) Downstream of dam, about 232m stretch of the river reach from dam up to
powerhouse. This 232m long stretch will going to be deprived from the river flows
during low-flow season for its diversion into the power tunnel for power generation.
vi) Areas on high-benches through which the power tunnel is going to be excavated.
These areas are going to be directly affected. As there are settlements on these
benches hence disruption due to vibrations from blasting and drilling will be
significant.
vii) Beor town will not going to be directly affected by the project; however, the area will
likely to have indirect effects due to induction of heavy machinery and vehicles,
particularly when transporting construction material and will cause traffic congestions
and hazards, while on the other hand the induction of outside workforce will be
beneficial in boosting the local business.
4.2.2 Data Collection
The required information/ data of a baseline study was classified into two main categories
i.e. Primary data and Secondary data. The primary data was collected directly from the
concerned communities and affected households while secondary data was the information
gathered through secondary sources such as census report, research publications,
topographic sheets, other published data related to the project such as wildlife, livestock,
fishery, forestry, agriculture, horticulture, climate etc.
Primary Data Collection: In compiling data for socio-environmental baseline
conditions and consultation process, three pre-designed questionnaires were used
during the field surveys in addition to Survey of Pakistan Maps 1:50,000 Scale to
record physical, biological and socio-economic conditions in the project area as well
as to assess the likely impacts due to the project implementation. The pre-designed
questionnaires used were;
- Questionnaire for Village Profile
- Questionnaire for Physical and Biological Environmental Data Collection
- Questionnaire for Socio-Economic Profile and Census Survey of Affected
Persons
These questionnaires are combination of both close and open-ended questions along with
certain guided questions where necessary. The respondents avoiding or hesitating to
provide proper information was tackled by asking different indirect questions during face to
face interviews. These questionnaires including questionnaires of surveys conducted in
2009 are appended as Appendix – II.
Consultations
The information pertaining to socio-economic profile of the affected persons was gathered
through consultative meetings with local communities in their respective villages.
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Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique was employed and focused group
discussions/ scoping sessions were arranged with locals including affectees of the project
area. These consultations were helpful in the ongoing process of information gathering as
well as consensus and confidence building between consultant, client and the local/affected
communities of the project area.
Secondary Data Collection: To collect published information relating to project area
on demography, land use, geology, landforms climate, water resources, wild life,
forestry and fishery, officials of the following relevant line departments were visited.
- Office of the Deputy Commissioner, Kahuta, Punjab
- Office of the Deputy Commissioner, Sudhnuti, AJ&K
- Office of the Assistant Commissioner, Sehensa, Kotli AJ&K
- Wildlife and Forest Department, Rawalpindi and Muzaffarabad
- Fishery Department, Rawalpindi and Muzaffarabad
- Agriculture and Horticulture Department, Rawalpindi and Muzaffarabad
- WWF and AJ&K Rural Support Programme (NGOs)
All the collected information viz-a-viz physical, biological and socio-economic data is
discussed in the following sections. Appendix – III is a list of participants of scoping
sessions held in the project area. Whereas the photographic documentation of the socio-
environmental survey including project areas of various activities is given at the end of the
report.
4.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
4.3.1 Topography
Project area is located in the medium-upper reach of Jhelum River. It belongs to medium-
low mountain topography. The hilltop ground elevation of the bank slopes is generally 510
m to 870 m. The shape of the valley in the dam site area is generally asymmetrical “V”
shaped. Upstream of the left bank U turn of the river are generally stepped slopes with an
average slope of 25 ° to 30 °,locally38 ° to 42 °. The top is generally wide and gentle, where
dip slope with bedrock outcrops. For the bending area on the right bank, the slope is steep
in the upper part and gentle in the lower part. The topographic slope in the lower part is 25 °
~ 35 °, and it is stepped cliff in the upper part. The terrain below the U turn is relatively wide.
The left bank is characterized as multi-stage gentle near shore slope. The top of the slope
is tilting towards SE direction. The lower terrain of the bank slope of the right bank is
relatively gentle, and the topographic slope is 20 °to 35 °.
The terrain in the dam site area is closed. The mountains on the left bank are thick. The
width at the elevation of 461 m of the bending area on the right bank is 380m-700m. And
there is no terrain pass.
The water surface width during the low flow period of the Jhelum River is 30m – 60m, the
water level elevation is 388m – 391m, the corresponding depth is 6m – 8m, and the depth
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in the middle of the riverbed is 8m – 12m.
4.3.2 Geology of Project Area
The geological formation of the dam site at Karot consists of Siwalik formation of thick,
massive sandstones and clay inter beds. The beds dip upstream at 10 to 20 degree. A
continuous major bedding joint divides the main sandstone bed equally. This is an
unloading feature and is common in thick sandstone. On the left bank of the river, about 50
meters above normal river level, there is a flat bench with thick overburden cover. This
bench continues for 200 meters before meeting a steep rock face.
Banks of Jhelum River on both sides are covered with stream sediment material having
some gravel on the surface. There are signs of major slides/slips which could create some
problems after reservoir is filled near Azad Pattan Bridge.
4.3.3 Seismology
Karot hydropower project lies in the Jhelum fault, which has length of 120 km. The Jhelum
fault yields maximum magnitude potential MW = 7.5. The maximum potential magnitude for
Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) was selected equal to the magnitude MW = 7.6 of recent
Kashmir earthquake. This is considered the characteristic (maximum) for that fault. The
ground acceleration of 0.31 g is adopted as design basis earthquake (DBE) for Karot
hydropower project.
4.3.4 Soils
Soils of the project area are predominantly of calcareous sandstone origin. Most of the soils
are formed by alluvial or alluvial deposits. Soils of the uplands are generally deep to
moderately deep and well drained. They are leached and therefore generally non
calcareous, soils in the piedmont plains are of medium to light textured and well to
excessively drained.
4.3.5 Climate
Climate of Indo Pakistan sub-continent, in which the project catchments lies, can be divided
into four seasons; namely the North-East Monsoon (December to February), Hot Weather
Period (March to May), South-West Monsoon (June to September) and Transition Period
(October to November). The distribution of rain during the year depends principally on
topography of the area and season. Summer rain fall in particular varies significantly in time
and place.
4.3.6 Rainfall
Mean monthly precipitation of various rain gauging stations is presented in Figure 4.1. The
mean monthly precipitation for the watershed area is 124.5 mm. The data presented in
Figure 4.1 indicate that the temporal monthly distribution of the rainfall is bi-modal; the first
peak appears in the month of March and second in July, however, the second peak is the
highest.
Average annual rainfalls were computed for each climatological station and are presented
in Figure 4.2 with total length of data records used for estimation of averages. The Figure
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
86 January 2015
4.2 shows that Rawlakot has maximum annual average rainfall (1824 mm), whereas,
Risalpur carries minimum average annual rainfall i.e. 636 mm. The mean annual rainfall for
the watershed based on available stations data is 1442 mm.
Figure 4.1: Mean Monthly Precipitations at Various Rain Gauging Stations
Figure 4.2: Mean Annual Precipitations for the Watershed
Mean annual precipitations were also computed for the watershed and are presented
in Figure 4.3. The average maximum and minimum annual precipitations over the
watershed was estimated as 1769 mm in 1988 and 1022 mm in 2001, respectively. The
results of average precipitations are based on 35 years (1971-2005) data record of seven
climatological stations namely Balakot, Garhi Dupatta, Muzaffarabad, Murree, Risalpur,
Rawlakot and Domel.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
87 January 2015
Figure 4.3: Average Annual Precipitations for the Watershed
4.3.7 Temperature
The mean monthly temperature at Mangla Reservoir is presented in Figure 4.4. The data in
Figure 4.4 show that the highest temperatures are observed in the months of June and July,
which is 28.62 °C on the average. The lowest average daily temperature is 9.17 °C and is
observed in the month of January. On average, the results reveal that January is the
coldest and June is the hottest month. The mean annual temperatures from 1968 to 2005
are presented in Figure 4.5, which shows that the mean temperature of 1968 was the
highest with a numerical value of 23.9 °C and then means annual temperatures almost
remain same with slight variations.
Figure 4.4: Mean Monthly Temperature at Mangla Reservoir
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
88 January 2015
Figure 4.5: Mean Annual Temperatures at Domel
4.3.8 Hydrology
In addition to surface water resources consisting of Jhelum River and numerous nullahs
draining into Jhelum River, ground water also exists at different location in the project area.
This resource can be tapped by means of dug wells and tube wells. The groundwater thus
tapped will be of acceptable quality for drinking, crop irrigation and for other purposes.
The generated daily flows at the dam site for 35 years from 1969 to 2004 have been
obtained. The absolute minimum, average and maximum daily flows were found as
106,821m3/s and 10,900m
3/s, respectively. The minimum, average and maximum daily
flows based on the averages for 35 years data are 203, 817m3/s and 1792m
3/s,
respectively. The minimum, mean and maximum 10-daily flows at the dam site were
computed as 209, 803 m3/s and 1758 m
3/s, respectively on the basis of 35 years
data record. The minimum, mean and maximum monthly flows at the dam site were
computed as 218, 81 m3/s and 1706 m
3/s respectively. The minimum, mean and maximum
annual flows at the dam site were computed as 382, 821 and 1300 m3/s, respectively.
4.3.9 Hydrological Stations
Nine main hydrological stations were available in the study area watershed from where
flow, instantaneous peaks and sediment discharge data were made available; all those
stations were setup and are being maintained by the SWHP, WAPDA. Those gauging
stations include Chinari, Hattian Bala, Domel, Chattar Kallas, Karot, Azad Pattan and Karot
on River Jhelum; whereas Garhi Habibullah and Muzaffarabad stream gauging stations are
situated on Rivers Kunhar and Neelum, respectively.
For dam site flow and flood study, Karot and Azad Pattan gauging stations data were found
appropriate as the Karot gauging station is situated at the dam site and Azad Pattan is
located slightly upstream the dam site. Climatological and hydrological data for different
periods were collected from various meteorological stations are presented in Table 4.1and
4.2 respectively.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
89 January 2015
Table 4.1: Climatological Data
Station Temperature Relative Humidity
Pan Evaporation
Wind Velocity
Rainfall
Domel 1968-2005 1968-2005 1968-2005 1968-2005 1968-2005
Balakot 1970-1979 1970-1979 1970-1979 1970-1979 1970-2005
Naran 1970-2005 1970-2005 1988-2005 1988-2005 1970-2005
Rawlakot 1970-2005 1970-2005 - - 1970-2005
Bagh 1970-2005 1970-2005 - - 1970-2005
Palandri 1970-2005 1970-2005 - - 1970-2005
Dhudnial - - - - 1985-1995
Balakot 1960-1967
1971-2005 -
1960-1967
1971-2005
1960-1967
1971-2005
1960-1967
1971-2005
Garhi
Dupatta 1955-2005 - 1955-2005 1955-2005 1955-2005
M-Abad 1955-2005
- 1955-2005 1955-2005 1955-2005
Murree 1960-2005
- 1960-2005 1960-2005 1960-2005
Risalpur 1954-2005 - 1954-2005 1954-2005 1954-2005
Rawlakot 2003-2005 - 2003-2005 2003-2005 2003-2005
Mangla - - 1984-2007 - -
Table 4.2: Hydrological Data
Sr.
No.
Gauging
Station River Flow data
Sediment
Data
1 Chinari UpperJhelum 1970-1996 1970-1996
2 Hattian Bala UpperJhelum 1997-2004 1997-2004
3 Domel UpperJhelum 1976-2004 1976-2004
4 Muzaffarabad Neelum 1963-2004 1963-2004
5 Garhi Habibullah Kunhar 1960-2004 1960-1995
6 Karot LowerJhelum 1965-1995 1965-1995
7 Chattar Kallas LowerJhelum 1997-2004 1997-2004 8 Azad Pattan
U/S ManglaDam 1979-1992
1994-2004
1979-1992
1994-2004 9 Karot U/S ManglaDam 1969-1979 1969-1979
4.3.10 River Water Quality
The project is located in a very thinly populated area and there are no major sources of
pollution in and around the area. During construction, the pollution may occur due to
increase in sedimentation, deposition of hazardous waste material and discharge of the
workers‟ camp waste waters into the water bodies. Water samples were collected by the
SGS from dam and powerhouse site in 2009 and analysed for 26 parameters. Same
parameters were got analysed by PES from EPA approved laboratory, Solution
Environmental & Analytical Laboratory, Lahore, during December 2014. A copy of
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
90 January 2015
Laboratory results is attached as Appendix –IV. The analysis results are reproduced in
Table 4.3.
Table 4.3: Water Quality of River Jhelum
Sr.
No
Parameters
Unit
Results at
Power house site
Results at Dam
Site Limits
as per
NEQS 2009 2014 2009 2014
1 Temperature °C 13 26.0 12 26.0 =<40
2 pH 7.78 7.85 7.92 7.6 06-09
3 Biochemical Oxygen
Demand mg/L 21 15 10 12 80.00
4 Chemical Oxygen
Demand mg/L 37 30 19 24 150.00
5 *Total Suspended
Solids mg/L 366 46 241 44 200.00
6 Total Dissolved mg/L 114 196 109 140 3500.00
7 Chloride mg/L 10 24 10.6 22 1000.00
8 Fluoride mg/L 0.4 1.48 0.6 1.4 10.00
9 Cyanide mg/L <0.01 BDL <0.01 BDL 01.00
10 Sulphate mg/L 45 28 40 27 600.00
11 Sulphide mg/L <0.1 BDL <0.1 BDL 01.00
12 Magnesium mg/L 11.9 8.56 10.9 9.87 -
13 Ammonia mg/L <0.1 BDL <0.1 BDL 40.00
14 Cadmium mg/L <0.05 BDL <0.05 BDL 00.10
15 Chromium mg/L <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 01.00
16 Copper mg/L 0.02 0.5 0.02 0.5 01.00
17 Lead mg/L 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 00.50
18 Mercury mg/L <0.001 BDL <0.001 BDL 00.01
19 Selenium mg/L <0.01 BDL <0.01 BDL 00.50
20 Nickel mg/L 0.04 BDL 0.04 BDL 01.00
21 Silver mg/L <0.1 BDL <0.1 BDL 01.00
22 Zinc mg/L 0.14 0.20 0.12 0.20 05.00
23 Arsenic mg/L <0.005 0.02 <0.005 0.02 01.00
24 Barium mg/L <0.5 BDL <0.5 BDL 01.50
25 *Iron mg/L 12.5 0.90 7.5 0.17 8.00
26 Boron mg/L <0.02 0.50 <0.02 0.50 6.00 BDL = Below Detection Limit *The variations in the concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) and iron are due to natural causes.
4.3.11 Ambient Air Quality
Presently the air quality is good in the project area as there are no major sources of air
pollution in the vicinity of the project area. Routine vehicular traffic on the nearby roads of
the project area causes dust, which effect is fairly localized. For ambient air quality
monitoring, noise level monitoring, sampling and analysis of surface water from advised
sampling points, a study was done by SGS Pakistan (Pvt) Limited in 2009, attached as
Appendix – V.
The data reproduced in Table 4.4 and Table 4.5 indicate that the carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide levels at dam site and powerhouse site
respectively are quite lower than the National Environmental Quality Standards for
these gases.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
91 January 2015
Table 4.4: Ambient Air Quality at Dam Site
Parameter Unit Duration LDL
Average
Obtained
Concentration
Nitrogen Dioxide(Nox) ppb 24Hours 1 11.62
Sulfur Dioxide(SO2) ppb 24Hours 1 1.96
Carbon Monoxide(CO) ppm 24Hours 0.01 2.12
PM10 ug/m3
24Hours 2 109.02
µg/m3: micro grams per cubic meter
LDL: Lowest Detection Limit
Table 4.5: Ambient Air Quality at Powerhouse Site
Parameter Unit Duration LDL
Average
Obtained
Concentration
Nitrogen Dioxide(Nox) ppb 24Hours 1 14.22
Sulfur Dioxide(SO2) ppb 24Hours 1 2.00
Carbon Monoxide(CO) ppm 24Hours 0.01 2.61
PM10 ug/m3
24Hours 2 136.10
µg/m3: micro grams per cubic meter
LDL: Lowest Detection Limit
4.3.12 Noise Levels
The one hour noise levels have been determined during noise level survey conducted by
PES staff in December 2014. These levels have been recorded to comply with
requirements of IFC and NEQS. Accordingly, the results are reproduced in Table 4.6 below.
Table 4.6: Noise Levels at Various Location of the Project Area
The observations include noise levels due to flow of river water, wind, light traffic and noise
created due to children and other similar entities in the village.
As can be seen, the observations show that the noise levels at the proposed sites of dam
axis, powerhouse, Karot village boundary of house and the primary school are all within the
limits of NEQS 75dBA for day time and dBA for night time and IFC EHS General Guidelines
limits of 55dBA day time and 45dBA for night time.
Sr.
No Location Time
L (Min)
(dbA)
L (Max)
(dbA)
L (Average)
(dbA) Remarks
1 Dam Axis ( left bank of River) 11:00 am 45 55 50 Noise of wind
and water
2 Road near Dam Axis
(right bank of River) 11:30 am 40 45 42.5
Noise of light
traffic
3 Boundary of House in Karot
Village 11:45 am 44 55 49.5
Noisy activities of
the residents
4 Primary School in Karot
Village 11:55 am 40 49 44.5
Noise due to the
children
5 Right Bank of Powerhouse 12:25 am 52 53 52.5 Noise due to the
water
6 Left Bank of Powerhouse 3:30 pm 45 50 47.5 Noise due to the
water
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
92 January 2015
4.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
4.4.1 Vegetation Study
The vegetation study of the project area was undertaken and completed in December 2014.
The vegetation study is described in brief terms in the following paragraphs. The full text of
the vegetation study appears as Appendix – VI of this report.
4.4.1.1 Survey Methodology Adopted
Along 27km length of reservoir area three representative sites were selected for vegetation
survey on both left and right banks of river Jhelum. At each site two transect lines of 500
meter each were laid across one another. On each transect line 1m X 1m Quadrat for
grasses/herbs, 4m X 4m Quadrat for shrubs and 10m X 10m for trees were laid on an
interval of 50 meter. The data was collected and compiled for identification, calculation of
cover percentage, species composition and forage production. For forage production the
species were clipped and air dried at 2 cm from the ground level.
Simultaneously, one site each at dam location (dam, powerhouse, diversion tunnels, spill
way etc), proposed residential colony, dumping sites and proposed stretch of 2.8km Karot
road (to be relocated) were also surveyed separately for cover percentage and spp
composition only ( Quraishi, 1998).
Quadrat surveys proforma was used for results of cover percentage, species composition
and forage production. (See proforma in Appendix of Vegetation Study)
The plant species were identified along the transect line laid at various sites. The
unidentified plants specimens were collected with specific voucher numbers and
identification was carried out with the help of plant herbarium at Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar. Published/online literature available including Flora of West Pakistan Fascicles
(Nasir et al., 1970) and www.efloras.org (Flora of Pakistan) were also consulted.
4.4.1.2 Plant Species in the Project Area
In Total, 95 species of trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses and ferns belonging to 49 families were
identified during the survey. Most of the plants belong to Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae
and Rosaceae families. Almost all the plants are important and exploited as medicinal
plants. The identified plant species are listed in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7: List of Plant Species in the Project Area Local Name
Biological Name
Type of Trees
Kalatoot
Morus nigra
Beri Zizyphus jujuba Fig/Paghwar
Ficus carica
Sufaida
Populus nigra
Darwia
Ailenthus excelsa
Dhaman
Grewia spp.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
93 January 2015
Local Name
Biological Name
Tun
Cedrella toona
Sunmbal
Salmalia melabarica
Kaliar/Kachnar
Bauhnia variegate
Kaho
Olea cuspidate
Tree of Heaven Celtis australis
Phulahi
Accacia modesta
Lohn
Coetonestor species
Ipil Ipil
Robinia pseudocassia
Bohr
Ficus bengalensis
Shisham
Daibergia sissoo
Type of Medicinal Plants
Amla Phylanthu semblica
Komal Berberis lyceum
Makoo Solanum nigrum
Chahoo Artimisea vulgaris
Kewra Agave Americana
Kanwargandal Aloevera
Behakar Justicia vesica
Sowa Anethum graveolens
Ak Calotropis procera
Bhang Cannabis sativa
Datura Datura alba
Kasni Cichoriumintybus
Watercress Lepidium sativum
Alsi Linumusita tissimum
Dhrek Melia azederach
Pudina Mentha arvensis
Kanergandera Nerium odorum
Bhabori Ocimum basilicum
Banafsha Viola odorata
Timar Zanthoxylum armatum
Lasoora Cordia myxa
Anab/Sanjli Zizyphus vulgare
Arnolu Ricinus communis
Dhavi Woodfordia floribunda
Fern Adiantum
Rinjal Narcisus
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
94 January 2015
Local Name
Biological Name
Mamoona Tulipa
Papra Fumaria indica
Jan-e-azam Ajugab racteosa
Ishaqpecha Ipomea spp
Type of Shrubs
Bahekar Adhatoda vasica
Sanatha Dodanea viscose
Kaner Neruim indicum
Sumble Berberis aristata
Hiponter Rhus cotinus
Kamela Mollotus phillipensis
Komal Berberi slyceum
Chahoo Artimisea vulgaris
Ak Calotropis procera
Bhang Cannabis sativa
Pudina Mentha arvensis
Timar Zanthoxylum armatum
Anab/Sanjli Zizyphus vulgare
Mamoona Tulipa
Papra Fumaria indica
Tomato Equisetum
Type of Grasses
Khabal Cynodon dactylon
Munge Saccharum munja
Naru Panicum antidotale
Deela Cyprus rotandus
Baru Jhonson grass
Dib Dubgrass
Neri Arundodonax
Type of Plants for Honey Bee Keeping
Sarsoon Brassica compestris
Bahekar Adhatoda vasica
Kikar Acassia arabica
Beri Zizyphus jujuba
Sanatha Dodanea viscose
Saree Cirsus procera
Kaho Olea cuspidate
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
95 January 2015
Local Name
Biological Name
Hari Arwari Prunus species
Dakh Vitis vinifera
4.4.1.3 Fruit Trees
In the project area limited numbers of fruit trees are privately grown in the Karot and Hollar
villages. The detail of these fruit trees is given in the table below.
Table 4.8: Type of Fruit Trees in Project Area
Common Name/Local Name Scientific Name
Toot Morus alba
Daroona Punica granatum
Apricot Prunus arminicca
Peach Prunus persica
Plum Prunus domestica
Dandli Pyrus pashia
Batang Pyrus communis
Barhoi Zizyphus vulgaris
Mevwa Fragari anubicola
Raspberry Rubus spp.
Banana Musas apientum
Simbloo Berberis lyceum
Date Phoenix dactyliferx
Galgal Citrus medica
Loquat Eriootria Japonica
Amrood Psidium guvajava
4.4.1.4 Forests in the Project Area
The project area falls under the sub-tropical pine forests and sub-tropical broad leaved
evergreen. Those areas are mainly covered by “chir pine” and include the lower sub-
mountainous terrain of the project area within the lower reaches of the Jhelum River. Pinus
roxhurghii (Chir Pine) is the only conifer forest plant and is dominant within the area
with patches of broad leaved species such as; (Olive) Olea ferruginea, (Phulai) Acacia
modesta, (Timmer) Zanthoxylum armatum, (Fig) Ficus carica, (Sanatha) Dodonea
viscosa and (Simblu) Berberis lyceum and cultivated fruit trees.
Land cover Atlas of Pakistan (2012) district wise identified two major forest types in the
project area i.e. subtropical Chir pine forests and sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen
forests as shown in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9: District-wise Forest Types Area in Project Area (in ha and %age)
Sr.
# Districts
Moist
Temperate
Sub-
tropical
Chir Pine
Sub-
tropical
Broad-
leaved
Plantations Riverine Total
1. Rawalpindi 17,249 ha
(15.2%)
27,283ha
(24.1%)
68,627ha
(60.7%) 0 0
113,159ha
(100%)
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
96 January 2015
Sr.
# Districts
Moist
Temperate
Sub-
tropical
Chir Pine
Sub-
tropical
Broad-
leaved
Plantations Riverine Total
2. Sudhnuti 0 18,791ha
(98.5%)
285ha
(1.5%) 0 0
19,076ha
(100%)
3. Kotli 0 4,676ha
(71.4%)
17,939ha
(28.6%) 0 0
62,615ha
(100%)
Source: Land Cover Atlas of Pakistan, 2012
Legally the forests of the Karot Hydro Power Project area are of two types the
Reserved/Protected or the Government owned forests, and the Guzaras/ Private/
Community Owned Forests also known as Khalsa Sarkaar in Azad Jammu & Kashmir.
Almost all the reservoir area lies in the Guzara/Community owned forests and far away from
the Reserved Forests (all the activities/rights are prohibited unless permitted by the
provincial government). A small portion of reservoir comes under Reserved/Protected
Forest (all activities/rights like cutting of trees, collection of firewood, grazing, grass
collection, collection of medicinal plants etc are permitted until and unless provincial
government prohibit any/all of these activities)
Reserved / Protected Forests: The reserved forests in the area were declared Reserved
after the first regular settlement in 1886 and later on re-designated in 1956 under the Forest
Act, 1927. All the protected forests are burdened with the rights of timber, wood for
agricultural implements, grasses and fuel wood, lopping of certain trees for fodder, grass
cutting and grazing of horned cattle. According to Government notification No.283 of
26.9.1916, all the reserved forests in the Punjab shall be open to free grazing except such
forests as the Divisional Forest Officer may consider necessary to close for the purpose of
regeneration, provided that the area of the forests closed at any one time shall not exceed
1/4th of the total area of the reserved forests. These rights are permitted to be exercised
under Forest Settlement Report, 1887.
Guzara/Private/Community/Khalsa Sarkaar Forests: The waste land with trees of
spontaneous growth constitutes the Guzara /Community/Khalsaa Sarkaar forests spread
over the whole of the project tract. The government has got property rights over the tree of
spontaneous growth occurring in the village waste lands in the project area. These Guzaras
are under the control of deputy commissioner. He is assisted in their management by the
Divisional Forest Officer in whose jurisdiction the areas lies.
The Guzara forest are administered under the Guzara rules issued by the govt under
notification NO.618and 619 dated 15th November 1912 and 245 dated 11.5.1914 an
NO.246 dated 15.5.1914. Every right holder has a right to get 315 cft of timber once in three
years. A large quantity of timber obtained by the right holder for house building from Guzara
is illicitly sold in the market. The peoples are interested more in establishing their respective
rights on the waste lands rather than managing them as forest.
4.4.1.5 Cover Percentage, Species Composition and Forage Production
Cover percentage, species composition and forage production compiled as per Quadrat
surveys proforma at various sites of the project area are tabulated below.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
97 January 2015
Table 4.10: Location wise Cover percentage, Species Composition and Forage Production in Karot
HPP
Sr.
# Location Cover Percentage
Species
Composition
Forage
Production
(Kg/ha)
1 27km Reservoir Vegetation 60-80%
Bare soil/rocks 20-40%
Trees 10 %
Shrubs 70%
Grasses/herbs 20%
1245 kg/hac
2 Dam site
including power
house, tunnels
and spillway
Vegetation 50-60%
Bare soil/rocks 40-50 %
Trees 50%
Shrubs 30%
Grasses/herbs 20%
915 kg/ha
3 Residential
Colony area
Vegetation 50-60%
Bare soil/rocks 40-50 %
Trees 10 %
Shrubs 75%
Grasses/herbs 15%
645 kg/ha
4 Dumping Sites Vegetation 60-70%
Bare soil/rocks 30-40 %
Trees 60 %
Shrubs 30%
Grasses/herbs 10%
790 kg/ha
5 Proposed Karot
road for re-
location (2.8km)
Vegetation 90-100%
Bare soil/rocks 0-10 %
Trees 80 %
Shrubs 15%
Grasses/herbs 5%
650 kg/ha
4.4.1.6 Conservation Status of Flora of Karot HPP
The flora of the Karot project does not contain any species which was declared as
endangered, threatened or rare. The conservation status of the vegetation species
(Grasses, herbs, shrubs, trees and medicinal plants) is listed in Table 4.8. None of the
species was found endangered either for Pakistan or in the world. Only three species Celtis
australus (Tree of Heaven), Ficus bengalensis (Bohr) and Ficus carica (Fig) were found
rare in Pakistan but they are listed as common for the rest of the world. The rest of the
vegetation species were found protected and common in Pakistan and for the rest of the
world.
4.4.2 Fauna Study
The fauna study of the project area was undertaken and completed in December 2014. The
Fauna study is described in brief terms in the following paragraphs. The full text of the
fauna study appears as Appendix – VII of this report.
In Pakistan, the total number of species of birds is 606, having 272 genera and 74 families.
The number of species of birds has now risen to 670 (Grimmett et al., 2008). Moreover,
Pakistan is home to about 166 mammals
The amphibians and reptiles of the northern Pakistan are not very well studied. Azad
Jammu and Kashmir harbour the highest reptilian diversity due to its unique topography and
other ecological factors (Baig, 1998; Masroor 2012). Jhelum River Basin, like Potwar
Plateau, also has a distinct altitudinal range and relatively high precipitation with expected
high herpetofaunal diversity, overlapping with the faunas of the northern regions and Potwar
Plateau.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
98 January 2015
4.4.2.1 Approach and Methodology
The approach and methodology adopted to conduct fauna study mainly consist of published
literature review, legislative review, field survey and consultation with the locals of the
project area. During field survey various sampling/transect points of project area, as shown
in Figure 4.6, were selected for various groups adopting different methodologies as
described below;
i) Terrestrial Habitat Characterization: Satellite imagery, vegetation cover/land use
maps, as well as results from the scoping study were compiled to draw terrestrial
habitat maps of the study Area. The focus was to map out all the vegetation zones
particularly the vegetation zones that are river dependent, such as floodplain and
marginal vegetation zones.
ii) Large Mammals: Sign and Humane – Carnivore Interaction Survey was conducted
for large mammals. For Sign survey line transects (500 m x 20 m) were placed at each
sampling location to record all animals or their signs and footprints. Length of transect
was approximately one kilometre and signs were searched on both sides of transect up
to 5 meters. Longitude, latitude and elevation were noted at start and end points of
each transect using Global Positioning System (GPS).
Human-Carnivore Interaction Survey surveys were conducted to measure the human
conflict with large and medium sized mammals like common leopard, jackal, fox, rhesus
monkey and Indian wild boar. Whole area was considered as one unit. Thirty
respondents, each representing a separate household, were interviewed from different
villages/localities. People were asked about their previous record of sighting of different
large mammals in one year, status of large mammals, their perception about different
species of large mammals, and intensity of danger of large mammals according to
them. Information on killings of livestock and poultry different by carnivores for past one
year was also collected.
iii) Small Mammals: Live trapping of small mammals was carried out at various sampling
sites using Sherman traps. A mixture of different food grains mixed with fragrant seeds
was attempted as bait to attract the small mammals. Thirty to forty traps were set at a
specific area in two lines approximately 10 m apart and left overnight. Trapped animals
were identified and released alive after taking measurements.
iv) Reptiles: Active searching was done along the line transect of 500 m long and 20 m
wide placed systematically at each sampling to record presence of signs such as an
impression of body, tail or footprints, faecal pellets, tracks, dens or egg laying
excavations. The observed/collected specimens were identified with the help of the
most recent key available in the literature. Density and diversity were calculated for
each sampling point.
v) Birds: The line transects (500 m x 50 m) method covering nearly all habitats types of
study area was employed to enlist the avian fauna of study area. Transects were
started early in the morning and in late afternoon and evenings to cover all possible
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
99 January 2015
habitats. The birds were identified using the most recent local and international bird
identification tools available (Grimmett et al., 2008).
Figure 4.6: Sampling Points/Transects along Karot HPP
4.4.2.2 Existing Fauna of the Project Area
Based on the field survey, following fauna of the project area was found.
Amphibians and Reptiles (Herpeto–Fauna): A total of 288 reptile and amphibian
specimens belonging to 32 species were observed in the ecological study area. The most
abundant amphibian seen here was the Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Except for
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Cyrtopodion rohtasfortai and Fejervarya limnocharis which have not yet been assessed for
the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2014), the rest of the taxa are categorized as LC in IUCN Red
List.
Birds (Ornitho- Fauna): The passerine birds dominated the diversity with 51 species as
compared to non-passerines which were 28 in number. The selected points for birds are
shown in Figure 4.7.
Figure 4.7: Sampling Points for Birds – Karot HPP
The order Passeriformes have highest number of recorded birds species (51) followed by
Falconiformes (08) Coraciiformes and Galliformes (04 each) respectively. Along the stream
and water bodies Kingfisher, wagtail and little egret were also recorded. The critically
endangered species, the white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) and endangered
Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) were also recorded in very small number. The
species of vultures are highly threatened by different factors like diclofenac contamination
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of livestock carcasses (Green et al., 2006). The other causes such as habitat destruction,
food shortage, human persecution, poisoning and pesticide use may have caused a
gradual decline in vulture populations (Birdlife International, 2010). The abundance of
Egyptian Vulture, Black kite and crow species was higher near the waste and garbage
stored land. The habitat and distribution range overlapping of two crow species, Jungle
crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) and House crow (Corvus splendens) were observed.
Mammals: About 28 species of mammals were reported in the selected sampling points.
The selected points for birds are shown in Figure 4.8.
Figure 4.8: Sampling Points for Mammals – Karot HPP
Table 4.11 shows a list of mammalian species or groups (in case of rodents, bats and
mutelids) in the area with some anecdotal evidences for further confirmation.
Table 4.11: Checklist of Mammals
Sr.
No. Species Scientific Name IUCN Status
1 Common leopard Panthera pardus Near Threatened
2 Grey wolf Canis lupus Least Concern
3 Asiatic jackal Canis aureus Least Concern
4 Red fox Vulpes vulpes Least Concern
5 Wild boar Sus scrofa Least Concern
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Sr.
No. Species Scientific Name IUCN Status
6 Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak Least Concern
7 Indian crested
porcupine
Hystrix Indica Least Concern
8 Cape hare Lepus capensis Least Concern
9 Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta Least Concern
10 Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Least Concern
11 Small Asian mongoose Herpestes javanicus Least Concern
12 Indian grey mongoose Herpestes edwardsii Least Concern
13 Small Kashmir flying
squirrel
Eoglaucomys fimbriatus Least Concern
14 Common otter Lutra lutra Near Threatened
15 Jungle cat Felis chaus Least Concern
16 Smooth-coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata Vulnerable
17-21 Rodents - -
22-23 Mustelid - -
23-28 Bats - -
4.4.2.3 Conservation Status of Species
The conservation status of the species identified were determined using criteria set by the
IUCN Red List of threatened species (IUCN Red List, 2013), Pakistan‟s Mammals National
Red List 200653, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
appendices (as of November 2013) (CITES, 2013). The baseline was developed to address
the requirements of the Equator Principles, and International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Performance Standards.
Large Mammals: Three large mammals reported from the ecological study area are
included in IUCN Red List 2013. These are the common Leopard Panthera pardus and
common Otter Lutra lutra, both of which are listed as near threatened and smooth-coated
otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) as vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN Red List 2013. There are
some species that are included in the CITES Species List and in the Pakistan Mammals
National Red List 2006. However, none of the mammal species observed or reported from
the ecological study area is endemic, their distribution is not limited to any specific site or
habitat type, and their distribution is widespread.
Small Mammals: None of the small mammals observed or reported from the ecological
study area are included in the IUCN Red List 2013. No threatened small mammals or
endemics were determined to be resident on the ecological study area. There are some
species of limited conservation concern, but their distribution is widespread.
Amphibians and Reptiles: One of the reptile species recorded from Ecological Study Area
is included in the IUCN Red List 2013. This is the Indian Rock Python Python molurus that
is listed as near threatened. Of the herpeto–fauna species observed in the ecological study
area, four are endemic to Pakistan. These include Rohtas Fort Gecko Cyrtopodion
rohtasfortai, Typhlops madgemintonai, Typhlops ahsanuli, and Typhlops diardi platyventris.
The two species included in CITES Appendix II are Central Asian Cobra Naja oxiana and
Indian Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus, while Varanus bengalensis Bengal Monitor is included in
CITES Appendix I.
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Birds: Three bird species found in the ecological study area are included in the IUCN Red
List 2013. These include the Oriental White–backed Vulture, Gyps bengalensis and
Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus listed as critically endangered and endangered
respectively and Himalayan griffon vulture, Gyps himalayensis as near threatened (NT). All
these three species are placed in Appendix II of the CITES Species List. Two bird species,
Black Kite Milvus migrans and White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa are included in CITES
Appendix II. According to preliminary investigations, most of the vultures breed in the Pir
Lasura National Park. Therefore, it was determined that the ecological study area is not
critical to the survival of these vulture species.
4.4.3 Fish in the Project Area
The fish study of the project area was undertaken and completed in November-December
2014. The fish study is described in brief terms in the following paragraphs. The full text of
the fish study appears as Appendix – VIII of this report.
The objective of fisheries study was to identify potential impacts of Karot HPP on Jhelum
river fisheries and to plan for development of fisheries in modified riverine habitat. As a
result of raising of Mangla dam the abundance of bottom fish food organisms was reduced
leading to severe competition between different bottom feeding species i.e. Cirrhina
mrigala, Labeo calbasu and Cyprinus carpio etc. The plankton feeding species became
dominant in the reservoir.
Approach & Methodology: The retrospective data was collected from secondary sources
and author‟s personal assessment of aquatic ecology of Jhelum River, with more than two
decades long research activities therein. For primary data, various sites were selected for
ichthyological data collection such as; reservoir‟s tail, Karot dam site and downstream near
Rajgarh stream confluence with main stem Jhelum River. The data was collected both from
pools, riffles and side nullahs (tributary sites). The methodology applied included installation
of gill nets of various mesh size from # 25 mm to # 200 mm, cast nets in side waters and
small streams joining main-stem Jhelum. Long-lines with hooks baited with minnows such
as Ambasis nama and Ambsis ranga, etc. were applied in side waters. Angling was carried
out in the riffle type water regimes. Mean daily flow during study strives remained between
32500 cf/sec to 28200 cf/sec and Mangla reservoir level remained between 1217 and 1221
SPD (fasl) (Mangla Wapda hydrology section).
The gill nets were applied both during day and night times, nocturnal strives proved more
fruitful for data collection in slow flowing water regimes near river banks and pools. The cast
nets were mainly applied in side tributaries, while longlines with baited hooks were installed
in turbid side waters.
The Angling was mainly carried out in the riffle type water regimes having fast currents and
boulders at the bottom. The fish specimens caught in all cases were identified at the spot
with identification keys given by Mirza M.R. Dr. Nazir Ahmed, Rafiq etal, Jhingran V.G.
Heckel, Hora S.L, Yaqoob etal and Agarwal etc.
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The alive identified specimens were measured for their morphometric studies: i-e standard
lengths, checked their fin formula & other distinguishing characters at the spot and still alive
specimens were again released in the water, while some other specimen, which were
mostly entangled in gill nets of 25mm, 35mm, 45mm and fish caught with the help of hooks
and longlines, retrieved during early hours of morning were kept in 10% formalin in plastic
jars for study of their bionomics later on.
The fish fauna was captured and assessed / identified during present study along with fish
species caught recently by local fisher men in Karot HPP‟s footprints area i.e. from Azad
Pattan Jhelum River reach up to Mangla Reservoir tail, is given in Table 4.12.
Table 4.12: Existence of Fish Fauna and their Occurrence – Karot HPP
Sr.#
#
N
o
.
Species Name Weight Range
(gms) Occurrence
1. Hypophthilmitchthys molitrix 500 – 7000 +++
2. Cyprinus carpio 450 – 2000 ++
3. Aorichthys aor 300 – 1450 ++
4. Clupisoma gurva 200 – 310 ++
5. Schizothorax plagiostomus 400 – 1850 +++
6. Labeo dychelius 350 – 500 +
7. Labeo dero 400 – 620 +
8. Wallag attu 700 – 3000 ++
9. Tor putitora 400 – 1500 +
10. Mastecambelus armatus 550 – 1300 +
11. Schizothorax esocinus 600 – 1050 +
12. Puntius sarana 300 – 500 +
13. Glyptothorax pectinopterus 150 – 350 +
14. Schistura nalbanti 130 – 170 +
15. Ambasis nama 20 – 35 +
16. Ambasis ranga 30 – 50 +
17. Ompoc bimaculatus 50 – 70 +
+++ Abundant, ++ Considerable, + Occasional
4.4.4 Protected Areas
There are no protected areas such as national parks, wild life parks, and wildlife sanctuary
and private game reserves in the project area.
4.5 SOCIO – ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
4.5.1 Census Survey of Affected Households
As discussed in section 4.1, no significant baseline changes have occurred since 2009,
therefore, the baseline data of the project area remain unchanged. During updating the EIA
report, the additional census survey of the project affectees was carried out during the
months of June and July 2014. For this purpose participatory rural appraisal technique was
used and scoping sessions were held during census survey. The aspect of land acquisition,
affected houses, community and government infrastructure supposed to be affected by the
construction of project structures were investigated. This involved consultations and
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scoping sessions with primary and secondary stakeholders like owners of land, people of
the area, shopkeepers, religious community leaders. Cost of land, built-up property,
economic trees etc was discussed with the owners, local people, and revenue department
staff. The baseline data collected in pre-designed questionnaires (see Appendix – II) form
part of existing socio-economic conditions discussed in the following sections.
4.5.2 Methodology Adopted During 2009 for Socio-Economic Baseline
Following methodology was adopted for field survey in project area during 2008-9 after
review of the published project documents/literature.
• A reconnaissance survey was conducted to have an overview about the project area
and gauge the needs, issues, problems and impacts of the project on local population
and other stakeholders. This initial assessment was utilized to develop detailed
methodology for conducting the study. The reconnaissance survey provided the base
to go ahead for the future planning of the study.
• A stratified random sampling technique was adopted after preliminary visit. This
technique was very helpful to select adequate and representative sample so as
to generalize survey findings at the Project level with the highest level of statistical
confidence and meaningful fact-findings on the subject under review.
• The geographical boundaries of the reservoir area by identifying the existing villages
and settlements were defined in the project area.
• To collect valid, authentic and reliable data, the study tools were designed in such a
way that all indicators required in the scope of work of the proposed project on the
basis of field reality, were included for study. The questionnaires were prepared
in English and discussed in local language during the course of the study. The nature
of questionnaires was comprised on socio-economic household survey, village profile
survey and Women survey. These questionnaires were pre-tested in the non-sampled
area for clarity and to obtain the required results. These questionnaires were altered
and modified as per the ground reality. The detail of the study tools is discussed as
under,
a. Household Sample Survey
Household of total sample size from each sample village of the project area
were interviewed by using structured questionnaire. Detailed information about
socioeconomic status of household and family was obtained from the
respondent(s).
b. Village Profile
To document the socio economic and demographic characteristics of the
villages, fall in the project area, a comprehensive village profile was prepared
with the help of Un/structured questionnaires and public consultation
process which was conducted through applying Participatory Rural Appraisal
(PRA) tool.
c. Women Survey
A separate questionnaire covering various aspects / issues of women, including
gender profile and project impact on the women population of the area were
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developed. The services of a gender specialist were hired for gender and
development study in the Project Area.
4.5.3 Sampling Design
A 10% random sampling technique was applied. In this way a sample of 48 was chosen by
random sampling technique from the list of 480 households. Village wise households and
sample size are shown in Table 4.12.
Table 4.12: Village Wise Households and Sample Size
Sr. No. Village Household No. Sample Size No.
1 Karot 4
8
5
2 Gorah 4
2
4
3 Brohi 5
0
5
4 Tandal 4
0
4
5 Azad Pattan 5
0
5
6 Muslimabad 2
5
0
25
Total 4
8
0
48
4.5.4 Administrative and Social Set-up
The project area falls in Rawalpindi district of the Punjab province whereas the some
portion of the left bank of the reservoir falls in the districts of Kotli and Sudhnuti of AJ&K.
The administrative setup of the Rawalpindi district is similar to the districts of AJ&K. The
Rawalpindi District has six subdivisions. The Kotli District has five subdivisions with 38
Union Councils and 227 villages. The Sudhnuti District has four subdivisions with 12 Union
Councils and 60 villages. District administration is headed by the Deputy Commissioner
(DC) who is assisted by District heads of other departments. The main District departments
include: administration; judiciary; police; education; health; communication and works;
agriculture; forest; irrigation; telecommunication; and livestock and fisheries. The head of
each department is responsible for the performance of his department and is designated as
Deputy Director (DD).
4.5.5 Demography and Population
The District wise population of the Population Census Report 1998 along with projected
population is provided in Table 4.13.
Table 4.13: District wise and Projected Population in the Project Area
District
Area
Sq.km
Population
1998
Growth
Rate
Family
size
Projected Population
2018
Rawalpindi 5,286 336,4000 2.7 6.4 5,425,796
Kotli 1,862 563,000 2.59 7.3 892,401
Sudhnuti 569 224,000 1.99 7.3 322,023
Source: Population census organization, Islamabad.
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The table indicates that the Rawalpindi districts more populated than the other districts of
the project area. The proposed project is located in Karot village, District Rawalpindi. While,
left bank of reservoir is located in districts of Kotli and Sudhnuti in AJ&K
4.5.6 Project Area Population
The population survey of the villages in the vicinity of the weir site and powerhouse site was
conducted. The population in the project area comprises of local people belonging to settled
districts of Punjab and AJ&K. It is characterised neither by ethnic diversity nor by any
indigenous people.
A total of six villages fall in the project area. Their population according to 1998 Census is
given below in the tabular form. The average no. of persons per household varies from 6.2
to 8.8. The present population of these villages according to field survey conducted in June
2014 totals 4212 with 583 households. The average household size varies from 6 to 8 as
shown in Table 4.14.
Table 4.14: Population of the Sample Villages in Project Area
Village
Population Estimated
House Hold
2014
*Projected
Population
2018*
Estimated
Family Size 1998 2014
Karot 275 425 58 450 7.3
Gorah 281 437 51 465 8.6
Brohi 321 516 61 540 8.5
Hollar 280 431 49 448 8.8
Azad Pattan
350
522
61
542
8.6 Muslimabad 1200 1881 303 1950 6.2
Total 2707 4212 583 4395 7.2
*Population estimated at the growth rate of 2.75&2.59 respectively.
As indicated in Table 4.14 Muslimabad is a big village with about 303 houses but with less
family size, compared to other villages. The household size may also affect the economic
situation of the household. A bigger household may mean more hands to do farm and non-
farm work but it also means more mouth to feed. The average household size in the study
area is found to be 7.2 individuals. The family size clearly reveals the existence of extended
family system which is still dominating the rural set up of the project area.
4.5.7 Religion
The population of Kotli and Sudhnoti districts mostly consists of Muslim which constitute
99.24% and 99.42% of the total population respectively, remaining population belong to
Christian, Hindu and Qadiani. As far as population of District Rawalpindi is concerned about
97.71% are Muslim, followed by Christian 2.11%, Ahmadi 0.15% where as other minorities
like Hindus and scheduled castes are in a very small number. As for as religion of project
affected area is concerned, 100% population is Muslim.
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4.5.8 Culture and Local Traditions
The combination of new and old culture is found in the project area, although the young
generation is fond of modern culture. The majority of the population follows the Islamic
tradition, which is well practiced in rural area and has high moral values in the society.
Moreover, the influence of Pir (spiritual leader) is quite strong. The shrines located in the
vicinity are regularly visited by the devotees.
The joint family system is predominant in the project area. The field investigation shows that
significant majority (85%) of the respondent are still living under the joint family system.
However, new life style and cultural impacts from the outside world have directly influenced
the joint family system, and gradually shifting it to the nuclear family system.
4.5.9 Tribes in Project Area
Rajput, Janjua, Satti, Qureshi and Sudhan tribes are a community of relatives with same
origin, the same language and close family ties. In the entire six sample villages, majority of
the population belongs to those tribes. Important issues and disputes are solved by the
head of families and village elders. However, there is no significant role of women in
decision making process. The oldest member of the family is the head of family. Male
members of the family hold the decision making power in most of family matters. As for as
Right Bank area is concerned, Janjua (84%) was dominant whereas Sudhnu zai was
common caste on left bank of the River Jhelum.
4.5.10 Mechanism for Resolving Disputes
People resolve their minor disputes through heads of families while major disputes are
resolved through the Punchayat system which consists of an assembly of elders that make
decisions by consensus in case of serious matters, local influential politicians intervene to
settle the dispute. Police and the court of law is the last option which is very rare.
4.5.11 Language
Main spoken language is Punjabi followed by Hindko, Kashmiri and Saraiki. However,
the Urdu is also spoken but only with the visitors. Table 4.15 shows major castes, religious
affiliation and spoken languages in the sample villages of the project area.
Table 4.15: Major Castes, Religion and Spoken Language in Sample Villages of
Project Area- District Rawalpindi
Village Ethnic Groups Religion Spoken Language
By Majority
Karot Janjua, Gujjar, Qureshi Islam Punjabi
Gorah Janjua Islam Punjabi
Brohi Satti,Malik Islam Punjabi, Saraiki
Hollar SudhanZai Islam Kashmiri, Punjabii
AzadPattan Satti, Sudhan, Rajput Islam Kashmiri, Punjabi
Muslimabad Sudhan, Malik Islam Kashmiri, Punjabi, Hindko
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4.5.12 Educational Facilities
In terms of educational facilities, Azad Pattan area is comparatively in a better position and
facilities exist for boys and girls. There is a private secondary school and three primary
schools which are providing educational facilities to boys and girls. Karot, Gorah and Hollar
have only one primary school. Table 4.16 shows the number of schools in sample villages.
Table 4.16: Education Facilities in Project Area
Village
Government Schools Non-Formal/
Private
Co-education Madrasa
High Middle Primary
High
Primary
Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls
Karot - - - - 01 01 - - 01
Gorah - - - - - 01 - - -
Brohi 01 - - 01 01 - - 01 -
Hollar - - - - 01 - - - 01
Azad Pattan - - 01 - - 01 - 01 01
Muslimabad - - 01 - - 01 01 01
A review of Table indicates that high school for boys exist only at Brohi village in Azad
Pattan area. Students from surrounding areas go to Brohi village for high school education.
Girl‟s middle school at Brohi village is providing education to the students of the area. It is
difficult for girls to go to school from other villages located at a distance of 4 to 5 km away
from Brohi village. There is also a lack of trained teachers and Lab facilities in the schools
of the project area.
4.5.13 Literacy
A person who can read and write statements with an understanding, in any language
prevalent in Pakistan, is considered as literate. The literacy is measured as the ratio in
percentage of literate population to the corresponding population aged 10 and above,
who can read and write simple language scripts. The overall literacy rate among the
respondents is about 43.6 %. The literacy rate is minimum at Karot i.e 37.2 % and
maximum in Azad Pattan i.e 49.4%. Higher literacy rate in Azad Pattan shows the
availability of better facilities for education in that area.
4.5.14 Health Services
Health condition is one of the major determinants of a society‟s social development and
quality of life. Healthy manpower is imperative for derive to advancement and economic
growth.
Although Rawalpindi is a divisional headquarter and has good hospitals but adequate
health facilities are not available in the project area. For Gorah and Karot villages the
nearest dispensary is at a distance of 9 km at union council Brohi. Nearest civil hospital is
located at Kahuta, at a distance of 32 kilometers. From Hollar village located at the left bank
of River Jhelum, local residents have to go Sehensa for medical treatment.
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Better health facilities exist to some extent in the Azad Pattan. There is a dispensary at
Muslimabad and a basic health unit (B.H.U.) is under construction. Although a qualified
dispenser is posted here, but shortage of medicine and proper medical equipment are the
serious constraints to provide quality health services. The residents of Muslimabad have to
travel to Muzaffarabad and Pallandri for medical treatment of serious patients.
It is concluded that the health facilities provided by the government in the project area are
very limited. Therefore, residents are compelled to consult with private practitioner and
Hakeem etc. for their medical treatment. The licensed lady health visitors are also few in
numbers, so major reliance on traditional childbirth attendant for assisting the delivery,
which is the only service available in the project area.
Overall the project area has not adequate medical facilities, which is a cause of prolonged
illness and mortality. The prevailing diseases in the project area were reported to be
diarrhoea, dysentery, pneumonia, typhoid and tuberculosis (TB) of lungs. The main reasons
for those diseases are unclean drinking water, poor diet and unhygienic living conditions.
4.5.15 Occupation / Livelihood
The main occupations of the households in the project area are presented in the
Table 4.17.
Table 4.17: Profession/Occupation in Project Area
Sr.No. Profession Number Percentage
1 Farmers 28 58.3
2 Shops/Hotel 08 16.7
3 Govt. Employee 06 12.5
4 Business 04 8.3
5 Private Employee 02 4.2
Total 48 100
The table reveals the professional status of the respondents and indicates that 58.3 % are
farmers and the remaining are shopkeeper/hotel owner16.7%, government employee
12.5%, businessmen 8.3% and the private employees are 4.2%.
As for as the project affected villages are concerned, the situation is different in term of
occupation, the basic occupation of the inhabitants of the project affected area is agriculture
22%. However, most of the people18% have gone abroad for earning livelihood for their
families. The livestock serves as an income source which they sell to meet their needs. The
people of the project affected area live a simple life including the standard of their clothing
and their diet. Lack of potable water, basic health and education facilities and roads are the
major issues for the people of the project area. There are also a small number 6% of people
serving in the Armed Forces. Some of the people 8%in the project affected area are
dependent upon labor. They work in nearby cities. Small businesses, shop keeping 4%and
private or government service 22%are the other occupations of the people in the project
affected area. A handsome number 20% are retired Government services.
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4.5.16 Income
The household income related to various professions like farming, shop-keeping, service,
businessmen and remittance from abroad is reflected in Table 4.18.
Table 4.18: Household Income
Sr.
No
Income
Level (Rs./Month)
Number of
Households
Percentage (%) of
households
1 Upto5000 10 21
2 5001-10000 12 25
3 10001-15000 9 19
4 15001-25000 15 31
5 25001andabove 2 4
Total 150 100
The survey findings show that majority (31%) of the households are falling in the income
level 4. This income category is shopkeepers and government employees. Contrary to this,
there is less population falling in the higher income category. The population of high income
category is big farmers, businessmen and persons receiving remittance from their
relatives/sons living abroad (mostly in Middle East or Europe). The person‟s falls in the
lowest income category are 21%, which are almost the one-fifth of the total respondents.
These are mostly the small farmers and tenant who hardly get the crop produce for even
their household use, with an overall meagre monthly income. In addition, the person of this
particular income level is either engaged in labor work or employees in the private sectors.
The persons fall in the income level 2 and 3 are usually medium level farmers, hotel owner
and government employees who can make that much income on monthly basis. Moreover,
the persons involved, in the livestock management activities are also falling in this particular
income categories.
Under the prevailing socio-economic conditions in the project affected area, the income of
an average household is not bad. However, a large number of the people had handsome
incomes 48%. According to the social impact assessment survey, a good number 30% of
the people in the Project affected area belong to income group between Rs.10001 to
20000. While 22% are earning between ranges of Rs.5000-10000.
4.5.17 Credit Availability
Credit plays important role in the lives of the poor and lower middle class families in Project
area. There are two major sources of credit, institutional and non-institutional. The
availability of institutional credit is very limited in the Project area mainly due to a lack of
knowledge and also the high rate of interest charged on loans. The main users of non-
institutional credit are shop keepers and relatives of well-off families in the settlements.
These loans are mainly used for domestic and social needs such as marriages, birth
ceremonies, funerals, health and education.
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4.5.18 Agriculture
Agriculture in District Rawalpindi and Azad Jammu and Kashmir is both rainfed and at some
locations is irrigated through streams. There is a general scarcity of irrigation water; hence
a lot of culturable land cannot be brought under cultivation. The residents in the project area
generally have small land holdings and grow two crops in a year, Rabi and Kharif. Wheat
and Maize are main crops. Some areas where water from hills is available vegetables
like lady finger, turnip, brinjal, bitter gourd, radish, onion, cabbage, tomato, beans and
spinach are also grown but it is only for home consumption. There are tremendous
possibilities of fruit and vegetable cultivation in the area.
Ploughing is done usually by bullocks. The use of latest agricultural equipment and
chemical fertilizer is not common except for growing the cash crops.
Wheat is largely grown on major part of their land. Maize is the second major crop after
wheat, mostly grown in Kharif season. It is mainly cultivated for domestic use as fodder for
animals and grain for human use. The current status of agriculture in the project area is
presented in Table 4.19.
Table 4.19: Status of Agriculture in the Project Area
Village Name
Avg. Land Holding (Kanal)
Average Area/ Production of Important Crops kg/ Kanal
Wheat Maize Mash mung Masoor
Karot 18.5
3.0 5.0 3.5 2.6 3.9
(60.0) (80.0) (15.0) (14.0) (19.5)
Gorah 12.4 2.5 4.6 3.3 3.0 -
(65.0) (68.0) (14.0) (14.0) -
Brohi 10.0 3.0 5.0 - - 2
(60.0) (75.0) - - (20.0)
Tandal 22.0 5.0 7.0 4.0 2.0 4.0
(55.0) (70.0) (13.5) (15.0) (20.0)
Azad Pattan 16.0 4.0 6.0 2.0 1.5 2.5
(60.0) (75.0) (16.0) (15.0) (18.0)
Muslimabad 28.2
5.5 10.0 4.4 5.0 3.3
(65.0) (80.0) (18.0) (15.0) (20.0)
Source: Field survey, 2014
Area under fruit trees / orchards is increasing every year in Rawalpindi District and AJK.
The important fruit trees are apple, mango, citrus, guava, apricot, walnuts, peach and
pears. Significant fruit trees, area and production in Rawalpindi District is presented in
Table – 4.20.
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Table 4.20: Fruit Production and Area in Rawalpindi District
Fruit Area (000hec) Production (000tones)
Yields (kg/hec)
Citrus 32.00 241.00 7531.00
Mango 4.00 32.00 8000.00
Banana 3.00 18.00 6000.00
Apple 243.00 2239.00 9213.00
Guava 26.00 193.00 7423.00
Apricot 5.00 25.00 5000.00
Peach 3.00 18.00 6000.00
Pears 5.00 36.00 7200.00
4.5.19 Tenancy Status
Tenancy is not very common in the project area, because the agricultural land is limited;
therefore local population prefer to cultivate the land by themselves. Majority of the
respondents in project area were owner-cum-operator.
4.5.20 Land Holding Size
The average land holding in the project area was 15.00 Kanals. The maximum land holding
size was in Muslimabad i.e. 28.4 kanals and minimum size was10kanals at Barohi.
4.5.21 Livestock
Live Stock is the backbone of rural economy. Livestock comprises native cattle, goats and
sheep along with poultry and donkeys for transportation of loading/unloading of materials.
The livestock is an important aspect of livelihood of the population in the project area. Its
products are used for consumption and also for income generation, however, higher quality
livestock could help to raise output and become available cash source for residents.
Similarly poultry is a source of added income and a healthy protein food source. The
livestock holding in the project area are presented in Table 4.21.
Table 4.21: Livestock/ Poultry Heads in Sample Villages
Name of Village
Ownership of Livestock (No.) Sale of Livestock(No.) Sale Amount
(Rs.) Buffaloes/
Cows Goat/ Sheep
Poultry Ox Buffaloes /Cows
Goat/ Sheep
Ox
Karot 6.50 20.00 10.00 1.50 0.60 8.00. 1.00 60500
Gorah 8.30 8.00 8.00 1.33 1.00 5.00 - 28000
Brohi 5.50 20.25 12.00 0.90 0.75 10.00 0.40 49600
Hollar 8.50 22.00 6.25 1.40 0.48 9.00 0.50 25690
Azad Pattan
7.5 15.00 6.60 1.60 0.55 10.0 0.30 30000
Muslimabad 10.2 18.80 8.00 1.25 0.80 12.00 0.50 27350
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4.5.22 Grazing
In the project area, the agricultural fields are mainly used for grazing after crop harvesting
which adds manure to the fields improving the soil fertility. Moreover, the vegetation along
the Nullah/forest is also usually used for grazing purpose.
4.5.23 Nomads
A very few nomadic shepherds from outside the project area, use the route through Hollar
and Karot on their annual migration to and from the mountainous areas of Kashmir,
Baltistan and Gilgit. In spring, they leave the lowland plains of the Punjab and migrate up to
higher elevations in search of grazing land for their goats, sheep and horses. In autumn,
they migrate back down to the plains to spend winter in warmer areas. The journey takes
between 18 – 25 days, and whole families travel in tandem.
4.5.24 Banking
Banking services are very limited in the project area as only one branch of Habib Bank
Limited is available in Hollar village. The residents of remaining project area go to nearby
town Kahuta for banking services.
4.5.25 Housing
It is evident that in the project area that about 79% of the total houses have pacca
construction whereas about 2% and 19% of the houses were semi pacca and katcha
respectively.
The total area of housing units varied from 6.8 marlas to 15 marlas. This included both
covered and uncovered area. It is pertinent to note that information on housing area may
not be exact as the revenue records were not available to verify the input from the
respondents. These houses were constructed in the last 20 years. Exact measurements of
each affected house are required to be made and valuated by the Public Work Department
at the time of relocation and compensation payment by the Revenue Department..
4.5.26 Drinking Water Supply
The availability of water is the major concerns for the inhabitants of the project area. The
water resources are available at limited scale. The surface water is available in the river and
spring/Nullah. River water is not used for drinking purpose as it is contaminated by sewage
from the nearby settlements along the river bank.
The groundwater resource is available at depth of about 120 – 50 feet, which is only used
for drinking purpose through wells/water pumps, which are either operated manually or by
electricity. About 60% of the surveyed villagers found using groundwater as a source of
drinking water either through boreholes or pumps whereas 30% of the families are getting
drinking water from hand pumps. The remaining 10% of the villagers use untreated water
from natural streams, springs and channels which is of good quality as reported by the
villagers.
During survey, local population demanded tap water facility through government water
supply schemes to meet their domestic/drinking water requirement. In addition, the local
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population want the installation of open surface wells from the government/NGO at
subsidized rate for meeting their irrigation water requirement.
4.5.27 Sanitation
The sanitation conditions of the district are relatively better in the urban area. However,
people in the project area drain out used water in open spaces. Similarly the open dumping
of solid waste is normal practice in the project area.
4.5.28 Electricity
According to the Directorate, Department of Power, Muzaffarabad, 0.097 million of
population is served with electricity as the source of lighting, both in urban and rural areas.
The Project area surveyed villages are connected with a nearby national grid system.
However, shortage of electricity and load shedding is normal practice in the area as with
other parts of the country.
4.5.29 Existing Road Network/Bridges in the Project Area
The Karot Hydropower Project is located in Tehsil Kahuta, District Rawalpindi. As shown in
Figure 4.8, a main metalled road leads to Karot and Azad Pattan villages from Rawalpindi
via Kahuta with a distance of 65km and 85km respectively.
Figure 4.8: Existing Access Road Rawalpindi/Islamabad – Kahuta – Karot/Azad Pattan
The distances and status of existing Rawalpindi – Kahuta – Karot/Azad Pattan road and
other existing access road within the project area from surrounding villages are presented in
Table 4.22.
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Table 4.22: Basic Infrastructure in Project Area
Villages Distance (Km) from Access Road
Rawal Pindi Dam Site Metaled Un-metaled
Karot 65 2 Yes -
Hollar 69 4 Yes -
Kahuta 40 29 Yes -
Beor 56 9 Yes -
Gorah 48 6 No Track
Brohi 55 30 Yes -
Tandal 58 8 - Yes
AzadPattan 78 68 Yes -
Muslimabad 85 75 Yes -
Two RCC bridges, one in Karot and other in Azad Pattan village, are located on River
Jhelum in project area. Karot and Azad Pattan Bridges act as entry point for AJ&K. Karot
provides access to Kotli and Mirpur Districts whereas Azad Pattan Bridge is the link for
Rawala Kot and Sudhnuti districts in AJ&K from Rawalpindi via Kahuta.
Similarly, two suspension bridges are located in Project Area. One is located 7km
downstream of Azad Pattan near Pana village and another near Muslimabad village
upstream of Azad Pattan Bridge. These bridges are used by the pedestrian to cross Jhelum
River to go to Kahuta, Rawalpindi and Azad Pattan Area on the right bank. Presently, that
road is badly damaged due to heavy rains. Only pedestrians use that bridge to cross the
Jhelum River.
4.5.30 Industry
There are no industries of major importance in the project area; Some block factories are
working within the project area. Due to poor infrastructure heavy industries have not been
established in the Project Area. However, a flour mill is working near Azad Pattan Bridge.
4.5.31 Minerals
District Rawalpindi is rich in mineral wealth including limestone, marble, fire clay, ordinary
sand and stones. Lime and marble are found at Margallah range. AJK has variety of
minerals and precious stones including marble, coal, gypsum, graphite, silver, copper,
bauxite and ruby, tourmaline and garnets. However, none of the respondents reported any
mineral exploration in the project area.
4.5.32 Cultural Heritage
The guideline for sensitive and critical areas issued by the Government of Pakistan in
October 1997 identifies a list of notified protected archaeological sites and
monuments in Pakistan. A review of nationally important sites and world heritage sites
indicate that none of these are located within the Project Area, except some ruins of Owen
qila at the left bank of River Jhelum near the proposed dam site. However those ruins are
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located above the crest level of reservoir and are safe and will remain protected as such.
Similarly, foundation stone of old Karot wall and shrine is present along the side of Kahuta-
Karot road about 3 km away from the dam site. It is very important that during widening of
road it should be preserved and protected properly. It is obligatory to preserve this cultural
heritage under Pakistan Antiquities Act. 1975.
4.5.33 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
The basic philosophy and instrument of any development project is to work “with residents”
and not “working for them” in order to achieve long term sustainable development goals. It
is the local population, who identify their “felt needs” as they perceive it, interpret it and
relate it to themselves, to their families and communities and get tips for development
behaviour performance to achieve project objectives with an active co-operation of project
to officials. The NGO should play an efficient and effective mediation role between the
project authorities and the affectees/beneficiaries. The involvement of following NGOs
would facilitate the process of participatory development and act as an agent of social
change for development activities. The NGOs working in the AJK and Rawalpindi District,
particularly in the project area are mentioned in Table 4.23.
Table 4.23: NGO’s working in Rawalpindi and AJK
1 AKHSP Aga Khan Health Services Pakistan.
2 WWF World Wildlife Fund
3 KIRF Kashmir International Relief Fund
4 MH Muslim Hands
5 SDF Sungi Development Foundation
6 AKF Al-Khidmat Foundation
7 NRSP National Rural Support Programme
8 TVO Trust for Voluntary Organization
9 CBO Community Based Organization
Interviews and social survey findings in the project area revealed that there was a complete
consensus regarding the construction of Karot Hydropower Project. There was no overt
intra and inter group rivalries, hostilities, disputes or tension on the subject of proposed
Karot Hydropower Project. However, residents of Karot Villages have some reservation on
the project functionaries and compensation procedure.
The Non-Government Organization (NGO) sector has made enormous contributions to the
economic development in Azad Jammu &Kashmir; Many NGOs like AJ&K Rural Support
Programme, IR International, and Neelum Development Organization are working with
communities in the health and education sectors.
4.5.34 Gender Status in the Project Area
Generally the attitude toward women is not very positive in the rural areas. There is a male
dominating society and they dominate in all occupations. In many villages away from cities,
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women are facing difficulties to get school education and excluded from most of decision-
making processes. The gender situation is further complicated by:
• Early marriage of girls
• Restriction on women‟s mobility
• Poor domestic sanitation conditions
• Long working hours (both for girls and women)
• Too much miscellaneous chores
• Preference to sons over daughters
In the daily life within the villages women contribute vitally to the economic survival of the
poor households. This includes working in the house for cooking, laundry, child care,
cultivation of agricultural crops on their land and livestock breeding including poultry. Thus,
despite overall deprivation, women are major contributors to the household life.
Karot consultants hired the services of qualified gender specialist to collect data on gender
issues .All the contacted women supplied detailed information about many social activities
including:
• Daily work of a female in housekeeping, laundry, cooking and taking care of animals
• Obligations of females for agricultural activities of major crops (wheat, maize),
vegetables, etc.
• Educational constraints including desire of female for more facilities
• Occupational preferences including desire for jobs
• Family income including contribution by the women
• Skill development
• Health situation, particularly: child deliveries; vaccinations; water-borne diseases.
• Information about the Project and its benefit.
Gender situation is not very well in the project area. Women belonging to well of families
generally do not work with men or outside their houses. However, women from
economically weak families not only work at home but also go outside for grazing of their
animals and to collect fuel wood besides their contribution in farm activities.
Most of the agricultural works are done by girls and women. Women have to carry the
biggest work load also in the daily schedule. They are the first to wake up in the morning,
after saying prayer they feed their domestic animals and then prepare the breakfast for the
entire family.
It can be concluded that females contribute well to the economic survival of the poor
households. Despite the overall discrimination, women are responsible for management of
daily family relations and economic performance. They are taking over a huge work load of
the family.
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4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS
4.6.1 Population of Affected Area
The finding of census survey stated that population on right bank Karot Village is 337
including 174 male and 163 female while on the left bank, Hollar village composition of
male and female is 87 and 86 respectively.
Table 4.24: Basic Characteristics of the Population in Project Affected Area
Village Household Male Female Total
Right Bank
Karot Village 50 174 163 337
Left Bank
Hollar Village 22 87 86 173
Total 72 261 249 510
Source: Socio-economic survey 2014
The estimated total population of the project affected area is 510 with 72 households having
the average household size of 7.08.
4.6.2 Age
Age is an important factor in forming one‟s attitude. It fixes a man „status or authority on
others. Generally the respondents of the affected villages were the heads of the households
and were between age group of 18 to less than 60. However, the 38.57% of affected
population of Karot Village were under category of below 18 years and 5.04% fell in the age
group 60 & above. The age status of affectees of the Karot and Hollar village is shown in
Table 4.25.
Table 4.25: Age status of the Affected Households
Age Karot Village % age Hollar Village % age
Below 18 year 130 38.57 51 29.48
18-60 190 56.37 107 61.85
60 and Above 17 5.06 15 8.67 Source: Socio-economic survey 2014
4.6.3 Marital Status
Significant majority 99% of them was married; remaining few 1% was widow. Traditionally
people prefer marriages at early age.
4.6.4 Education
A small proportion 4% of them have never been to school; About 30% of them got their
education up to primary,36% were educated up to Middle and 30% had education up to
matric level. It is important to notice that people of the project affected area now is giving
preference to educate their children. Education status of the affected population is shown in
Table 4.26.
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Table 4.26: Educational Status of the Affected Households
Education Karot Village Hollar Village
Nos. % age Nos. % age
Illiterate 2 4 4 18
Primary 15 30 6 27
Middle 18 36 2 9
Matric 15 30 9 41
FA 0 0 1 5
Total 50 100 22 100 Source: Socio-economic survey 2014
4.6.5 Tribes
By virtue of their local tribal origin; 84% belong to Janjua tribe; whereas 10% of them were
Gujjar; while remaining 6% were Hashmi.
4.6.6 Occupation
People of the Karot village have small land holdings (3-5 Kanals). About 22% of them were
under the category of farmers and drivers respectively. Whereas 41% of the population of
the Hollar village was engaged in agriculture followed by the category of abroad 26%.
Percentage of 72 affected households engaged in different occupation is given in Table
4.27.
Table 4.27: Percentage of Occupation of Affected Households
Occupation Karot Village % age Hollar Village % age
Farmer 11 22 9 41
Small Business 2 4 2 9
Govt Services 3 6 2 6
Retired 10 20 3 14
Driver 11 22 0 0
Laborer 4 8 0 0
Abroad 9 18 6 26
Total 50 100 22 100 Source: Socio-economic survey 2014
4.6.7 Sand Collection
Among the small business category, seven people are engaged in sand and gravel
collection downstream of the powerhouse site for use in construction business. This activity
is carried out at both banks of River Jhelum on a very limited scale as the river bed
downstream of the powerhouse is narrow and relatively steep. They collect sand/gravel, by
digging, sifting out debris and river boulders. The sand /gravel are transported to the track
along the river bank by donkeys. Donkeys usually carry about 100kg load @ Rs.500/day
depositing the sand/gravels near the river at some areas allocated for the purpose.
Trucks are hired twice a week to transport the sand/gravels to the sites of construction
activities. On an average one truck is loaded per day. The income of the sand collectors is
about Rs. 2,000 per day.
Usually the collection of sand is carried out in winter from September to March during low
flow period as more of the river bed and banks are exposed during this period. During the
high flow season in summer months, particularly in the monsoon period, the river tends to
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flow full thus making access to river sand impossible.
4.6.8 Language
Punjabi was the most common language spoken by all respondents in the project affected
area. Sraiki, Sindhi, Pushto, and Urdu were the other languages spoken in the affected
project area.
4.6.9 Family Structure
Generally, 58% of nuclear family system prevailed in Karot village, whereas 42% belonged
to joint family system. Regarding Hollar village, 68% were nuclear and 32% were belonged
to joint family system as shown in Table 4.28
Table 4.28: Family Structure of the Affected Households
Family Structure Karot Village % age Hollar Village % age
Nuclear family 29 58 15 68
Joint family 21 42 7 32
Total 50 100 22 100 Source: Socio-economic survey 2014
4.6.10 Monthly Income
Monthly income of 22% of the respondents was up to Rs.10,000, whereas 30% were
between Rs.10,001 to 20,000 and a significant majority of 48% was under the category of
Rs.20,001and above. The situation of Holler village was slightly different as of Karot Village.
People preferred to go abroad for the livelihood of their family. One male member of every
third household was in abroad. The status of monthly income of the affected households is
given in Table 4.29
Table 4.29: Monthly Income of Affected Households
Monthly Income
(Rs)
Karot Village Hollar Village
Nos. % age Nos. % age
5000-10000 11 22 8 36
10001-20000 30 30 8 37
20001& above 24 48 6 27
Total 50 100 22 100 Source: Socio-economic survey 2014
4.6.11 Housing Characteristics
In Karot Village, 98% of the houses were reported to have Pacca (concrete) construction
whereas about 02% were of Katcha construction. The situation in Hollar Village was
slightly different as can be seen from the Table 4.30.
Table 4.30: Type of Construction of Affected Houses
Nature of
Construction
Karot Village Hollar Village
No. of Houses % age No. of Houses % age
Pacca
(Concrete)
49 98 20 90
Katcha 01 02 02 10
Total 50 100 22 100 Source: Socio-economic survey 2014
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4.6.12 Number of Rooms
Out of 50 number of affected houses, about 68% and 32% of the houses in Karot village
have1 – 2 and 3 – 6 rooms respectively as compared to housing units of Hollar village
where 42% and 58% have1-2 and 3-6 rooms respectively. The percentage of number of
rooms in the 72 affected houses is given in Table 4.31
Table 4.31: Percentage of Number of Rooms in Affected Houses
No. of Room Karot Village Hollar Village
Nos. % age Nos. % age
Room 1-2 32 1-2 42
Room 3-6 68 3-6 58
Total 50 100 22 100 Source: Socio-economic survey 2014
4.6.13 Number of Latrines/Bathrooms
Almost 80% households have latrines and bathrooms in their houses. Remaining
20% have to go outside for exhausting.
4.6.14 Housing Area
Generally housing unit area was about 7 to 10 marlas in the project affected area. People
also have 5 to 10 marlas open space in front of their houses.
4.6.15 Amount Borrowed
Majority of the respondent (90%) not borrowed any money during the last year. Among
those who borrowed the money were 10%, the preferred source were relative100%.
4.6.16 Size of Land Holdings
Majority of the surveyed population owned 3 – 5 Kanals land holdings while 20% and 30%
population of the Hollar and Karot villages were having land holding up to 5 Kanals and
above respectively as shown in Table 4.32.
Table 4.32: Land Holding Size
Size of Land
Holding
Karot Village Hollar Village
Kanals % age of
population
Kanals % age of
Population
Size 3 – 5 70 3 – 5 80
Size 5 and above 30 5 and Above 20
Total 50 100 22 100 20Marlas = 1 Kanal, One Acre = 8kanals
4.6.17 Major Crops
Wheat and Maize are the major crops of the project area. Per acre yield of wheat is 680kg
and that of maize is about 1000kg.
4.6.18 Source of Water
Rainfed cultivation is being practiced in the area. River water is not being used for irrigation
and drinking purposes. Hand pump and bore are being used for drinking purpose. Every
second house has its own hand pump for their need of drinking and washing.
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4.6.19 Vulnerability Status of Affected Households
Certain groups of population by virtue of their socio-economic realities are considered
socially vulnerable and thus in need of special consideration so that they can benefit from
the development activities of the project. A total 6 of the affected households were identified
as falling within the category of socially and economically vulnerable groups including i)
hard core poor households and ii) female-headed households as shown in Table 4.33.
Table 4.33: Vulnerable Groups
Village Nature No.
Karot village Poor 3
Karot village Female Headed 1
Hollar village Female Headed 2
Total 6
Source: Socio-economic survey 2014
It is also worthwhile to note that the studies and surveys did not bring forth the presence of
any indigenous groups in the project area. As a result, no indigenous people would be
affected as a result of the project.
4.6.20 Choice of Resettlement
A good proportion (99%) of the affected households expressed their views regarding
resettlement in new place near the vicinity of project area and or enough cash
compensation for new houses and against affected houses to resettle at their own. It is to
point out that the preferred option of the affected households was enough cash
compensation to resettle at their own based on the agreed upon rates between KPCL and
affectees.
4.7 GENDER ANALYSIS
Gender issues are gaining importance in development projects because female members
of the community are generally neglected while designing, assessing and implementing
such projects. Females are generally more vulnerable than male members of the society
and the Project is no exception to this. The following information was collected using a
structured questionnaire and Focused Group Discussion (FGD) at village level.
4.7.1 Education
Significant majority 82 % of female respondents were uneducated; only 9% having
education up to middle; whereas 9% received education up to matric.
4.7.2 Marital Status
Significant majority 99 % of them was married; remaining few1% was widow. Traditionally
people prefer marriages at early age.
4.7.3 Health Status
Of the total 99 % of the respondents expressed that there were no health facilities available
at village level. They have to go Kahuta to avail health facilities. However, the availability of
professional, semi-professional and occupational medical staff and the quality of related
services remained an open question. Mostly respondents were in favor of relying on private
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medical facilities, including paramedical practitioners. Women were asked about the most
common diseases prevalent in the Project area.
4.7.4 Family Members Accompanying the Female for Treatment
Large majority 86% women were accompanied by their husbands; only 10% accompanied
by their mother in law and 4% have to go alone to avail health facilities.
4.7.5 Role in Decision Making
Off the total participating women, 97% were involved in the decision making process
relating to important issues such as the sale and purchase of property and the schooling
and marriages of their children. However, a vast majority of women (83.3%) were of the
view that, despite all the discussions around making a decision, the final decision power lies
with the male head of the family.
4.7.6 Priority of Services of Food
It is reported by the respondents that 82% food is served to husband first and 16% food is
severed to other elders.
4.7.7 How often they Travel Outside
A majority of the women 69% expressed their views that they used to travel outside the
village once in a month to meet their relatives‟ whereas 31% said that they went outside the
village few and far between to visit their relative.
4.7.8 Daily Routine Work of Respondents
Almost 99% of the respondents expressed their views that they used to involve in food
preparation; cleaning houses; rearing of children; milking animal; crop harvesting and crop
irrigation and that is their way of life in their daily routine.
4.7.9 Project Awareness
A significant majority 97% had awareness that hydropower project is going to be
constructed in their area, whereas 3% of them did not know anything regarding Karot
hydropower project.
4.7.10 Present Skill and Willing to Receive Training
Present skills and training respondents did not have any skill. Opinion of the respondents
regarding the learning of some additional skill by them was solicited.
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CHAPTER – 5
INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose in holding consultations is to share with stakeholders‟ relevant information on
the project interventions including potential environmental and social, (positive and
negative) impacts. The consultation process consisted of dialogue with the stakeholders.
Project Affected People (PAPs) and stakeholders are generally able to understand the
implications of the project activities. This chapter describes the project stakeholders and
their attitude towards the project construction and the process adopted in consulting the
affected households and communities on relocation and resettlement, impacts assessment,
socio-economic and physical losses due to project interventions.
The aim of stakeholder consultation is to present the nature and level of consultations
carried out to date by the social and environment team covering both social and
environmental aspects. The National Guidelines as well as IFC PS1 place great importance
on involving primary and secondary stakeholders for determining the environmental and
social impacts associated with project implementation. In order to gather local knowledge
for baseline, understand project affected person‟s perceptions regarding impact
significance, and propose meaningful mitigation measures, participation of stakeholders has
been part of the Project environmental and social impact assessment process. An attempt
has been made to consult with a full range of stakeholders to obtain their views on project
interventions.
The present EIA has been prepared by consultations with local communities,
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and concerned government departments/
organizations. This included planning and development department, welfare department,
revenue, agriculture, energy, fisheries, wildlife and forestry departments. Their views and
concerns have been taken into account in the study. This is also in compliance with the
requirements IFC PS1which give high priority to public consultation and participation in
designing and implementation of a socially and environmentally compliant project.
5.2 OBJECTIVES
The objective is to design and implement the views and concern of various stakeholders
about environmental and social issues such as displacement, safety hazards, employment,
and vulnerable persons. Additionally, the purpose is to:
Provide key project information and create awareness among various stakeholders
about project intervention;
Have interaction for primary and secondary data collection with project affectees and
other stakeholders;
Begin establishing communication and an evolving mechanism for the resolution of
social and environmental problems at local and project level;
Involve project stakeholders in an inclusive manner; and
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Receive feedback from primary stakeholders on mitigation and enhancement measures
for environmental and social impacts.
5.3 IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS
Stakeholders are people, groups, or institutions that may be affected by or can significantly
influence, or are important to the achievement of the stated purpose of the proposed
project. Stakeholders can be divided into primary and secondary stakeholder categories.
5.3.1 Primary Stakeholders
Primary stakeholder(s) is a person or group of persons directly impacted by a certain
project intervention. For this project, primary stakeholders are the communities living within
the geographical boundaries of defined project area of influence. This includes 27km long
reservoir behind the dam at Jhelum River and the area where various project structures are
to be constructed. This include Karot, Hollar, Gora, Samsu, Soan, Brohi, Siah and Ain Pana
villages, and in particular those which would be affected by the project interventions.
Primary stakeholders identified and consulted include project affected communities, local
leaders, community members and other local representatives including mosque Imams, and
head masters or teachers of local schools.
5.3.2 Secondary Stakeholders
This category of stakeholders pertains to those who may not be directly affected but have
interests that could contribute to the study, play a role in implementation at some stage, or
affect decision making on project implementation. The secondary stakeholders in Karot
hydropower project consist of NGOs, line government departments/ agencies (federal/
provincial) dealing with planning and development, social & welfare, revenue, agriculture,
energy, fisheries, wildlife and forestry. They also contributed in providing useful data/
opinions for mitigation process.
5.4 METHODOLOGY
A series of comprehensive consultations were carried out with the project stakeholders at
various locations during the preparation of environmental and social impact assessment.
The consultation and scoping sessions were designed specifically to provide project
information to the public. These sessions were informal so as to encourage friendly social
environment in which participants were comfortable in raising questions, expressing their
opinion and concerns about the project besides seeking clarification regarding their
concerns. The focus group discussions were instrumental in the process, whereas one-to-
one meetings were also held with the institutions. These discussions were held with project
beneficiaries and other local communities at Karot, Gora, Samsu, Soan, Brohi, Hollar,
Muslimabad and Ain Pana villages.
The secondary stakeholders were invited separately to focus on the potential environmental
and social impacts and mitigation measures, including compensation and resettlement of
the project-affected persons.
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5.5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION
The process of consultation was started in 2008-09. During updating of EIA report, the
Consultant along with representatives of the project sponsors under took the process of
informing community representatives and affected households about the project and its
impacts. This consultation process was conducted in June – July 2014 during the census
survey of the affected households preparing the affected community regarding land
acquisition, helping to counter the rumours, preventing unnecessary distress, and bringing
clarity on issues that might be raised by the affected persons. The process also includes the
preparation of drawings and introductory information in Urdu about the Project, its location
and main impacts. In general, there was a wide support of people of the project area. Only
very nominal opposition to the project construction was noticed mostly based on the
uncertainty about compensation rates to be paid for the land. During the consultation, 91
people were consulted in 7 villages of project area as shown in the Table 5.1.
Before project construction, the Sponsor with the help of the Implementation Consultant
shall prepare and conduct an Information and Community Consultation Programme in
affected villages such as Karot, Hollar and near Azad Pattan Bridge. Participation of project
affected people and of the community during the project cycle will be ensured through their
involvement in a committee for redress of grievances. This will ensure satisfactory
settlement of any issue regarding affected land, houses, trees etc.
Table 5.1: Name of Villages and Number of Participants Consulted
5.6 FEED BACK FROM CONSULTATIONS
5.6.1 Community Concerns
List of participants and their concerns during stakeholders‟ consultations are given in
Appendix – III whereas Photographs of the scoping sessions / consultations appear at the
end of the report.
Communities‟ main concerns during the scoping sessions/consultations were as under. The
overall attitude of the communities towards the Project was positive:-
Sr. No. Village/Settlement Date No of
Participants
1 Karot (Right Bank) 29 -06-2014 40
2 Gorah (Right Bank) 30 -06-2014 05
3 Sansu (Right Bank) 29 -06-2014 02
4 Soan (Right Bank) 29 -06-2014 03
5 Barohi (Right Bank) 29 -06-2014 08
6 Hollar (Left Bank) 29 -06-2014 22
7 Ain Pana (Left Bank) 28 -06-2014 10
Total Participants 91
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Unfair compensation package which is not at par with the current market value of their
assets
Compensation should be paid before start of the construction of project.
Job opportunities in the project construction and operation should be given to project
area people according to their qualification
Steps should be undertaken for establishment of health and education facilities in the
project area.
Relocation sites of displaced persons should be prepared complete with basic social
infrastructures before shifting the displaced persons to a particular relocation site in
case of inadequate compensation rate.
The residents of Karot village want to be settled nearby project area.
Free of cost electricity should be provided to the affectees of the project area.
5.6.2 Consultation with Secondary Stakeholders
Meetings with secondary stakeholders like government departments, NGOs and line
agencies were held to discuss project interventions and their potential impacts on the local
communities and environment. In these meetings, stakeholders were informed about the
salient features of the project, its location and activities. Secondary stakeholders expressed
their concerns and gave suggestions/ recommendations for the implementation of the
project as follows.
Project proponent should fulfil the regulatory requirements of conducting EIA of
proposed project.
Possible damage to flora and fauna should be addressed.
Construction related issues like disposal of excavated material, soil erosion and
hazards for local communities and labour force should be appropriately addressed
during the construction activities.
EPC contractor will ensure free mobility of women and children, especially people of
Karot & Hollar villages.
Safe transportation of construction material
Health and safety measures for labour force
Employment of local residents during construction and operation of the project.
5.7 FUTURE CONSULTATIONS
Public consultations started in the project area during 2008-09. This consultation process
will continue during and after detailed design. The objective of the future consultation will
mainly focus on resettlement issues, job opportunities for the locals, compensation of lost
assets, timing of work, overall schedule, and minimizing disturbance to business, and public
safety and gender issues. Further consultation will be carried out during project
implementation phase.
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Before project construction, the Sponsor with the help of the Implementation Consultant
shall prepare and conduct an Information and Community Consultation Programme in
affected villages such as Karot, Hollar and near Azad Pattan Bridge. Participation of project
affected people and of the community during the project cycle will be ensured through their
involvement in a committee for redress of grievances. This will ensure satisfactory
settlement of any issue regarding affected land, houses, trees etc.
5.8 PROCEDURE FOR PUBLIC DISCLOSURE
5.8.1 Information Disclosure
In promoting transparency and accountability, Project Management Unit (PMU) will continue
to provide relevant information to the stakeholders in a timely manner in a form and
language that are understandable and accessible to them. At the same time, PMU will
continue the regular consultation process.
PMU will disclose the ESIA report and related documents to Environmental Protection
Agency of Punjab and Azad Jammu &Kashmir. This ESIA report will be disclosed at the IFC
website as required under PS1. The local community will be provided with the Summary of
EIA report and project information at different stages of the consultation.
The information will be made available in locations that are easily accessible to
stakeholders. Depending upon the capacity of a stakeholder and nature of the information
to be disseminated, such locations can be Karot, Hollar and Azad Patan villages, project
site office, PMU office, government department or local government setup.
Overall, the consultation activities and disclosure will be designed so as to maximize
community awareness of the project and to create reasonable opportunities for community
input and involvement.
The requirements for public disclosure have been followed in accordance with the following
IFC Guidelines;
• To avoid, and when avoidance is not possible, minimize displacement by exploring
alternative project designs.
• To avoid, forced eviction.
• To anticipate and avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimize adverse social
and economic impacts from land acquisition or restrictions on land use by; (i)
providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost4 and (ii) ensuring that
resettlement activities are implemented with appropriate disclosure of information,
consultation, and the informed participation of those affected.
• To improve, or restore, the livelihoods and standards of living of displaced persons.
• To improve living conditions among physically displaced persons through the
provision of adequate housing with security of tenure5 at resettlement sites.
4Replacement cost is defined as the market value of the assets plus transaction costs. In applying this method of valuation,
depreciation of structures and assets should not be taken into account. Market value is defined as the value required allowing
Affected Communities and persons to replace lost assets with assets of similar value. The valuation method for determining
replacement cost should be documented and included in applicable Resettlement and/or Livelihood Restoration plans (see
paragraphs 18 and 25).
5Security of tenure means that resettled individuals or communities are resettled to a site that they can legally occupy
and where they are protected from the risk of eviction.
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5.9 PUBLIC HEARING
EPA – Punjab and EPA – AJ&K as part of their approval of EIA will conduct Public Hearing
at Rawalpindi and Kotli Districts respectively within 40 days of receiving the EIA report.
Public hearing will be conducted with the support of sponsor and consultant. Local people
and government officials will be made aware of the meeting at least one month of the
consultations through advertisement in newspapers.
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CHAPTER – 6
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The process of impact prediction is the core of the environmental assessment process and
it is critical that the recommendations and mitigation measures are carried out during the
design, construction and operation phases of the project in accordance with the
requirements laid down in Pak – EPA 1997 and AJ&K Environmental Protection Act 2000
as well as those of the IFC Guidelines.
This chapter discusses the potential environmental impacts of the proposed project and
identifies mitigation measures to minimize the impacts in design, construction and
operational phases. The project impacts have been assessed based on the socio-
environmental and census survey of the affected households conducted in the project areas
during updating of the ESIA report in June – July 2014.
The survey brought forth that the adverse impacts of the project due to construction of dam,
diversion tunnels, headrace tunnels and powerhouse largely consist of acquisition of whole
Karot village and partially Hollar village. The major impacts on the community have been
identified as loss of residential houses, land, trees and livelihood. The survey findings have
shown a total of 72 households as being affected by the project interventions as indicated in
Table 6.1.
Table 6.1: Type of Affected Assets and Number of Affected Households
Sr. No.
Type of Loss Right/Left
Bank
No. of Affected Households
Total Affected
Households (Ahs)
Due to Construction
of Dam, Spillway,
Powerhouse
Due to Creation of 27km
Reservoir
1 House+Land+Trees Right Bank 50 00 50
2 House+Land+Trees Left Bank 22 00 22
3 Land+Trees* - - - -
Total 72 72
Source: Field Surveys 2014
Among the other identified major impacts include relocation/protection of community and
public infrastructures such as access to roads and bridges, electricity and water supply,
mosque and graveyards, schools and built-up structures as given in Table 6.2.
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Table 6.2: Type and Number of Relocation/Protection of Community and Public
Infrastructures
Sr. No.
Type of Loss Right/Left
Bank
Due to Construction of Dam, Spillway, Powerhouse
Due to Creation of 27km
Reservoir
1. Community Infrastructures
Mosques in Karot village Right bank 02 Nos. 02 Nos.
Graveyards in Karot village Right bank 04 Nos. -
Pond (Karot village) Right bank 01No - No.
2. Public Infrastructures
Police Check Post Left Bank - 01No.
Forest Check Post Left Bank - 01No.
Rest House of Building Department Right Bank 01No. -
Tourism Building Left Bank 01No. -
Surface Water Hydrology Gauge Room
near Pana village
Right Bank - 01No.
11 Kv Electric Poles Right Bank 35No. 25No.
½‟‟ dia Pipe Water Supply Right Bank - 7km
Primary Schools Right Bank Girls=1 Boys=1 -
Relocation of Roads
- Portion of existing Kahuta – Azad
Pattan metalled Road
Right Bank
- Portion of existing Kahuta – Kotli Road Right Bank
- Pana village access road Right Bank
Relocation of Bridges
- Azad Pattan Concrete bridge
Across
Jhelum river
-
01 No.
- Karot – Hollar Concrete bridge Across
Jhelum river
01No. -
- Suspension Bridge d/s of Azad Pattan
bridge
Across
Jhelum river
- 02No.
Source: Field Surveys 2014
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A total of 5676 Nos. of privately owned trees including fruit, fuel wood and timber trees will
be affected due to project implementation. The final inventory of affected households, loss
of land, built-up structures and trees due to project implementation is under process of
finalization by the relevant departments such as Revenue Department for land acquisition,
Building Department for built-up structures and Forest Department for trees compensation.
This final inventory of loss of assets will be made part of the RAP upon completion of
physical survey of the project area before implementation of the RAP.
6.2 DESIGN RELATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
6.2.1 Permanent Land Acquisition
The impacts on land use described below are based on the modification made in the
feasibility design of June 2009 (see RAP). There might come up some minor changes in the
design e.g. concerning final figures on quantities of excavation material, adjustments of
dumping sites or routing of access roads. However, this will not cause major changes
regarding content and costs outlined in the RAP. The costs for such changes in the design
are covered by a provision of 15% of the total expenditures in the Resettlement Action Plan
(RAP).
The land tenure system in the project is traditional and the process to officially document
the titles and holdings by District Collector‟s Office for compensation purposes has been
started under Land Acquisition Act 1897. A total of 907.69ha of land will be affected due to
the project interventions. The different categories of land are given in the following Table
6.3.
Table 6.3: Permanent Land Acquisition due to Project Interventions
Land Acquisition*
i) Due to construction of dam and its ancillaries in Karot
village
- Private cultivated Land Acre 38
- Private barren Land Acre 261.87
- Area under Government Structures Acre 21
- Area under housing Acre 1.65
Area under Community Structures Acre .50
River Bed Acre 69.12
ii) Due to construction of dam and its ancillaries in Hollar
village
- Private cultivated Land Acre 11.67
- Private barren Land Acre 57.08
- Government Land Acre 122.93
• Reservoir Area
- River Bed/Government land Acre 369.64
- Private Barren land Acre 1288.59
1ha = 10,000 meter squarer = 2.47 acre; 1 acre = 8 kanals = 4047 Sq.m
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These estimates will be updated as soon as the final inventory of losses of assets will be
completed and verified by the Land Revenue Departments through detail physical survey.
Land compensation including 15% CAS will be provided to the affectees on the basis of
prevailing market rates as well as the negotiations between the affectees.
The affectees will be allowed to harvest their standing crops if they are at maturity stage
otherwise crop compensation will be given based on the market rates of the area.
Nature and Significance of Impact
As usual for hydropower projects, land acquisition represents one of the major impacts. Due
to the nature of such projects this is unavoidable. In Karot HPP the need for land acquisition
was assessed based on the previous experiences in hydropower projects in Pakistan.
About 49.67 acres of private cultivated land, 1607.54 acres of private barren land, 1.65
acres are under housing structures and 438.76 acres of river bed and 122.93 acres of
government land will be acquire by the project interventions.
The analysis of the impact on affected households brought forth that most of the affectees
engaged in agricultural activities will be losing their terrace agriculture by losing 20.10 ha of
rainfed cultivated land. Therefore, the impact of the project on land acquisition and use is
assessed to be low negative.
6.2.2 Loss of Houses
The key design-related environmental impact relates to acquisition of whole Karot village
and partially Hollar village on right and left bank of Jhelum River respectively. The survey
data revealed that the impact on residential houses would lead to the displacement of 72
households with population of 510 affected persons.
Most of the houses will be affected by the construction of dam, spillway, diversion tunnels,
headrace tunnels and powerhouse. Few of them will be acquired as a result of blasting and
drilling activities in the construction period. Majority of the houses affected, falls into
category B (99%) made up of concrete roofing having walls of baked bricks with earth
bonding followed by category C (1%) which is made up of bricks and gadder roofing having
walls of baked un-bricks/blocks/wood as shown in the Table 6.4. All Affected households
(AHs) are Muslim and ethnically Rajput and Sudhnuzai. There are neither tribal nor minority
people amongst the AHs.
Table 6.4: Number of Lost Houses and Affected Persons in the Project Area
Name of village Right/Left
Bank
Category* of Lost Houses
Category B (Semi Pacca)
Category C (Kacha)
Total
No. of Houses
No. of Aps
No. of Houses
No. of Aps
No. of Houses
No. of Aps
Karot Right Bank 50 337 00 00 50 337
Hollar Left Bank 21 157 1 16 22 173
Total 71 494 1 16 72 510
Category B = use iron gadder + concrete roof, having outer walls made of baked bricks with earth bonding Category C = use wood and tin in the roof, having outer walls made of unbaked bricks/blocks/wood
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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All affected persons (Aps) will be compensated based on the prevailing market rates in the
project area. Affectees of residential houses will also get 15 % compulsory acquisition
surcharge (CAS) and free salvage material for new construction. Three options were given
by the affected persons such as cash compensation; resettled at upper reaches and nearby
surroundings. Preferred option was cash compensation based on the mutual negotiations
keeping in view the rates of settlements of the nearby areas. Second option was to resettle
them at nearby surroundings if cash compensation is not up to their need and satisfaction.
Houses acquisition and relocation necessities will be compensated by implementing a
Resettlement Action Plan that is prepared for the project as a standalone document
following national and international requirements as derived from the IFC as well as from
the national requirements.
Nature and Significance of Impact
Due to the nature of the project, houses acquisition becomes unavoidable. This was mainly
due to construction, blasting and drilling activities. Considering the fact that 72 households
consisting of 510 affected people have to be relocated, their existing social setup will be
disturbed therefore, impact of the project on houses acquisition is assessed to be high
negative.
6.2.3 Loss of Economics Assets
Economic assets such as commercial/business enterprises including shops, restaurants,
petrol pump and trees of various types and sizes will also be affected due to implementation
of the project as mentioned below;
6.2.3.1 Loss of Commercial Structures and Income
A total of 78 Nos. of various types of commercial/ business structures will be affected by the
project construction activities and due to reservoir impounding thus losing their income
generating activities. The highest number of structures being affected is Grocery Shops
followed by General Stores and Restaurants while the income from these commercial
structures ranges from Rs. 15,000/month to Rs. 150,000/month. Average income is about
of Rs. 26,961/month as shown in Table 6.5. According to the field surveys the number of
households affected by acquisition of commercial enterprises is 78. About 40 Nos. of shops,
nine road side restaurants and a petrol pump on right side of the Jhelum River will be
affected by the reservoir impounding whereas 10Nos, of shops will be acquired as a result
of construction of dam components.
Table 6.5: Impacts on Commercial Structures and Income
Sr. No. Type of Business No. of
Affected Structures
income (Rs./Month)
Due to Dam Reservoir
1 General Store/Grocery Shop 40 20,000
2 Hotel 09 30,000
3 Wooden Cabin 18 10,000
4 Petrol Pump 01 100,000
Due to Construction of Dam Components
5. General Store/Grocery Shop 10 20,000
Total 78 180,000
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According to the field surveys the number of households affected by acquisition of
commercial enterprises is 78. About 40 Nos. of shops, nine road side restaurants and a
petrol pump on right side of the Jhelum River will be affected by the reservoir impounding
whereas 10Nos, of shops will be acquired as a result of construction of dam components.
Affectees of the commercial enterprises will be compensated according to the prevailing
markets rate and negotiation between the sponsor and the relevant departments including
15% compulsory acquisition surcharge (CAS) and free salvage material for new
construction. In addition to structure compensation, the affectees will be compensated with
business loss allowance equalling the average income of three months.
Inventory of the loss of commercial enterprises is to be done and verified by the revenue
and building departments. Land Acquisition Collector, after negotiation with the affectees
will finalize the rates. Based on the field survey, the compensation rates are provided in the
Chapter „Environmental Costs‟.
Nature and Significance of Impact
As a result of permanent acquisition of commercial enterprises, business of 78 Nos. of
households will be affected. The impact in such cases will be compensated by offering
them job opportunity during the project implementation. The impact of the project on
commercial enterprises, therefore, assessed to be medium negative for a shorter period of
time and locally positive on longer run.
6.2.3.2 Daily Wage Earners
Apart from the direct impact on households, a total of 32 wage earners employed as
labourers, helpers will be affected by their relocation. Most of the Aps employed as
labourers are engaged by small restaurants and hotels along the road side on right and left
bank of the reservoir.
Table 6.6: Affected Daily Wage Earners
Category of Wage Earners No. of Daily Wage Earners Affected
Left Bank Right Bank Total
Helpers (petrol station ) 05 00 05
Hotels 00 27 27
Total 05 27 32
Source: Field Survey 2014
Special consideration will be given to these affected daily wagers in job employment during
the construction and operation stages of the project. In addition, they will be given special
Project Affectees Allowance equal to their three month income i.e Rs.30,000/Wage Earner.
Nature and Significance of Impact
As a result of acquisition of commercial enterprises, the daily wagers employed as
labourers, helpers in the restaurants/hotels and petrol pump will be affected temporarily by
their relocation as they will be compensated per their three months‟ salary. Considering the
fact that they will lose their source of income, the impact has been identifies as high
negative for a short time.
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6.2.4 Relocation of Public Infrastructures
The detail of public infrastructures needing relocation is given in Table 6.2. The affected
public structures, due to creation of reservoir such as, police and forest check posts,
surface water hydrology gauge room, 132kv grid station and electric poles, will be re-
established at appropriate places with the consent of the relevant departments. 7km long
water pipe supplying water to road side hotel and shops will be relocated at higher elevation
along the Kahuta – Azad Pattan road.
The affected public structures due to construction of project components such as, rest
house, tourism building, two schools and 11kV electric poles in Karot village, will be
relocated at appropriate places with the consent of the community and relevant provincial
government departments. Relocation cost of all these public infrastructures is provided in
the Chapter „Environmental Costs‟.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The submergence of public infrastructure in the area of the reservoir is unavoidable. The
impact is assessed to be low negative but for a short period, mainly due to the relocation of
these structures in the nearby surroundings of the reservoir impounding by causing any
significant disturbances. However, relocation of these infrastructures in terms of improved
physical setup will have significant positive long term impact locally as well as regionally.
6.2.5 Relocation of Community Structures
It is observed that four Mosques and two graveyards including one Shrine will be affected
by the construction of dam, spillway and powerhouse. No cash compensation will be given
for community assets. Mosque will be reconstructed at appropriate place with the mutual
consent of the community and a retaining wall of 2-3 m will be constructed around the
graveyards and shrine. In addition, there is a pond near the spillway used for the cattle.
Construction of spillway will affect the pond. Considering the area is rainfed and dependent
on rain, this year around storage facility for the livestock will be affected. The EPC
contractor shall take care of these structures. The lumpsum cost for the relocation of
mosques and protection of graveyards and shrine is given in Chapter „Environmental Cost‟.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The Karot Hydropower Project (KHP) has no potential impacts on community as all the
structures will be protected and relocated with the consent of the community. It will be
obligatory for the EPC contractor to protect all these structures according to the suggested
mitigation measures. However, the impact on the community structure is low negative but
for a short period whereas the long term impact will be locally positive.
6.2.6 Relocation of Roads and Bridges
Existing access roads and bridges need to be improved or relocated for the movement of
heavy machinery and vehicles as indicated in Table 6.2. Moreover, access is required to
get to the sites of the dam, spillway, diversion tunnels, powerhouse, construction and
storage camps. The relocation of roads and bridges needed due to construction of dam and
reservoir impounding is described as follow;
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i) Relocation of Roads / Bridges due to Construction Activities
The existing Karot - Kotls road is being used by the inhabitants of Rawalpindi, Kahuta, Kotli
and Kashmir for their daily access to the area. The portion of the road passes by the
proposed dam site near the river bend will have to be cut off for construction of proposed
spillway as shown in Figure 6.1. Due to which, 2.8km portion of this the road will require
relocation. It has been proposed that this affected portion of the road will be relocated so as
to reach the new Karot Bridge.
Figure 6.1: Existing Rawalpindi – Kahuta – Kotli Road
Among the different options considered for road relocation, option BG as indicated in Figure
6.2 has been considered suitable. This is because of better slope, road gradient and lesser
damage to reserved forest as compared to other options AG, CG and DG. As shown in the
Figure 6.2 the existing Karot Bridge will also need relocation due to re-alignment of the
existing Rawalpindi – Kahuta – Kotli road.
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Figure 6.2: Alignment of Road to be Re-Located
ii) Relocation of Roads / Bridges subject to Submergence by Reservoir
Another access to Kashmir is through Kahuta- Azad Pattan road which runs along the right
side of the project reservoir. This road is being used by the inhabitants of Kahuta – Azad
Pattan and Kashmir for their daily access to the area. As a result of creation of dam
reservoir, different portions of Kahuta – Azad Pattan including one Azad Pattan Bridge
including two suspension bridges will be submerged. These road sections/bridges will be
relocated at higher locations to reconnect them with the existing Kahuta – Azad Pattan
road. The lengths of the relocated portions of the road / bridges are given in Table 6.7.
Table 6.7: Location of Road Sections and Bridges to be relocated in Reservoir
Area
Sr.No. Road Sections and Bridges to be Relocated and
their Location
Relocated Length
ft m
Road Sections
1. S1 Right Bank of Reservoir 4293 1308
2. S2 Right Bank of Reservoir 1801 549
3. S3 Right Bank of Reservoir 3022 921
4. S4 Right Bank of Reservoir 1901 579
5. S5 Right Bank of Reservoir 9426 2873
6. S5 Right Bank of Reservoir 2335 712
7. S7 Left and Right bank 2638 804
8. S8 2933 894
9. S9 Left bank 853 260
Sub – Toatal for Road 29,201 8900
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During consultation with the DC and community of the Sudhunti district, the option of
relocation of Azad Pattan Bridge was also discussed. They suggested relocating the Azad
Pattan Bridge near Pana village will reduce the access distance between the Kahuta and
the Sudhnuti settlement significantly. Consequently, the land sliding reach and relocation of
portion (S5) Kahuta – Azad Pattan metaled road near Azad Pattan higher elevation will also
be avoided resulting in less biological and land disturbances.
The drainage and erosion control measures will be undertaken during construction activities
by providing culverts, drains, berms restoration of verges.
As the survey of existing utilities would have been completed before start of construction
work, the power/water supply lines/ electric supply lines and telephone lines will be restored
by the construction contractor
Nature and Significance of Impact
During relocation activities the movement of the traffic and provision of utility services will
be affected for a short period of time causing low negative impact which is unavoidable.
However, on long term basis the impact will be significant positive locally as well as
regionally.
6.2.7 Route of Nomads
As mentioned in baseline conditions, a very few number of nomads used Hollar- Karot route
for their movement along with their herds to higher elevation during summer and migrate
back down to plain to spend their winter. Due to relocation of existing Karot – Hollar road
there will be no any significant impact on their movement is anticipated as the existing route
will be relocated before start of construction activities.
Nature and Significance of Impact
During relocation of existing Karot –Hollar road the movement of the nomads will be
affected for a short period of time without any significant impact. However, on long term
basis the impact will be significant positive locally as well as regionally.
6.2.8 Vulnerability Status of Affected Households
Taking into account the socio-economic vulnerabilities of the six affected households, as
discussed in Chapter 4, Section 4.6.19, specific provisions and special measures have
been incorporated in the RAP to ensure that vulnerable people are not marginalized in the
process of project implementation. These vulnerable people will be offered vulnerable
allowance equal to Rs.50,000/AH for their rehabilitation to restore their livelihood in addition
to job opportunity during the project implementation.
Nature and Significance of Impact
Specific provisions and special measures have been provided to ensure the livelihood of
the vulnerable people in the process of project implementation. The adaptation of these
measures as suggested above will improve the livelihood status of these people
significantly. Therefore, impact of the project on the vulnerable households is assessed to
be minor negative for a shorter period of time, but locally positive.
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6.2.9 Health and Safety Aspects of Workers
Health and safety aspects of the workers will be met by compliance the IFC Performance
Standard 2 (PS2) which aims to promote “safe and healthy working conditions, and to
protect and promote the health of workers.”
Sanitary Wastewater
In order to manage sanitary wastewater from the construction camps a system of sewer
would be laid leading to on-site wastewater treatment and disposal. This would be essential
to prevent pollution of Jhelum River. A sufficient number of portable toilets will be erected
nearby main construction zones, camps and offices. For this purpose, sewage discharged
from the camps and toilets will be treated by the buried-type wastewater treatment
equipment and then discharged to the manholes, and finally discharged into the nearest
waters.
Drinking Water
Clean drinking water will be placed at worker‟s disposal in a sufficient quantity at all
construction and camp sites. Water supply system is supplied by the available ground water
through installation of pumps. At present, underground water is being used by the local
community through pumping. According to the community, the quality of water is good for
drinking purpose.
Noise and Pollution due to Vehicles Exhaust
Workers are exposed to considerable noise levels when constructing a dam, spillway,
diversion tunnels, headrace tunnel, powerhouse etc. Main sources of noise will be blasting,
piling of heavy construction equipment, several of them often running at the same time.
Tunnel excavation and dam construction represent always a risk for workers to be affected
by physical injuries. Therefore, the Construction Contractor (CC) shall develop and
implement a Health and Safety Plan for the construction activities. In addition, national
Health and Safety regulations require a permanent and regularly training of the workers
concerning health and safety issues.
The contractor shall provide personal protective equipment, including hard hats gloves,
safety shoes, and such other equipment as required, and shall take all measures or actions
for the protection and safety of contractor personnel.
Non-metallic hard hats shall be worn at all times by all personnel at work site with the
exception of those areas where the engineer has indicated it not necessary to do so.
Safety glasses if required shall meet international standards and be available for use
and worn in specified worksites areas. As a minimum, safety glasses shall be worn
during hammering, chipping, welding, grinding, use of electricity powered or
pneumatic equipment, insulation handling, spray painting, working with solvents, and
other jobs where the potential of an eye injury exists.
Personnel shall not be permitted to work whilst wearing personal clothing or footwear
likely to be hazardous to themselves or others.
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Hearing protection, including muffs, plugs or a combination thereof, shall be provided
for all personnel operating in areas where the noise level exceeds 90 decibels.
The contractor shall encourage employees to wear substantial work gloves whenever
it is practical and is safe to do so.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The significance of the impact is low negative if health and safety of workers is ensured by
implementation of a comprehensive safety plans for the workers.
6.3 CONSTRUCTION RELATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
6.3.1 Dust Impacts
There are no nearby settlements within 2-3km of the project area which would undergo dust
impact. Traffic on the road is likely to generate dust depending on the size and tread of the
tyre, vehicle speed, moisture in the soil, and surface condition. The track is stony and
remains moistly so due to water spillage from the channels dust generation will be less.
Among the variety of options to control dust suspended particulate matter (SPM) emissions
from construction sites the most effective is wet suppression. Spraying water on exposed
surfaces and soil at adequate frequency to keep soil, moist at all times can reduce the total
dust emissions from the project by as much as 75%. The following mitigation measures will
be implemented during construction to control emission of dust.
i) Water will be sprayed daily on all exposed surfaces sufficient to suppress emissions
of dust. The frequency of spraying will be increased as necessary but controlled such
that the surface remains just moist at all times, particularly when wind is blowing
towards any nearby sensitive receptors.
Dust emission from soil and aggregate storage stockpiles used for road construction
will be reduced by appropriate measures. These will include:
- Covering the pile with tarpaulin or thick plastic sheets when not in use and at
the end of the working day;
- Erecting windshields / walls on three sides of the piles such that the walls
project 0.5 m above the top of the pile and,
- Keeping the material moist by spraying of water at appropriate intervals to
prevent emissions.
ii) The construction vehicles will maintain a speed limit of 20 Km/h or less on all
unpaved areas within the construction route. Speed limit signposts will be erected in
highly visible positions along the access road and within the route and maintained for
the duration of the construction. Speed bumps will be constructed near all sensitive
receptors such as schools where there is a risk that vehicles may exceed the speed
limit.
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iii) Construction materials will be transported to the route and around the route in trucks
securely covered with tarpaulins or equivalent to prevent dust emission during
transportation.
Nature and Significance of Impact
Considering construction related activities, movement of heavy machinery and
transportation of excavated material and carrying of construction material, which is
unavoidable, the dust impact caused by the project is assessed to be medium negative
during construction activities only.
6.3.2 Excavated Material
A total of 14,129.4 thousand m3 material will be excavated from surface foundations and
underground excavations. About 1/3rd
quantity of the excavated material will be used as fill
material for construction of main dam, coffer dams, power house building and widening of
road etc. The remaining surplus material 10,493.10 thousand m3
will be removed and
loaded on dumpers and disposed-off at designated four dumping locations with dumping
capacity of 15400 thousand m3 in an environmentally sound manner. Project component
wise quantity of excavated material to be generated and used as fill material during project
execution is given in Table 6.8.
Table 6.8: Quantities of Excavated Material
Sr. No.
Components
Excavated Material Volume (1000m3)
Fill Material Volume (1000m
3
)
Overburden
Open Rocks
Underground Rocks
Demolition
Total Total
1. Dam 248.90 27.70 - - 276.60 2245.40
2. Spillway 992.60 8,933.8
0 - - 9926.40 1.00
3. Cofferdam - - - 112.40 112.40 1388.00
4. Diversion Tunnel 109.00 981.40 264.60 - 1355.00 -
5. Water Diversion 136.80 - 136.80 -
6. Power Plant 120.20 1,483.4
0 15.00 - 1618.60 1.90
7. Tailrace 74.70 618.30 - - 693.00 -
8. Foundation - 1.00 9.60 - 10.60 -
Total Volume 1,545.4 12,045.
6 423.0 112.40 14,129.4
0 3,636.30
Surplus Volume (14,129.40 – 3 636.30) =
10,493.10
Land use change is the principal environmental effect due to muck disposal and depends
on how the muck is treated after the placement. Therefore, mitigation measures to deal with
surplus material may consist of the following steps:
processing;
installation of a gravel and rock crushing plant,
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sorter and recycling plant at the site of the asphalt plant;
reuse of the material for road foundation;
use for the production of mass concrete and other building materials;
use for backfilling,
use for the reconstruction of agricultural terraces;
Installation of alternate dumping sites of surplus material at places without affecting
settlements, agricultural activities, communication lines, river beds or valuable natural
habitats.
In accordance with the layout of construction activities four disposal and stockpile areas
with dumping capacity of 15,400 thousand m3 (including stockpile capacity of 11,700m
3
thousand) have been identified within the dam area as shown in Figure 6.3. The description
and management of these three sites is given as under;
Disposal Site No. 1: The site is located 550m downstream on left bank of dam site. It
covers an area of 153,700m2 and could store 4200 thousand m
3 of wastes. This site will be
used for the storage and transfer of materials excavated from site roads, division tunnel,
powerhouse and headrace tunnel. The protective measures for this area include
construction of waste retaining dike, water retaining dam, flood drainage trench,
surrounding drainage ditches, disposing the channels at the bottom of waste, drainage
ditches on the surface of the waste, cement laid stone masonry grid slope protection,
topsoil stripping, land levelling and covering, restoring vegetation on the slopes and
surface, temporarily retaining and intercepting waters while stacking the wastes.
Disposal Site No. 2: The site is adjacent to the slope toe of the upper reach of the dam
and lies in the reservoir area. It covers an area of 145,300m2 with storage capacity of 3200
thousand m3 of wastes. This site will be utilized for stocking excavation waste of the dam
and the spillway. The protective measures include riprap waste retaining dam at the slope
toe of the stacked wastes, surrounding drainage ditches, disposing the channels at the
bottom of waste, drainage ditches on the surface of the waste, dry stone laying slope,
temporarily retaining and intercepting waters while stalking the waste.
Disposal Site No. 3: The area lies upstream of the gently sloping area of left bank of the
dam. It covers an area of 149,400m2 with storage capacity of 2400 thousand m
3 of wastes.
This site will be used for stocking excavation waste of the spillway. The protective
measures for this area include construction of retaining dike, water drainage trench,
surrounding drainage ditches, disposing the channels at the bottom of waste, drainage
ditches on the surface of the waste, cement laid stone masonry grid slope, topsoil stripping,
land levelling and covering, restoring vegetation on the slopes and surface, temporarily
retaining and intercepting waters while stalking the wastes.
Disposal Site No. 4: The area lies at the left bank upstream gully near the construction
area. It covers an area of 324,000m2 with storage capacity of 5600 thousand m
3 of wastes.
It will be used mainly for stocking excavation waste of the spillway. The protective
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measures for this area include construction of retaining dike, water drainage trench,
surrounding drainage ditches, disposing the channels at the bottom of waste, drainage
ditches on the surface of the waste, cement laid stone masonry grid slope, topsoil stripping,
land levelling and covering, restoring vegetation on the slopes and surface, temporarily
retaining and intercepting waters while stalking the wastes.
Nature and Significance of Impact
Dumping of this large amount of excavated material is one of the biggest challenges of the
project from an environmental point of view. Beside re-use of excavation material as fill for
gabions, to use them as riprap for slope protection and as concrete aggregates, no
measures are possible to minimize the amount of material to be dumped. The side effects
related to the transport of excavation material can be reduced as described in the sections
6.3.1and 6.3.3.
Figure 6.3: Disposal Sites for Excavated Material
All the dumping sites lied in privately owned agricultural fields, fruit trees and natural flora
including few commercially valuable trees like Chir Pine(Pinus roxburghii), Shisham
(Dalbergia sissoo), Olea (Olea ferruginea) and Phulai (Acacia modesta) and many non-
commercial trees like Kamela (Mallotus phillipinensis), Amla (Phylanthus emblica), Siris
(Albizzia lebbek) etc. The owners will be compensated for all fruit trees/ natural flora trees
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and will be allowed to cut the trees from their lands. Additionally, distribution of the existing
flora and fauna at dumping site was found very common in the area so no fear of the loss of
the biodiversity involved due to the execution of the project. Hence, the impact is assessed
to be low negative but for a short period of time.
6.3.3 Traffic Aspects and Access
It will be necessary to construct new permanent access roads. This comprises access to
dam site, power house, spillway and construction and storage camp sites.
As mentioned before, one of the main impacts on the environment during the construction
period will be the need to dump 15.4 million cubic meters of material resulting from the
excavation of the diversion and headrace tunnels, spillway and powerhouse etc. This
impact includes the transport of this material to the specified dumping sites. Consequently,
the main focus was given to reduce the transport of excavation material along the Karot –
Kotli road as far as possible, which would also positively affect aspects like noise and air
quality, especially in town/villages like Hollar and Karot. Following mitigation measures have
been adopted to reach this goal:
• Dumping sites were selected as close as possible to the construction activities of
excavated material.
• The dumping sites are selected on the left bank of the Jhelum River in order to avoid
transport crossing the river;
• No transport of a large amount of excavation material through Beor village;
• Re-use as construction material as much as possible on site;
• Producing of concrete on site;
• Proper transport management to reduce truck movements;
• Transportation of material is allowed only during daytime
(from 6.00 amto6.00 pm);
• Speed limit of trucks crossing populated areas;
Nature and Significance of Impact
Short transportation ways from the site of excavation to the dumping site are selected.
Movements of trucks along the existing road can increase the traffic volume resulting in
noise and emissions of dust and exhaust. Though nearby settlements are about 3km away
from the construction side. The severity of the impact has been visualized as low if the
proposed mitigation measures are adopted adequately.
6.3.4 Air Quality
From the site visits it became obvious that the air quality is good. When starting the
construction of other hydropower projects, air quality will drop more due to the increased
movement of trucks/heavy machinery for transport of construction and permanent
equipment to the respective projects sites.
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Having this in mind, regular maintenance of machinery will help to reduce the emissions.
Mitigation measures are given in EMP.
Beside exhausts of machinery an impact on air quality will arise from dust emission during
construction activities. This can be mitigated by spraying the trucks frequently with water
and/or using cover sheets during the dry season.
Nature and Significance of Impact
Considering all ongoing activities in the area the air quality has to be considered to be of
low negative quality at peak times of traffic. Gaseous emission and dusty atmosphere will
result from movement of heavy vehicles for transportation of equipment and construction
materials. Similar effects would be caused by drill-blasting for the tunnel, pressure shaft and
caverns. The contractor would be required to control noise and exhaust pollution by
construction management techniques as per NEQS.
The additional impact on air quality caused by the project is assessed to be low negative if
proper management is carried out during construction activities.
6.3.5 Noise Aspects
Movement of construction machinery and blasting for tunnel can be a source of noise for
the communities living around project area. There will be no noise impact on the nearby
settlements as no settlements exist near the project construction activities area. The
farthest settlement is about 4km from the construction activities area. However, Noise
nuisances will be minimized by various measures such as;
a) High efficiency mufflers are to be fitted to the noise generating equipment.
b) Preventing as far as possible traffic during night time 21:00 hrs to 06:00 hrs;
c) Prevention of blowing of horns by the project vehicles except in emergencies;
d) Tuning and proper maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles.
e) Restricting the blasting work to day time only.
Mitigation measures are given within the ESMP. Higher noise level due to the construction
activities during day time will be met by adopting appropriate measures as discussed
above. Contractor will ensure to monitor the noise levels regularly at the construction sites
and take necessary measures to comply with the NEQS and IFC guidelines.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The noise during construction activities is unavoidable and will last the whole construction
period. As such, contractor will ensure that workers are using ear muffles while working and
all construction activities are carried out within the applicable noise standards such as
NEQS and IFC guidelines. The additional impact of noise for the population living in the
project area is assessed to be negligible as no nearby settlements exist near the
construction activity area. However, the within the construction area, the noise impact will
be high negative.
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6.3.6 River Water Quality
During the construction period the quality of the Jhelum River is mainly influenced from
activities near the dam and powerhouse sites. Here, the river has to be diverted through a
tunnel during construction of dam and power intake. The second point of construction
activities near the Jhelum riverbed is the outlet tunnel located downstream of the surface
powerhouse.
At both sites, dam and outlet tunnel, the river will only be influenced marginally by drilling,
blasting and excavation activities. For the dam site it would be necessary to establish
dry pit condition to carry out construction work across Jhelum river bed. It is planned that
during low flow season (from October to February). Jhelum River flow will be directed into
diversion tunnel until the construction of dam is completed. During this period Jhelum river
reach between the coffer dam and the outlet of the diversion tunnel will remain almost dry.
This change in river regime over a short reach of about 232m will be temporary and of short
duration.
It is expected that river water quality will deteriorate during construction phase. This will
mainly be due to the increase of suspended solids, turbidity and waste due to run-off from
dry land construction. This change in water quality will be of temporary medium negative
during construction activities only.
The impacts of in stream construction (coffer dam, in-stream work) will be due to increase in
suspended solids / nutrients/ pollutants washed away form the construction activity of coffer
dam, in-stream work, etc. The impact will be of temporary medium negative during
construction activities only.
The deterioration of river water quality will be minimized by controlled blasting, drilling and
construction activities along the river banks. Hazardous chemicals and fuels will be
managed as per standard procedures to avoid their spillage into river. The construction of
diversion tunnels would not be carried out during lean periods. Moreover, Construction and
maintaining temporary drainage channels around areas where major construction activity
and construction spoils are located. The drainage system would preferably lead the water to
a temporary pool or swamp before it is properly discharged in the river, to settle extra
suspended material related to construction activity. The CC has to ensure that all such
construction activities are carried out in a planned manner.
Nature and Significance of Impact
It is expected that river water quality will deteriorate during construction phase. This will
mainly be due to the increase of suspended solids, turbidity and waste. This change in
water quality will be temporary and over a short period. The impact on Jhelum River quality
is assessed to be low negative during the construction period only.
6.3.7 Fishery
The projects infrastructure sites encompass; construction and storage sites, quarries and
batching plant sites, dumping sites, camping sites, access roads, project management‟s
enclosures, energy providing facilities, along with work activities related to these locations
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(particularly if they are near main-stem river or tributaries) could affect aquatic ecology by
contributing sediment load and undesirable substances.
While the implementation of Karot HPP in particular and cascading hydropower projects in
general have the potential to affect the aquatic ecology of the Jhelum River & its tributaries
in area of influence during construction phase. Hydropower projects elsewhere have also
had serious impacts on aquatic biota, particularly in relation to effect of blockage to
migratory species and effects on downstream environments (Krchnak 2009).
Fuels and chemicals stored and used at such locations can affect aquatic biota & riparian
users in downstream areas.
To avoid potential anoxic conditions in initial years of reservoir fillings, vegetation might be
cleared prior to first filling/inundation. This may result in large areas of disturbed soil leading
to short term increase in sediment load during torrential rains & initial inundation.
The important factor governing the severity of all above impacts is timings of construction of
various cascading projects.
Measures are outlined in updated ESIA Table 7.1 serial No. 6 & 7 to protect water quality
and river bed morphologies at project infrastructure, roads and work areas and to manage
dumping of construction waste and use of explosives. Adherence to these measures will
minimize the risks to aquatic biota. Use of explosives on river bed will be avoided; fishing
with explosives will be banned altogether. Fish & juvenile trapped in the intended
dewatered areas (when water is diverted through tunnels around coffer dams work areas)
will be transplanted to other reaches of river to avoid mass mortality.
Additional measures include; avoidance of coffer dam construction in lean flow period,
when fish may be using limited pool areas for refuge and sediments levels along with water
levels are at their lowest. Same should be the strategy, while constructing diversion tunnels.
IFC PS-3 deals with water pollution sprees in the wake of projects implementation, its
prevention/abatement in the light of international best practices to ensure sustainability of
indigenous aquatic biota. IFC PS-6 also deals with protection and conservation of aquatic
biota to ensure sustainable development. It further leads to the way to mitigate the project‟s
footprints on aquatic biodiversity. These performance standards are to be managed through
the owner‟s social and environmental management system.
Nature and Significance of Impact
Due to limited number of fish species in the project area, the impact has been visualized as
low negative for a shorter period of time.
6.3.8 Landscaping
During the construction period dust emissions will be unavoidable due to massive
construction activities at the proposed dam site, tunnel, dumping sites and movement of
heavy machinery which will optically affect the landscape. There is no mitigation possible
except for spraying construction sites in dry season to reduce at least the dust emissions.
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For the conservation of existing natural environment and the minimization of final
disturbance to landscape, the Contractor will make effort to minimize the area of disturbed
land and apply Landscape / Vegetation Rehabilitation Plan to provide recovered status to
local existing landscape.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The significance of impact on the landscape is assessed to be medium negative. However,
evaluation of visual impacts is always dependent on the observer, which means it is
subjective in nature. This type of impact can be assessed differently by different individuals.
However, this will be temporary medium negative and lasting for project construction period
only.
6.3.9 Post Construction Site Restoration and Rehabilitation
After finalization of the construction activity, the areas of construction activities will be
rehabilitated in their original ecological status and parks or play grounds as discussed in
section 6.7, under Social Uplift Plan. Proper vegetation and planting will be provided to
construction area after activities to restore the concerned environment to original or planned
status.
Nature and Significance of Impact
Post construction site restoration and rehabilitation will result in significant positive impact
locally as well as regionally for a longer period of time.
6.3.10 Soil Erosion
Considering the site conditions and the various erosion control methods like vegetation and
forestation are the most effective and economical. These methods are recommended as the
preferred options for erosion control. The affected areas should be planted with grass
cover, tiny bushes and trees. Furthermore, land construction slope should be kept as flat as
is reasonably possible.
Methods such as grading, slope rounding, terracing, compaction berms, settling pond,
surfacing and pitching, soil stabilization, retaining structures and hydrographic modifications
such as, channeling, diversion, culverts, stream crossing to minimize erosion will be
adopted.
Construction and maintaining temporary drainage channels around areas where major
construction activity and construction spoils are located. The drainage system would
preferably lead the water to a temporary pool or swamp before it is properly discharged in
the river, to settle extra suspended material related to construction activity.
Top soil is an important resource in the project area due its importance in raising crops and
plantation. Availability to top soil is generally scares in the project area. The main impacts
on the soil during construction are from loss of topsoil from the construction sites and
reservoir inundation sites; and conversion of the existing land uses such as agriculture and
plantations to stockpiles of materials, and damage to the temporarily acquired land.
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Topsoil of cultivated land used for work areas and the areas that will be subjected to
reservoir inundation will be stripped off and stockpiled, to be used in the plantation
development areas. In case of areas that will be temporarily disturbed, the stockpiled top
soils are to be replaced when the construction is completed.
Similarly, in order to restore the land at all construction and dumping sites as far as
possible, the surface soil layer will be removed and laid down aside before filling up with
excavated material. After dumping the overburden the soil will be brought back and spread
over the dumping area. The overburden will be filled in semi compacted that means, the
retention capability of water will be improved much by this method.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The significance of impact of erosion due to construction activities, movement of machinery,
dumping of material and removal of trees from the reservoir is assessed to be medium
negative. This impact can be reduced to low if proper mitigation measures are adopted
during construction activities.
6.3.11 Affected Trees/Forest
Based on the field survey conducted in June-July 2014 and vegetation study in December
2014,It is estimated that 5676 number of private trees including 751fruit trees, 628 timber
trees and 4298 fuel wood trees would be acquired due to construction of project
components such as; dam, spillway, diversion tunnel, headrace tunnel and powerhouse.
These trees are not in a managed orchard or forest. Fruit trees are grown by the locals for
their own use around premises of their houses and fields. It is pointed out that all acquired
trees will not be cut down. Only those trees will be cut down which deem necessary. The
detail of private trees to be acquired as result of construction of dam structures is given in
Table 6.9.
As far as 27km long and about 150m high on each bank reservoir is concerned, there are
numerous trees of various kind which are privately as well as government owned. The
exact ownership and number of trees will be executed by the forest department with the
involvement of the provincial Revenue Department.
Complete inventory with final ownership and type of trees will be updated upon completion
of physical survey of the project construction and reservoir area by the forest department.
Table 6.9: Ownership and type of Trees affected due to Construction Activities
Sr.
No.
Name of Trees
Private Size of Tree
Total Common
Name Botanical Name
Tall Medium Small
Fuel wood Trees
1. Phulai Acacia modesta Private 296 117 50 463
2. Kau Olea cuspidate Private 656 111 294 1061
3. Kiker Acacia nilotica Private 197 0 0 197
4. Kamela Mallotus phillippensis Private 666 241 258 1165
5. Sufaida Populus nigra Private 155 20 310 485
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Sr.
No.
Name of Trees
Private Size of Tree
Total Common
Name Botanical Name
Tall Medium Small
6. Drek Melia azederach Private 8 7 60 75
7. Dhaman Grewia spp. Private 40 143 200 383
8. Sunmbal Salmali melabarica Private 151 98 50 299
9. Chahnar Bauhni avariegate Private 118 0 52 170
Sub-Total 2287 737 1274 4298
Fruit Trees
1. Apple Malus Private 0 1 20 21
2. Citrus Pyrus Calleryana Private 47 0 11 58
3. Guava Psidium guava Private 125 21 163 309
4. Apricot Prunus armeniaca Private 11 0 3 14
5. Mango Mangifera indica Private 22 1 8 31
6. Peech Prunus persica Private 15 0 3 18
7. Pomegranate Punica granatum Private 9 0 20 29
8. Mulberry Morus alba Private 74 7 3 84
9. Lemon Citrus limon Private 28 0 3 31
10. Berry Zizyphus nummularia Private 35 10 10 55
11. Grapes Vitis vinifera Private 5 0 1 6
12. Loquat Eriobotrya japonica Private 5 0 0 5
13. Dates Phoenix dactylifera Privatet 6 0 4 10
14. Walnut Juglans regia Private 1 0 0 1
15. Banana Musa acuminata Private 64 0 4 68
16. Black Berry Rubus fruticcosus Private 5 0 0 5
17. Plum Prunus domestica Private 6 0 0 6
Sub Total 458 40 253 751
Timber Trees
1 Sheshum Dalbergia sissoo Private 330 34 81 445
2 Chir Pinus roxburghil Private 49 0 100 149
3 Blue Pine Pinus wallchiana Private 33 0 0 33
Sub Total 412 34 181 627
Grand Total 5676
It will be the responsibility of the contractor to avoid maximum tree cutting during
construction activities of the project structures. Trees, the removal of which is unavoidable
for construction will have compensatory planting and replacement. Only indigenous tree
species will be selected for replacement and no alien invasive species will be used. At least
seven new trees will replace each cut tree and maintained alive for three years.
Tree plantation against cut trees will be carried out with the involvement of the community
and forest department by raising nursery within the project area.
For the private trees the respective owners will be compensated as per the rates provided
by the forest department/LAC and mutual understanding of the affectees whereas in case
of the government forest trees cutting, special permission will be obtained from the
respective forest department. As far as fruit trees compensation is concerned, it will also
include period and time required for a tree to grow to maturity.
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Nature and Significance of Impact
The loss of terrestrial land in the area of the reservoir, construction of the structure of dam,
spillway, and powerhouse being unavoidable will result in loss of vegetation/trees. Major
impact will be the destruction of terrestrial land by flooding at the reservoir site.
Local communities exploit Guzara/Community/Privately owned forests area according to
their needs of timber, firewood and fodder for livestock rather than visualizing its
protective/environmental role. Due to this the area was in degraded form. Heavy
uncontrolled grazing and clearance of area for cultivation also affected the area badly,
devoid of economically important Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii), Phulai (Acacia modesta) and
Olive (Olea ferruginea) trees, comprised of non-commercial shrubby vegetation of Sanatha
(Dodonaea viscosa) and Granda (Gymnosporia royaleana). Thus the project has no
influence on reserved forests of the reservoir area and its impact on protected forests is of
no significance.
The dam site, powerhouse, diversion tunnels, spill way and residential colony comes under
privately owned agricultural fields, fruit trees with few natural flora here and there. These
areas bears exploited vegetation as per local community requirements and projects layout
will not cause much harm to local flora.
All the dumping sites lied in privately owned agricultural fields, fruit trees and natural flora
including few commercially valuable trees like Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii), Shisham
(Dalbergia sissoo), Olea (Olea ferruginea) and Phulai (Acacia modesta) and many non-
commercial trees like Kamela (Mallotus phillipinensis), Amla (Phylanthus emblica), Siris
(Albizzia lebbek) etc. As the owners will be compensated well for all fruit trees/ natural flora
trees so there will be no negative impacts of project execution. The owners will be allowed
to cut the trees from their lands to provide space for dumping material which will earn
additional income for them. Additionally, distribution of the existing flora at dumping site was
found very common in the area so no fear of the loss of the biodiversity involved due to the
execution of the project.
Unavoidable vegetation cutting in Government forests/ community forests will be
“compensated” depending upon the kind and size of tree species. With this compensation,
the Punjab Government will be paid additionally with “Tree Cess” against each tree along
with afforestation over an area of ten times more than the area from where trees are
proposed to be cut as “replenishment cost” (Govt of Punjab notification No. SOFT (EXT)
VIII-22/88 dated 09/07/2012).
Nurseries for afforestation program should be established for quick and effective mitigation
against the tree cut involved. Establishment of nurseries will also generate good job
opportunities for better livelihood of the local communities.
Only three species Celtis australus (Tree of Heaven), Ficus bengalensis (Bohr) and
Ficus carica (Fig) were found rare in Pakistan but they are listed as common for the rest of
the world. The presence of these two species will not be disturbed as they were found
common in distribution throughout the area. The rest of the vegetation species were found
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protected and common in Pakistan and for the rest of the world. So it can be easily
concluded that there will be no negative impacts of Karot Hydropower Project on
conservation status of the vegetation of the area.
The present status of vegetation/floral diversity does not depend upon the river Jhelum
water but it depends on precipitation available in the area. So reduction in water regime
downstream will not affect the vegetation/floral diversity of the area.
Another concern was the loss of biodiversity of cliff vegetation coming either under
reservoir area or going under dumping material. Due to common distribution of local flora
and moisture retention because of dam construction local vegetation/floral diversity will
flourish rather than having any negative impacts of the implementation of the project.
Additionally, we can safely conclude that project, though, will be executed in the natural
forest habitats/ecosystems but due to common distribution of these habitats/ecosystems
throughout the Himalayan tract within the country, the project activities will pose no threat to
these natural habitats/ecosystems. Therefore, the impact of the construction activities on
terrestrial flora is assessed to be low negative.
6.3.12 Fauna
Birds: It has generally been accepted that the configuration and composition of vegetation
of a habitat acts as one of the determining factors for distribution and abundance of bird
species (Block and Brennan 1993). Analysis revealed that the transitional zone of habitat
has higher bird diversity and species richness. It provide the diverse habitat to the birds
species such as winter migrant from higher altitude and summer migrant from lower
altitudes. Sustainable management of these ecological habitats is the greatest challenge
that is currently faced by biodiversity conservationist (Patil, 2013). Studies have revealed
that intensive biomass extraction (mainly through grazing and fuel wood collection) is
leading to changes in vegetation structure and composition of the forest, are leading to
changes in bird species composition (Shahabuddin and Kumar 2005).
As the dame site and reservoir area have dominant patch of scrub forest with riverine
habitat along the river. Moving upward with increasing elevation range both side of the
reservoir has thick patches of chir pine forest. Every habitat has their own associated bird‟s
species. The dam construction reduces the scrub habitat range in the study area that will
compel the species to nearby range of scrub forest. So the squeezing or shrinkage of scrub
forest will have a little bit impact on associated bird‟s species of the Karot Hydropower
Project Area. More construction and developmental activities in the area will require the
biodiversity conservation and management plan. On the other hand dam construction will
add a wetland for many migratory birds‟ species.
Mammals: Both questionnaire survey and sign survey revealed the rarity of the most of the
species. Low sighting rates and low sign detections were mainly because of small number
of different species in the area, the highly populated area resulting huge disturbance which
hinders the wildlife to settle there, signs were destroyed due to human and livestock
movements, and poor weather conditions. Human-wildlife conflict also adds an avoidance
of carnivore from the area. Killings cases of large mammals especially predator was one of
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its example. Rivers are the major source of drinking water for the regional terrestrial fauna.
Drying of long river stretches might affect the occupancy of the nearby areas by the
terrestrial species due to water scarcity leading to degradation of habitat quality.
Deforestation leads to direct elimination of crucial habitats for terrestrial species. Several
important trees, shrub and herb species are removed from these areas and might lead to
extinction of certain endemic species. It also adversely affects the faunal species residing in
these areas and which are dependent on these floral species. On a landscape level,
deforestation leads to habitat fragmentation and degradation of habitat quality. It also leads
to destruction of vital animal/plant corridors which ultimately effects migration and gene
dispersal.
Common leopard is the most important carnivore species in the area. It is „near threatened‟
according IUCN red list and also protected in all provisional Wildlife Acts/Ordinances. It is
already facing very serious threats in the form of killing by human, habitat loss and scarcity
of food. This project will add to habitat loss. Both species of mongoose (small Asian
mongoose and Indian grey mongoose) are included in the CITES Appendix III. These
species have a trade pressure for their skins exported to different countries. These skins
are used for manufacturing the purses and the decoration pieces. Common otter is a „near
threatened‟ species while smooth coated otter is „vulnerable‟ species and they are very rare
in the area.
Species like common leopard and wolf who have large home ranges and do not
permanently live in one area, can tolerate the effect of such hydropower projects but small
mammalian species do suffer a lot. Habitat of otter, mustelid, rodents and hare will definitely
be damaged in this project. One more possible effect is that some occasional visitors like
leopard and barking deer could start avoiding the area after dam formation and habitat
destruction.
Amphibian & Reptiles: As a result of dam construction, the level of reservoir will rise and
the habitat therein will be submerged which will negatively affect and dislocate the
population of reptiles and rodent species to higher steel slopes of the mountains. Habitat
shrinkage will greatly affect these animals. However, a positive impact on the population of
amphibians, birds and large mammals is expected in the long-term scenario.
Controlled blasting, mining and construction activities will reduce impact on the population
of lizards, snakes and rodents in the short-term activities.
The on-going annual tree plantation campaigns by the Forest Department can be seen on
mitigation measures for wildlife habitats rehabilitation.
Wildlife Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management Act of 1975 covers the
project area in AJ&K. However, its implementation is hampered by many administrative and
socio-economic factors. Over the last 50 years the number of animal species has
decreased. Growth of human population has put great pressure on the natural resources of
the area, particularly the forests and on the wildlife. A lot of species are endangered by the
destruction of habitats, by unrestricted hunting and by poaching. Immediate and effective
conservation measures are needed to save the wildlife in the project region.
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Fauna having migrated to nearby safe areas will have the opportunity to return to their
habitats due to distribution of similar habitat throughout the project area after construction
activities are over.
Contractor will be responsible to protect and preserve all biological resources during
construction activities. CC will take all reasonable steps to ensure that the staff and labour
force does not engage in hunting or trapping of wildlife, purchasing of any wildlife product
shall be banned and all violators are dismissed.
Considering the common leopard, wolf, barking deer and Indian pangolin which are very
rare in the area and only occasionally seen, hydropower development in these basins will
significantly alter the habitats of these species of very high conservation importance. For
this, extensive long-term seasonal studies are required.
Awareness programs for conservation of threatened species of reptiles, birds and mammals
should be conducted among the local people and school students so that they themselves
feel the importance of wildlife and their role in ecosystem. Awareness should also be
created about the negative impact on wildlife of the area by over-grazing, forest cutting and
illegal hunting.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The loss of terrestrial land in the area of the reservoir is unavoidable. The impact of the
construction activities on terrestrial fauna is assessed to be low negative mainly due to
distribution of similar habitats throughout the project area.
6.3.13 National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries
There are no national parks/ wildlife sanctuaries under the influence of the project area;
neither other non-statutory areas such as Important Bird Areas, Ramsar Sites etc. are
present.
Nature and Significance of Impact
No significant impact of the project on national parks/wildlife sanctuaries will take place
during construction of Karot HPP.
6.3.14 Community Health, Safety and Security
Construction activities will impact the community of the area in terms of security, health and
noise. The construction contractor will take measures for community health and safety. The
health and safety measures will consist of the following:
- Dust control measures such as; water sprinkling at regular intervals, speed limits for
the vehicles and machineries etc.
- Controlled blasting measures during day time only with sirens prior to blasting.
- High efficiency mufflers are to be fitted to the noise generating equipment.
- Preventing as far as possible traffic during night time 21:00 hrs to 06:00 hrs;
- Prevention of blowing of horns by the project vehicles except in emergencies;
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- Installation of barriers (with notices in Urdu/ English)
- Display of warning signs at required places (Urdu/ English)
- Provision of firearms at construction sites
Public health and safety measures will also be undertaken such as barriers and warning
signs at required places. All safety, health, environmental and other safety notices and
signs shall be clearly displayed and written in both Urdu and English.
The construction related traffic on the road can disrupt existing traffic and can also create
safety hazards for the villagers. A traffic management plan will be developed and submitted
by the contractor at least one month before commencement of construction work specifying
the following requirements:-
- Traffic rules
- Speed limits
- Time periods
- Driver training etc
The concerns associated with workers influx 24/7 will be addressed by Construction
Contractor for necessary mitigation. For example, restriction of blasting, spoil transport
limited to day light hours and within time limits ensured by the Construction Contractor.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The significance of impact is medium negative during the construction activities and can be
minimized to low negative if comprehensive safety plans and awareness among the
community is highlighted.
6.3.15 Workers’ Camp Solid and Liquid Wastes
The workers‟ accommodation will meet the IFC/EBRD Standards reproduced below:
• Reasonable working conditions and terms of employment could be assessed by
reference to:
i) Conditions established for work of the same character in the trade or
industry concerned in the area/region where the work is carried out;
ii) Collective agreement or other recognized negotiation between other
organizations of employers and workers‟ representatives in the trade or
industry concerned;
iii) Arbitration –award; or
iv) Conditions established by national law.
• Such services might be provided either directly by the client or by third parties.
• Basic services requirements refer to minimum space, supply of water, adequate
sewage and garbage disposal systems, appropriate protection against heat, cold,
damp, noise, fire and disease-carrying animals, adequate sanitary and washing
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facilities, ventilation, cooking and storage facilities and natural and artificial lighting,
and in some cases basic medical services.
• Collective dismissals cover all multiple dismissals that are a result of an economic,
technical, or organizational reason; or other reasons that are not related to
performance or other personal reasons.
• Examples of alternatives may include negotiated working-time reduction programs,
employee capacity-building programs; long-term maintenance works during low
production periods, etc.
The worker code of conduct as mitigation will be ensured by the Construction Contractor.
During the construction phase up to 400 workers may live in worker‟s camp sites at peak
periods generating solid and liquid wastes in a considerable amount. This will include
garbage, recyclable waste, food waste and construction debris. Construction works are
expected to generate material from construction sites such as concrete, steel cuttings,
discarded material. In addition small quantities of hazardous waste will also be generated
mainly from the vehicle maintenance activities like; liquid fuels, lubricants, hydraulic oils,
chemicals such as anti-freeze, contaminated soil, spillage control materials used to absorb
oil and chemical spillages, machine/engine filter cartridges, oily rags, spent filters,
contaminated soil etc.
All waste and scrap materials generated during construction activities will be stored in a
scrap yard according to the type of waste created on site. The scrap yard will be completely
fenced and managed by waste consignment contractor. All waste to be stored in the scrap
yard will be segregated, recycled/reuse, quantified, recorded and disposed-off with the
involvement of local municipal authorities.
Vehicles transporting solid waste will be covered with tarps or nets to prevent spilling waste
along the route. The sites for waste disposal will be agreed with the local municipal
authorities.
On site storage of fuel, engine oil and lubricants has to be done in locked and sealed tanks
and on sealed areas, having bunds of a capacity of 110 % of the total storage capacity.
Proper maintenance of all machines and trucks will avoid losses of oil that could pollute soil
and groundwater. Dealing with oily products as oil changes in machines will only be done
on sealed areas.
As already discussed in section 6.2.9, a sewer system would be laid leading to on-site
wastewater treatment and disposal to manage sanitary wastewater from the construction
camps. This would be essential to prevent pollution of Jhelum River. A sufficient number of
portable toilets will be erected nearby main construction zones, camps and offices. For this
purpose, sewage discharged from the camps and toilets will be treated by the buried-type
wastewater treatment equipment and then discharged to the manholes, and finally
discharged into the nearest waters. No direct discharges of untreated waste water shall be
allowed.
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Nature and Significance of Impact
Up to 400 workers in peak periods will generate 160kg/person/day of solid waste and 8
liter/person/day of liquid waste. The liquid sanitation waste water will be treated at worker‟s
camp site. Contractor will ensure to dispose-off the solid construction and sanitation wastes
in designated areas. A regular construction site monitoring will ensure that the mitigation
measures will be executed to the greatest extent possible. The impact of solid and liquid
waste on the environment can therefore be assessed to be medium negative.
6.3.16 Fuel and Hazardous Material Storage Sites
Fuel and hazardous material storage sites and their handling are the potential sites for soil
and water pollution. Improper siting, storage and handling of fuels, lubricants, chemicals
and hazardous materials, and potential spills from these will severely impact the soil and
water quality and cause safety and health hazards.
Siting of any fuel and hazardous material storage sites, including fueling operations, asphalt
plants and construction are to be located minimum 100m from the banks of any streams or
gorges, and 500m away from any residential areas, cultural or archaeological sites.
These sites are to be designed such way that any spills from these goods will not pollute
the soils and water. As a minimum, these sites are to be bunded on all sides on top of an
impermeable layer (e.g. concrete lined) by providing absorbent and containment material
(e.g. absorbent matting) and without any drainage provision. The bunds are to be designed
to hold at least 110% of the container capacity. If more than one container is stored within
the bund, the bund must be capable of storing 110% of the biggest container‟s capacity or
25% of their total capacity, whichever is greater. All the associated equipment such as filling
and off-take points, gauges, etc. should be located within the bund. Accumulated rainwater
in bunds will be pumped out of the bund to either drains or the ground if uncontaminated or
to the oil water separators if contaminated. Oil booms and oil spillage pods shall be
maintained onsite to enable a rapid and effective response to any accidental spillage or
discharge.
All the personnel involved in the handling of these sites are to be properly trained. All fuel /
hydrocarbon dispensing nozzles are to be of a drip control design and securely locked
when not in use. Refueling will always be carried out with the correct equipment (i.e.
nozzles of the appropriate size), and only by suitably trained and experienced Refueling
Operators. Fuel supply equipment will be regularly revised to prevent leakage due to
inappropriate condition of refueling equipment.
Vehicles will not be left without supervision during refueling process. Water pollution risk will
be reduced or eliminated in case of immediate removal of polluted ground. Soiled ground
and absorbents will be removed, stored and treated as hazardous waste. In case of
significant spill authorized and responsible person will be informed, works will be stopped till
the elimination of pollution risk.
All the mobile construction equipment such as cranes, compressors, generators, bulldozers,
excavators etc. will be maintained and operated such that all leaks and spills of materials
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will be minimized. Regular plant checks will be undertaken to ensure no leaks or other
problems are apparent. Vehicle maintenance, cleaning, degreasing etc. will be undertaken
only in designated areas of hard-standing.
Nature and Significance of Impact
Fuel and hazardous material storage sites and their handling are the potential sites for soil
and water pollution. Improper siting, storage and handling of fuels, lubricants, chemicals
and hazardous materials, and potential spills from these will severely impact the soil and
water quality and cause safety and health hazards. The impact of fuel and hazardous
material storage sites on the environment can therefore be assessed to be medium
negative.
6.3.17 Socio-economic Aspects
It is anticipated that up to 4400 workers, both skilled and unskilled workers, will be
employed during the peak construction activities. This work will comprise preparation of the
dam site, spillway, construction work, erection of buildings, excavation and erection of
foundations, excavation of access and headrace tunnels, powerhouse etc. Major parts of
the project will employ local manpower and will have a direct positive impact on the local job
market. During the construction period of about 5 years the demand of food grain and
commodities will increase. Moreover, as new jobs become available in the area, the out
migration of the labour force will be reduced enabling them to stay at home and find work.
Thus the project will have major effect on the local economy, employment and income as
the local market will provide food, clothing and consumable items for the project workforce.
It is expected that on average about 400 people will live in the worker‟s camp during the
construction phase. The accommodation of the workers will be in line with requirements laid
down in the IFC/EBRD Guidance on Workers‟ Accommodation. Positive socio-economic
impacts during the construction phase will include:
• Generation of direct employment opportunities;
• Stimulation of the local economy by increased spending on local goods and
services;
• Increased scope for attracting related services and other industries of the area and
subsequent impacts on local employment levels and economic activity.
• Partial use of the presently non-saturated accommodation capacity of the existing
hotels in Beor, Kahuta, Hollar
During the construction phase of the hydropower project, a mass inflow of outside workers
and heavy machinery can disturb the local socio-political and socio-cultural life. The project
might have effects on the life style of the people during the construction stage. Potential
negative socio-economic impacts during construction period include:
• An influx of migrant workers;
• Pressure on local public services, including health and education;
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• Pressure on the local commercial services;
• Saturation of the local housing markets.
These possible negative impacts will be minimized by employing local people where
possible, those who are already living in the nearby communities and already using the
communities` educational, hospital and other facilities. Most of the migrant workers will live
in the worker camp; the facilities provided by the contractor for its employees will be put at
workers` disposal, like medical care etc. From that, it is indicated that the project is unlikely
to have any major adverse socio-economic effects on the local community.
No cases of HIV/AIDS in the investigation area have been reported. The project area of
Karot Hydropower Project is known to consist of conservative population committed to
principles of Islamic Shariah. HIV/AIDS, therefore, does not play any role in the society as
far as it is known at present. Workers from outside have to submit to these traditions, thus
the HIV/AIDS problem will hardly play any role.
Construction contractor and KPCL will be responsible for the arrangement of site security
and it is required to incorporate the security plan of the project. The contractor will provide
the proper range, extent and scale of security, such as the number of security guard, the
area to be protected and the category of secured persons or items to KPCL.
Construction contractor will be responsible for the camp and site security. Private security
guards will be hired; security cameras walk through gate and metal detectors will be made
available for affective security system at site as well as the camp area. All parked vehicles
must be checked and owner of the vehicle must be known. A register will be maintained at
the site camp keeping the record of all the residents at camp.
The manager security will be responsible for overall supervision and security of the project
area/ premises; all material/ equipment, work force there in gate access control, the
weapons and vehicles.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The project will most probably be of substantial economic benefit and increase the
employment opportunities during the construction phase. It is indicated that the project is
unlikely to have any adverse socio-economic effects on the local community, on district or
regional levels. Negative influence of migrant workers on the society including spreading of
HIV will hardly occur and the risk is assessed to be negligible.
6.3.18 Chance Find
In case of chance find during construction activities, the contractor will stop the activity and
report to provincial and federal archeological departments immediately and their advice will
be sought before resumption of the construction activities at such sites. As mentioned in
4.5.32, the ruins of Qila Owin are above the crest level of the reservoir and thus remain
unaffected. Similarly, construction activities will not affect the shrine and Karot wall as they
are about 2-3km away from the construction activities.
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Nature and Significance of Impact
As such no impact is anticipated on the listed sites of historical or cultural interest in the
investigation area due to construction activities.
6.4 OPERATION RELATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
6.4.1 Microclimate and Emissions of Green House Gases
All freshwater systems, whether they are natural or man-made, emit greenhouse gases
(GHG) due to decomposition of organic material. This means that lakes, rivers, estuaries,
wetlands, seasonally flooded zones and reservoirs emit GHG. In general, in cool and
temperate regions, GHG emissions from reservoirs are higher just after impoundment, but
decline within the first years to reach levels similar to those of natural lakes, if properly
managed.
KPCL will ensure to remove/clear any wood and vegetation debris before filling of reservoir
take place. If the inundated land is heavily wooded and not sufficiently cleared prior to
flooding, decomposition will deplete oxygen levels in the water. This affects quality of life
and may result in fish kills. Products of anaerobic decomposition include also hydrogen
sulphide, which corrodes dam turbines and is noxious to aquatic organisms. Also methane
will be generated which represents a very effective greenhouse gas. The reservoir area of
the Karot reservoir is covered by vegetation on both river banks.
Karot Hydropower Project will in fact contribute towards improvement of air quality at
National and International levels. According to an estimate, an oil-fired steam unit would
produce depending on the plan efficiency between 0.7 – 0.9 tonnes of Carbon Dioxide for
each MWh of energy generated. The mean annual energy output of Karot Hydropower
Project is 3,213,000 MWh and when it is connected to the national grid it will reduce Carbon
Dioxide emission (GHG) in air by 1,927,800 tonnes annually.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The effect on the microclimatic conditions will be minimal. Most of the organic materials as
trees, shrubs etc. will be removed before filling the reservoir. This reduces the generation of
greenhouse gases to a minimum. Compared with oil or coal fired power plants the emission
of CO2 can be neglected.
6.4.2 Fishery
Based on cumulative impacts on the aquatic related VECs in modified reach of River
Jhelum as discussed in Appendix – VIII Fish Study, the most important impacts during
operation phase of these cascading projects will be change in composition of species of
fish, in bio-productivity in this section of river, in normal sediment ratios, in fish habitat, in
water quality and also effects of reservoirs on downstream regimes, etc.
The compartmentalization of river into semi-lentic and lotic conditions will result in isolated
pockets of trapped ichthyofauna depending more on localized niches. Fish fauna with
restricted behaviour of feeding and breading will be at loss, while fauna with flexible habits
will be benefitted at large. However, the change in water temperature or heat distribution in
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different aquatic pockets within impoundments and downstream and upstream reaches will
be the most important factor in determining what occurs, biologically chemically and
physically within different lentic and lotic water regimes, that will ultimately determine the
bio-productivity of that water compartment and culminate into terminal biodiversity and
biomass of ichthyofauna.
In case of Karot HPP, the last R-O-R reservoir prior to Mangla storage Reservoir, the
regulated water outflows from this reservoir will have direct bearing on ichthyobiota in
Mangla Reservoir. It has been estimated that 15,540,000m³ per month sediments would be
trapped in the Karot Reservoir which will be flushed though two low-level gates installed at
right abutment of spillway structure adjacent to power intake, and sediment flushing will be
carried out when inflows are more than 1400 m³/s but less than 2100 m³/s. Flushing of
sediments into downstream reach will have an impact on downstream fish fauna in many
ways. It may result in choking of gills of ichthyofauna and benthos population, smothering of
eggs and juveniles of fish and macro invertebrates. Regulated water flows in downstream
reaches are going to reduce the availability of habitat for migratory spawners. Particularly,
in such cases the water level in Mangla Reservoir will be of prime importance, as the 80%
of ichthyo – productivity of Mangla Reservoir is monsoon season spawners and stocking
dependent (Dastgir. 2012).
Regulated flows will be designed to provide water for the hydroelectricity generation with a
reliable and predictable provision/supply of water, such type of regulation will reduce both
seasonal and inter-annual variability in flows, so important for heterogeneity in the
downstream environmental indicators. Furthermore, changes in the wetting and drying
cycles downstream of Karot weir due to regulated flow regimes are likely to have
considerable impacts on productivity and can alter biotic assemblages.
Ecological flow
Ecological considerations downstream of dam require that certain amount of flow of water
should remain available throughout the years. All definitions of environmental flow place
emphasis on protection of natural life in the river.
A large array of methods now exists for assessment of environmental flows (falling into five
broad methodological categories; hydrological index; hydraulic rating curve; habitat
simulation; holistic and ecosystem component- specific etc. (Atherton etal 2004). One of the
earliest and simplest is Montana method, which still has widespread application often
modified to suit local conditions. The original method identifies percent of average annual
flow necessary for suitable conditions in upstream habitat; 10% as a minimum
instantaneous flow to sustain short term survival; 30% to sustain good survival; and 60% for
excellent to outstanding habitat condition. The environmental flows as assessed for Neelum
Jhelum HPP and other cascading projects by modifying this method according to local
needs come to 15 m3/s.
According to the revised layout of project structures the tailrace outlet of powerhouse is
located at about 232 m distance from the toe of downstream cofferdam. It is envisaged that
the seepage water from proposed asphalt core rock fill dam along with the backwater from
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turbine flows will be sufficient for this small section of river downstream of main dam when
the powerhouse is in operation.
The project will operate continuously in summer season however it is envisaged to use
Karot HPP as peaking plant during winter season meaning that the river flows would be
interrupted in winter season for about 18 to 20 hours per day. Therefore provision has to be
made in the head works for controlled release of environmental flows. An assessment of
Jhelum river flow data at Karot and at Azad Pattan recorded by Surface Water Hydrology
Project WAPDA for 38 years (1969 to 2006) has been made. On an average daily flows of
lean period works out as 150 m3/s. It is proposed that 10% of this flow namely 15m
3/s
downstream of the project head works may be made available in winter season to provide
for environmental flow requirements which would take care of the need for aquatic flora and
fauna including fisheries in the relevant river stretch of the project area.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The impact on downstream aquatic life will be low negative when dam will act as barrier.
However, in case of implementation of suggested mitigation measures these impacts can
be reduced to bare minimum. On the other hand, enhanced fisheries management activities
in the reservoirs will conserve and enhance the fish fauna of the project areas.
6.4.3 Impact of River Water Sediment and Sediment Flushing
According to analysis for Karot HPP, the mean annual suspended load transport is 33.15
million tons including bedload of 4.97 million tons. The total sediment transport is 38.12
million tons. Sediment mainly comes in the flood season from April to August. The sediment
inflow into the Karot reservoir is highly concentrated in contrast to the limited reservoir
storage of only 152 million m3. The reservoir sediment delivery ratio is 5.2. When the station
is complete, the reservoir will suffer heavy sedimentation.
To minimize sedimentation, a relatively large balancing storage needs to be maintained. To
achieve higher power generation efficiency, a sediment release level is necessary during
the main sediment inflow period of the flood season so as to increase the water surface
gradient and water velocity in the reservoir area and facilitate the sediment flushing of the
reservoir.
As Karot station will suffer heavy sedimentation, for the interest of sediment release, the
sediment release level should be as low as possible. However, a lower sediment release
level will significantly limit the power generation performance of the station at the same
time.
A lower sediment release level will better help reduce the reservoir sedimentation and lower
the dam-front sedimentation height. The sediment release level should be no lower than
431 m. At the 431 m sediment release level, the reduction of the reservoir level during
sediment release will be as much as 30 m. This steep level drop could threaten the dam
safety and reservoir bank stability. According to engineering practice, the reduction in level
of a reservoir should be no more than 5 m per day. At this rate, it will take six days for the
reservoir level to drop to 431 m. This will mean high requirements for hydrological
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forecasting and reservoir regulation as well as considerable energy loss and high
investment on flood and sediment releasing works. With these concerns, it is better to
increase the sediment release level from 431 m while ensuring both the reservoir bank
stability and the station power generation performance and providing for the minimum
permissible through-turbine sediment grain size. After examining the one-dimensional
numerical sedimentation simulation result of the reservoir area and the three-dimensional
numerical simulation of the damsite area, three scenarios of 451 m, 446 m and 441 m were
selected.
The reservoir sedimentation will be 108 million m3, 104 million m
3 and 99 million m
3,
respectively at the end of 10 years service for the 451 m, 446 m and 441 m sediment
release levels. The reservoir sedimentation will be 132 million m3, 126 million m
3 and 120
million m3, respectively at the end of 20 years‟ service for the 451 m, 446 m and 441 m
sediment release levels.
The lower the sediment release levels the smaller the reservoir sedimentation.
The sediment release level varies. Under the 451 m, 446 m and 441 m sediment release
levels, the annual average sediment release downtime will be 17, 17 and 18 days. When
the sediment release level lowers from 451 m to 446 m, the mean annual energy output of
the station will reduce by 5 million kWh from 3.218 billion kWh to 3.213 billion kWh. When
the sediment release level lowers from 446 m to 441 m, this will reduce annual energy
output by 13 million kWh from 3.213 billion kWh to 3.2 billion kWh. The lower the sediment
release level, the longer the annual sediment release downtime, and the greater the
limitation on the energy output of the station. In terms of the ability to achieve higher energy
output, the 451 m sediment release level is better.
Nature and significance of Impact
As discussed above the impact on downstream aquatic life will be insignificant but low when
dam will act as barrier. With the provision of environmental flows and implementation of
suggested mitigation measures the impact will be minimized to large extent.
6.4.4 Collection of Sand
The baseline conditions indicate that downstream of powerhouse site a very limited
sand/gravel collection takes place from the river bed. The continuous extraction of
sand/gravel will not affect the daily income of inhabitants accruing from this activity weather
the project is built or not built. On the other hand, the continuous extraction of sand/gravel
will insignificantly affect the aquatic ecology of the river downstream of the powerhouse.
In the low flow reach between the dam and the tailrace there will be very low sediment
loads because for most of the year the discharges will be very low and the availability of
cobbles and boulders in particular will be considerably reduced. However, during flushing of
the reservoir, large peak suspended sediments are likely to occur during high flows.
The best way to achieve the reduction in sand/gravel collection is to focus on these
extraction activities in fewer areas where they can be better managed as this will reduce the
area of sediment extraction hence suggesting controlled sand/gravel collection practices at
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the alternate locations.
Nature and significance of Impact
As discussed above the impact on downstream aquatic life will be of low negative. With the
provision of 15m3/s environmental flows and implementation of suggested mitigation
measures the impact will be minimized to large extent.
6.4.5 Socio-Economic Aspects
Employment
The employment opportunities available during the operation phase of the project will be
limited to a number of technicians / skilled workers like engineers. For unskilled people
some job opportunities will be created as guards, for simple maintenance purposes etc. In
addition, the skilled and un-skilled workers will be provided technical training so that they
qualify for more skilled positions. Moreover, it is also proposed that eligible people of the
affected project area are provided with scholarships for university or secondary level
technical education for better employment opportunities.
Nature and Significance of Impact
The effect on employment of local people during operational period will be positive locally
as regionally.
6.5 DECOMMISSIONIG OF THE PROJECT
During decommissioning there will be similar impacts as identified for the construction and
operation phases of the project. The detail of impacts anticipated due to decommissioning
are discussed as under:
Geology and Seismicity: There will be no geological impacts during decommissioning as
no further excavation work will take place.
Land Slide: During decommissioning machinery and equipment will be removed and
buildings may be demolished. If the infrastructure is disturbed, particularly if blasting is
used, there may be a risk of landslide resulting although the significance of impact is
considered to be a minor negative.
Solid Liquid Waste: Should buildings and structures require demolition, there would be an
associated high quantity of rubble produced requiring appropriate recycling or disposal.
Should any environmental contamination have occurred during the operational phase,
decommissioning and restoration activities could include removal of the contaminated land
for transportation to an off-site disposal facility.
In consideration of the expected potential quantity of demolition waste and the potential for
land contamination occurring during operation, the significance of impact is assessed to be
medium adverse significance.
Soil and Erosion: Activities during decommissioning that would result in impacts to soils
include the removal of access roads, construction supportive facilities, buildings and other
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ancillary structures. Surface disturbance, heavy equipment traffic and changes to surface
runoff patterns could cause soil erosion. The significance of the impact is assessed to be
low adverse negative.
Air Quality: Emissions generated by activities during the decommissioning and restoration
phase include vehicle emissions; diesel emissions from large construction equipment and
generators and dust from several sources such as land clearing, structure removal, cement
mixing, backfilling, dumping and reclamation of disturbed areas. The significance of the
impact is assessed to be adverse negative.
Noise: Sources of noise during decommissioning would be similar to those during
construction and would be generated primarily by decommissioning equipment and
vehicular traffic. The significance of the impact on ambient noise during decommissioning is
assessed to be low adverse negative.
Surface Water Quality: During the decommissioning and restoration phase, water would
be used for consumption use by workers and water quality could be affected by the
activities such as: activities that cause soil erosion; weathering of newly exposed soils
causing leaching and oxidation that can release chemicals into the water; and discharges of
waste or sanitary water. Water quality impacts arising from decommissioning are assessed
to be of medium adverse significance.
Landscaping: There will be similar impacts during decommissioning as those above for the
construction phase.
Traffic and Transport: The decommissioning activities will incur a similar increase in the
volumes of vehicles and large plant arising for the construction phase. This will also create
an impact of medium adverse significance.
Flora and Vegetation: Impacts to ecological resources during decommissioning activities
will be similar to those for the construction phase but of significance of a low adverse
negative.
Fauna: Impacts to ecological resources from decommissioning and restoration activities
would be similar in nature to the impacts that would occur during construction, but at a
reduced magnitude. There would be a temporary increase in noise and visual disturbance
associated with the removal of associated project facilities. Negligible to no reduction in
wildlife habitat would be expected, Removal of aboveground structures will eliminate the
impacts to wildlife that occur during operation. Removal of pits would also eliminate a
potential source of concern to wildlife species. Following site restoration, the ecological
resources at the Project site could eventually return to pre-project conditions. Grasses and
forbs may be initially more plentiful during early years of restoration than existed prior to
project development.
Fishery: No significant impacts on aquatic ecology are envisaged during decommissioning.
Employment: As it is far into the future, it is difficult to produce an accurate and
meaningful prediction of the significance of impacts and their effects because the baseline
conditions are likely to have changed by this phase and because the Project is an extension
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and part of a greater scheme. The commissioning phase may result in retrenchment which
is defined as: Closure of plant resulting in loss of jobs; and/or Job losses due to efficiency
gains or falling demand of companies services; and/or Job losses arising from downsizing
in operations or restructuring of the workforce.
The resultant loss of employment is likely to have adverse effect on the well-being of
retrenched staff and their dependents and the significance of these effects will need to be
determined immediately prior to the Decommissioning Phase. As decommissioning is far
into the future and there are no details regarding the possible need for retrenchment
planning, decommissioning employment impacts are not assigned significance.
6.6 CUMULATIVE RIVER BASIN IMPACTS
The cascade development plan on the mainstream of Jhelum River, upstream of the
Mangla dam, has been prepared and titled as “Study of hydropower cascading projects of
Jhelum River”. Under this plan five hydropower plants with installed capacity of more than
500 MW are to be constructed in the Kohala – Mangla river section, namely; Kohala
(1100MW), Mahl (700mw), Azad Pattan (640mw), Karot (720mw), Mangla (1000mw). Most
of these cascade reservoirs are designed with daily regulation capability. Their water levels
are generally connected with each other. Apart from Mangla reservoir, the total installed
capacity of all the other four cascade hydropower plants is 3160MW and average annual
energy output of 15,164 Gwh.
Among the cascade plants proposed on the Jhelum River, the Mangla dam has already
been built, Kohala, Azad Pattan and Karot are in final stages of detail design study, and
Mahl is still in stage of project planning. In addition to these cascade plants development on
Jhelum River other proposed and under construction hydropower projects are indicated in
Table 6.10 below and illustrated in Figure 6.4.
Table 6.10: Existing and Proposed Hydropower Projects in the Jhelum River Basin
Project River MW Type
River Distance to
Chenab Confluence
(km)
Completed/ Expected Completion Date
Mangla Dam Jhelum (Punjab)
1,100 Storage 246 Operating
Karot Hydel Project
Jhelum (Punjab)
720 Run-of-river 294 Detailed design completed for commencement of project construction
Azad Pattan Hydel Project
Jhelum (AJK)
650 Run-of-river 329
Feasibility/ detailed design completed for commencement of project construction
Mahl Hydel Project
Jhelum (AJK)
600 Run-of-River 351 In project planning
Kohala Hydel Project
Jhelum (AJK)
1100 Run-of-river 397 Feasibility and detailed engineering design completed
Chakotti Hattian hydel Project
Jhelum (AJK)
500 Run-of-river 462 Feasibility and detailed engineering design completed
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Project River MW Type
River Distance to
Chenab Confluence
(km)
Completed/ Expected Completion Date
Neelum-Jhelum Hydel Project
Jhelum (AJK) 969 Run-of-river 482 Under Construction
Patrind HPP
Kunhar KPK/AJK
147
Run-of-river (Inter basin transfer into
Jhelum River)
504 Under Construction
The salient features of the projects located on the Jhelum River, upstream and downstream
of Karot HPP are described below.
Azad Pattan HPP – Located on the Jhelum River upstream about 34km from Karot HPP.
The proposed project will have a dam of about 70m height diverting the flow on a very small
reach of Jhelum River of about 950 m to produce capacity of about 650 MW.
Mahl HPP – the proposed project is located on the Jhelum River about 46Km of the Azad
Pattan HPP. It will have a capacity of 600 MW, consisting of a 75 m high RCC type dam
and two 950m long diversion tunnels.
Kohala HPP – the proposed project is located on the Jhelum River about 37km upstream of
the Azad Pattan HPP. It will have a capacity of 1100 MW, consisting of a 57 m high RCC
type dam and a 17.7 km long diversion tunnel.
Chakotti HPP – the project is being developed under public sector. The 500 MW project is
a run-of-river type immediately upstream of the head pond of the Kohala HPP, a 88 m high
concrete gravity dam diverting Jhelum River flows through a 8.56 km long two tunnel to
river Jhelum.
Neelum-Jhelum HPP – the project is being developed under public sector. The 969 MW
project is a run-of-river type, a 47 m high concrete gravity dam diverting Neelum River flows
through a 30 km long tunnel for power generation and releasing flows in river Jhelum.
Patrind HPP – the project is being developed under private sector. The 147 MW project is
a run-of-river type (inter basin transfer to river Jhelum), a 42 m high concrete gravity dam
diverting Kunhar River flows through a 2.2km long tunnel to river Jhelum.
Mangla Dam – One of the largest dams in the world, Mangla Dam, is located approximately
48km downstream of the Karot Hydropower Project site on the Jhelum River. The dam,
completed in 1967 for irrigation and hydropower generation, is 138m high and has a
253Km2 reservoir. The dam alters the downstream seasonal flow of water by impounding
monsoon season flows and releasing part of this stored water in the dry season for
irrigation and power generation purposes. Approximately 23.0 % of the annual river flow is
diverted for irrigation annually, with the remainder flowing down the Jhelum. This dam
prevents the movement of migratory fish past this point given its height, thus isolating fish in
the upstream basin.
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The Jhelum River basin, comprising the Jhelum, Kunhar and Neelum River down to the
basin discharge point into the Chenab River, is predominantly an agricultural area with little
industrial development. The main form of development occurring in the basin is the
harnessing of river flows for power generation, while the existing Mangla Dam in the lower
basin is used for both power generation and irrigation.
The cascade study reveals that the power potential available along the reach of Jehlum
river from tail water level of Kohala hydropower project to the raised Mangla reservoir level
indicates that a total head of 204 m is available and within the said reach of the river three
projects have been identified vis-à-vis- Mahal, Azad Pattan and Karot. There available head
is distributed among these three projects keeping in view the following:
Geological and geotechnical
Environmental impact
Financial viability
The present gross head available to Mahal project is 55-60m. But after confirmation of new
dam and powerhouse locations by the consultants, the exact gross head would be
confirmed. At this stage it has been estimated at 59m. The tail water level of Kohala project
is 585m therefore, the new tail water level for Mahal would be 526 m.
The present reservoir level for Azad Pattan project is 510 masl. This operating level of Azad
Pattan project may be changed to 526m and the Mahal site may be shifted to further
upstream side to some appropriate place. The gross head for Azad Pattan project could be
about 65m thus giving tail water level of 461m.
The Karot project may have its operating level at 461m whereas the Mangla reservoir level
is 381 m thus a head of about 80 m can be available to Karot project.
Power generation for Mahal, Azad Pattan and Karot projects will be about 700, 600 and
700MW.
The seismo-geological and geotechnical conditions for Mahal and Azad Pattan along with
the associated environmental impacts to relatively long reservoirs need a very special
attention and therefore, should be studied by each project consultant.
The daily storage for peaking would be useful to enhance the capacity during peak hours
from September to April. Peaking operation is recommended for projects in cascade
system, provided live storage and reservoir levels are mutually agreed by the concerned
clients executing the project implementation an operation.
The Karot Hydropower Project may contribute to following types of cumulative impact in the
Jhelum River basin: namely:
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Figure 6.4: Existing and Proposed Hydropower Projects in the Jhelum River Basin
Legend
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6.6.1 Cumulative Impact on River Flows
The hydro projects in the Jhelum River basin will directly affect the Jhelum River flow. There
diversions will release diverted flows back into the Jhelum River. The environmental flow
from these projects will be sufficient for bare survival of the aquatic life of the affected
reaches in the Jhelum River.
6.6.2 Cumulative Impact on Aquatic Ecology
Fish migration will be restricted and fish biodiversity may be altered by the construction of
cascade of hydropower projects resulting in river compartmentalization. Changes in turbidity
created by reservoir impoundment, combined with an increase in primary productivity, will
also alter the composition of fish species. Accordingly, the potential impact on fisheries is
considered to be negative and of moderate magnitude.
To mitigate the losses/reduction in fish numbers due to the project, in situ fisheries
management techniques including culture based fisheries management, reduction in
carnivore varieties, and adoption of conservation measures will result in enhancement in
fisheries bio productivity.
6.6.3 Climate Change & its Relevance
It is widely accepted that increasing concentrations of (GHG) in the atmosphere are causing
climate change, but there still exists uncertainly in magnitude; timing and spatial distribution
of these changes. The role of simulation modeling in assessing climatic changes impacts
on hydrology & river is well documented.
Continuous increasing trend in mean surface air temperature and changes in rainfall pattern
in predominant part of Jhelum catchment is clear enough. An increase in severity of drought
(1998) and intensity of floods (1992, 2010, 2014) in Jhelum river basin has already been
reported. Hydrology simulation models together with the output from GCMs/RCMs are the
primary tool for assessing the impact of climate change on hydrology & water regimes of
Jhelum River.
The majority of the climate change impact assessment studies concentrated on determining
the effects of changes in average climate; however emphasis is needed on climate
variability and particularly frequency and magnitude of extreme events. Impact assessment
using the outputs of one or more GCMs provides an estimate of plausible changes, but no
information about their likelihood. However, calibration of MMS/RMS model can be used to
estimate plausible changes in various parameters; such as annual stream flow hydrograph,
rain fall & temperature. In case of such study in Brahmin basin (Abdul Salam 2010) a
maximum decrease of 33% in annual stream flow is observed with 4°C increase in
temperature and 10% decrease in rainfall. Correlation between changes in temperature &
rainfall, and changes in stream flow indicated that rainfall changes had a large effect on
monthly, seasonal and annual stream flow. This could be attributed to sub-humid climatic
conditions. There was a variation in the results under different emission scenarios, the
estimation of water resources availability using other GCM generated scenarios will help to
ascertain these changes. The temporal variability in the availability of water resources in the
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basin under the influence of climate change indicate the need for developing different
adaptation strategies, particularly for lean period flows i-e winter flows.
6.6.4 Adaptation in the wake of Climate Change Impacts
The climate change oriented adaptation measures in case of future viability of Jhelum River
fisheries, include basin wide understanding of intricacies of water budget changes,
integrated water resource management, construction of cascading HPP in the anticipation
of changing climatic scenarios. Introduction of eurytonic fish species, having flexible
feeding, breeding and living habits can thrive in changing environment. Fishing efforts,
stocking sprees, in situ research activities should always encompass changing climatic
conditions and water availability.
An awareness companion regarding the impacts of changing climatic scenario among
stakeholders may be inculcated so that they may always be on toes to adopt the
management techniques according to the changes in fisheries patterns. Finally water loss
through evaporation in cascading reservoirs will require further knowledge about species
which can adopt in changing epilimnion i-e surface feeders aquatic environment.
6.6.5 Climate change in Himalayas
The Himalaya support nearly half of humanity “Him” means snow “alaya” means mountain.
The mountains of snow have also been called the third pole, since they are the third largest
body of snow on our planet after the Antarctic and Arctic.
The Himalayan glaciers are the water towers of Asia, and the source of many of the world's
great rivers: The Yangtze, the Ganges, the Indus and the Mekong. Over a billion people
depend directly on the Himalayas for their survival, with over 500 million people in South
Asia, and another 450 million in China completely reliant on the health of this fragile
mountain landscape.
The impacts of climate change in the Himalayas are real. Melting glaciers, erratic and
unpredictable weather conditions, changing rainfall patterns, and increasing temperatures
are impacting on the people and wildlife of the region.
Even though the science of climate change is still in its infancy predictions are that the
glaciers will retreat for the next fifty years during which time there will be an increased flow
in the rivers.This will come along with flashier rainfall and will not bode well for the lower
parts of the basin where there are already problems due to flooding and drainage.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “glaciers in the
Himayalas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and if the present rate
continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very
high if the earth keep getting warmer at the current rate”. According to the IPCC report the
total area of glaciers in the Himalaya will shrink from 1930051 square miles to 38,000
square miles by 2035.
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6.6.6 Climate change effects on Jehlum River
During the summer monsoon season in 1992 heavy rainfall occurred over the Jhelum River
basin in the month of September which caused severe flooding in the Jhelum River. This
was the worst event recorded since 1959 and brought in its wake large economic losses
and infrastructure damage in Pakistan. This severe flooding event was induced by the
severe precipitation event associated with the summer monsoon depression traveling from
Bay of Bengal through India to upper parts of Punjab and adjoining areas of Kashmir and
North West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
The Mangla reservoir was built for irrigation as well as power generation. The variability in
climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) at spatial and temporal scales affects the
streamflows. To consider the hydro-climatic unpredictability, 50 years (1961-2010) record
was scrutinized. The time series were divided in two periods of 25 years each (1961-1985,
1st and 1986-2010, 2nd).
The mean temperature in spring, winter and autumn has been increased whereas the
summer temperature has been decreased for the period1961-2010. Trends in annual
precipitation for the period 1961-2010 were not consistent. A distressing situation has
noticed that deceasing trends were found at all sites for the 2nd period (1986-2010)
whereas only three significant decreasing trends were found in 1st period. The annual
streamflows in rivers Kanshi, Poonch, Kunhar, Neelum, and Jhelum at Chinari, Domel and
Azad Pattan have reduced upto 41, 5, 34, 24, 24, 16 and 45% respectively with increased
of 1oC annual mean temperature for the period 1961-2010. On the other hand, trends in
annual mean temperature showedcooling trend for the first period and this yieldincreased
streamflows for rivers Palote, Kunhar at Talhata, Neelum and Jhelum at Chinari, Domel and
Azad Pattan upto 21, 11, 4, 2, 4, and 10% respectively. In the 2nd period, the annual mean
temperature has increased in all basins and the annual streamflows in rivers Kanshi,
Poonch, Kunhar, Neelum, and Jhelum at Chinari, Domel and Azad Pattan have reduced
upto 46, 32, 43, 43, 32, 25 and 51% respectively. In 2nd period the streamflows in rivers
Kanshi, Poonch, Kunhar (at Garhi-Habibullah), Neelum, and Jhelum (at Azad-Pattan) have
reduced upto 35, 37, 5, 11 and 11 % in spring season by warming of 1 o C temperature in
Mangla watershed. On the other hand, there was a reverse situation in the 1st period
(1961-1985) for the spring season. The summer mean temperature has decreased upto
1oC per decade and the stream flows in rivers Poonch, Kunhar (at Garhi-Habibullah),
Neelum and Jhelum (at Azad Pattan) have decreased upto 2, 11, 11 and 33% per decade
respectively for the whole period. Similarly in the 2nd period the streamflows have reduced
upto 29, 32, 12, 46 and 36% in Rivers Kanshi, Poonch, KunhSar, Neelum and Jhelum (at
Azad Pattan) respectively.
While the impact of climate variability and change on artificial reservoirs has been studied
at local/regional scales for some time [see, e.g., Hamlet and Lettenmaier, 1999;
Christensen et al., 2004], the converse (impact of reservoirs on local/regional climate) has
not been explored as much. It has been recently argued that very little is known on how
artificial reservoirs (hereafter interchanged with „dam‟) modify storms under certain
atmospheric conditions and the consequential implication on hydrology and dam safety
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[Hossain et al., 2010; Hossain, 2010]. Dam design in engineering assumes as “stationary”
the design parameters of extreme rainfall during its service span, a practice that is now
being increasingly questioned and researched for better methods [Milly et al., 2008; Villarini
et al., 2009]. Understanding the influence exerted by large dams on the surrounding (local)
climate is therefore key to establishing if artificial reservoirs inadvertently modify
precipitation patterns in impounded river basins. A study was performed to seek an answer
to the open question – What is the influence of large dams on local climate and the
probable effect on precipitation patterns?
According to the study it is evident that the large dams in Mediterranean climates exert the
strongest influence (in terms of relative change in the surrounding area of the reservoir) on
climate closer to the reservoir shoreline. Large dams in the humid subtropical climates of
the Southeast seem to have a negligible influence on the local climate. Local climate
change for large dams in Mediterranean climates, while the influence of dams on surface
evaporation and specific humidity is relatively less detectable for other climates. As
Pakistan falls in arid climate region therefore construction of dam/ reservoir in particular
Jehlum / Karot will have negligible impact on the local climate. Also the Karot reservoir is
confined in a gorge therefore evaporation losses will be negligible.
6.7 POSITIVE IMPACTS
The project will bring direct social and economic benefits to electricity consumers
throughout the country. The Project is expected to provide 720 MW of electricity which will
assist in addressing the power deficits of the country. This will have tremendous beneficial
impacts on the national economy and improve the quality of life of the people currently
suffering due to power shortage every other hour of the day.
Availability of power would also mean reduction in the consumption of fuel wood and other
fossil fuels by villagers for heating and cooking purposes.
Employment in terms of unskilled labor and skilled staff during construction as well as
operation phase will act as an added source of income in the income and livelihood
restoration processes of Aps. The construction contractor should include necessary clauses
in construction contracts to facilitate the employment of Aps and their dependents.
Improvement of existing and construction of new access roads and bridges will facilitate the
population of the area in their movement and transportation specially the population of
Kahuta and Kotli districts. These roads will help to improve the socio-economic conditions
of the area.
New business activities will bring social uplift in the life of people of project area.
On average, the Karot HPP will generate annually 3,213,000 MWh of energy. The
implementation of the Karot Project will thus avoid the annual emissions from a natural gas
fired CCGT of 1,927,800 tonnes of CO2.
6.8 SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL UPLIFT
Social uplift programme has been made part of this document, and planned to rehabilitate
the concerned area in accordance with programme to avoid any deforest status and provide
equivalent environment after construction. The project implementation is expected to raise
hopes of the project area population for their general welfare. It is therefore, necessary that
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the construction contractor/project sponsor may provide facilities in the form of education,
health, improvement of existing access roads and development of parks to the people of the
project area. Considering the betterment of the local community following socio-
environmental development plans have been proposed;
i) Improvement of the sites used for various construction activities for parks,
playgrounds etc.
ii) Vegetation along the dam, reservoir banks, powerhouse and roads.
iii) Development Scheme like Medical Treatment, School Support, Drinking Water
Treatment Plants etc.
iv) Provision of scholarships for university or secondary level technical education for
the eligible people of the affected project area
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CHAPTER – 7
INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
This chapter describes the Institutional Arrangements for the effective implementation and
functioning of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Environmental
Monitoring Plan (EMP) for the ESIA of this Project. It summarizes the organizational
requirements, management and monitoring plans to ensure that the necessary measures
are taken by KPCL to avoid potentially adverse effects and maximize potential benefits of
the Project as identified in preceding section of the ESIA and to operate in conformance
with applicable laws and regulations of Punjab and AJK, as well as the policies of
international financial organizations such as IFC and ADB. The strict implementation of the
ESMP and EMP and strict enforcement of the adequate construction practices and
standards by project management will greatly reduce the negative impacts of the Project.
Institutional Arrangement, ESMP and EMP presented in the subsequent sections are
component of the overall Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) under the
requirements of Pakistan‟s legislation and guidelines, the International Finance
Corporation‟s (IFC‟s) Performance Standard 1 (Performance Standards and Guidance
Notes 2012 edition), Asian Development Bank‟s (ADB‟s) Safeguards Policy Statement
2009.
7.1.1 Institutional Set-up and Formation of Environmental Management Unit (EMU)
The project will be executed through KPCL with support from all relevant departments and
line agencies. KPCL will exercise its functions through establishing a Project Management
Unit (PMU) at project site headed by a full time Project Director who will be responsible for
general project execution. In this regard, a well-defined institutional structure will be placed
in the PMU and staff will be assigned to specific roles. PMU should check that construction
contractor have all the necessary valid licenses and permits such as those for use of
powered mechanical equipment. The need to confirm that contractors and their suppliers
have complied with statutory requirements for licenses will also be checked by PMU.
Within the PMU, an Environment and Social Development Cell (ESDC) will be established,
reporting directly to the Project Director, which will be accountable and responsible for
compliance monitoring and implementation of Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP) and the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) as shown in Figure 7.1.
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Figure 7.1: Institutional Setup for ESMP Implementation
The ESDC will initially consist of three permanent members: an environment specialist,
social & resettlement expert and health, safety and environment (HSE) engineer who will be
directly hired by KPCL to provide technical assistance in implementation of the environment
and resettlement plans. They will be hired at least two months prior to commencement of
field work. Later on, at execution of construction work, environmental, socio-economic and
HSE officers of relevant qualification and experience will be hired under regular compliance
and monitoring requirement of implementation of ESMP and RAP.
The construction contractor of the project will have a full-time health, safety and
environment (HSE) engineer with two officers to manage the tasks assigned under ESMP.
The ESDC will work in close cooperation with the respective PMU on the day-to-day
activities of ESMP and the RAP implementation. Thus, PMU (through the ESDC) will be
ultimately responsible for E&S performance and for implementation of the ESMP by the
contractor.
The PMU/ESDC would ensure that ESIA and RAP are prepared and approved prior to
awards of contracts for the project. Any subsequent changes to these documents will also
be responsibility of the PMU/ESDC. The project authorities will ensure budgets are
delivered in time for timely implementation of ESMP and RAP.
7.2 COMPLAINTS AND GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL
For the purpose of addressing grievances by the community about the implementation of
ESIA, RAP and ESMP three Grievance Redress Committees (GRCs) will be established for
the project as soon as project implementation commences. These three GRCs will be
established in Karot, Hollar and Brohi village. The primary objective of the GRCs will be to
provide a mechanism to mediate conflicts. The committee will consist of the Project
Director, elected representative, district revenue officer and three representatives of the
affected community. However, with careful observance of the provisions of the ESMP by all
stakeholders involved, grievances can be avoided.
External Monitoring
HSE Engineer
Environmental officers
KPCL Financing Approval and
policy direction
EPA – Punjab and AJ&K
ESDC Internal Monitoring
Construction Contractor HSE Manager
PMU Communication, coordination &
implementation
Environmental Specialist
HSE officers
Social & Resettlement Expert
HSE officers Environmental officers Social officers
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If necessary, the aggrieved person will first address the complaint to relevant Grievance
Redress Committee who will strive for settlement within 10 days of lodging of the complaint.
If the complaint cannot be settled, the grievance will be referred to ESDC. Within 15 days
the Grievance Redress Committee will discuss the matter and refer the grievance to PMU,
and obtain a resolution. If the grievance redress mechanism fails to satisfy the aggrieved
person, s/he can approach the Environmental Protection Agency AJ&K or court of law.
7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW AND APPROVAL
Environmental regulations of the Government of Pakistan (GoP) require proponents of
projects that have reasonably foreseeable qualitative and quantitative impacts to submit
environmental assessment report of the project for review and approval. Karot Hydropower
Project with a generation capacity of more than 50 MW falls within Schedule A of the GoP
Regulations, which require preparation of a full ESIA Report.
The KPCL will have the responsibility to ensure that ESIA Report is submitted to
Environmental Protection Agencies, Punjab and Azad Jammu & Kashmir, to obtain
approval prior to commencement of construction work.
7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
As mentioned in section 7.1, the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
presented in this section is a component of the overall Environmental and Social
Management System (ESMS) under the requirements of Pakistan‟s legislation and
guidelines, the International Finance Corporation‟s (IFC‟s) Performance Standard 1
(Performance Standards and Guidance Notes 2012 edition), Asian Development Bank‟s
(ADB‟s) Safeguards Policy Statement 2009.
An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been prepared as Table 7.1,
generally recognized as the most important output of the ESIA as it ensures the mitigation
measures identified in the ESIA are fully implemented. This ESMP is based on the type,
extent and duration of the identified environmental impacts, mitigation measures, their
timing, location, and implementation/ monitoring responsibility.
The ESMP must be reviewed by the PMU/ESDC and approved before any construction
activity is initiated, to take account of any subsequent changes and fine tuning. Particularly,
any conditions of the environmental clearance from the EPA- Punjab and AJ&K, and any
subsequent licenses and approvals from both EPAs must also be included. This ESMP will
be used for contractual purposes through its inclusion as a part of the bid documents for the
construction contractor who has to adhere to it along with other regulatory requirements.
The strict implementation of the EMMP and project management‟s strict enforcement of the
adequate construction practices and standards will greatly reduce the negative impacts of
the Project. Overall, PMU/ESDC will be responsible for E&S performance and for
implementation and compliance of the ESMP by the construction contractor.
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7.5 SITE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS (SSEMPS)
7.5.1 Construction Phase SSEMPs
The construction contractor will ensure to prepare all relevant SSEMPs as part of ESMP for
construction phase of the project before start of any construction activity. These SSEMPs
will be deliverable to KPCL by the construction contractor at least 60 days prior to field
mobilization which will require prior approval of the KPCL, Punjab and AJK-EPAs and,
where required, of IFC before the commencement of any activity on the site. These plans
are listed below;
Temporary traffic management plan
Materials management plan
Waste management plan
Excavated material disposal plan
Tree compensatory planting plan
Noise and dust control plan
Blasting management plan
Oil spill management plan
Employees Code of Conduct
Site rehabilitation/restoration plan (including landscaping)
Run-off and erosion control plan (including the landslide/unstable slope survey)
Chance finds procedure
Site security plan (including firearms plan)
Water quality management plan
Occupational health and safety (OHS) plan
Construction emergency preparation and response plan
Site housekeeping and maintenance plan.
Biodiversity management plan
7.5.2 Operation Phase SSEMPs
For operational phase of the project, operation contractor will ensure preparation of all
relevant SSEMPs as part of ESMP of the project. These SSEMPs will be deliverable to the
project operation authority by operation contractor at least 60 days prior to mobilization of
the operational staff which will require prior approval of the, Punjab-EPA and AJK-EPA. The
Operational Plans are listed below;
Waste and water management plan
Residual flow monitoring and maintenance plan
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Site security plan
Hazardous materials management plan
Occupational health and safety (OHS) plan
Emergency preparedness and response plan
Spill prevention and response plan
Site housekeeping and landscape maintenance plan
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Table 7.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan
Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
DESIGN RELATED
1. Project disclosure Statutory compliance
with Pak-EPA 1997
and AJ&K -EP Act
2000 as well as IFC
requirements
EIA report submission to
EPA- Punjab and AJ&K.
EIA report submission to
IFC.
Detailed design
commencement
Entire project Project
Director
PMU,
ESDC,EPA
2. Project boundaries Compliance with
statutory
requirements as laid
down in Pak-EPA
1997 and AJ&K -EP
Act 2000 as well as
IFC guidelines
Environmental
assessment in line with
Pak-EPA 1997 and AJ&K
- EP Act 2000 as well as
IFC guidelines;
Completion of
detailed design
Entire project Construction
Contractor,
PD
PMU, IFC,
EPAs, ESDC
3. Land acquisition
Reservoir 1658.23 Acres
Construction of dam
structures & Powerhouse
583.77 Acres
Fair and timely
compensation in
accordance the IFC
PS 5 and
international
standards
Land acquisition Act
1894/RP of Pakistan
2002 Draft
Payment of
compensation to
affectees up to the level
of restoration.
Prompt and fair payment
to affectees;
Job opportunities to
affectees and locals.
RAP
Implementation;
Completion of
detailed design
and six months
before start of
construction
work;
Entire project
Project
Director,
DRO, PMU,
CC
PMU, IFC,
ESDC
4. Loss of Houses
72 Nos. houses due to
construction of project
activities.
Fair and timely
compensation in
accordance with the
IFC PS 5 and
international
standards
Land acquisition Act
Payment of
compensation to
affectees up to the level
of restoration.
Prompt payment to
affectees.
Job opportunities to
RAP
Implementation;
Completion of
detailed design
and six months
before start of
construction
Entire project
area
LAC/DRO,
PMU
DC, PMU,
ESDC
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
1894/RP of Pakistan
2002 Draft.
affectees and locals. work;
5. Loss of Commercial
Assets
78 No. of commercial
enterprises including shops,
restaurants and petrol
pump.
Fair and timely
compensation in
accordance with the
IFC PS 5 and
international
standards
Land acquisition Act
1894/RP of Pakistan
2002 Draft.
In addition to
compensation, business
loss allowance to
affectees up to the level
of restoration.
Prompt payment to
affectees.
Job opportunities to
affectees.
RAP
Implementation;
Completion of
detailed design
and six months
before start of
construction
work;
Reservoir and
dam
construction
area.
DRO, PMU,
Project
Director
DC, PMU,
Project
Director
6. Relocation of Public
Infrastructures
Two concrete bridges at
Azad Pattan and Karot
village.
Two suspension bridges
near Pana and upstream of
Azad Pattan bridge
Construct bridges for
transportation means
of the area of Punjab
and AJK
Construct bridges for
pedestrians crossing
of the river for the
community living over
there
Construct two new
concrete bridges as per
measures outlined in
RAP.
To restore/relocate as per
measures outlined in
RAP.
RAP
Implementation;
Completion of
detailed design
and during
project
construction
work;
RAP
Implementation.
Completion of
detailed design
and during
construction work
Near Pana
village as
suggested by
the DC and
locals of the
Sudhnuti
district or at
higher
elevation at
same place
Near Pana
village at
same place
CC, DRO,
NHA, PMU,
Project
Director
CC, DRO,
NHA, PMU,
Project
Director
DC, PMU,
Project
Director
DC, PMU,
Project
Director
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
Police and forest check
posts
Rest house buildings
Surface Water Hydrology
Gauge room
132Kv grid station
Relocation of posts at
appropriate places
with the consent of
the concerned
authorities
Relocation at
appropriate places
with the consent of
the concerned
authorities
Relocation at
appropriate place
with the consent of
the concerned
authorities
Relocation at
appropriate place
with the consent of
the concerned
authorities.
To restore/relocate as per
measures outlined in
RAP.
To restore/relocate as per
Measures outlined in
RAP.
To restore/relocate as per
Measures outlined in
RAP.
To restore/relocate as per
Measures outlined in
RAP.
RAP
Implementation.
Completion of
detailed design
and during
construction work
RAP
Implementation
Completion of
detailed design
and during
construction work
RAP
Implementation
RAP
Implementation.
Completion of
detailed design
and before start
of project
construction work
Near newly
proposed
bridge
Relocation at
appropriate
places with
the consent of
the concerned
authorities
Relocation at
appropriate
places with
the consent of
the concerned
authorities
Relocation at
appropriate
place with the
consent of the
concerned
authorities
Near Pana
CC,
DRO,PMU,
Forest
Department
CC,
DRO,PMU,
Forest
Department
CC, DRO,
PMU, SWH
WAPDA
CC,
DRO,PMU,
WAPDA
DC, PMU,
Project
Director
DC, PMU,
Project
Director
DC, PMU,
Project
Director
DC, PMU,
Project
Director
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
8km portion of Kahuta –
Azad Pattan road
200m portion of Pana
village access road
02 Primary school each for
boys and girls
To reconstruct the
affected portion at
higher elevation in
order to restore the
traffic movement of
Kahuta – Azad
Pattan
To reconstruct the
affected portion in
order to restore the
crossing of the
villagers
Relocation at
appropriate places
with the consent of
the concerned
authorities
To restore/relocate as per
Measures outlined in
RAP.
To restore/relocate as per
Measures outlined in
RAP.
To restore/relocate as per
Measures outlined in
RAP.
RAP
Implementation.
Completion of
detailed design
and before start
of project
construction work
RAP
Implementation.
Completion of
detailed design
and before start
of project
construction work
village as
suggested by
the DC and
locals of the
Sudhnuti
district or at
higher
elevation at
same place
Near Pana
village at same place. (No need if 8km portion is constructed)
Relocation at
appropriate place with the consent of the concerned authorities
CC,
DRO,PMU,
NHA
CC, DRO,
PMU
CC, DRO,
PMU
DC, PMU,
Project
Director
DC, PMU,
Project
Director
DC, PMU,
Project
Director
7. Destruction of Vegetation
Due to reservoir
impounding
- Fuel wood trees
- Timber Trees ---- Nos.
including ------ Nos.
government trees
Construction of dam
Fair/negotiated
compensation to tree
owners
Vegetation and
reforestation and tree
plantation under
Payments linked to tree
re-establishment and not
to tree removal.
Minimize tree cutting.
Seven new trees planted
to replace each cut tree.
Tree owner will be
RAP
Implementation.
Completion of
detailed design
and during and
after construction
work
Along the
reservoir bank Along Dam
and powerhouse area and staff colony
Forest
Department,
PMU, Project
Director
Forest
department,
PMU, ESDC
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
- Fruit trees 751 Nos.
- Fuel wood trees 4298
Nos.
- Timber Trees 627
annual tree plantation
campaigns of the
provincial
governments
allowed to carry the wood
of cut tree in addition to
compensation.
Fruit trees will be cut as
late as possible to give
maximum benefit to the
owner during land
acquisition.
Select only indigenous
tree species for
replacement; no alien
invasive species to be
used.
8. Endangered Species NA Not Applicable
9. Vulnerable AHs
• 06 No. of Vulnerable AHs
due to loss of Houses in
project area
Restoration of
livelihood of
vulnerable people.
Vulnerable people
allowance in
accordance with the
IFC PS 5 and
international
standards
In addition to
compensation, vulnerable
allowance to affectees up
to the level of restoration.
Prompt payment to
affectees before start of
construction work.
RAP
Implementation.
Completion of
detailed design
and before start
of construction
work
Affected
community of Karot and Hollar Village
DRO, PMU,
ESDC
DRO, PMU,
Project
Director
10. Daily Wage Earners Restoration of
livelihood of
vulnerable people.
Project Affectees
Allowance in
accordance with the
IFC PS 5 and
international
Project Affectees
Allowance up to the level
of restoration.
Prompt payment to
affectees before start of
construction work.
RAP
Implementation
Completion of
detailed design
and before start
of construction
work
Affectees of business community
DRO, PMU,
ESDC
DRO, PMU,
Project
Director
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
standards
11. Loss of Community
Structures
2 Nos. Graveyards
1 Shrine
4 Nos. Mosques
Minimize the impact
on cultural heritage in
accordance with the
IFC PS8 and
international
standards
Provision of protection
wall around the
graveyards and shrine
before start of
construction activities as
suggested by the
community.
Relocation of Mosques
with the consent of
community.
RAP
Implementation
Completion of
detailed design
and before start
of construction
work
Karot village
near dam and spillway
Along road near dam site
CC, DRO,
PMU, ESDC
DRO, PMU,
Project
Director
12. Access Roads Minimize
environmental
impacts as explained
in the ESIA report
Survey of existing
utilities: power, water
supply, electric and
telephone line.
Restoration of utilities
and vergers based on the
survey findings.
Adaptation of drainage
and erosion control
measures by provision of
culverts, drains and
berms etc
Completion date
of detailed design
Access roads Construction
Contractor,
Project
management
Unit, NHA
PMU/ Project
Director
13.Health and Safety of
Workers
To ensure safety and
health of workers by
implementing onsite
relevant safety plans
as per IFC PS2
Provision of spacious
accommodation with
CC to prepare;
- OHS plan
- Security Plan
- Emergency
preparedness Plan
Regular training to
staff/workers w.r.t.
confined spaces,
Before and
during
construction
activities
Workers camp, construction sites
CC PMU, ESDC,
EPAs,
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
Health and Safety of
Workers (continues)
suitable amenities in
accordance with the
IFC/EBRD guidelines
and local guidelines.
excavations, working at
heights, underground and
hazardous conditions.
Workers will be provided
with necessary safety
tools such as helmets,
working shoes, dust filter
and ear defenders.
Site workers will be
accommodated in proper
campsites including
appropriate sanitation
facilities.
A sufficient number of
toilets will be erected
nearby main construction
zones.
Sufficient medical care
facilities will be provided
to the workers (to be
defined within the Health
and Safety Plan by CC).
Regular
checkup/vaccination of
workers.
No worker camps will be
permitted outside the
provided areas.
Powered mechanical
equipment (PME) like
bulldozer, air
compressor, concrete
pumps, excavator,
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
concrete mixer etc. will
only be used with low
sound power whenever
possible.
The building machinery
and other equipment will
be well-maintained and
serviced regularly during
construction works.
Silencers or mufflers on
construction equipment
will be used.
Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
CONSTRUCTION STAGE
1. Dust Impact Minimize and control
of adverse
environmental
impacts due to
construction activities
in compliance with
NEQS and IFC
guidelines.
Daily water spray on all
exposed surfaces.
Covering the pile with
tarpaulin or thick plastic
sheets when not in use
and at the end of the
working day.
Stockpiled soil and sand
will be sprinkled with
water.
Stockpiled soil and sand
will be slightly wetted
before loading particularly
in windy conditions.
Before and
during
construction
activities
At construction sites.
At access roads
CC PMU/ESDC,
EPAs
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
Erecting windshields /
walls on three sides of
the piles such that the
walls project 0.5 m above
the top of the pile.
Keep the material moist
by spraying of water at
appropriate intervals to
prevent emissions.
Construction materials
transported to routine
trucks securely covered
with tarpaulins or
equivalent to prevent dust
emission during
transportation.
The road near
communities will be
sprayed at least twice per
day with water to
suppress dust.
2. Excavated Material To minimize adverse
impacts on
surrounding
environment.
CC to provide plan for
disposal of excavated
material which would be
part of the contract
agreement.
Use the excavated
material in various
construction activities to
the possible extent.
Dispose of surplus
material at designated
sites only.
During
construction
activities
Designated disposal sites and entire project area
CC ESDC, EPAs
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
Top soil would be saved
for use in spoil disposal
areas so that such areas
beneficially put to
agriculture use, forestry
or development of parks.
3. Traffic Aspects and
Access
Minimize disturbance
of vehicular traffic &
pedestrians during
haulage of materials,
spoil, equipment and
machinery
CC to provide traffic
management plan which
would be part of the
contract agreement,
covering;
Proper transport
management to reduce
truck movements for
dumping material.
Truck movements will be
allowed only during
daytime (from 6.00 am to
6.00 pm).
The construction vehicles
will maintain a speed limit
of 20 Km/h or less on all
unpaved areas within the
construction route.
Implement traffic
management plan
Assign traffic control
personnel.
Vicinity of residential and
sensitive areas such as
hospitals, schools,
mosques, pedestrian
crossing and area with
During
construction
activities
Entire project area particularly near hospitals, schools, mosques, residential area, pedestrian crossings etc
CC ESDC, PMU,
EPAs
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
heavy vehicular will be
considered for installation
of traffic warning signs
and speed bumps.
No blocking access to the
road.
4. Air quality To minimize
particulate matter
released to the
atmosphere.
Compliance with
NEQS/ IFC standards
Fuel-efficient and well-
maintained haulage
trucks will be employed to
minimize exhaust
emissions.
Concrete batching plants,
asphalt plant and rock
crusher activities will be
controlled (e.g. asphalt
hot mix plants must be
located within 500m of
any sensitive receiver,
river- bank or irrigation
channel but located at
convenient sites nearby
but downwind of and at
least 500m from sensitive
receptors such as
residential, hospitals,
schools, mosques etc.
During
Construction
activities.
All construction sites
CC to comply
with NEQS
and IFC
standards
PMU, ESDC,
EPAs
5. Noise Aspects To minimize impact
on workers‟ health
and disturbance to
nearby communities
in compliance with
NEQS/ IFC
Supply of the workers
with ear defenders in
zones where 55 dB(A)
are exceeded the
workers will wear ear
protection devices.
During
Construction
activities.
All construction sites
CC to comply
with NEQS
and IFC
standards
PMU, ESDC,
EPAs
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
guidelines Powered mechanical
equipment (PME) like
bulldozer, air
compressor, concrete
pumps, excavator,
concrete mixer etc. will
only be used with low
sound power whenever
possible.
The building machinery
and other equipment will
be well-maintained and
serviced regularly during
construction works.
Blasting will only be done
in day time;
Siren will be used to warn
the locals prior to
blasting.
In case of non-
compliance of noise by
the locals, additional
mitigation will be taken.
6. Hydrology and Surface
Water
To minimize and
avoidance of adverse
environmental
impacts related to
river water quality
due to construction
activities such as;
coffer dam, main dam
inlet and outlet
tailrace and diversion
Controlled blasting and
drilling activities along the
river banks.
Any discharges to the
surface waters will be
properly treated by
sedimentation/settling
tanks) before
discharging.
Application of best
During
Construction
activities
All construction areas
Worker camps
CC PMU, ESDC,
EPAs
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
tunnels; and,
discharges from the
tunnels, quarry sites,
batching plants,
various construction
yards and
construction camps in
compliance with
NEQs and IFC
guidelines.
management practices
and good site
housekeeping for
drainage/erosion control
through;
i) silt fences, sediment
barriers,
ii) open surface will be
covered by grasses
and creepers to
reduce wash-away
material, iii) hydrocarbons will be
stored minimum 100
m away from rivers
and dry gorges within
the bunded areas, iv) construction and work
sites will be equipped
with sanitary latrines, v) contractors will
submit a simple
sewage management
plan, vi) Sediment laden
construction water will
be discharged into
settling tanks prior to
discharge, vii) Drainage system will
be periodically
cleared so as to
ensure adequate
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
storm water flow.
7. River Water Quality Minimization and
avoidance of adverse
environmental
impacts related to
river water quality
Controlled blasting and
drilling activities along the
river banks.
Provision of release of 15
m3/s of environmental
flow.
During
Construction
activities
Banks of the Jhelum river
CC PMU, ESDC
8. Aquatic Life/Fishery To minimize impact
on fish habitat and
other aquatic life
Provision of release of 15
m3/s of environmental
flow.
Trash-rash screen on
diversion tunnel.
During coffer dam
construction fish tapped
in dewatered area should
be harvested and
transplanted into other
river reach.
Controlled blasting near
dam site.
Periodic water quality
monitoring.
Strictly observe fisheries
regulation.
Start of
Construction
activities
Reservoir and downstream of dam
CC, Fishery
Department,
Fishery
department,
ESDC, EPAs
9. Soil Erosion To minimize
excessive erosion of
embankments and
slopes.
Methods such as slope
rounding, terracing or
contouring to minimize
erosion and to promote
plant growth will be
adopted.
Surfacing and pitching.
Soil stabilization
Construction
activities
All embankments and slopes
Reservoir oscillation zone
Disturbed areas
in entire
CC ESDC,EPAs
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
(chemical, stone surface
pitching).
Hydrographic
modification (channeling,
diversion, culverts,
stream crossing).
Maintain proper slope
Compaction and grading
of soil material.
Trees, grasses, shrubs
plantation on the slope.
construction area
10. Fauna To minimize the
impact on the fauna
of the area.
Controlled blasting and
drilling activities.
Animal, having migrated
to nearby safe areas will
have the opportunity to
return to their habitats
after project construction
activity is over.
Contractor will be
responsible to protect
and preserve all
biological resources
during construction
activities.
Establishment of wildlife
protection area is not
needed as a mitigation
measure because reptiles
and similar fauna will
move to safer places
during sub-mergence.
CC shall take all
During
Construction
activities
Entire project area CC PMU, ESDC
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
197 January 2015
Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
reasonable steps to
ensure that the staff and
labor force does not
engage in hunting or
trapping of wildlife.
Purchasing of any wildlife
product shall be banned
and CC Contractor shall
ensure that any and all
violators are dismissed.
11. Community Health,
Safety and Security
To ensure safety and
health and security of
community by
implementing onsite
relevant safety plans
Safety notices and signs
will be clearly displayed
and written in both Urdu
and English.
Barriers and warning
signs at required places.
To ensure privacy of the
community.
During
Construction
activities
Entire project area CC PMU ,ESDC
12. Worker Camps To ensure that the
worker
accommodations are
in compliance of
Pakistan as well as
IFC/EBRD guidance
on workers
accommodation
To ensure that the
worker facilities does
not adversely affect
the surrounding
environment and
residents in the area.
Felled trees and other
cleared or pruned
vegetation should not be
burned.
LPG will be provided for
cooking at worker camps.
Drinking water and
sanitary facilities will be
provided for employees.
Solid waste and sewage
will be managed
according to the waste
management plan.
All liquid and solid
Entire project
prior to and
during
construction
activities
Construction
camps
CC PMU, EDSC,
EPAs
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
198 January 2015
Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
Proper measures to
control
communicable
diseases brought by
outside construction
workers
To ensure that
privacy of the locals
not affected
hazardous and non-
hazardous waste will be
separated, collected and
disposed of according to
the given requirements
and regulations.
CC to prepare;
- OHS plan
- Security Plan
- Emergency
preparedness Plan
Firefighting system and
fire safety (fire
extinguishers) will be
established at the
construction/camp sites.
Provision of first-aid.
13. Construction Waste
Disposal
Minimize the impacts
from construction
solid and liquid waste
disposal such as
sewage, wastewater,
construction waste,
chemical waste and
solid waste
To reduce the
amount of waste
generated by the
Project through
implementing the
waste management
hierarchy (avoidance,
reuse, recycling, and
Construction contractor
will prepare Waste
Disposal Plan under
SSESMP including;
Estimates of amounts
and types of construction
solid and liquid waste to
be generated by the
project.
Identify opportunities for
waste to be reused in the
project or by other
interested parties.
Identifying potentially
safe waste disposal sites
close to the project or
One month
prior to
construction
activities
quarterly.
All construction
sites
Workers camps
CC to comply
with NEQS
and IFC
standards
PMU, ESDC,
EPAs
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
waste disposal)
Compliance with
NEQS/IFC
Guidelines for on-site
waste treatment and
disposal facilities
those designated sites in
the contract.
Wastewater treatment
system will be developed
to ensure that effluents
comply with NEQS and
the conditions of the
lenders before
discharging.
Waste will not be burned
as open burning.
Solid waste generated
will be collected and
segregated according to
the type of waste in a
prescribed area.
Non-recyclable waste will
be disposed of in
collaboration with the
Municipal waste
management of the area.
The Contractor will
ensure that all liquid and
solid hazardous and non-
hazardous waste are
separated, collected and
disposed at designated
sites with collaboration
with the Municipal waste
management of the area.
14. Exploitation handling,
Transportation and
Minimization and
avoidance of
adverse
Contractor will prepare
Hazardous Material
Management Plan under
Construction
activities
A list of routes of
transport of
construction
CC PMU, ESDC
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
200 January 2015
Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
Storage of Construction
materials
environmental
impacts due to
construction material
exploitation, handling,
transportation and
storage
To manage and
mitigate any potential
impacts of hazardous
substances on soils,
waterways and other
components of the
environment.
SSESMP.
Contracts documents to
specify:
Fuel and bulk storage on
paved and designated
area and above high
flood level of Jhelum river
and covered with
tarpaulin against wind
and away from the
residential area.
Proper bunding for
containment of fuel.
Provision of cleanup kits.
Proper maintenance of
transport vehicles on
paved.
Work areas to be re-
vegetated and
landscaped, wherever
appropriate, to minimize
erosion and to avoid
creating hazards for
people and livestock.
material and
storage will be
prepared for the
contract and
agreed one month
prior to
construction
activities
15. Explosive/Hazardous
Material for Blasting
Use of hazardous
goods according to
manufacturers‟
specifications and
Explosive Act 1884,
of the government.
To minimize the
damage around
specific site.
Contractor will prepare
Hazardous Material
Management Plan under
SSESMP;
Workers provided with
appropriate safety
equipment and regular
safety training.
Storage of hazardous
During
excavation
activities such
as tunnel
excavation etc
At tunnels sites CC PMU, ESDC
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201 January 2015
Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
To control the noise
level
To ensure the
workers‟ safety.
goods in bounded areas
or in secure sheds.
Explosives stored in
guarded bunkers.
Use required quantity of
explosive material for
blasting.
Blasting should be at day
time and in bounded
area.
Handle the explosive
material under
manufacturer\s
specifications and
Explosive Act 1884, of
the government.
16. Environmental
Orientation of Contractor
and Workers
Develop capacity to
implement
environmental
requirements and
mitigation measures
Contractor tender
documents to include
resources and funds for
mitigation measures.
Contractors tender
document will specify
staff to supervise and
include all SSESMPs as
indicated in section 7.5.1.
On-site contractor staff
training.
The contractor will be
responsible for
implementation of an
effective environmental
monitoring and reporting
system using checklists
Before start of
construction
work.
Refreshers at
early stages of
construction
Construction Sites CC IFC, PMU,
ESDC
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
202 January 2015
Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
of all contractual
environmental
requirements and ESMP.
17.
Restoration/Rehabilitation
and landscaping
All vacated sites
should be restored to
pre-project
conditions.
To improve the visual
amenity of the project
area by plantation
and landscaping.
CC to develop landscape
and housekeeping plan.
At all construction sites
all debris and waste will
be removed.
All temporary structures
including office buildings,
shelters, waste
receptacles and toilets
will be removed.
All vacated sites would
be restored to pre-project
conditions.
Plantation and
landscaping at
appropriate sites of dam,
reservoir and
powerhouse areas.
At completion
of construction
activities
All relevant sites
under use for
different activities
including
construction
areas.
CC PMU, EPAs
18. Cultural Heritage
2 Nos. Graveyards
1 Shrine
4 Nos. Mosques
Physical cultural
resources in the area
protected and
respected in
accordance with the
Pakistan Antiquity
Act, 1975, IFC PS8
and international
standards.
Minimize the impact
Provision of protection
wall around the
graveyards and shrine
before start of
construction activities.
Relocation of Mosques
with the consent of
community.
In case of chance find
during construction
RAP
Implementation
Completion of
detailed design
and before and
during
construction
work
Karot village near
dam and spillway Along road near
dam site
CC
PMU, ESDC,
EPAs,
Archeologica
l department
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
on cultural heritage in
accordance with the
IFC PS8 and
international
standards.
activities, the contractor
will stop the activity and
report to provincial and
federal archeological
departments immediately
and their advice will be
sought before resumption
of the construction
activities at such sites.
OPERATIONAL STAGE
1. Microclimate and
Emissions of Green
House Gases
To maintain the GHG
emissions after the
reservoir
development.
Clearance of woody
vegetation from
inundation zone prior to
flooding
Regulation of water
discharge and
manipulation of water
levels to discourage
weed growth.
Starting from
the
construction
period and
continuing for
the first three
years of the
project
operation.
Reservoir Area Operation
contractor,
Fishery
Department
KPCL,
Fishery
Department,
2.Sedimentation of Reservoir Watershed
management to
control deforestation
Control of land use in
watershed (especially
prevention of conversion
of forests to agriculture).
Flushing of the river.
Starting from
the
construction
period and
continuing for
the first three
years of the
project
operation.
Jhelum river Operation
contractor
KPCL
3.Sand/Gravel Collection To reduce the impact
on aquatic ecology
Control of sand/gravel
collection practices at the
alternate locations
Throughout the
project life.
Jhelum river Operation
contractor
KPCL
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
4. Jhelum River Ecology To ensure
downstream
ecological flows
Development of
future reservoir
fishery potential
Flow requirements will be
ensured by the release of
15 m3/s environmental
flow.
Introduction of new
desirable indigenous
species.
Operation
stage
Reservoir and downstream of Dam
Operation
contractor,
Fishery
Department
KPCL,
Fishery
Deptt.
5. Reservoir Bank Stability To enhance the
Reservoir life
To reduce the
potential impacts of
erosion and
landslides
Survey and stabilise
landslide prone areas
impacted by construction
activities or reservoir
formation between MOL
and FSL.
Plantation of trees,
shrubs and grasses along
the banks.
Construct spurs, rock
short crete where
required.
Before filling
periodically
during
operation
Reservoir Operation
contractor
KPCL, EPAs,
6. Hazardous Material
Management
Use of hazardous
goods according to
manufacturers‟
specifications
To avoid Improper
siting, storage and
handling of fuels,
lubricants, chemicals
and hazardous
materials, and
potential spills
To minimize the
O& M Contractor will
prepare Hazardous
Material Management
Plan.
Provision of safety
equipment to staff.
Induction of regular
safety training to staff.
Storage of hazardous
goods in secure sheds.
To ensure hazardous
material storage sites are
Operation
stage
Powerhouse and switchyard
Operation
contractor
KPCL, EPAs
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205 January 2015
Environmental
Concern Objectives
Mitigation Measures (MM)
Recommended
Timing to
Implement MM
Locations to
Implement MM
Responsibility
to Implement
MM
Responsibility
to Monitor MM
damage around
specific site.
To control the noise
level
To ensure the
workers‟ safety.
at least 100m above the
bank of streams and
500m away from the
residential area.
Vehicle maintenance,
cleaning, degreasing etc
will be undertaken only in
designated areas.
7. Emergency Preparedness
and Response
To avoid any likely
damage to dam
structures
To save life and
property of
downstream
riparians.
O& M Contractor will
prepare Emergency
Preparedness and
Response Plan.
Construction
and Operation
phases
Dam structures, reservoir operation, powerhouse and switchyard
Construction
and
Operation
contractor
KPCL
8. Landscape and House
Keeping
To improve the visual
amenity of the project
area by plantation
and landscaping
To enhance the
landscape of the area
O&M team to maintain;
- Plantation at
appropriate sites
surrounding the dam
and powerhouse
area.
- Proper waste
disposal of the
operation staff
Operation
stage
Surroundings of powerhouse and dam area
O&M
contractor
KPCL, EPAs
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7.6 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
The objectives of environmental monitoring during the various phases of the proposed
project will be as follows:
To ensure that the mitigation measures included in the ESIA/ESMP/SSEMPs are being
implemented completely.
To ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures in minimizing the project‟s
impacts on social and environmental resources.
To achieve these objectives, environmental performance of the project will be monitored
both, internally and externally. Internal monitoring will be conducted by PMU/ESDC.
External monitoring will be assigned to an organization hired by Karott Power Company Ltd
and approved by IFC. The organization will be chosen among local/international
consultants, NGOs, social research organizations or private sector companies. External
monitoring will be undertaken in the form of periodic audit, for which IFC will prepare the
terms of reference (ToR).
7.6.1 Internal Monitoring
Internal monitoring will be routinely carried out by PMU through ESDC, and the results will
be communicated to IFC through the periodic project implementation reports. This
information will be collected directly in the field by ESDC on monthly basis to assess the
environmental performance of the project and to adjust the work program, if necessary. The
monthly reports will be consolidated periodically in the standard supervision reports to IFC.
Specific monitoring benchmarks will be:
i) Information campaign and consultation with stakeholders;
ii) Contractor(s) compliance with ESMP and RAP;
iii) Complaints received and addressed by the Grievance Redress Committee;
iv) Environmental effects;
One of the core responsibility of the ESDC will to help the PMU to ensure tenders and
contracts contain proper terms and conditions and that the contractor has the requisite
capabilities to implement the ESMP and RAP.
7.6.2 External Monitoring
External monitoring will be undertaken in the form of periodic audit, for which IFC will
prepare the terms of reference (ToR). The audit will cover the environmental management
system (processes for monitoring, documentation, reporting, and taking corrective action)
and will also review the monitoring data collected on the impacts.
Monitoring activities during implementation will focus on compliance with license conditions,
recording implementation of mitigation measures, recording environmental parameters,
reviewing contractor environmental performance and proposing remedial actions to address
unexpected impacts during construction. Some of these tasks can be assigned to the
contractors and managed by the ESDC. The monitoring plan has been prepared and placed
as Table 7.2 based on the likely project cycle.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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During the design period, the monitoring activities will focus on;
(i) Checking the contractor‟s bidding documents, particularly to ensure that all necessary
environmental requirements have been included; and,
(ii) Checking that the contract documents‟ references to environmental mitigation
measures requirements such as ESMP have been incorporated as part of
contractor‟s assignment.
During the construction period, the monitoring activities will focus on;
i) Ensuring that environmental mitigation measures as suggested in the
ESMP/SSEMPs are implemented, and some performance indicators will need to be
monitored to record the project‟s environmental achievements and to guide any
remedial action to address unexpected impacts.
To facilitate ESMP implementation, during preparation for construction, the contractors
must be prepared to cooperate with local population in the mitigation of impacts. However,
experience suggests that contractors may have little impetus or interest in dealing with
environmental problems in the absence of performance-linked criteria. Therefore, the
required environmental mitigation must be clearly described in a memorandum of
understanding and other contract documents at the bidding stage; the completion of
mitigation should be linked to payment milestones.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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Table 7.2: Environmental Monitoring Plan
FEATURE / ISSUE PARAMETER/S MONITORED LOCATION RESPONSIBILITY FREQUENCY
DESIGN PHSAE
Project Disclosure Final version of the ESIA and RAP
Project sites, Affected villages,
EPAs, IFC website KPCL, PMU, IFC
Once
Project Boundaries Statutory compliance with Pak-EPA 1997 and
AJ&K -EP Act 2000 as well as IFC requirements
Entire project area KPCL, CC
Once
Survey of Required
Land/Houses/commercial
Assets/Flora Fauna
Assessment of land/houses/commercial assets
costs
No. of affected persons
No. of affected trees
Project sites KPCL, DRO,PMU,
ESDC
Once
Acquisition of
Land/Houses/Commercial
Assets/Trees
Payments to Affectees
Complaints Project sites KPCL, ESDC, DRO
Monthly till
finalization
Relocation of identified
Public Infrastructures
Restoration/relocation as per recommended
measures outlined in ESMP and RAP All identified public
infrastructures within the
project area
KPCL, ESDC,
Relevant Line
Departments
Monthly till
finalization
Vulnerable Ahs Restoration of livelihood of vulnerable people
Karot and Hollar village KPCL, ESDC, DRO Monthly till
finalization
Daily Wage Earners Restoration of livelihood of people
Karot village and right side of
the reservoir submergence
area
KPCL, DRO Monthly till
finalization
Relocation of community
Structures
Protection of cultural heritage as identified in
impact assessment Karot village and reservoir
submergence area
KPCL, CC Monthly till
finalization
Access Road/ Bridges Restoration of existing utilities such as water
supply, electric supply, telephone and electric
poles.
Minimization of environmental impacts
Karot village and reservoir
submergence area
KPCL, CC, NHA Monthly till
finalization
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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FEATURE / ISSUE PARAMETER/S MONITORED LOCATION RESPONSIBILITY FREQUENCY
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Statutory Responsibilities Compliance with ESMP, IFC PSs, EPAs
guidelines and with license and permit conditions
Project sites KPCL, EPAs and line
Departments
Monthly
Dust impact Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA Entire construction area and
access roads
KPCL, PMU, EPAs Fortnightly
Excavated Material Dumping of excavated material on designated
sites
Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures for dumping as outlined in ESIA
Designated dumping sites KPCL, PMU, EPAs Fortnightly
Traffic Aspects and
Access
Minimization of disturbance of vehicular traffic &
pedestrians during haulage of materials, spoil,
equipment and machinery
Entire construction area and
access roads
KPCL, PMU, EPAs Fortnightly
Air quality Compliance with NEQS/ IFC standards and
implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
Entire construction area and
access roads
KPCL, PMU, EPAs Weekly
Noise Aspects Compliance with NEQS/ IFC guidelines and
implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
Entire construction area and
access roads
KPCL, PMU, EPAs Weekly
Hydrology and surface
water
compliance with NEQs and IFC guidelines and
implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
Entire construction area and
access roads
KPCL, PMU, EPAs Weekly
River Water Quality Compliance with NEQS/ IFC guidelines and
implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
Dam construction area near
river
KPCL, PMU, EPAs Monthly
Aquatic Life/Fishery Compliance with fishery regulations and IFC
guidelines and implementation of recommended
mitigation measures as outlined in ESIA
Reservoir and downstream of
dam
KPCL, PMU, EPAs Quarterly
Soil Erosion implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
All embankments and slopes
Reservoir oscillation zone
Disturbed areas in entire
construction area
KPCL, PMU, EPAs Monthly and
during monsoon
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FEATURE / ISSUE PARAMETER/S MONITORED LOCATION RESPONSIBILITY FREQUENCY
Landslides Stability of landslide prone areas between MOL
and FSL during construction and operational
phases
Catchment, reservoir and
powerhouse areas
KPCL, PMU, Monthly during
monsoon
Vegetation Clearance Progressive vegetation clearance within marked
sites Construction sites KPCL, ESDC, Forest
department, EPAs
Fortnightly
Fauna implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA Entire project area KPCL, ESDC, Wildlife
department, EPAs
Quarterly
Sediment Extent of erosion and sedimentation
Topsoil stripped and covered or seeded if
stockpiled for longer than one month or during
the monsoon
Batter stability
Project sites
Project sites
Project sites
KPCL, ESDC, EPAs After every rainfall
and run-off event
Weekly
Weekly
Water Quality Wastewater treated prior to river discharge
Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity,
turbidity, total phosphorous, inorganic
phosphorous, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen,
nitrogen oxides, biochemical oxygen demand
and fecal coliforms
Visual monitoring of turbidity and with handheld
instrument
Construction sites and camps,
upstream and downstream of
dam and powerhouse
KPCL, ESDC, EPAs Quarterly
Quarterly
After monsoon
and major rainfall
Construction Waste
Disposal
Waste materials reused or recycled on-site
where possible
Non-recyclable wastes disposed of appropriately
Project sites, camps
Project sites, camps
KPCL, ESDC, EPAs Monthly
Monthly
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FEATURE / ISSUE PARAMETER/S MONITORED LOCATION RESPONSIBILITY FREQUENCY
Hazards/Risk Workers provided with appropriate safety
equipment PPE and regular safety training
Strict implementation of usage of PPE
Storage of hazardous goods in bunded areas or
in secure sheds
Explosives stored in guarded bunkers
Use of hazardous goods according to
manufacturers‟ specifications
Workers compliance with code of Conduct
Project construction sites
KPCL, ESDC, EPAs Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
At time of use
Weekly
Community Health, Safety
and Security
Implementation of safety, health and security of
community by implementing onsite relevant
safety plans as outlined in ESIA
Entire Construction area KPCL, ESDC, EPAs Fortnightly
Worker Camps Worker accommodations are in compliance of
Pakistan as well as IFC/EBRD guidance on
workers accommodation
Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
Workers camps KPCL, ESDC, EPAs Fortnightly
Workers Health and
Safety
Enforcement of workforce rules and regulations
as per IFC/ EBRD guidelines
Regular safety training w.r.t OHS, skill, driving
and chance finding, hazardous material handling
Provision of alternative fuels for cooking, heating
and light
Provision of adequate and well maintained
services and facilities
Construction sites, Worker
camps
KPCL, ESDC, EPAs Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
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212 January 2015
FEATURE / ISSUE PARAMETER/S MONITORED LOCATION RESPONSIBILITY FREQUENCY
Exploitation handling,
Transportation and
Storage of Construction
materials
Implementation of handling of hazardous
substances on soils, waterways and other
components of the environment. According to
the recommended mitigation measures as
outlined in ESIA
Transportation route, storage
areas
KPCL, ESDC, EPAs Monthly
Explosive/Hazardous
Material for Blasting
Use of hazardous goods according to
manufacturers‟ specifications and Explosive Act
1884, of the government.
Transportation route, storage
areas, Blasting areas
KPCL, ESDC, EPAs Monthly and
during Blasting
Environmental
Orientation of Contractor
and Workers
Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
Workers Camps and sites KPCL, ESDC, EPAs Quarterly
Restoration/Rehabilitation
and landscaping
Implementation of housekeeping and land
escaping and restoration paln
Entire construction areas KPCL, ESDC, EPAs Monthly till
finalization
Complaints All complaints replied to Project sites CC,KPCL, PMU Weekly
OPERATION PHASE
Statutory Responsibilities Compliance with ESMP, IFC PSs, EPAs and
guidelines, WAPDA safety Codes and with
license and permit conditions
Project sites Operation Contractor,
KPCL
Biannually
Microclimate and
Emissions of Green
House Gases
Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
Reservoir Operation Contractor,
KPCL
Biannually
Sedimentation of
Reservoir
Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
Reservoir Operation Contractor,
KPCL
Biannually
Sand/Gravel Collection Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
Jhelum River Operation Contractor,
KPCL
Biannually
Jehlum River Ecology Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESMP
Downstream of dam Operation Contractor,
KPCL
Biannually
Reservoir Bank Stability Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESMP
Reservoir Operation Contractor,
KPCL
Biannually
Hazardous Material
Management
Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESMP
Powerhouse Operation Contractor,
KPCL
Monthly
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FEATURE / ISSUE PARAMETER/S MONITORED LOCATION RESPONSIBILITY FREQUENCY
Emergency Preparedness
and Response
Implementation of recommended mitigation
measures as outlined in ESIA
Powerhouse and downstream
of dam
Operation Contractor,
KPCL
Monthly and
during severe
rainfalls
Hydrology River flow volume
Downstream of dam and
tailrace outlet
KPCL
Operation Contractor
Daily
Aquatic Ecology Habitat availability and seasonal fish species and
populations
Upstream and downstream of
dam
Operation Contractor,
Fishery Department
Annually
Hazards Monitor landslides
Structural soundness
Catchment of project site and
project structures
Operation Contractor
Annually
Biannually
Noise Noise levels Powerhouse site Operation Contractor Quarterly
Solid Waste Disposal Visit disposal sites Project staff colonies Operation Contractor
Quarterly
Waste Water Discharge Waste water Quality in accordance with NEQS Project staff colonies Operation Contractor
Quarterly
Soil Contamination Visual observation of fuel and material stored
Soil leachate
Soil sampling in case of spills
Powerhouse site near fuel and
material storage area Operation Contractor
Fortnightly
Quarterly
Workers Health and
Safety
WAPDA safety codes for powerhouse Powerhouse site Operation Contractor
Quarterly
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7.7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL TRAINING
Environmental and social trainings will help to ensure that the requirements of the ESIA and
ESMP are clearly understood and followed by all project personnel throughout the project
period. The primary responsibility for providing training to all project personnel will be that of
PMU and construction contractor. The environmental and social training program will be
finalized before the commencement of the project, during the detailed design phase. The
training will be provided to the PMU staff, the construction contractors and their staff and
other staff engaged for the project. Training will cover all staff levels, ranging from the
management and supervisory to the skilled and unskilled personnel. The scope of the
trainings will cover general environmental awareness and the requirements of the ESIA and
the ESMP, with special emphasis on sensitizing the project staff to the environmental and
social aspects of the area. Table 7.3 provides a summary of various aspects of the
environmental and social trainings. During the O&M phase of the project, these trainings will
continue to be conducted by O&M contractor for all relevant staff of the project operation.
Table 7.3: Environmental and Social Training
Schedule Content Participants Responsibility
Prior to the
start of the
construction
activities
Environmental and social sensitivity
of the project area;
Mitigation measures; Waste
disposal, blasting, hazardous
material management, occupational
health and safety,
Community issues; Awareness
about social and cultural values of
the area;
Key findings of the ESIA;
ESMP; SSEMPs;
Construction
crew
All site personnel
KPCL
management
staff
Construction
Contractor,
ESDC
Before and
during the
construction
and
operations
activities
HSE related issues, Road safety;
Defensive driving;
Waste disposal; Blasting,
Hazardous material management
Cultural values and social
sensitivity,
Drivers Construction
Contractor,
ESDC,
Operation
contractor
Before the
start of the
restoration
activities
Restoration requirements;
Waste disposal
Construction
crew/restoration
team
Construction
Contractors,
ESDC,
Operation
Contractor
7.8 INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES
KPCL and Construction Contractor will prepare Incident Management Procedures for their
respective project phases.
KPCL / Contractor will lay emphasis on the importance of documenting all environmental
incidents during employees environmental training. KPCL / Construction Contractor will
immediately report all incidents to the ESDC / PMU. These incidents may include:
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i) Theft or misplacement of explosives;
ii) Construction activities undertaken outside approved sites;
iii) Damage to private or government structures or land;
iv) Hazardous material spills; and
v) Forest or grass fires.
KPCL / Construction Contractor will investigate and act on all incidents by:
i) Identifying the cause of the incident;
ii) Identifying and implementing necessary corrective action(s);
iii) Identifying personnel responsible for carrying out corrective action(s);
iv) Implementing or modifying controls necessary to avoid repetition; and
v) Recording any changes required in written procedures;
7.9 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PROCEDURES
KPCL and the Operation Contractor will jointly develop and implement Emergency
Preparedness and Response Procedures for Project construction prior to the
commencement of construction. KPCL and the O&M Contractor will jointly develop and
implement Emergency Preparedness and Response Procedures for Project operation prior
to the commencement of operation.
The construction and operation procedures will be shared with the IFC prior to the
commencement of each of these phases. The procedures will consist of the following steps.
7.9.1 Define the Problem
The immediate problem is established to facilitate a review of available options for short-
term action.
7.9.2 Manage the Situation
The safety of any persons, either workers or others involved in project operation, ensured
as a first priority.
Environmental damage to be immediately minimized.
All emergency action to take place as soon as possible after the event.
7.9.3 After the Event
The ESDC / KPCL will be contacted immediately once all persons are safe and any
possible immediate actions to control damage and manage the situation have been
taken.
A rectification plan developed by the ESDC / KPCL detailing how remaining
environmental effects will be remedied.
7.9.4 Operation Contractor Emergency Response Procedures
The Contractor will be committed to identify and remove or control emergency situation as
follows, but not limited to:
Emergency Evacuation
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Medical Emergency (e.g. Work Related injuries, sickness)
Fire and Explosion
Outbreak of Diseases
Toxic Emission from Adjacent Facilities
Environmental Emergencies
Security Breaches and Sabotage, Civil Disorder
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Natural Calamities
As the counter measures will be applied to the emergency situation directly by workers and
supervisors without any hesitation, the concurrent reporting to HSE staff and manager will
be done at the site. According to the level of situation, direct notice to related parties such
as police station or government office will be made for further action including evacuation,
support and cooperation, etc.
Slow response, lack of resources, or absence of trained personnel can lead to chaos in an
emergency. To minimize losses, especially fatalities and injuries, personnel should know
their responsibilities, know the procedures to follow, and be able to communicate in an
emergency. All related staff will follow these steps in developing the plan for emergency
response procedures.
List possible areas where emergencies such as fire, explosion, structural collapse, or
chemical spills might occur.
For each type of hazard, identify the possible results – fatalities, injuries, structural or
environmental damage.
Determine the required response, such as rescue, firefighting, or evacuation. The
response plan shall include step-by-step procedures and control measures for each type
of emergency.
Determine what resources, including rescue equipment and medical supplies, should be
on hand to deal with specific emergencies.
Determine the training required for effective response to emergencies.
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CHAPTER – 8
ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESETTLEMENT COSTS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Among the various cost components of Karot Hydropower Project, environmental and
resettlement related costs are significant. This chapter provides estimates of these costs
which are based on the available data. A contingency provision 10% has been added to
take into account variations from this data. The Company has to defray the actual costs
incurred in carrying out resettlement/ environmental actions and to provide funds in a timely
manner. Table 8.1 provides estimated environmental and resettlement – related costs for
Karot Hydropower Project itemized as follows:
Overall Cost
Land Acquisition Cost
Resettlement Cost of affected Houses
Compensation Cost of Business Enterprises
● Business loss allowance
● Vulnerability allowance
● Project Affectees allowance
Compensation Cost of Affected Trees
Cost of Relocation of Infrastructure
Management and Monitoring Cost
Socio-Environmental Uplift Cost
Contingencies
8.2 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESETTLEMENT COSTS
For Karot Hydropower Project, the total estimated environmental/ resettlement cost stood at
Rs. 1338 million. Resettlement cost of the land to be acquired is the highest component at
46.69 % of the total followed by houses cost.
8.3 LAND ACQUISITION COST
The project as a whole would need 2242 acres of land acquisition. Major permanent land
acquisition would take place due to creation of reservoir and construction of dam facilities at
elevation 461 - 480 m above mean sea level submerging an area of 1658.23 acres
including 369.64 acres of river bed, 1288.59 acres of private barren land. Constructions of
dam facilities require 49.67 acres of private cultivated land and 441.88 acres of barren land
including Government land whereas 1.65 acres are under housing. The area under
government structures is 21.5 acres. The ownership of this land and socio-economic status
of AHs has been included in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). Land compensation cost
for Karot Hydropower Project is the major component of the estimated cost amounting to
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Rs. 597999264/- including 15% CAS, which is 46.69% of the total environmental and
resettlement cost. This compensation cost is based on the rates provided by the district
management attached as Appendix - V.
8.4 RESETTLEMENT COST OF AFFECTED HOUSES
The second major component of the cost consists of houses affected by construction of
Dam. The compensation cost of these houses with 15% CAS is estimated at Rs.
280,786,376/- which is 20.98% of the total environment and resettlement cost. The cost is
based on the type of construction and prevailing market rates.
8.5 COMPENSATION COST OF BUISNESS ENTERPRISES
Different type of business is being affected by the project interventions. These will be
compensated as per replacement value of their structures given by Public & Works
department. The affectees will be allowed to get free salvageable materials to build their
structures at new places. The compensation cost of various business structures is
estimated at Rs.10,073,323/- which is 0.75% of the total environmental and resettlement
cost.
8.6 BUSINESS LOSS ALLOWANCE
Business loss allowance equal to three months average annual income i.e Rs. 30,000/- will
be given to each AHs for permanent loss of business in addition to cash compensation at
replacement rates for affected structure and free salvageable materials.
8.7 VULNERABILITY ALLOWANCE
Lumpsum amount of Rs. 50,000/- as vulnerable allowance will be paid to each identified
vulnerable household in addition to compensation against lost assets. Moreover, provision
of project related jobs based on the skill of an individual will also be provided.
8.8 PROJECT AFFECTEES ALLOWANCE
The earning of the daily wage workers working in shop/hotels and at petrol pump would
also be severely affected due to loss of business by creation of reservoir. They will be given
Project Affectees Allowance equal to their three months i.e. about Rs 30,000/daily wage
worker.
8.9 COMPENSATION COSTOF AFFECTED TREES
The construction of project components would involve acquisition of 5676 trees (4298 fuel
wood, 627 timber, 751 fruit trees) varying from small to tall size. The market value of each
tree varies according to size and type of tree.
.The cost of a fruit tree is calculated keeping in view the fruit bearing age to the final age of
a tree. For example, the cost of a tall walnut tree is calculated by using the formula given in
the rate list i.e. fruit bearing period x annual average yield (Kg or dozen) x whole sale
price/kg.
The fruit bearing period for walnut is 30years and its annual average production is 80-
120kg. The whole sale price of one walnut tree is Rs.40/kg. By putting these values in the
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formula, taking the average annual yield 100kg, the cost of one walnut tree becomes
Rs.120,000/-.By taking the 60% of the total cost, the cost of a medium tree is calculated
whereas by taking 40% of the total cost, the cost of a small tree is calculated. The same
formula is applied for the all other fruit trees.
According to the prevailing market rates, the cost of timber trees such as Kail, Shisham,
Cheer is Rs. 70 per cu.ft. Rs.121/cu.ft and Rs. 32/cu.ft respectively. The cost of remaining
fuel wood trees like Kiker, Sufaida is Rs.100/cu.ft. Based on the information collected, it is
estimated that a single tree on an average would yield about 70 cu. ft. of wood. Accordingly
the cost of timber and fuel wood trees have been calculated. The total cost of 5676 trees to
be acquired is estimated at Rs. 8,513,865 for compensation. It is to be pointed out that final
inventory of the tree losses are under process by the involvement of the forest and revenue
department. Upon completion of the inventory of the trees final estimates will be updated in
the RAP.
8.10 RELOCATION OF GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURES
The creation of reservoir would result in relocation of government and community
infrastructures as given in Table 8.1 The relocation cost of these infrastructures stood at
Rs. 23,350,000/- Relocation cost of roads and bridges will be included in the project cost
estimates.
8.11 MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING COST
The management and monitoringg plan of Karot Hydropower Project has been discussed in
the Chapter 7. The staff of Environmental and Social Development Division (ESDC) will be
mainly responsible to look after environmental management and resettlement activities as
is evident from Tables 7.1 and 7.2. An amount of Rs. 35,900,000/- has been provided as
management and monitoring cost including cost of external monitoring.
8.12 SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL UPLIFT COST
Socio-Environmental uplift cost in terms of provision of facilities such as education, health
and development of parks to the people of the project area has been worked out at Rs.
250,000,000/-
8.13 CONTINGENCIES
The estimates of the foregoing costs are based on available data and current market
conditions. A contingency provision of 10% has been added to take into account variations
from this data.
Table 8.1: Environmental and Resettlement Cost Estimate
Sr. #
Item Unit Quantity Rate
Rs./Unit Estimated Cost Rs.
A. Environmental Related Costs
• Monitoring and Management Cost
- Internal Monitoring Rs. 3personsx5 years
150,000/ person/ month
27,000,000
- Mitigation measures Rs. 5 years Lumsump 40,00,000
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Sr. #
Item Unit Quantity Rate
Rs./Unit Estimated Cost Rs.
- Transport (one vehicle) Rs. 5years 40,000/ month
2,400,000
- External Monitoring Rs. 5years Lumsump 25,00,000
Sub – Total A. 35900000
B. Resettlement Related Costs
B.1 Land Acquisition*
iii) Due to construction of dam and its anicillaries in Karot village
- Private cultivated Land Acre 38 856,000 32528000
- Private barren Land Acre 261.87 296000 77513520
- Area under Government Structures Acre 21 000 000
- Area under housing Acre 1.65 1000,000 1650000
- Area under Community Structures Acre .50 000 000
- River Bed Acre 69.12 000 000
iv) Due to construction of dam and its
anicillaries in Hollar village
- Private cultivated Land Acre 11.67 856,000 9989520
- Private barren Land Acre 57.08 296000 16895680
- Government Land Acre 122.93 000 000
• Reservoir Area
- River Bed/Government land
Acre 369.64 000 0000
- Private Barren land Acre 1288.59 296,000 381,422,640
519,999,360
15% CAS 77,999,904
Sub - Total 597,999,264
B.2. Cost of Affected Houses
• Category B (71 No house) m2 23073 9052.739 208,873,847
• Category C ( 1 No houses) m2 759 4323.477 3,281,519
• Other structures including cattle shed m2 7403 4323.477 32,006,700
244,162,066
15% CAS 36,624,310
Sub - Total 280,786,376
B.3. Cost of Commercial Assets
50 Nos.Shops m2 650 4323.477 2,810,260
09 Nos. Hotels/restorants m2 225 4323.477 972,782
18 Nos,Wooden Cabens Lumsump 450,000
1 No.Petrol pump m2 500 9052.739 4,526,370
8,759,412
15% CAS 1,313,911
Sub - Total 10,073,323
B.4. Cost of Affected Trees**
- Fruit Trees No. 751 variable 3,218,205
- Fuel wood Trees No. 4298 variable 4,804,500
- Timber Trees No. 627 variable 491,160
Sub - Total 8,513,865
B.5. Relocation of Community Structure
- Mosque Lumsump 30,000,00
- Graveyard Shrine / Protection Wall - - Lumsump 10,00,000
Sub – Total 40,00,000
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Sr. #
Item Unit Quantity Rate
Rs./Unit Estimated Cost Rs.
B.6. Relocation of Government Structures
Police Check post No. 1 Lumsump 1,000,000
Forest Check post No. 1 Lumsump 1,000,000
Rest house Building No. 1 Lumsump 3,000,000
Tourism Building No. 1 Lumsump 1,000,000
Hydrological gauge room No. 1 Lumsump 1,000,000
132 Kv Grid Station (provision of protection wall) No. 1 Lumsump 2,000,000
11Kv. Electric Poles No. 35 10,000 350,000
Primary School No 02 Lumsump 10,000,000
Relocation of Kahuta-Kotli Road km - - 0
Relocation of Kahuta Azad Pattan Road km - - 0
Sub – Total 19,350,000
B.7. Vulnerable Allowance
- Vulnerable Persons No 6 50,000 300,000
Sub – Total 300,000
B.8. Business Loss Allowance
Shops No 50 30,000 x 3
months
4,500,000
Hotels No 09 45000*3 1,215,000
Wooden Cabins No 18 15000*3 810,000
Petrol Pump No 1 150000*3 450,000
Sub-Total 6,570,000
B.9. Project Affectees Allowance
Daily wages workers working in Shop/Hotels and
Petrol Pump No 32 30000x3 2,880,000
Sub-Total 2,880,000
B.10 Socio-Environmental Uplift Programme
- Provision of Facilities Lumsump 250,000,000
Sub-Total 250,000,000
Total (A+B) 1,216,372,828
C. Contingencies - - 10% 121,637,282
Grand Total (A+B+C) Rs. 1,338,010,110
* Exclusive of river bed land
** Exclusive of Government owned trees
8.14 RESETTLEMENT BUDGET
The outlay of resettlement budget as given above amounts to Rs. 1,338,010,110 /-. The
Company is committed to provide funding for the estimated amount of Rs. 338 million. The
Company will assure that the amounts of money assessed and finally approved for
compensation, financial assistance and socio-environmental uplift programme are paid to
the genuine persons losing land, houses and other economic assets well in advance of
actual possession of land/assets and also well in advance from the start of the construction.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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CHAPTER – 9
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
9.1 INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study has been conducted in line with the
requirements of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, AJ&K – EP Act 2000 as well
as those of IFC PSs and guidelines. The objective of the study was to update the ESIA
study, conducted by SMEC in 2009, in lines with requirement of IFC.
The Report includes Public Consultation with the affected communities in the project area in
order to apprise them of the project activities and to obtain their views and concerns.
9.2 CONCLUSIONS
The major conclusions of the ESIA are;
During the project implementation, environmental and social impacts would be
experienced primarily during construction and operation phases. The potentially
significant impacts on the social, physical and biological environment of construction
and operation phases will be reduced / mitigated to acceptable levels provided that
the EMSP is implemented in a true spirit. This has been confirmed during field
surveys.
The possible impacts have been duly considered during design phase. Such impacts
which would occur during construction/operation phases include the following:
- Land acquisition
- Loss of houses
- Business enterprises
- Economic trees
- Disposal of excavated material
- Soil erosion
- Water pollution
- Effect on ambient air quality caused by vehicle exhaust
- Kicked-up dust
- Noise pollution
- Safety hazards
- Workers and public health concerns for the nearby communities.
The habitat loss, tree cutting, displacement would occur during construction and
operation phases.
The key environmental issues during design, construction and operation phases of
the project include bank stability of the river, dam safety and safety hazards for the
staff requiring site specific ESMP.
All the recommended mitigation measures are contained in the Environmental and
Social Management Plan (ESMP), which will need to be made part of the Contract.
The plan provides for the requisite setup during the project implementation, defining
roles and responsibilities of key players.
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
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Jhelum River basin is vulnerable to climate and flow regime changes and we must
acknowledge that action is needed urgently to cope with rapidly changing scenario &
for further viability, continuity and sustainability of fishery therein.
The contractor will be required to prepare an SSEMP including temporary traffic
management, materials management master plan, waste management plan, blasting
management plan, oil spill management plan and HSE plan. The SSEMP should be
deliverable by the contractors and approved by EPA- Punjab and AJK and IFC before
construction commences.
A stand-alone Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has been developed and made part of
the EIA study to provide framework to address the involuntary resettlement issues
and to guide through the compensation assessment and disbursement process. The
relevant provisions of RAP will also be made part of the Contract.
The proposed mitigation measures address potentially significant impacts and
concerns raised by all stakeholders
The overall findings of the environmental and social impact assessment show that the
project is environmentally and socially viable provided that the mitigation measures
are completely and effectively implemented.
9.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of the environmental and social impact assessment the following
recommendations are made:
The project owner has decided to acquire both Karot village and a part of Hollar
village for project intervention. It is estimated that all 50 families with a population of
337 affected persons will be compensated as a preferred option.
The Environmental and Social Management Plan will be made a part of the
Contract awarded by the Company for project implementation.
The Company will follow the RAP for addressing the involuntary resettlement issues
primarily pertaining to land acquisition and compensation for houses, business
enterprises and other economic assets.
The contractor will ensure to prepare SSEMP including temporary traffic
management, waste management plan, blasting management plan, oil spill
management plan and HSE plan. The SSEMP should be deliverable by the
contractors and approved by both EPAs and IFC before construction commences.
The Company will ensure adherence to the environmental legislation and
regulations.
The Company/contractor(s) will employ local labour as far as possible.
REFERENCES
Updated Environmental & 720 MW Karot Hydropower Project Social Impact Assessment
-1- January 2015
REFERENCES
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of Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. 11 October 2000.
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3. ADB OM Section F1/OP, March 2010
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2009.
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Conservation Union Pakistan, 2 Islamia Road, Cantonment, Peshawar. 1996.
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Publication Identification of Hydropower Development Potential ,Kaghan Valley, Vol-
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25. The World Bank, Environment Department, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I:
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX – I
NATIOAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS
Appendix - I
Selected NEQSforWaste Effluents
Parameter
Unit Standards(maximum
allowable limit)
Temperatureincrease C <3 pH value(acidity/basicity) p
H 6/9
5-day biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD) at 20°C
mg/l
80
Chemicaloxygen demand (COD) mg/l
150
Total suspended solids mg/l
200
Totaldissolved solids mg/l
3,500 Greaseand oil m
g/l 10 Phenoliccompounds(asphenol) m
g/l 0.1
Chloride(asCl) mg/l
1,000 Fluoride(asF) m
g/l 10 Sulfate(SO4) m
g/l 600
Sulfide(S) mg/l
1.0
Ammonia (NH3) mg/l
40 Cadmium m
g/l 0.1
Chromium(trivalent and hexavalent) mg/l
1.0
Copper mg/l
1.0
Lead mg/l
0.5
Mercury mg/l
0.01 Selenium m
g/l 0.5
Nickel mg/l
1.0
Silver mg/l
1.0
Totaltoxicmetals mg/l
2.0
Zinc mg/l
5.0
Arsenic mg/l
1.0
Barium mg/l
1.5
Iron mg/l
8.0
Manganese mg/l
1.5
Boron mg/l
6.0
Chlorine mg/l
1.0
Notes: 1. Thestandardassumesthatdilutionof1:10ondischargeisavailable.Thatis,foreachcubicmeter oftreated
effluent, therecipient water body shouldhave10 m3 ofwaterfor dilutionofthiseffluent. 2. Toxicmetalsincludecadmium,chromium,copper,lead,mercury,selenium,nickelandsilver.Theeffluentshould
meet theindividual standardsforthesemetalsaswell asthe standardfortotaltoxic metal concentration. Source:GovernmentofPakistan (2000) (SRO549 (I)/2000).
Appendix - I
NEQS for Industrial Gaseous Emissions
Parameter
Source ofEmission Standards(maximu
m allowable
limit)
Smoke
Smokeopacity not to exceed 40%or 2RinglemannScaleor
equivalent smokenumber
Particulate matter1
(a)Boilersand furnaces: i.Oilfired 3
00
ii. Coal fired 500
iii.Cement Kilns 300
(b) Grinding, crushing,clinkercoolersand related processes,metallurgicalprocesses, converters, blast furnacesandcupolas
500 Hydrogen Chloride Any 400
Chlorine Any 150
Hydrogen fluoride Any 150
Hydrogen sulphide Any 10
Sulphur Oxides2,3
Sulfuricacid/Sulphonicacid plants 5,000 Other Plantsexcept power
Plantsoperatingon oil and coal
1,700
Carbon Monoxide Any 800
Lead Any 50 Mercury Any 10 Cadmium Any 20 Arsenic Any 20 Copper Any 50 Antimony Any 20 Zinc Any 200
OxidesofNitrogen 3
Nitricacid manufacturingunit 3,000 Other plantsexcept power plantsoperatingon
oilor coal:
i. Gasfired 400
ii.Oilfired 600
iii.Coal fired 1,200 Explanations:
1. Basedontheassumptionthatthe sizeofthe particulate is10 micronor more. 2. Basedon1%Sulphur content infueloil. Highercontent of Sulphurwill causestandardstobepro-rated. 3. InrespectofemissionsofSulphurdioxideandnitrogenoxides,thepowerplantsoperatingonoilandcoalasfuel
shallinadditiontoNEQS specifiedabove, comply withthe standardsprovidedseparately. 4. Unitsareinmg/Nm
3 unlessotherwisestated
Source:GovernmentofPakistan (2000) (SRO549 (I)/2000).
2-20
Appendix - I
National Environmental Quality Standards for Ambient Air9
Pollutants
Time- Weighted Average
ConcentrationinAmbientAir Method of
Measurement Effectivefrom1
st
July 2010
Effectivefrom 1
stJanuary2013
Sulfur Dioxide(SO2)
Annual Average*
80µg/m3 80µg/m
3 Ultraviolet Fluorescence
24hours** 120µg/m3 120µg/m
3
OxidesofNitrogen as(NO)
Annual Average*
40µg/m3 40µg/m
3
Gas Phase Chemiluminescence
24hours** 40µg/m3 40µg/m
3
OxidesofNitrogen as(NO2)
Annual Average*
40µg/m3 40µg/m
3
Gas Phase Chemilumi nescence
24hours** 80µg/m3 80µg/m
3
Ozone(O3)
1hour 3 180µg/m
3 130µg/m
Non-dispersive UV absorption
Suspended ParticulateMatter (SPM)
Annual Average*
3 400µg/m
3 360µg/m
High Volume Sampling, (Average flow rate not
lessthan1.1m3/minute). 24hours** 550µg/m
3 500µg/m
3
Respirable ParticulateMatter. PM10
Annual Average*
3 200µg/m
3 120µg/m
βRayabsorption
24hours** 250µg/m3 150µg/m
3
Respirable ParticulateMatter. PM2.5
Annual Average*
25µg/m3 15µg/m
3
βRayabsorption 24hours** 40µg/m
3 35µg/m
3
1hour 25µg/m3 15µg/m
3
Lead(Pb)
Annual Average*
1.5µg/m3 1.0µg/m
3 ASS Method after
samplingusingEPM2000 or equivalent Filter paper 24hours** 2.0µg/m
3 1.5µg/m3
CarbonMonoxide (CO)
8hours** 5mg/m3 5mg/m
3 Non-DispersiveInfra-
Red (NDI
R)
1hour 10mg/m3 10mg/m
3
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
** 24 hourly /8 hourly values should be met 98% of the inayear.2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two Consecutive days. Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO1062 (I)/2010).
9Fulltext oftheStandardsisavailableat thePak-EPA website:
(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
2-21
Appendix - I
NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise for In-use Vehicles10
Sr. No.
Parameter Standard (Maximum
Permissible Limit)
MeasuringMethod
Applicability
1
Smoke
40%or 2on theRinglemann Scale during engine accelerationmode.
To becomparedwith Ringlemann Chart at a distance6or more.
Immediate effect
2
Carbon Monoxide
6%
Under idling conditions:Non- dispersiveinfrared detection throughgasanalyzer.
3
Noise
85dB(A). Sound meterat 7.5metersfromthe source.
NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise for New Diesel Vehicles, Passenger Cars and Light Commercial
Vehicles (g/Km)
Typeof Vehicle
Category/Class
Tiers
CO HC+ NOx
PM Measuring
Method
Applicability
Passenger Cars
M1:with reference mass(RW)up to 2500 kg. Carswith RWover 2500kgto meetNI categorystandards.
Pak-II IDI 1.00
0.70
0.08 NEDC(ECE
15+ EUDCL)
Allimported andlocal
manufactured diesel vehicles
witheffect from 01-07-
2012
Pak-II DI
1.00
0.90
0.10
Light Commercial Vehicles
NI-I (RW<1250kg) Pak-II IDI 1.0
0 0.70
0.08 Pak-II DI 1.0
0 0.90
0.10 NI-II (1250kg<RW <1700kg0
Pak-II IDI 1.25
1.00
0.12 Pak-II DI 1.2
5 1.30
0.14
NI-III (RW>1700kg) Pak-II IDI 1.5
0 1.20
0.17 Pak-II DI 1.5
0 1.60
0.20 Parameter
Standard (maximum permissible limit) MeasuringMethod
Noise
85dB(A) Sound meterat 7.5metersfromthe
source.
10FulltextoftheStandardsisavailableat thePak-
EPAwebsite:(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
2-22
Appendix - I
NEQSfor Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise for New Diesel Vehicles, Heavy Duty Diesel Engines and Large
Goods Vehicles (g/Kwh)
Typeof Vehicle
Category/ Class
Tiers
CO
HC
NOx
PM Measuring
Method
Applicability
HeavyDuty Diesel Engines
Trucksand
Buses
Pak-II
4.0
1.1
7.0
0.15
ECE-R-49
All Imported and local manufactureddiesel vehicles with the effect1-7-2012 Largegood
s Vehicles
N2(2000and up
Pak-II
4.0
7.0
1.1
0.15
EDC
Parameter
Standard(maximumpermissiblelimit) MeasuringMethod Noise 85dB(A) Soundmeterat7.5metersfromthesource.
NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise for New Petrol Vehicles (g/km)
Typeof Vehicle
Category/ Class
Tiers
CO HC+ NOx
Measuring Method
Applicability
Passenger
M1:Withreference mass (RW)up to 2500kg. Cars with RWover 2500kg.to meet N1category standards
Pak-II
2.20
0.50
NEDC(ECE15+
EUDCL)
Allimported and new models* locally manufactured petrol vehicles
with effect from1
st
July, 2009**
Light Commercial Vehicles
N1-I (RW<1250kg) Pak-II 2.20 0.50 N1-II (1250kg>RW<1700 kg)
Pak-II
4.00
0.65
N1-III (RW>1700kg) Pak-II 5.00 0.80 Motor
Rickshaws&motor Cycles
2.4strokes<150cc Pak-II 5.50 1.50
ECER40 2.4strokes>150cc
Pak-II
5.50
1.30
Parameters Standard (maximum permissible limit) MeasuringMethod
Noise
85dB(A) Sound meterat 7.5metersfromthe
source DI: Direct Injection IDI: Indirect Injection EUDCL: Extra Urban Driving Cycle NEDC: New Urban Driving Cycle M: Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than eight seats in
Addition to the driver's seat N: Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods. * New model means both model and engine type change ** The existing models of petrol driven vehicles locally manufactured will immediately switch ever to Pak-I emission
standards but not later than 30th
June, 2012 Source: Government of Pakistan (2009) (SRO72 (KE)/2009).
Appendix - I
Table 2.9: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality 11
Properties/Parameters StandardValuesforPakistan Bacterial
Allwaterintendedfordrinking(E.ColiorThermo tolerantColiformbacteria)
Mustnotbedetectableinany100mlsamples
Treatedwaterenteringthedistributionsystem(E. Coliorthermo-tolerant coliformandtotalcoliform bacteria)
Mustnotbedetectableinany100mlsamples
Treatedwaterinthedistributionsystem(E.Colior thermo tolerant coliformand totalcoliform bacteria)
Mustnotbedetectableinany100mlsamples In caseoflargesupplies,wheresufficientsamplesare examined,mustnotbepresentin95%ofthesamples
takenthroughoutany12-monthperiod.
Physical
Color ≤15TCU
Taste Non-objectionable/Accept able
Odor Non-objectionable/Accept able
Turbidity <5NTU
TotalhardnessasCaCO3 <500mg/l
TDS <1000
pH 6.5–8.5
Chemical
EssentialInorganic mg/Liter
Aluminum(Al) ≤0.2
Antimony(Sb) ≤0.005(P)
Arsenic(As) ≤0.05(P)
Barium(Ba) 0.7
Boron(B) 0.3
Cadmium(Cd) 0.01
Chloride(Cl) <250
Chromium(Cr) ≤0.05
Copper(Cu) 2
ToxicInorganic mg/Liter
Cyanide(Cn) ≤0.05
Fluoride(F)* ≤1.5
Lead(Pb) ≤0.05
Manganese(Mn) ≤0.5
Mercury(Hg) ≤0.001
Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02
Nitrate(NO3)* ≤50
Nitrite(NO2)* ≤3(P)
Selenium(Se) 0.01(P)
Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5atconsumerend;0.5-1.5atsource Zinc(Zn) 5.0 Organic
Pesticidesmg/l PSQCA No. 4639-2004,Page No. 4 TableNo. 3 Serial
No. 20-58may beconsulted** Phenoliccompound(asphenols)mg/l WHOstandards:≤0.002
PolynuclearAromatichydrocarbon(asPAH)g/L WHOstandards:≤0.01v(byGC/MSmethod) Radioactive
AlphaEmittersbq/LorpCi 0.1
BetaEmitters 1 11
Fulltext oftheStandardsisavailableat thePak-EPAwebsite:(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm). * indicates priority health related in organic constituents which need regular monitoring. ** PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority. Source:Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO1063(I)/2010).
Appendix - I
Table 2.10:National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise12
CategoryofArea/Zone
Limit in dB(A)Leq* Effectivefrom1
st July 2010 Effectivefrom1
st July 2012
Day time Night time Day time Night time Residentialarea 6
5 50
55
45 Commercialarea 7
0 60
65
55 Industrial area 8
0 75
75
65 Silencezone 5
5 45
50
45 Notes:
1. Day time hours:6:00 a.m.to10:00 p.m. 2. Night time hours:10:00 p.m. to6:00 a.m. 3. Silence zone:Zones that are declared as such by the competent authority.An area comprising not less than 100m around the hospitals, educational institutions and courts. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-listed categories by the competent
authority. * dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound indecibels on Scale A which is relatable to human
hearing. Source:Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO1064(I)/2010).
APPENDIX – II
QUESTIONNAIRES
Appendix - II
Socio-Economic Survey of Karot Hydropower Project
Name of Interviewer: ------------------------ Date: ----------------------------------------
(a) Location -------------------------------- (b) Union Council: -----------------------
(c) Tehsil ------------------------------- (d) District: ---------------------------------
1 Name of Respondent -----------------------------------------
2 What is your father‟s name -----------------------------------------
3 What is your age
Age years 15 – 25 ---------------
25 – 35 ---------------
35 – 45 ---------------
Above 45 ---------------
4 Marital Status.
1. Married 2. Unmarried
5 What is your caste /ethnic group ----------------------------------
6 What is your educational qualification?
1. Illiterate 2. Primary 3. Middle
4. Matric 5. Intermediate 6. Above
7 What is your profession -------------------------------------
If business, nature of business ------------------------------------
Appendix - II
8 How much is your average monthly expenditure
Expenditure Rs. Less than 5000 -------------
5,001 – 15,000 -------------
15,001 – 30,000-------------
Above 30,000 -------------
9 What is your average monthly income?
Income Rs. Less than 5,000 --------------------
5,001 – 15,000 --------------------
15001 – 25000 --------------------
25,001 – 40,000--------------------
Above 40,000 --------------------
10 Do you get any loan during last year
If yes reasons _‟
Sources
1. Bank 2. Relatives 3. Money Lender
Loan Interest (%) _‟
11 What is type of your family system?
1. Joint 2. Nuclear
12 What is employment status of your family members
1. Govt. Employee 2. Private Employee
3.
Self Employed
4.
Unemployed
5.
Others
Appendix - II
13 What are your major sources of income
1. Agriculture 2. General Labor
3.
Trade /Business
4.
Service
5.
Any other
14 What is type of ownership of your house
1. Self Owned 2. Rented
3.
Others
15 What is nature of construction of your house
1. Pacca 2. Semi-pacca
16 Which of the following facilities are available in your house
1. Electricity 2. Water Supply
3.
Gas
4.
Telephone
5.
Sewerage
17 What is your landholding size_ (acres)
1. Cultivated land (acres)
2. Un-cultivated land_ (acres)
3. Forest Land_ (acres)
4. Others _(acres)
18 What is your cultivation status
1. Owner cultivator 2. Tenant 3. Owner cum Tenant
Appendix - II
19 What are the sources of water for your domestic use
1. Water Supply 2. Hand Pumps 3. Spring
4. Canal 5. Any other
20 What are the sources of water for irrigation
1. Spring 2. Canal 3. Tube wells
4.
Any other
21 What kind of livestock do you have_
1. Livestock management practices 2.
3.
22 in your opinion, should this Project be implemented here
1. Yes 2. No
If yes, then reasons If no, then reasons
----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
23 In your opinion, what will be possible impacts of this Project
During Construction -----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
After Construction -----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
Appendix - II
24 What kinds of your assets will be affected due to proposed project
i) Land / ii) House iii) Business / Shop
iv) Water Resources _v) Public Assets
Vi) Trees_ _vii) Others
25 Do you have any alternative land/ plot for shifting of your house
26 What kind of compensation do you want
i) Cash_ _ii) Land iii) Other_
27 In case of relocation / rehabilitation, what will be your optional
i) Self Arrangement
ii) ii) Relocation / rehabilitation by the Department
28 What protective measures do you suggest to safeguard your interests
----------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------
Appendix - II
Women Survey
1. Name: ----------------------------------------W/O:-----------------------------------------------
2. Age:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Occupation:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Married / Unmarried / Widow:----------------------------------------------------------------
5. Children:-------------------- -Male:---------------------------Female:------------------------
6. Skills You Know:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Needs Additional Skills:------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Do You Work in Farm:-------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Health Status / illness / type:-----------------------------------------------------------------
10. Role in Family Decisions: ---------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Development Needs:---------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. Priority Needs:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
•
•
•
13. Project Awareness:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix - II
Proforma for Village Profile
Karot Hydropower Project
1. Identification Name of Site: __________________________
i. Village / Sector ii. Tehsil
iii. Union Council: iv. District
2. Access Road
Metalled (km):
_________
Katcha (km):
____________
Total Distance (km):
_________
3. Population
Total: Households: (Nos.)
4. Family System
Nuclear: % Joint: % Extended: %
5. Housing
Kacha: Pacca: Semi
Pacca
Tota:
6. Income (Rupees/Month) Average
5000 to 10,000
10,001 to 20,000
20,001 to above
7. Ethnicity
Sr. No Caste Number of
Household
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Appendix - II
8. Languages Spoken in the Village:
i. Kashmiri ii. Urdu
iii. Punjabi iv. Others
9. Occupation:
Sr.
No Main Occupations
Number of
Household Percentage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total
10. Education Facilities:
Description No’s of institutions
Yes No Govt Private Boys Girls
Primary School
Middle School
High School
Inter College
Degree College
Madrassa
Any
other(Specify)
Appendix - II
11. Health Facilities:
Facility Within Village Exists Functional If Non Functional
(Reasons) Yes No Yes No
Hospital (Government/
Private)
Basic Health Unit
Rural Health Unit
Child Immunization Center
Dispensary
Hakeem/practitioners
12. Common Diseases in the Village:
i. Malaria ii. Typhoid
iii. Polio iv. T.B
v. Diarrahea vi. Hapatitis
vii. Skin
Diseases
viii. Eye
Diseases
xi) Any other:
13. Civic Infrastructure:
Type of Amenity Available in the
Village
Available in
Nearby Village /
Locality
Distance from the
Village (km)
Electricity
Gas
Roads
Telephone (Land
Line)
Post Office
Bank
Mosque
Graveyard
Other
Appendix - II
14. Source of Drinking Water
Tap/Water
Supply:
Spring: Stream/Canal: Other:
15. Water Quality:
Partially
Fit: Unfit: Fit:
16. Source of Irrigation Water
i. Canal: ii. Tube
well:
iii. Well:
iv. Stream: v. Spring: vi. Other
(Specify):
17. Cropping Pattern and Yield
Rabi Crops Yield (kg/Acre) Kharif Crops: Yield
(kg/Acre)
i. i.
ii. ii.
iii. iii.
iv. iv.
v. v.
18. Livestock (Nos.)
Buffaloes:
_____________________
Sheep:
_______________________
Cows:
________________________
Camel:
_______________________
Goat:
________________________
Appendix - II
19. Leadership Pattern
Who is the most influential person in the village?
i) MNA
ii) MPA
iii) Member of Union Council
iv) Religious Leader
v) Educated Person/Teacher
vi) Social Worker
VII) Others
20. Conflict Resolution
How conflicts are resolved?
i) Jirga/Punchayat
ii) Caste Head
iii)Family Head
iv)Court
v) Others
21. Gender
i. In which activities women participate?
ii. Do women contribute in household income? Yes: No:
If yes, in what ways? i) Embroidery ii) Cattle Rearing iii) Poultry iv) Other
Appendix - II
iii. Are women consulted in decision making
matters?
Yes: No:
If yes; in what matters?
22. Is there any industry in your village or in the vicinity?
If yes; which Industry? Yes: No:
23. Does any NGO or CBO exist in the Village?
If yes; explain their role? Yes: No:
i. Health: ii. Water
Supply:
iii. Education: iv. Roads:
v. Other
(Specify):
24. Do there Exists any Vulnerable Households in the Village?
Yes: No:
If yes, give details:
i. Widows Nos.
ii. Handicaps Nos.
iii. Homeless Nos.
iv. Others
(Specify)
Nos.
Appendix - II
25. State the Pressings needs of the Village?
i. Education: ii. Water
Supply:
iii. Electricity: iv. Health:
v. Roads:
i.List of Participants/ Respondents
Sr. No. Name Father’s
Name Village / Settlement Contact No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Interviewer: Date:
Socio- economic Profile and Census Survey for Project Affected Person
Tehsil
District
Location by Stretch/ by Project Site
Date :
Community / Village
Questionnaire No.
PERSONAL INFORMATION
AP Name Father's Name
Appendix - II
Education (Select any one option)
1)
Primary
2) Middle
3) Matric
4)
Intermediate
5) Graduate
6) Master
7)Illiterate
Primary Occupation (Select any one option) (More options can be added)
1) Farmer
2) Service
3) Businessman / Trader
4) Skilled Labourer
5) Army and Police
6) house wife
7) govt service
8) Retired
9) Private Service
10) Unskilled Labourer
11) Unemployed
12) Fisherman
13) Small enterprises
14) Household chores
15) Student
16)
Shepherd
17) Others:
Age (Select any one option)
1) 18 - 25
2) 25 - 35
3) 35 - 45
4) 45 - 55
5) 55 - 65
6) Above 65
If primary occupation is 'Others', Specify primary occupation
Gender (Select any one option)
1) Male
2) Female
Monthly Income (Rs.)
Marital Status (Select any one option)
1) Married
2) Unmarried
Appendix - II
3) Separated
4) Widow
5) Widower
Religion (Select any one option)
1) Muslim
2) Christian
3) Ahmadi / Qadiani
4) Hindu
Social Group (Select any one option) 1) Local
2) Non-local
3) other
If Religion is 'Others', Specify Religion
If Social Group is 'Others', Specify Social Group
Family Type 1) Joint
2) Nuclear
3) Extended
Handicap Status 1) Yes
2) No
S.No Questions Options
1 Tribal Affiliation
(Select any one option)
Kashmiri
Rajput
Gujar
Mughal
Awan
Other
2 Vulnerability
(Multiple Selection)
Ethnic Minority
Landless
Disabled
Female Headed Household
No
Appendix - II
3 Affected person's property in affected area?
(Multiple Selection)
Trees
Commercial Objects
Barren Land
Agricultural Land
House
House + Agricultural land
4 Credit Availability
If yes ,what is your Source of credit
Purpose of loan
Yes No
1Government,2Private/relatives
/shopkeepers/well-off families
Domestic use
Social need such as marriages,
birth ceremonies, funerals,
health and education
FAMILY INFORMATION
*Please Specify the codes wherever applicable selecting from the list
Note : In Family Information APs details should not be included
Appendix - II
S.No.
Name *Relation
*Marital Status
*Age
Annual Income
Gender (M / F)
Handicap (Yes / No)
*Occupation
*Education
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Appendix - II
Relationship
1)
Father
2)
Mother
3)
Son
4)
Daughter
5)
Brother
6)
Sister
7)
Husband
8)
Wife
9)
Other
Marital Status
1) Married
2) Unmarried
3) Divorce
4) Separated
5) Widow
6) Widower
Age Slabs
1) 0 - 3
2) 3 - 5
3) 5 - 8
4) 8 - 10
5) 10 - 13
6) 13 - 15
7) 15 - 18
8) 18 - 25
9) 25 - 35
10) 35 - 45
11) 45 - 55
12) 55 - 65
13) Above 65
14 Not Available
Occupation (More options can be added)
1) Army and Police
2) Businessman / Trader
3) Farmer
4) Fisherman
5) govt service
6) house wife
7) Private Service
8) Retired
9) Service
10)
Shepherd
11)
Skilled Labourer
12)
Unemployed
13 Unskilled Labourer
14)
Others
Education (More options can be added)
1) Graduate
2) Illiterate
3) Intermediate
4) Literate
5) Master
6) Middle
7) Post Graduate
8) Primary
9) Read and Write
10)
Secondary
Appendix - II
S.No Asset (More can be added)
Quantity large Middle Small
1 Walnut
2 Apple
3 Apricot
4 Pear
5 Peach
6 Cherry
7 Plum
8 Grapes
9 Mulberry
Appendix - II
10 Deodar
11 Blue pine
12 Kiker
13 Safeda
14 Daraba
15 Chir
16 Balkald
17 Sherol
18 Shesham
19 Others
ASSET INFORMATION TREE ASSETS
LIVESTOCK ASSETS
S.No Asset (More can be
added)
Quantity *Extent of
Damage
Value of Agreed Loss
(Rs.)
1 Buffaloes
2 Camel
3 Cows
4 Donkey
5 Goats
6 Horse
7 Mule
8 Others
9 Ox
10 Poultry
Appendix - II
11 Sheep
Public and Community Assets
Structure 1
Khasra
Number
Options
Asset Type
(More
Options can
be added)
1) Boundary
Wall
2) Bridge
3) Cattle House
4) Farm House
5) Irrigation
Channel
6) Latrine / Bath
Room
7) Madrasa
8) Mosque
9) Police Station
10) Fish
Hatchery
11) Qabrustan
(Graveyard)
12) Retaining
Wall / Protection
Bund
13) Sanglakh
(Rocky Land)
14) Shamlat
15) Store /
Stable
16) Verandah
17)11 kv Polls
18) Water Tank /
Pond
Structure 2
Khasra
Number
Options
Asset Type
(More
Options can
be added)
1) Boundary
Wall
2) Bridge
3) Cattle House
4) Farm House
5) Irrigation
Channel
6) Latrine / Bath
Room
7) Madrasa
8) Mosque
9) Police Station
10) Fish
Hatchery
11) Qabrustan
(Graveyard)
12) Retaining
Wall / Protection
Bund
13) Sanglakh
(Rocky Land)
14) Shamilat
15) Store /
Stable
16) Verandah
17) 11 kv Polls
18) Water Tank /
Pond
Structure 3….. and so on if
required
Khasra
Number
Options
Asset Type
(More
Options can
be added)
1) Boundary
Wall
2) Bridge
3) Cattle
House
4) Farm
House
5) Irrigation
Channel
6) Latrine /
Bath Room
7) Madrasa
8) Mosque
9) Police
Station
10) Fish
Hatchery
11)
Qabrustan
(Graveyard)
12) Retaining
Wall /
Protection
Bund
13) Sanglakh
(Rocky Land)
Appendix - II
19) Wooden
Cabin
Ownership 1) Self Owned
2) Tenant
Construction
Type
A) Kutcha
B) Semi Pucca
C) Pucca
Legal Asset 1) Yes
2) No
Area of the
Asset
*Extent of
Damage
Value of
Agreed Loss
19) Wooden
Cabin
Ownership 1) Self Owned
2) Tenant
Construction
Type
A) Kutcha
B) Semi Pucca
C) Pucca
Legal Asset 1) Yes
2) No
Area of the
Asset
*Extent of
Damage
Value of
Agreed Loss
14) Shamilat
15) Store /
Stable
16) Verandah
17) 11 kv
Polls
18) Water
Tank / Pond
19) Wooden
Cabin
Ownership 1)
Self
Owned
2) Tenant
Construction
Type
A) Kutcha
B) Semi
Pucca
C) Pucca
Legal Asset 1) Yes
2) No
Area of the
Asset
*Extent of
Damage
Value of
Agreed Loss
Appendix - II
RESIDENTIAL ASSET
Residence Details
(The Address of Residence is what Provided in Personal Details)
Ownership 1) Self Owned
2) Tenant
Land Ownership 1) Encroached
2) Self
Asset Legal 1) Yes
2) No
Khasra Number
Asset Value
Asset Rent
Asset Area
*Extent of Damage
Value of Agreed Loss
Extra Questions for QUALITY OF LIFE Information
S.No Questions Options
1 No. of rooms?
(Select any one option)
Above 6
6,5,4,3,2,1
2 Kitchen available?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
Appendix - II
3 Toilet / bathroom?
(Select any one option)
Proper toilet in house
Open field
4 Waste disposal
(Select any one option)
Garbage collection
Community system
Open field
5 Electricity available?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
6 Piped water supply?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
7 Telephone / mobile facility?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
Extra Questions for ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATIONS
Sno Questions Options
1 Are there NGOs active in your Village?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
2 Are you a member of that NGO?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
Appendix - II
Extra Questions for LEVEL OF INFORMATION
S.No Questions Options
1 If you have to abandon your cultivated land, how does
it affect you and your family?
(Select any one option)
Severely
No
Yes
2 In case you lose your source of income because of
project and get compensation, what type of assistance
you may require for your livelihood Restoration?
(Multiple Selection)
Imparting of vocational
training
Commercial plot in nearby
place
Restoration of labour market
Employment in project related
activities
3 What will you do if your home or land is submerged in
the project?
(Select any one option
Will go somewhere else by
own choice
Project should provide
resettlement
Extra Questions for STATUS OF WOMEN Information
Sno Questions Options
1 Do you own any property in your name?
(Multiple Selection)
Any other property
Livestock
House
Land
Appendix - II
2 In case property is owned, how much?
(Multiple Selection)
4 & above
3-4 No.
1-2 No.
4.1 & above
2.1-4 Kanals
1-2 Kanals
3 Which of the health facilities are available in your
village?
(Multiple Selection)
Hakim
Private Doctor
Dispensary
BHU
Hospital
4 In case of sickness who takes you to hospital?
(Select any one option)
Alone
Mother-in-law
Father-in-law
Husband
5 Are you involved in marriage of children?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
6 Are you involved in sale and purchase of property?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
7 Are you involved in sale and purchase of livestock?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
8 Are you involved in deciding to send children to
school?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
9 Are you involved in family planning decisions? No
Appendix - II
(Select any one option) Yes
10 Are you involved in decisions to attend social
functions?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
11 Food is served first to whom?
(Select any one option)
Females
Other male members
Husband
12 How often do you travel outside the village?
(Select any one option)
Never
Seldom
Once a year
Once a month
Almost every day
13 What are your specific household activities?
(Select any one option)
14 Are your involved in daily preparation of food?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
15 Are you involved in daily cleaning / housekeeping?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
16 Are you involved in daily looking after of family
members?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
17 What are you specific farm activities?
(Multiple Selection)
Vegetable sowing / harvesting
Grain stocking
Weeding
Fertilization / handling of crops
Crop irrigation
Appendix - II
Harvesting crops
Milking animals
Poultry farming
Livestock rearing
18 Is there any women organization in you village?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
19 Are you member of a village organization?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
20 Do you contribute in family income?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
21 If contributing to cash family income, then what are the
specific activities?
(Multiple Selection)
Nursing
Teaching
Embroidery
Stitching
22 Are you aware of the project?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
23 What will you do if your home or land is submerged in
the project?
(Select any one option)
Will go somewhere else by
own choice
Project should provide
24 Have you received any training?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
25 Are you willing to receive any training under this
project?
(Select any one option)
No
Yes
Appendix - II
26 If willing to receive training on project related jobs,
what type may be required?
(Multiple Selection)
Any other
Handicraft
Teaching
Embroidery
Sewing / stitching
Date
_________________
Name of Interviewer
_________________________________
Appendix - II
Survey Proforma for Collection of Physical and Biological Environment Data
Karot Hydropower Project
1. Project Name …………………………………………………………….
2. Location…………………………………………………………………...
3. Co-ordinates……………………………………………………………..
4. Physiography of the project area……………………………………
5. Geology / Rock ………………………………………………………….
6. Soil Conditions …………………………………………………………..
7. Land Use...............................................................................................
8. Groundwater:
Depth
Quality (Saline etc.)
9. Surface Water Quality
Quality………………………………………………………………………………………..
Color…………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Flood history.............................................................................................................
11. Climate
Air quality……………………………………………………………………………………...
Noise Level…………………………………………………………………………………….
Met Data from Nearest Met Station………………………………………………………...
12. Any Environmental Issues………………………………………………………………...
13. Flora
Natural Vegetation(……………………………………………………………………….…)
Forest Type/ Acreage (……………………………………………………………………..)
Endangered Species (………………………………………………………………………)
14. Agriculture
Crops (……………………………………………………………………………………….)
Appendix - II
Vegetables (………………………………………………………………………………..)
Fruits (……………………………………………………………………………………….)
15. Fauna
Rare and Endangered Species: ……………………..…………………………………
Species which Require Management:……………………………………………………
Species of Economic Significance …………………………………………………….
Species of Special Interest to Local Population or Tourists………………………
Aquatic Fauna of Commercial/ Recreational Value and Migratory Fish Species Along
with Their Spawning Ground…………………………………………………….
Migratory Route of Terrestrial, Aquatic as well as avi - Fauna
Livestock………………………………………………………………..
Fisheries……………………………………………………………………………………
16. Protected Areas
17. Livestock
18. Others
19. Officials interviews regarding physical and biological environment
Sr. # Date Name of Officials
Designation Department
APPENDIX – III
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONCERNS DURING STAKEHOLDER
CONSULTATIONS
Appendix - III
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONCERNS DURING STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Sr.
No Participants Name Community Main Concerns Consultants Response
1. Village: Hollar Venue: Highway Rest house Date: 29-06-2014
1. Muhammad Aslam**
2. Muhammad Younis
3. Abdul Qayyum
4. Muhammad Hanif
5. Amjad Hussain
6. Muhammad Sharif
7. Muhammad Latif
8. Muhammad Yasin
9. Munshi Khan
10. Mir Alam
11. Muhammad Qayyum
12. Mrs. Muhammad
Ajmal
13. Munir Hussain
14. Abid Hussain
15. Shabab Khan
16. Abdul Aziz
17. Muhammad Saleem
18. Mrs. Wazeera
Khatoon
19. Zafar Tanveer
20. Sakhawat Hussain
21. Muhammad Arif
22. Amir Hussain
Compensation should be
paid before start of the
construction of project.
Lack of Health facilities in
the village.
Job opportunities for
project area people
according to their
qualification.
There is scarce of land, so
rates to be based on
double than market rates.
People preferred to be
resettled at new site
provided by the project.
Lack of Medical Facilities,
Qualified doctors and
hospitals should be
provided.
Lacks of education,
students have to travel long
distances to go to school,
sufficient number of
schools and teachers
should be provided.
Mr. Naeem introduced himself
and his colleagues and briefed
the community about the
project.
Key points were;
Karot Hydropower project is to
be built at Karot Village.
The proposed Dam site is
accessed by Rawalpindi
/Islamabad Road.
The proposed dam and
powerhouse are located on the
Right bank of Jhelum River at
Karot Village.
The project will produce 720
MW Electricity; reservoir length
is 27 km, up to upstream of
Azad Pattan Bridge.
L and will be acquired up to
461-480 m due to creation of
Reservoir.
Agreed upon compensation will
be provided according to the
National and International
guidelines for your lost houses,
trees and land.
They were assured that their
issues and suggestion will be
taken in to consideration in the
report of RAP.
Described that land rate will be
decided after the negotiated by
AC and Community.
2. Village: : Karot Date: 29-06-2014
1. Raja Niaz Ahmed Compensation should be Mr. Naeem introduced himself
Appendix - III
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONCERNS DURING STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Sr.
No Participants Name Community Main Concerns Consultants Response
2. Manzoor Iqbal
3. Raja Iqbal
4. Raja Liaquat
5. Zahoor Ahmed
6. Muhammad Razzaq
7. Raja Rafaqat
8. Nadeem Younas
9. Muhammad Masood
10. Muhammasd Azam
11. Muhammad Shahzad
12. Qurban Ali
13. Muhammad Yousaf
14. Muhammad Yasin
15. Muhammad Suleman
16. Imtiaz Ahmad
17. Raja Jamil Akhtar
18. Maherban
19. Iftikhar Ahmad
20. Muhammad Karim
21. Saqib Mushtaq
22. Merban Hussain
23. Akbar Hussain
24. Muhammad Sharoon
25. Khalid Mehmood
26. Malik Mubashir
27. Raja Muhammad
28. Ahmad Nawaz
29. Muhammad Ishaq
30. Manzoor Hussain
31. Mansha khan
32. Rab Nawaz
33. Muhammad Nawaz
34. Muhammad Altaf
35. Raees Ahmad
36. Tafoor Ahmad
37. Hassan Akhtar
38. Sageer Hussian
paid before start of the
construction of project.
Lack of Health facilities in
the village.
Job opportunities for
project area people
according to their
qualification.
There is scarce of land, so
rates to be based on
double than market rates.
People preferred to be
resettled at new site
provided by the project.
Lack of Medical Facilities,
Qualified doctors and
hospitals should be
provided.
Lacks of education,
students have to travel long
distances to go to school,
sufficient number of
schools and teachers
should be provided.
and his colleagues and briefed
the community about the
project. Key points were;
Karot Hydropower project is to
be built at Karot Village.
The proposed Dam site is
accessed by Rawalpindi
/Islamabad Road.
The proposed dam and
powerhouse are located on the
Right bank of Jhelum River at
Karot Village.
The project will produce 720
MW Electricity; reservoir length
is 27 km, up to upstream of
Azad Pattan Bridge.
Land will be acquired up to
461-480 m due to creation of
Reservoir.
Agreed upon compensation will
be provided according to the
National and International
guidelines for your lost houses,
trees and land.
They were assured that their
issues and suggestion will be
taken in to consideration in the
report of RAP.
Described that land rate will be
decided after the negotiated by
AC and Community.
3. Village: Gorah Rajan Date: 30-06-2014
1. Zareen Ali Khan
2. Raja Muhammad Fiaz
3. Raja Majeed
Compensation should be
paid before start of the
construction of project.
Mr. Saleem introduced himself
and his colleagues and briefed
the community about the
project. Key points were;
Appendix - III
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONCERNS DURING STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Sr.
No Participants Name Community Main Concerns Consultants Response
4. Raja Zaheer
5. Raja Muhammad
Shanawaz
Lack of Health facilities in
the village.
Job opportunities for
project area people
according to their
qualification.
There is scarce of land, so
rates to be based on
double than market rates.
People preferred to be
resettled at new site
provided by the project.
Lack of Medical Facilities,
Qualified doctors and
hospitals should be
provided.
Lacks of education,
students have to travel long
distances to go to school,
sufficient number of
schools and teachers
should be provided.
Karot Hydropower project is to
be built at Karot Village.
The proposed Dam site is
accessed by Rawalpindi
/Islamabad Road.
The proposed dam and
powerhouse are located on the
Right bank of Jhelum River at
Karot Village.
The project will produce 720
MW Electricity; reservoir length
is 27 km, up to upstream of
Azad Pattan Bridge.
Land will be acquired up to
461-480 m due to creation of
Reservoir.
Agreed upon compensation will
be provided according to the
National and International
guidelines for your lost houses,
trees and land.
They were assured that their
issues and suggestion will be
taken in to consideration in the
report of RAP.
Described that land rate will be
decided after the negotiated by
AC and Community.
4. Village: Chak Sansu Venue: Grocery Shop Date: 29-06-2014
1. Abid Hassan
2. Master Zameer
Compensation should be
paid before start of the
construction of project.
Lack of Health facilities in
the village.
Mr. Saleem introduced himself
and his colleagues and briefed
the community about the
project. Key points were;
Karot Hydropower project is to
be built at Karot Village.
Appendix - III
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONCERNS DURING STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Sr.
No Participants Name Community Main Concerns Consultants Response
Job opportunities for
project area people
according to their
qualification.
There is scarce of land, so
rates to be based on
double than market rates.
People preferred to be
resettled at new site
provided by the project.
Lack of Medical Facilities,
Qualified doctors and
hospitals should be
provided.
Lacks of education,
students have to travel long
distances to go to school,
sufficient number of
schools and teachers
should be provided.
The proposed Dam site is
accessed by Rawalpindi
/Islamabad Road.
The proposed dam and
powerhouse are located on the
Right bank of Jhelum River at
Karot Village.
The project will produce 720
MW Electricity; reservoir length
is 27 km, up to upstream of
Azad Pattan Bridge.
Land will be acquired up to
461-480 m due to creation of
Reservoir.
Agreed upon compensation will
be provided according to the
National and International
guidelines for your lost houses,
trees and land.
They were assured that their
issues and suggestion will be
taken in to consideration in the
report of RAP.
Described that land rate will be
decided after the negotiated by
AC and Community.
5. Village: Soan Venue: Grocery Shop Date: 29-06-2014
1. Sabbir Hussain
2. Amjad Hussain
3. Pehelwan Khan
Compensation should be
paid before start of the
construction of project.
Lack of Health facilities in
the village.
Job opportunities for
project area people
according to their
Mr. Saleem introduced himself
and his colleagues and briefed
the community about the
project. Key points were;
Karot Hydropower project is to
be built at Karot Village.
The proposed Dam site is
accessed by Rawalpindi
Appendix - III
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONCERNS DURING STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Sr.
No Participants Name Community Main Concerns Consultants Response
qualification.
There is scarce of land, so
rates to be based on
double than market rates.
People preferred to be
resettled at new site
provided by the project.
Lack of Medical Facilities,
Qualified doctors and
hospitals should be
provided.
Lacks of education,
students have to travel long
distances to go to school,
sufficient number of
schools and teachers
should be provided.
/Islamabad Road.
The proposed dam and
powerhouse are located on the
Right bank of Jhelum River at
Karot Village.
The project will produce 720
MW Electricity; reservoir length
is 27 km, up to upstream of
Azad Pattan Bridge.
Land will be acquired up to
461-480 m due to creation of
Reservoir.
Agreed upon compensation will
be provided according to the
National and International
guidelines for your lost houses,
trees and land.
They were assured that their
issues and suggestion will be
taken in to consideration in the
report of RAP.
Described that land rate will be
decided after the negotiated by
AC and Community.
6. Village: Brohi Venue: Grocery Shop Date: 29-06-2014
1. Munir Hussain
2. Tanveer Hussain
3. Muhammad Yasin
4. Muhammad Shaban
5. Gul Abbas
6. Karamat Hussain
7. Shah Aslam
8. Muhammad Bashir
.
Compensation should be
paid before start of the
construction of project.
Lack of Health facilities in
the village.
Job opportunities for
project area people
according to their
qualification.
Mr. Saleem introduced himself
and his colleagues and briefed
the community about the
project. Key points were;
Karot Hydropower project is to
be built at Karot Village.
The proposed Dam site is
accessed by Rawalpindi
/Islamabad Road.
The proposed dam and
Appendix - III
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONCERNS DURING STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Sr.
No Participants Name Community Main Concerns Consultants Response
There is scarce of land, so
rates to be based on
double than market rates.
People preferred to be
resettled at new site
provided by the project.
Lack of Medical Facilities,
Qualified doctors and
hospitals should be
provided.
Lacks of education,
students have to travel long
distances to go to school,
sufficient number of
schools and teachers
should be provided.
powerhouse are located on the
Right bank of Jhelum River at
Karot Village.
The project will produce 720
MW Electricity; reservoir length
is 27 km, up to upstream of
Azad Pattan Bridge.
Land will be acquired up to
461-480 m due to creation of
Reservoir.
Agreed upon compensation will
be provided according to the
National and International
guidelines for your lost houses,
trees and land.
They were assured that their
issues and suggestion will be
taken in to consideration in the
report of RAP.
Described that land rate will be
decided after the negotiated by
AC and Community.
7. Village: Ain Pana Venue: Tea Stall Date: 28-06-2014
1. Muhammad Zahoor
Abdullah
2. Mushtaq Hussain
3. Sajid Hussain
4. Babar Hussain
5. Sharaz Hussain
6. Muhammad Taj
7. Shahid Hussain
8. Liaquat Hussain
9. Muhammad Yamin
10. Muhammad Kabir
Compensation should be
paid before start of the
construction of project.
Lack of Health facilities in
the village.
Job opportunities for
project area people
according to their
qualification.
There is scarce of land, so
rates to be based on
double than market rates.
Mr. Saleem introduced himself
and his colleagues and briefed
the community about the
project. Key points were;
Karot Hydropower project is to
be built at Karot Village.
The proposed Dam site is
accessed by Rawalpindi
/Islamabad Road.
The proposed dam and
powerhouse are located on the
Right bank of Jhelum River at
Karot Village.
Appendix - III
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONCERNS DURING STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Sr.
No Participants Name Community Main Concerns Consultants Response
People preferred to be
resettled at new site
provided by the project.
Lack of Medical Facilities,
Qualified doctors and
hospitals should be
provided.
Lacks of education,
students have to travel long
distances to go to school,
sufficient number of
schools and teachers
should be provided.
The project will produce 720
MW Electricity; reservoir length
is 27 km, up to upstream of
Azad Pattan Bridge.
Land will be acquired up to
461-480 m due to creation of
Reservoir.
Agreed upon compensation will
be provided according to the
National and International
guidelines for your lost houses,
trees and land.
They were assured that their
issues and suggestion will be
taken in to consideration in the
report of RAP.
Described that land rate will be
decided after the negotiated by
AC and Community.
8. Village: Siah Venue: Grocery Shop of
Muhammad Banaras
Date: 28-06-2014
1. Muhammad Banaras
Compensation of their land
Compensation should be
paid before start of the
construction of project.
Lack of Health facilities in
the village.
Job opportunities for
project area people
according to their
qualification.
There is scarce of land, so
rates to be based on
double than market rates.
Mr. Naeem introduced himself
and his colleagues and briefed
the community about the
project. Key points were;
Karot Hydropower project is to
be built at Karot Village.
The proposed Dam site is
accessed by Rawalpindi
/Islamabad Road.
The proposed dam and
powerhouse are located on the
Right bank of Jhelum River at
Karot Village.
Appendix - III
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONCERNS DURING STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Sr.
No Participants Name Community Main Concerns Consultants Response
People preferred to be
resettled at new site
provided by the project.
Lack of Medical Facilities,
Qualified doctors and
hospitals should be
provided.
Lacks of education,
students have to travel long
distances to go to school,
sufficient number of
schools and teachers
should be provided.
The project will produce 720
MW Electricity; reservoir length
is 27 km, up to upstream of
Azad Pattan Bridge.
Land will be acquired up to
461-480 m due to creation of
Reservoir.
Agreed upon compensation will
be provided according to the
National and International
guidelines for your lost houses,
trees and land.
They were assured that their
issues and suggestion will be
taken in to consideration in the
report of RAP.
Described that land rate will be
decided after the negotiated by
AC and Community.
Appendix- IV
FINAL REPORT
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, NOISE LEVELS AND RIVER WATER QUALITY
Consisting of following Sections
Section - 1 Meteorological Data
Section - 2 Ambient air quality monitoring Data
Section - 3 Noise Level Monitoring Data
Section - 4 Surface Water Analysis Report
Section - 5 Photographs
Section - 6 USEPA and Pak- NEQS Standards for Ambient Air
Appendix - IV
Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................2
1.1. Scope..................................................................................................................2
1.1.1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring................................................................. 2
1.1.2. Noise Level Monitoring ............................................................................ 2
1.1.3. Sampling and analysis of surface water samples..................................... 2
1.2. Schedule ...........................................................................................................3
2. Methodology ..............................................................................................................4
2.1. Ambient air Quality .............................................................................................4
2.2. Meteorological Conditions ..................................................................................5
2.3. Sampling and Analysis of Particulate Matter .......................................................5
2.4. Noise Level Monitoring ........................................................................................5
2.5. Water Sampling and Analysis .............................................................................5
2.5.1. Surface Water Samples........................................................................... 5
2.5.1.1. Chemical Analysis.............................................................................. 5
Sections:
Section - 1 Meteorological Data
Section - 2 Ambient air quality monitoring Data
Section - 3 Noise Level Monitoring Data
Section - 4 Surface Water Analysis Report Annexure – 5 Photographs
Section - 6 USEPA and Pak- NEQS Standards for Ambient Air
Appendix - IV
1. Introduction
Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd. hired the services of SGS Pakistan
(Pvt) Limited for environmental assessment. This report is prepared on the
basis of environmental monitoring conducted at Karot Hydro Power Project
according to the instructions provided by client. Field survey was carried out
on July 24 to July 26, 2009 for ambient air quality monitoring, weather
conditions, noise level monitoring, sampling and analysis of surface water
samples from advised sampling points.
1.1. Scope
Scope of services was finalized after discussion with Associated Technologies
(Pvt) Ltd. project team, a brief description of services is as follows:
1.1.1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Following points were selected for ambient air quality monitoring. The duration
of monitoring was 24 hours at individual point.
■ Karot Hydro Power Project (Dam Site)
■ Karot Hydro Power Project (Power House Site)
1.1.2. Noise Level Monitoring
Noise level using portable digital sound meter was monitored at same
locations where the ambient air quality was monitored.
1.1.3. Sampling and analysis of surface water samples
Two surface water samples were collected from advised sampling points
and submitted to SGS lab for analysis according to parameters as per
contract.
1.2. Schedule
A site visit was made for selection of sampling points. Sampling schedule
was finalized after discussion with Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.
project team. The agreed schedule for environmental baseline studies is as
follows:
Appendix - IV
Table 1: Sampling Schedule
Date of Intervention Scope of Services Location Duration
24-07-09 Site visit for
selection of monitoring points
Karot Hydro Power Project Site -
24-07-09 to 26-07-09 Metrological conditions
Dam Site Power House Site 24 hours
24-07-09 to 26-07-09 Ambient air quality
monitoring Dam Site
Power House Site 24 hours
24-07-09 to 26-07-09 Noise level monitoring Dam Site
Power House Site 24 hours
26-07-09 Surface Water
Sampling Dam Site
Power House Site Grab Sampling
2. Methodology
Following is the brief description of methodology adapted for this
environmental assessment:
2.1. Ambient air Quality
Ambient air quality was monitored with the help of Mobile Air Quality
Station equipped with the state of the art ambient air analyzers. Selection
of sampling points was made considering the wind direction at the
advised sampling sites. Following pollutants were measured during
monitoring:
■ Particulate Matter (PM10)
■ Sulphur Dioxid (SO2)
■ Combine Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
■ Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Monitoring for the above mentioned parameters was conducted for 24
hours at advised sampling points. The methodology adopted for ambient
air quality monitoring is as follows:
Appendix - IV
Table 2: Methodology of ambient air quality monitoring
Air
Pollutant Monitoring Technique Method Measurement
Range Lowest
Detection
Limit Carbon
Monoxide
(CO)
Gas Filter Correlation
CO Analyzer USEPA
Designated
Method RFCA-
0981-054
0-100 0.01 ppm
Sulfur
Dioxide
(SO2)
Pulsed
Fluorescent
Analyzer
USEPA
Designated
Method EQSA-
0486-060
0-50 ppb 0- 100 ppm
1 ppb
Nitrogen
Dioxide
(NO2)
Chemiluminescent
Analyzer USEPA
Designated
Method RFNA-
1289-074
0-50 ppb 0-
100 ppm 1 ppb
Particulate
Matter (PM10)
High Volume Sampler 40CFR50,
App. B (US-
EPA)
2 - 750 μg/m3 2 μg/m
3
2.2. Meteorological Conditions
In addition to the advised parameters for ambient air quality,
weather conditions were also monitored continuously for 24 hours with
the help of mobile weather station. Selection of sampling points was made
considering the wind direction at the advised sampling sites. The
parameters monitored are as follows:
• Wind Direction
• Wind Speed
• Humidity
• Barometric Pressure
2.3. Sampling and Analysis of Particulate Matter
Particulate matter samples for ambient air quality monitoring were
collected on fiberglass filters. The collected samples were properly stored
and placed in the vacuum desiccators transported to SGS Lab for analysis.
2.4. Noise Level Monitoring
Noise level using portable digital sound meter was monitored at same
locations where the ambient air quality was monitored.
Appendix - IV
2.5. Water Sampling and Analysis
Two surface water samples were collected from advised sampling
points. The collected samples were preserved and submitted to lab for
analysis of following parameters:
2.5.1. Surface Water Samples
2.5.1.1. Chemical Analysis
Temperature, BOD5, COD, Magnesium, Fluoride, Sulphate, Sulphide,
Ammonia, pH, TDS, TSS, Iron, Chloride, Barium, Cyanide , Cadmium ,
Chromium, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Selenium, Nickel, Silver, Zinc,
Arsenic, Boron
Appendix - IV
Section -1
Meteorological Data
Appendix - IV
Meteorological Data
Client : Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd
Sampling Point : Karot Hydro Power Project (Dam Site
Date of Intervention : July 24 - 25, 2009
Time Temp Wind Dir Wind Speed Hum Pressure O
C m/s % 11:00 33 E 2.7 45 738.7
12:00 35 N 3.6 43 738.4
13:00 35 N 3.1 42 738.2 14:00 36 E 4.5 41 738.0
15:00 35 E 6.2 41 737.2 16:00 36 E 7.2 43 736.7
17:00 33 E 5.8 50 736.9
18:00 33 E 3.6 53 736.8 19:00 32 E 4.1 56 735.8
20:00 31 NE 3.6 60 736.0
21:00 31 SE 2.2 66 737.0 22:00 29 SE 1.8 74 736.8
23:00 28 SE 1.4 79 736.9
24:00 27 SE 0.9 80 737.0 01:00 27 SE 0.9 82 737.1
02:00 26 SE 0.9 82 736.8
03:00 26 S 0.9 80 736.0 04:00 26 SE 1.8 79 736.4
05:00 26 SW 1.3 72 736.7
06:00 26 SW 0.9 72 736.9 07:00 26 S 0.4 70 736.4
08:00 29 S 1.8 61 736.5 09:00 29 S 2.3 58 737.0
10:00 30 W 3.6 47 737.2
Appendix - IV
Meteorological Data
Client : Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.
Sampling Point : Karot Hydro Power Project (Power House Site) Date
of Intervention : July 25 - 26, 2009
Time Temp Wind Dir Wind Speed Hum Pressure
OC m/s %
11:00 36 W 3.6 44 744.9 12:00 37 NW 2.2 43 744.8
13:00 38 E 2.2 41 744.4
14:00 36 SE 4.9 40 744.0 15:00 37 N 4.0 41 743.6
16:00 38 N 3.6 38 743.3
17:00 38 N 3.2 40 743.2 18:00 36 N 2.2 45 743.1
19:00 34 E 2.1 46 742.9
20:00 33 NW 3.6 50 742.7 21:00 32 NW 3.0 55 742.6
22:00 32 W 2.7 59 742.5
23:00 30 SW 2.4 65 742.2 24:00 29 S 3.0 74 742.1
01:00 28 S 1.9 80 742.7
02:00 28 N 2.0 82 742.6 03:00 27 N 0.9 82 742.9
04:00 27 N 3.2 81 743.1 05:00 27 N 2.1 79 743.4
06:00 29 E 2.2 77 743.6
07:00 30 NE 2.7 65 743.8 08:00 31 NE 3.6 60 744.4
09:00 30 N 3.0 53 744.6
10:00 32 N 4.7 47 744.7
Appendix - IV
Section - 2
Ambient Air Quality Data
Appendix - IV
Ambient Air Quality
Client : Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.
Sampling Point : Karot Hydro Power Project (Dam Site)
Date of Intervention : July 24 - 25, 2009
Sr. # Time CO (ppm) NOx(ppb) (SO2) (ppb)
1 11:00 2.13 11.2 1.9
2 12:00 2.08 11.9 1.6
3 13:00 2.28 13.4 2.0
4 14:00 1.98 10.8 1.9
5 15:00 1.94 11.6 1.8
6 16:00 2.16 10.4 1.9
7 17:00 2.05 12.2 2.1
8 18:00 2.14 11.9 2.0
9 19:00 2.16 13.6 1.9
10 20:00 2.29 14.2 2.1
11 21:00 2.10 11.1 2.0
12 22:00 2.43 10.9 2.2
13 23:00 2.16 9.6 2.1
14 24:00 2.23 9.2 1.8
15 01:00 1.90 10.4 1.9
16 02:00 1.94 10.6 1.6
17 03:00 1.82 8.9 1.7
18 04:00 1.92 9.4 2.0
19 05:00 2.02 10.6 1.9
20 06:00 2.43 12.8 2.0
21 07:00 2.13 11.9 2.1
22 08:00 2.09 14.6 2.3
23 09:00 2.16 13.7 2.0
24 10:00 2.24 14.0 2.2
Appendix - IV
Ambient Air Quality
Client : Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.
Sampling Point : Karot Hydro Power Project (Dam Site)
Date of Intervention : July 24 - 25, 2009
Parameter Unit Duration LDL Average
Obtained
Concentration
Nitrogen Dioxide (NOx) ppb 24Hours 1 11.62
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ppb 24 Hours 1 1.96
Carbon Monoxide (CO) ppm 24 Hours 0.01 2.12
PM10 µg/m3 24 Hours 2 109.02
µg/m3: micrograms per cubic meter
LDL: Lowest Detection Limit
Appendix - IV
Ambient Air Quality
Client : Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.
Sampling Point : Karot Hydro Power Project (Power House Site)
Date of Intervention : July 25 - 26, 2009
Sr. # Time CO (ppm) NOx(ppb) (SO2) (ppb)
1 11:00 2.56 16.1 2.1
2 12:00 2.73 15.2 2.5
3 13:00 2.12 16.4 2.0
4 14:00 3.09 14.3 2.7
5 15:00 3.27 14.7 2.4
6 16:00 2.18 11.2 1.9
7 17:00 3.11 13.4 1.7
8 18:00 3.01 10.7 2.5
9 19:00 2.92 12.8 1.4
10 20:00 3.01 17.6 2.9
11 21:00 2.12 14.1 2.0
12 22:00 2.79 13.2 1.7
13 23:00 2.17 12.3 1.4
14 24:00 2.09 11.0 1.2
15 01:00 1.99 11.9 1.0
16 02:00 2.04 12.6 1.4
17 03:00 1.27 14.7 1.1
18 04:00 1.14 17.0 1.3
19 05:00 2.74 11.1 2.2
20 06:00 3.06 16.3 2.7
21 07:00 3.43 14.6 2.4
22 08:00 3.22 18.7 2.2
23 09:00 3.21 15.4 2.8
24 10:00 3.36 16.0 2.6
Appendix - IV
Ambient Air Quality
Client : Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.
Sampling Point : Karot Hydro Power Project (Power House Site)
Date of Intervention : July 25 - 26, 2009
Parameter Unit Duration LDL Average
Obtained
Concentration
Nitrogen Dioxide (NOx) ppb 24Hours 1 14.22
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ppb 24 Hours 1 2.00
Carbon Monoxide (CO) ppm 24 Hours 0.01 2.61
PM10 µg/m3 24 Hours 2 136.10
µg/m3: micrograms per cubic meter
LDL: Lowest Detection Limit
Appendix - IV
Section - 3
Noise Level Monitoring
Appendix - IV
Noise Level Monitoring
Client : Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.
Sampling Point : Karot Hydro Power Project (Dam Site)
Date of Intervention : July 24 - 25, 2009
S. No. Time Leq(dB) Lmax(dB) Lmin(dB)
1 11:00 59.9 77.0 53.8
2 12:00 57.6 76.2 52.2
3 13:00 56.7 76.6 53.4
4 14:00 58.2 79.3 55.3
5 15:00 59.6 78.0 55.9
6 16:00 59.8 79.7 54.8
7 17:00 60.2 80.2 55.2
8 18:00 61.0 82.1 55.8
9 19:00 59.4 78.6 54.2
10 20:00 60.6 80.4 52.4
11 21:00 58.2 76.9 55.6
12 22:00 59.0 75.6 51.9
13 23:00 55.9 72.7 50.8
14 24:00 54.8 70.9 48.2
15 01:00 53.4 66.6 47.6
16 02:00 51.2 62.7 48.4
17 03:00 51.6 63.6 47.5
18 04:00 53.2 64.3 45.4
19 05:00 51.9 66.6 46.3
20 06:00 52.8 64.6 46.9
21 07:00 53.4 65.4 47.8
22 08:00 51.8 62.6 46.5
23 09:00 55.4 78.2 49.6
24 10:00 58.6 77.4 51.0
Appendix - IV
Graph 1: Variation of Noise with Time
Appendix - IV
Noise Level Monitoring
Client : Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.
Sampling Point : Karot Hydro Power Project (Power House Site)
Date of Intervention : July 25 - 26, 2009
S. No. Time Leq(dB) Lmax(dB) Lmin(dB)
1 11:00 64.7 82.6 47.3
2 12:00 67.4 84.0 49.7
3 13:00 67.0 83.2 50.0
4 14:00 68.1 92.1 50.9
5 15:00 68.3 90.3 51.2
6 16:00 67.4 91.0 49.1
7 17:00 66.2 80.1 45.0
8 18:00 65.7 84.2 46.1
9 19:00 70.1 92.7 51.9
10 20:00 63.0 83.0 47.4
11 21:00 65.7 84.3 45.5
12 22:00 63.9 80.4 43.6
13 23:00 67.6 86.2 46.0
14 24:00 67.1 88.1 44.7
15 01:00 63.0 83.1 42.2
16 02:00 62.4 80.0 43.1
17 03:00 60.1 79.2 41.1
18 04:00 61.0 80.4 45.2
19 05:00 62.1 80.1 43.4
20 06:00 59.3 79.2 42.3
21 07:00 64.4 81.5 44.0
22 08:00 66.6 85.0 46.9
23 09:00 66.0 87.6 43.4
24 10:00 69.1 90.9 47.2
Appendix - IV
Graph 2: Variation of Noise with Time
Appendix - IV
Section - 4
Analysis Report
Appendix - IV
CHEMICAL LABORATORY
TEST REPORT
Job No : Env - Lhr - 267 / 2009
Client Name : Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.
Description Of Sample : Surface Water (River Jhelum)
Marking (If Any): Dam Site No. of sample : 01
Sample Condition Upon Receipt: Satisfactory Sample Collection Date : 26-07-09
Environmental Conditions: Temperature: NA Humidity: NA
Sr.# Parameters Method Unit LDL Results
Limits as per NEQS
01 Temperature °C - 12 =<40
02 PH APHA-4500H+
B - 7.92 06- 09
03 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
ASTM5210 mg/L 5.0 10 80.00
04
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
APHA-5220 D mg/L 5.0 19 150.00
05 Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
APHA-2540 D mg/L 5.0 241 200.00
06 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
APHA-2540 C mg/L 5.0 109 3500.00
07 Chloride (Cl) APHA-4500Cl-
B mg/L 0.5 10.6 1000.00
08 Fluoride ( F) APHA - F-
C mg/L 0.01 0.6 10.00
09 Cyanide (CN) APHA-4500CN F mg/L 0.01 <0.01 01.00
10 Sulphate (SO4) APHA-4500 SO4 C mg/L 5.0 40 600.00
11 Sulphide (S) APHA-4500S2-
D mg/L 0.1 <0.1 01.00
12 Magnesium APHA-3500Mg B mg/L 0.5 10.9 -
13 Ammonia (NH3) APHA-4500NH3 B mg/L 0.1 <0.1 40.00
Appendix - IV
Sr.# Parameters Method Unit LDL Results
Limits as per NEQS
14 Cadmium (Cd) APHA-3500Cd B mg/L 0.05 <0.05 00.10
15 Chromium (Cr) APHA-3500Cr B mg/L 0.01 <0.01 01.00
16 Copper (Cu) APHA-3500Cu B mg/L 0.01 0.02 01.00
17 Lead ( P b ) APHA-3500Pb B mg/L 0.01 0.02 00.50
18 Mercury (Hg) APHA-3500Hg B mg/L 0.001 <0.001 00.01
19 Selenium (Se) APHA-3500Se C mg/L 0.01 <0.01 00.50
20 Nickel ( N i ) APHA 3500 Ni B mg/L 0.01 0.04 01.00
21 Silver (Ag) APHA-3500Ag B mg/L 0.1 <0.1 01.00
22 Zinc ( Z n ) APHA-3500Zn B mg/L 0.05 0.12 05.00
23 Arsenic (As) APHA-3500As B mg/L 0.005 <0.005 01.00
24 Barium (Ba) APHA-3500Ba B mg/L 0.5 <0.5 01.50
25 Iron (Fe) APHA-3500Fe B mg/L 0.01 7.5 8.00
26 Boron (B) APHA-4500B C mg/L 0.02 <0.02 6.00
-: Not Defined <: Less Than. LDL: Lowest Detection Limit
Appendix - IV
CHEMICAL LABORATORY
TEST REPORT
Job No : Env - Lhr - 267 / 2009
Client Name : Associated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.
Description Of Sample : Surface Water (River Jhelum)
Marking (If Any): Power House Site No. of sample : 01
Sample Condition Upon Receipt: Satisfactory Sample Collection Date : 26-07-09
Environmental Conditions: Temperature: NA Humidity: NA
Sr.#
Parameters
Method
Unit
LDL
Results
Limits as per NEQS
01 Temperature °C - 13 =<40
02 PH APHA-4500H+
B - 7.78 06- 09
03 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
ASTM5210 mg/L 5.0 21 80.00
04
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
APHA-5220 D mg/L 5.0 37 150.00
05
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
APHA-2540 D mg/L 5.0 366 200.00
06
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
APHA-2540 C mg/L 5.0 114 3500.00
07 Chloride (Cl) APHA-4500Cl-
B mg/L 0.5 10 1000.00
08 Fluoride ( F) APHA - F-
C mg/L 0.01 0.4 10.00
09 Cyanide (CN) APHA-4500CN F mg/L 0.01 <0.01 01.00
10 Sulphate (SO4) APHA-4500 SO4 C mg/L 5.0 45 600.00
11 Sulphide (S) APHA-4500S2-
D mg/L 0.1 <0.1 01.00
12 Magnesium APHA-3500Mg B mg/L 0.5 11.9 -
13 Ammonia (NH3) APHA-4500NH3 B mg/L 0.1 <0.1 40.00
Appendix - IV
Sr.# Parameters Method Unit LDL Results
Limits as per NEQS
14 Cadmium (Cd) APHA-3500Cd B mg/L 0.05 <0.05 00.10
15 Chromium (Cr) APHA-3500Cr B mg/L 0.01 <0.01 01.00
16 Copper (Cu) APHA-3500Cu B mg/L 0.01 0.02 01.00
17 Lead ( P b ) APHA-3500Pb B mg/L 0.01 0.02 00.50
18 Mercury (Hg) APHA-3500Hg B mg/L 0.001 <0.001 00.01
19 Selenium (Se) APHA-3500Se C mg/L 0.01 <0.01 00.50
20 Nickel ( N i ) APHA 3500 Ni B mg/L 0.01 0.04 01.00
21 Silver (Ag) APHA-3500Ag B mg/L 0.1 <0.1 01.00
22 Zinc ( Z n ) APHA-3500Zn B mg/L 0.05 0.12 05.00
23 Arsenic (As) APHA-3500As B mg/L 0.005 <0.005 01.00
24 Barium (Ba) APHA-3500Ba B mg/L 0.5 <0.5 01.50
25 Iron (Fe) APHA-3500Fe B mg/L 0.01 12.5 8.00
26 Boron (B) APHA-4500B C mg/L 0.02 <0.02 6.00
-: Not Defined <: Less Than. LDL: Lowest Detection Limit
Appendix - IV
Section - 5
Photographs
Appendix - IV
Fig 1: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring at Dam Site
Fig 2: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring at Dam Site
Appendix - IV
Fig 3: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring at Power House Site
Fig 4: Noise Level Monitoring at Dam Site
Appendix - IV
Fig 5: Noise Level Monitoring at Power House Site
Appendix - IV
Section - 6
USEPA and Pak-NEQS Standards for Ambient Air
Appendix - IV
USEPA NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD
Following are the limits specified in NAAQS for primary as well as secondary pollutants.
POLLUTANT STANDARD VALUE *
STANDARD TYPE
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
8-hour Average 1-hour
Average
9 ppm
35 ppm
(10mg/m3)
(40 mg/m3)
Primary
Primary
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual Arithmetic Mean
0.053 ppm (100 µg/m3) Primary & Secondary
Ozone (O3)
1-hour Average 8-
hour Average
0.12 ppm
0.08 ppm
(235 µg/m3)
(157 µ/m3)
Primary & Secondary
Primary & Secondary
Lead (Pb) Quarterly Average
1.5 µ ug/m3
Primary & Secondary
Particulate (PM 10) Particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less
Annual Arithmetic Mean 50 µg/m3
Primary & Secondary
24-hour Average 150 µg/m3 Primary & Secondary
Particulate (PM 2.5) Particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less
Annual Arithmetic Mean 15 µg/m3 Primary & Secondary
24-hour Average 65 µg/m3 Primary & Secondary
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Annual Arithmetic Mean
24-hour Average
3-hour Average
0.030 ppm
0.14 ppm
0.50 ppm
(80 µg/m3)
(365 µg/m3)
(1300 µg/m3)
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Draft National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Ambient Air
Pollutants Time- weighted average
Concentration in Ambient Air
Method of measurement
Effective from 1st January 2009
Effective from 1st January 2012
Sulphur
Dioxide (SO2) Annual Average*
80 µg/m3 80 ug/m
3 Ultraviolet Fluorescence method
24 hours** 120 µg/m3 120 |jg/m
3
Oxides of Nitrogen as
Annual
Average* 40 µg/m
3 40 ug/m3 Gas Phase
Chemiluminescence 24 hours** 40 µg/m
3 40 ug/m3
Oxides of Nitrogen as
Annual Average*
40 µg/m3 40 ug/m
3 Gas Phase Chmiluminescence
24 hours** 80 µg/m3 80 ug/m
3
O3 1 hour 180 µg/m3 130 ug/m
3 Non Dispersive UV absorption method
Suspended Particulate
Annual
Average* 400 µg/m
3 360 |jg/m3 High Volume Sampling,
(Average flow rate not less 24 hours** 550 µg/m
3 500 Mg/m3
Respirable Particulate
Annual
Average* 200 µg/m
3 120 Mg/m3 β Ray absorption method
24 hours** 250 µg/m3 150 Mg/m
3
Respirable Particulate
Annual Average*
25 µg/m3 15 Mg/m
3 β Ray absorption method
24 hours** 40 µg/m3 35 Mg/m
3
1 hour 25 µg/m3 15 Mg/m
3
Lead (Pb) Annual
Average* 1.5 µg/m
3 1 Mg/m3 ASS Method after sampling
using EPM 2000 or 24 hours** 2 µg/m
3 1.5 Mg/m3
Carbon Monoxide
(CO)
8 hours ** 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m
3 Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) method
1 hour 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m
3
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
** 24 hourly /8 hourly values should be met 98% of the in a year. 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
Pak-NEQS for Ambient Air Quality
Appendix -V
Appendix -V
Appendix -V
Appendix -V
APPENDIX – VI
VEGETATION STUDY
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
1
1. BACKGROUND
Karot Hydropower Project is proposed to be built on River Jhelum, upstream of
Mangla Dam near village Karot in Kahuta Tehsil of Rawalpindi District. Overall, the
project area has a mountainous topography dissected by rivers, hill streams and springs.
The project area covers administrative region consisting of Rawalpindi district in Punjab
province; Kotli and Sudhnuti districts in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). The site is
accessible from the Federal Capital Islamabad via Kahuta-Kotli Road and lies at an
approximate distance of 65 kilometres south-east of Rawalpindi. The site has GPS
coordinates 33-36-N and 73-36 E. Jhelum is the major river in the project region
Upstream of the proposed Hydropower project, Jhelum River is joined by its main
tributaries i.e., Kunhar, Neelum and Mahl Rivers. The project area falls under the sub-
tropical pine forests and sub-tropical broad leaved evergreen. Those areas are mainly
covered by "chir pine" and include the lower sub-mountainous terrain of the project area
within the lower reaches of the Jhelum River. Pinus roxhurghii (Chir Pine) is the only
conifer forest plant and is dominant within the area with patches of broad leaved
species such as; (Olive) Olea ferruginea, (Phulai) Acacia modesta, (Timmer)
Zanthoxylum armatum, (Fig) Ficus carica, (Sanatha) Dodonea viscosa and (Simblu)
Berberis lyceum and cultivated fruit trees (Updated environmental impact assessment
report of Karot hydropower project, 2014)
2. AVAILABLE BASELINE INFORMATION REGARDING THE
VEGETATION OF THE KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT AREA
Champion, Seith and Khattak (1965) classified the vegetation of the project
area as i.(Montane) Subtropical forests/Dry subtropical braoad leaved
forests/Subtropical evergreen dry broadleaved forest /Kau_phulai forests/
olive forests and ii.(Montane) Subtropical pine forests/Chir (Chil) Forests
i. (Montane) Subtropical forests/Dry subtropical broad leaved
forests/Subtropical evergreen dry broadleaved forest /Kau_phulai forests/
olive forests
Spread in the foothills and lower slopes of the Himalaya, the salt range
Kalachitta, the Suleiman ranges, in fact throughout the country at suitable elevations
merging downwards with the tropical thorn forests and upward with the subtropical pine
and temperate forests. The characteristic trees are Olea cuspidata and Acacia modesta
which occur over wide altitudinal and latitudinal range with Pistacia at the higher levels.
Punica is often abundant in the sub-Himalyan occurrences .The shrubs include a great
many genera and families, many them of central Asian origin. Under the heavy grazing
to which they are usually submitted, unpalatable species are favoured and Dodonaea,
Withania and Rhazya become conspicuous with the thorny gymnosporia, monotheca and
Carrisa .Differentiated into dry subtropical broadleaved forest,Baluchistan dry mixed
scrub, northern dry mixed scrub, rhazya wihtannia scrub, monotheca scrub, sub-tropical
stream bed scrub of Nerium & Tamarix spp andmazri palm scrub (nannorrhops)
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
2
ii. (MONTANE) Subtropical Pine Forests/ Chir (Chil) Forests
High forest of Pinus roxburghii may extend down from the temperate forest,
and trees of the tropical or semi-tropical deciduous forests spread up from &low. The
transition from the temperate forest is usually fairly sharp (though greatly affected by
clearing for cultivation), but that from the deciduous forests may include a transition belt
wide enough to be treated separately.
Pinus roxhurghii is completeiy dominant. Quercus incana, with occasional Lyonia
ovalifolia and Rhododendron arboreum, occurs widely on the cooler moister sites both
along streams and on northerly aspects. Pistacia integerrima. Syzygium cumini,
Mallotu.s philippinensis. Xylosma longifolium, Quercus glauca, Ficus spp. and other
broadleaved trees similarly spread up from lower down. Pyrus pashia may occur
throughout the altitudinal range. The shrub growth when present is commonly Of
Myrsine africana, Daphne, Lonicera. Rosa, etc., at the higher altitudes, and Carissa.
Dodonaea, Woodfordia, etc., at the lower. Berberis and Indigofera, Rein wardtia and
Rubus spp occur throughout. Clematis, Smilax and Rosa are the only common climbing
genera present. Typical herbaceous plants include Viola, Valeriana and Senicio. Among
the grasses Heteropogon contortus is conspicuous but Chrysopogon, Bothriochloa,
Themeda, Arundinella and other genera are well represented.
Zohrab Qamar (2011) classified the vegetation of Kotli, Sudhnati and Kahuta
districts under the Karot Hydropower Project as i. moist temperate forests, ii.
Subtropical chir pine forests, iii.Sub-tropical evergreen/olive forests and iv.
Mixed miscellaneous forests.
Land cover Atlas of Pakistan (2012) depicted agriculture as the major land
cover followed by the forests/Shrubs & bushes in the project area, identified two
major forest types in the project area as i. Subtropical Chir pine forests and ii. Sub-
tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests
Table.1 District-wise Land Cover Classes (in ha and %age) of Rawapindi,
Sudhnati and Kotli
Source: Land Cover Atlas of Pakistan, 2012
Land Cover Classes
# Districts Forests Shrubs and
bushes Rangeland
Agriculture land
Settlements Barren land
Water bodies
Fruit Orchards
Total
1 Rawalpindi 113,159
(21.8)
25,853
(5.0)
6,604
(1.3)
323,079
(62.2)
38,701
(7.4)
6,974
(1.3)
5,116
(1.0) 0
519,486
(100)
2 Kotli 62,615
(38.3)
20,963
(12.8)
6,734
(4.1)
68,195
(41.7)
1,159
(0.7)
1,640
(1.0)
2,337
(1.4) 0
163,643
(100)
3 Sudhnati 19,076
(33.8)
4,235
(7.5)
4,108
(7.3)
24,828
(43.9)
332
(0.6)
3,009
(5.3)
918
(1.6) 0
91,565
(100)
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
3
Table.2 District-wise Forest Types area (in ha and %age) of Rawapindi,
Sudhnati and Kotli
# Districts Moist
Temperate
Sub-
tropical
Chir Pine
Sub-
tropical
Broad-
leaved
Plantations Riverine Total
1 Rawalpindi
17,249
(15.2)
27,283
(24.1)
68,627
(60.7) 0 0
113,159
(100)
2 Sudhnati 0
18,791
(98.5)
285
(1.5)
0 0 19,076
(100)
3 Kotli 0
44,676
(71.4)
17,939
(28.6) 0 0
62,615
(100)
Source: Landcover Atlas of Pakistan, 2012
Rawalpindi district occupies the north-east corner of the Punjab and has a much more
varied flora than any other district, because part of the district is on the Pothwar Plateau
and Murree tehsil extends north into the Himalayas to 2075 m. It belongs to the Saharo-
Sindhian(North Africa) floral belt but because of the better rain fall during the monsoon
there are more subtropical and tropical South Indian and Indo-Malayan elements,
especially in the foot Hills of Himalayas as up to 1500 m.The spring flora is largely
Saharo-Sindhian and apparently come in from the west, while it is the monsoon flora
which is tropical and has come in from Indian and from the southeast. Infact there are
plants like Mallotus philippinensiswhich range much further than Malaysia and china. The
sub-Himalayan or foothills zone flora is much the same as that of Azad Kashmir to the
east and Hazara to the west. The Punjar & Karot valleys (the project area) have Pinus
roxburghii (Chir Pine) as the dominant species in high hills and in the valleys which are
sloping steeply toward the Jehlum River has dominant Olea-acacia, Dodonaeae,
gymnosporia and mixed species associations (R.R Stewart,1982).
Legally the forests of the Karot Hydro Power Project area are of two types the
reserved/protected or the Government owned forests, and the guzaras/ private/
community owned forests also known as Khalsa Sarkaar in Azad Jammu & Kashmir.
Reserved / Protected Forests
The reserved forests in the area were declared Reserved after the first regular
settlement in 1886 and later on re-designated in 1956 under the Forest Act, 1927.The
reserved/protected forests lie in the three territorial forest divisions and are managed
through regular working plans. All the protected forests are burdened with the rights of
timber, wood for agricultural implements, grasses and fuel wood, lopping of certain trees
for fodder, grass cutting and grazing of horned cattle. Even some reserved forests of the
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
4
area are also burdened with same rights as the protected forests. According to
Government notification No.283 of 26.9.1916, all the reserved forests in the Punjab shall
be open to free grazing except such forests as the Divisional Forest Officer may consider
necessary to close for the purpose of regeneration, provided that the area of the forests
closed at any one time shall not exceed 1/4th of the total area of the reserved forests.
These rights are permitted to be exercised under Forest Settlement Report, 1887.
Trees are granted by the forest officers according to the actual requirements of
the right holders for building their own houses. Three trees of Chir/Kail whichever are
available, are given to each right holder once in 5 years from the protected forests. The
right holders are also entitled to obtain the trees for the sme purpose from the village
Guzaras. The right holders used to get the timber free of any charge on payment of a
nominal fee of Rs. 1/permit (315cft or 9cu.m).However, at present one dry/fallen tree
after every 5 years is awarded to right holders due to ban on green felling. The right
holders are also entitled to receive timber free of charge for the construction of graves.
The right holders are entitled to lop Oak tree for fodder upto2/3rd of its height. Trees
less than 5m in height are not permitted to be lopped.
Guzara/Private/Community/Khalsa Sarkaar Forests
The government has got property rights over the tree of spontaneous growth
occurring in the village waste lands in the project area. This title was recorded in the
record of rights of each villege. The waste land with trees of spontaneous growth
constitute the guzara /community/Khalsaa Sarkaar forests spread over the whole of the
project tract. The management of these forests has a very intimate effect upon tha
management of the reserved and the protected forest cover this plane. In addition to the
guzaraz there are vast area of individually owned waste lands in this tract. The
guzaras/Khalsa Sarkaar are jointly held or common waste lands of the village and the
milkiyat are owned by individual .The waste lands are usually situated between the
villages‟ cultivation and the govt forest. These lands were left out of demarcation at the
time of first settlement with the idea of making provision for the requirement of the
villager for house building timber and grazing of cattle. These guzaras are under the
control of deputy commissioner .He is assisted in their management by the Divisional
Forest Officer in whose jurisdiction the areas lies .There is no regular working plan for
the management of these guzara forests .The deputy commissioner is also assisted by a
guzara forest advisory committee consisting of eight official and ten non official members
.The committee advices the deputy commissioner on different aspects of guzara
administration and the utilization of guzara funds on works of public utility .
The guzara forest are administered under the guzara rules issued by the govt
under notification NO.618and 619 dated 15th November 1912 and 245 dated 11.5.1914
an NO.246 dated 15.5.1914. Every right holder has a right to get 315 Cft of timber once
in three years. The requirement of the right holder are verified either by the Chairman of
the union council or by the Range Forest Officer concerned. A large quantity of timber
obtained by the right holder for house building from Guzara is illicitly sold in the market.
The guzara forests are in advanced stage of denudation and they are facing an eminent
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
5
danger of complete destruction unless some drastic remedial measures were adopted
immediately. All effort add extending scientific management, conservation and
propagation have been frustrated in the past due to the non cooperation of the owners.
The peoples are interested more in establishing their respective rights on the waste
lands rather than managing them as forest .The deforestation of the waste lands would
result in erosion and denudation of the hills sides which will ultimately endanger the
adjoining cultivated fields as well. Moreover, the exhaustion of this source of wood and
fodder would result in an increase pressure over the state forests. The policy so far
has been to manage the guzaras in the interest of the villagers.
Qureshi & Khan (2001), in their ethnobotanical survey, wrote, some of the most
interesting and representative plants of the area are Cyperus rotundas, mainly used for
chloera, dyspepsia &fevers, Saussuoria heteromala, used as tonic in animals, oil of
Pongamia pinata is applied to cure herpes and eczema, leaves of Euphorbia spp are
given to cure mad dogs.
Samina et al, 2012 in their survey of herbaceous flora collected 41 plant species
belonging to 19 families, separated into 7 groups of herbs, herbaceous, shrubs, grasses,
climbers, shrubs and trees. In cover percentage herbs attained the highest position
(61%), folowed by grasses (20%) and sub-shrubs (11%). They further concluded that
richness of the natural vegetation was decreasing with increasing residenntial area.
Zafar et al, 2003 surveyed medicinal plants in different areas of Rawalpindi
district. A total of fifteen plant species from thirteen different families were studied for
their therapeutic potential. There were eight trees, two shrubs and five herbs in the
selected medicinal plants. All the plants were dicotyledons and angiosperms. It wass
desired that the indigenous plant material should be collected, identified, processed and
utilized for medicinal purposes.
Qureshi et al (2001) studied medicinal potential of some poisonous plant from
Kahuta Rawalpindi district. Calotropis procera is a remedy for asthma, leprosy and skin
diseases. Convolvulus arvensis is mild poisonous plant. It is an excellent remedy for skin
diseases and is also used for washing hair to remove dandruff. Oil of Ricinus communis
is useful in constipation in children and the plant is used as an antiseptic. Root of
Euphorbia helioscopia is used as an anthelmintic. Tribulus terrestris is also a mild
poisonous plant for humans but poisonous for goats. The leaves of Cannabis sativa are
antispasmodic, narcotic and sedative.
3. SURVEY METHODOLOGY
A detailed study of the project area was conducted. The length of the reservoir
area behind the weir site is almost 27 Km long. Along this length three representative
sites were selected for vegetation survey on both left and right banks of river Jehlum. At
each site two transect lines of 500 meter each were laid across one another. On each
transect line 1m X 1m Quadrat for grasses/herbs, 4m X 4m Quadrat for shrubs and 10m
X 10m for trees were laid on an interval of 50 meter. The data was collected and
compiled for identification, calculation of cover percentage, species composition and
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
6
forage production. For forage production the species were clipped and air dried at 2 cm
from the ground level.
Simultaneously, one site each at dam location(dam, power house, diversion
tunnels, spill way etc), one at proposed residential colony, one at dumping sites and one
at newly constructed road were also surveyed separately for cover percentage and spp
composition only (Quraishi, 1998)
The plant species (Annex-I) were identified along the transect line laid at
various sites written in the previous paragraphs. The unidentified plants specimen were
collected with specific voucher numbers and identification was carried out with the help
of plant herbarium at Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. Published/online literature
available including Flora of West Pakistan Fassicles (Nasir et al., 1970) and
www.efloras.org (Flora of Pakistan) were also consulted.
4. SURVEY RESULTS
The major vegetation/forest types observed during the survey in the project area were
1. Badly Exploited Broadleaved Forests 2. Protected Broadleaved Forests
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
7
3. Exploited/sparce Chir pine Forests 4. Protected Chir Pine Forests
5. Mixed forests of Chir pine, broad leaved & fruit trees beside farmlands and settlements
Totally, 95 species of trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses and ferns belonging to 49
families were identified during the survey. Most of the plants belong to Asteraceae,
Fabaceae, Poaceae and Rosaceae families (Annex-I). Almost all the plants are important
and exploited as medicinal plants with common distribution and protected/common
conservation status (Annex - II) Results for cover percentage, species composition and
forage production compiled as per Quadrat surveys proforma (Annex-IV) at various sites
of the project area are tabulated below:-
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
8
Table .3 Location wise Cover percentage, species composition and forage
production at Karot Hydropower Project Area
Sr
No. Location Cover Percentage
Species
Composition
Forage
Production
(Kg/Hac)
1 Reservoir (27 km length
upstream of Karot Village)
Vegetation
60-80%
Bare soil/rocks 20-40
%
Trees 10 %
Shrubs 70%
Grasses/herbs
20%
1245 kg/hac
2 Dam site including
dam,power house, tunnels
and spillway etc
Vegetation
50-60%
Bare soil/rocks 40-50
%
Trees 50 %
Shrubs 30%
Grasses/herbs
20%
915 kg/hac
3 Residential Colony area Vegetation
50-60%
Bare soil/rocks 40-50
%
Trees 10 %
Shrubs 75%
Grasses/herbs
15%
645 kg/hac
4 Dumping Sites Vegetation
60-70%
Bare soil/rocks 30-40
%
Trees 60 %
Shrubs 30%
Grasses/herbs
10%
790 kg/hac
5 Newly proposed road Vegetation
90-100%
Bare soil/rocks 0-10
%
Trees 80 %
Shrubs 15%
Grasses/herbs 5%
650 kg/hac
5. OVER ALL IMAPCTS OF DAM CONSTRUCTION ON VEGETATION
OFTHE AREA
Almost all the reservoir area (submerged area 27km upward from Karot
village)on both sides of Karot Hydropower project was lying in the Guzara/Community
owned forests and was far away from the Reserved forests (all the activities/rights are
prohibited unless permitted by the provincial government). A small portion of reservoir
comes under protected forest (all activities/rights like cutting of trees, collection of
firewood, grazing, grass collection, collection of medicinal plants etc are permitted until
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
9
and unless provincial government prohibit any/all of these activities). Local communities
exploit Guzara/community/privately owned forests area according to their needs of
timber, firewood and fodder for livestock rather than visualizing its
protective/environmental role. Due to this the area was in degraded form. Heavy
uncontrolled grazing and clearance of area for cultivation also affected the area badly,
devoid of economically important Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii), Phulai (Acacia modesta)
and Olive (Olea ferruginea) trees, comprised of non-commercial shrubby vegetation of
Sanatha (Dodonaea viscosa) and Granda (Gymnosporia royaleana). Thus the project has
no influence on reserved forests of the reservoir area and its impact on protected forests
is of no significance. The dam site, power house, diversion tunnels, spill way and
residential colony comes under privately owned agricultural fields, fruit trees with few
natural flora here and there. These areas bears exploited vegetation as per local
community requirements and projects layout will not cause much harm to local flora.
All the dumping sites lied in privately owned agricultural fields, fruit trees and
natural flora including few commercially valuable trees like Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii),
Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), Olea (Olea ferruginea) and Phulai (Acacia modesta) and
many non-commercial trees like Kamela (Mallotus phillipinensis), Amla (Phylanthus
emblica), Siris (Albizzia lebbek) etc. As the owners will be compensated well for all fruit
trees/ natural flora trees so there will be no negative impacts of project execution. The
owners will be allowed to cut the trees from their lands to provide space for dumping
material which will earn additional income for them. Additionally, distribution of the
existing flora at dumping site was found very common in the area so no fear of the loss
of the biodiversity involved due to the execution of the project.
Unavoidable vegetation cutting in Government forests/ community forests will
be "compensated" depending upon the kind and size of tree species. With this
compensation, the Punjab Government will be paid additionally with "Tree Cess" against
each tree along with afforestation over an area of ten times more than the area from
where trees are proposed to be cut as "replenishment cost" (Govt of Pujab notification
No. SOFT (EXT) VIII-22/88 dated 09/07/2012). Similar compensation, tree cess and
afforestation charges (replenishment cost) should be paid to the local persons owning
fruit trees/ other natural trees. Ample spaces are available in Government owned/
community forests and privately owned lands for such afforestation programs. Nurseries
for such afforestation program should be established for quick and effective mitigation
against the tree cut involved. Establishment of nurseries will also generate good job
opportunities for better livelihood of the local communities.
The vegetation does not contain any species which was declared as
endangered, threatened or rare. As far as the conservation status of the vegetation
species (Grasses, herbs, shrubs, trees and medicinal plants) is concerned none of the
species was found endangered either for Pakistan or in the world. Only three species
Celtis australus (Tree of Heaven), Ficus bengalensis (Bohr) and Ficus carica (Fig) were
found rare in Pakistan but they are listed as common for the rest of the world. The
presence of these two species will not be disturbed as they were found common in
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
10
distribution throughout the area. The rest of the vegetation species were found protected
and common in Pakistan and for the rest of the world. So it can be easily concluded that
there will be no negative impacts of Karot Hydropower Project on conservation status of
the vegetation of the area.
The present status of vegetation/floral diversity does not depend upon the river
Jhelum water but it depends on precipitation available in the area. So reduction in water
regime downstream will not affect the vegetation/floral diversity of the area.
Another concern was the loss of biodiversity of cliff vegetation coming either
under reservoir area or going under dumping material. Due to common distribution of
local flora and moisture retention because of dam construction local vegetation/floral
diversity will flourish rather than having any negative impacts of the implementation of
the project. Additionally, we can safely conclude that project, though, will be executed in
the natural forest habitats/ecosystems but due to common distribution of these
habitats/ecosystems throughout the Himalayan tract within the country, the project
activities will pose no threat to these natural habitats/ecosystems
Major land uses to be affected by the project implementation as observed
during the vegetation survey were agricultural field, settlements, local grazing lands and
sparse degraded shrubby vegetation lands along the river beds. So floral diversity of the
area will be under no threat because of the activities of Karot Hydropower Project.
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
11
6. LITERATURE CITED
Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, Seith and Khattak (1987), Pakistan Forest
Institute, Peshawar; Pakistan.
Forest and Forestry in Pakistan by M.I. Sheikh (1997), Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar; Pakistan.
Range Management in Pakistan by Masood A.A. Qureshi (1996), University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad; Pakistan.
Range Management in Hazara District of NWFP by M. Anwar Khan (1995), Pakistan forest
Institute, Peshawar; Pakistan.
Resource Management Plan for Upper Kaghan Guzara Forest 2005 to 2015 by Ali Gauhar
Khan, Forest Management Circle, KPK Forest Department ; Pakistan.
Resource Management Plan for Lower Kaghan Guzara Forest 2005 to 2015 by Ali Gauhar
Khan, Forest Management Circle, KPK Forest Department ; Pakistan.
Revised Working Plan for Chir Reserved Forests of the Lower Siran and Agror valley
1992-2002 by Ali Gauhar Khan, Forest Management Circle, KPK Forest Department;
Pakistan.
Land cover Atlas of Pakistan by Bikhari, Haider and Laeeq (2012), Pakisatan Forest
Institute, Peshawar
Revised Working Plan for the Scrub Forests of Rawalpindi district by Faqir Muhammad,
1979-1989. Punjab Forest Department, Government of Punjab
History and exploration of plants in Pakistan and adjoining areas by R.R.Stewart, 1982.
University of Michigan, ANN arbour, USA
Quantitative Survey of Medicinal plants in Rawalpindi north, Rawalpindi south and
Murree forest divisions by Anwar and Altaf Ahmad, 1976. Pakistan Journ. of Forestry, PFI
Peshawar
Study of Medicinal plants of Poonch valley by Zohrab Qamar, 2009. Pakistan Forest
Institute, Peshawar (An unpublished thesis)
Trees and the surubs of the Punjab by S.M. Ireland, 1934.Uttar Chand Kapur & Sons,
Lahore
Working Plan for the Coniferous Forests of Murre & Kahuta tehsils of Rawalpindi district
by Liaqat Ali Khan, 1994-2024. Development & Working plan Circle, 108- Ravi Road,
Lahore
Revised Working Plan for the Murre-Kahuta Forests of Rawalpindi district by M. Bashir
Ahmad, 1953-1983. Printed by Superintendent, Government Printing, West Pakistan,
Lahore
Revised Working Plan for the Murree-Kahuta forests of Rawalpindi district by Ch. Khan
Muhammad, 1965-1985. Punjab Forest Departnent, Government of the Punjab
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
12
Revised Management Plan for Mirpur and Kotli Forest Divisions, 1997-2007. Kh. Sajjad
Ahmad, Working Plan Officer, Forest Department, Azad Jammu & Kashmir
Working Plan for the forests of Bagh and Rawalakot Forest Divisions, 1991-2000. Ch.
Ahmad Din, Forest Departmnet, Azad Government of the State of Jammu & Kashmir
Practical manual for introductory course on Range Management by Pro. Dr. Masood A.A.
Quraishi, 1998.A-One Publishers AL-fAZAL Market, Urdu Bazar, Lahore
Herbaceous flora of Chotran area, Rawalpindi in Pakistan by Samina Saeed, Rehmat
Ullah Qureshi, Muhammad Arshad Ullah and Muhammad Nasir. Agriculture Science
Research Journal. Vol (6).Page 312-317, June, 2012
Ethnobotanical study of Kahuta from Rawalpindi district in Pakistan by Sohail Jamil
Qureshi & Mir Ajab Khan. Online Journal of Biological Sciences 1(1) 27-30, 2001.
Flora of West Pakistan Fassicles by Nasir et al., 1970
www.efloras.org (Flora of Pakistan) were also consulted.
Taxonomic description and Ethnobotanical Survey of indigenous use of some medicinal
plants of Rawalpindi by Zafar et al. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2003.
IUCN criteria, 2006, 2008 & 2009
Revised Flora of Pakistan by Ali & Qaisar (Series 2000-2010)
Catalogue of vascular Plants of Western Pakistan by S. Stewart (1972)
(www.pmajk.gov.pk/forest_department.asp).
Medicinal Potential of Poisonous Plants of Tehsil Kahuta from District Rawalpindi,
Pakistan by Sohail Jamil Qureshi, Sofia Bano, Taj Mohammad and Mir Ajab Khan, 2001.
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences Year: 2001 | Volume: 4 |Issue: 3 | Page No.: 331
– 332
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
13
Annex – I FAMILY WISE FLORA OF KAROT HYDROPOWER AS DOCUMENTED
DURING THE VEGETATION SURVEY, 2014
Sr Number Species Scientific Name Common Name Family
1. Justicia vesica Bhekar Acanthaceae
2. Agave americana Kewra Agavaceae
3. Amaranthus viridus Amaranthus Amaranthaceae
4. Acyranthus aspera Puth Kanda Amaranthaceae
5. Narcisus Narcisus Amaryllidaceae
6. Mangifera indica Aam Anacardiaceae
7. Anethum graveolens Apiaceae
8. Calotropis procera Akk Apocynaceae
9. Nerium odorum Kanair Apocynaceae
10. Artimisea vulgaris Chahoo Asteraceae
11. Cichorium intybus Kasni Asteraceae
12. Conyza canadensis Paleet Asteraceae
13. Saussuoria heteromala Kali Ziri Asteraceae
14. Silybum marianum Kandiali Asteraceae
15. Lactuca serriola Kawi Asteraceae
16. Parthenium hysterophorus Chatak Chandani Asteraceae
17. Sonchus arvensis Dodak Asteraceae
18. Berberis lyceum Berberis Berberidaceae
19. Cordia mixa Lasura Boraginaceae
20. Lepidium sativum Watercress Brassicaceae
21. Buxus wallichiana Boxweed tree Buxaceae
22. Cannabis sativa Bhang Cannabaceae
23. Stellaria media Gander Caryophyllaceae
24. Chenopodium album White goosefoot Chenopodiaceae
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
14
25. Ipomea spp Ishq Pecha Convulvulaceae
26. Cuscuta reflexa Akas bel Cuscutaceae
27. Cyperus rotundas Deela Cyperaceae
28. Aspidium Fern Dryopteridaceae
29. Mallotus phillipinensis Kamila Euphorbiace
30. Ricinus communis Arnoli Euphorbiaceae
31. Euphorbia heliscopia Chattri Dhodak Euphorbiaceae
32. Albizzia lebbek Siris Fabaceae
33. Acacia modesta Phulai Fabaceae
34. A. catechu Khair Fabaceae
35. Dalbergia sisso Shisham Fabaceae
36. Leuceana leucoceophala Ipil Ipil Fabaceae
37. Bauhinia variegata Kachnar Fabaceae
38. Cassia fistula Amaltas Fabaceae
39. Fumaria indica Pappra Fumariaceae
40. Ocimum basilicum Bhabhori Lamiaceae
41. Mentha arvensis Pudina Lamiaceae
42. M.sylvestris Pepermint Lamiaceae
43. Ajuga bracteosa Ajuga Lamiaceae
44. Pongamia pinnata Sukh chain Leguminoseae
45. Tulipa spp Mamoona Liliaceae
46. Linum usitassimum Alsi Linaceae
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
15
47. Woodfordia floribunda Drawi Lythraceae
48. Punica granatum Wild Anar Lythraceae
49. Grewia oppositifolia Dhaman Malvaceae
50. Bombax ceiba Simal Malvaceae
51. Melia azedarach Bakain Meliaceae
52. Cederela toona Tun Meliaceae
53. Ficus carica Phagwari Moraceae
54. F. bengalensis Bohr Moraceae
55. Morus alba Toot Moraceae
56. Psidium guvjava Amrood Myrtaceae
57. Olea cuspidata Wild olive/Kaho Oleaceae
58. Oxalalis repens Khatti buti Oxalidaceae
59. Phylanthus emblica Amla Phyllanthaceae
60. Pinus roxburghii Chir pine Pinaceae
61. Cynodon dactylon Khabbal Poaceae
62. Saccharum munja Kanna/Munj Poaceae
63. Panicum antidotale Naru Poaceae
64. Desmostachya bipinnata Dhab grass Poaceae
65. Themeda anathera Red Oat Grass Poaceae
66. Pennisetum typhoide Pearl/Millet PoaceaeGraminaceae
67. Aristida oxycantha Wild grass Poaceae/Acanthaceae
68. Apluda mutica Apluda Poaceae
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
16
69. Heteropogon contortus Spear grass Poaceae
70. Bothriochloa pertusa Palwan Poaceae
71.
Cymbopogon jawarancusa
Common scented
grass
Poaceae
72. Agrostis ypsilon Agrostis Poaceae
73. Digitaria spp Poaceae
74. Arundo donax Narri Poaceae
75. Zizyphus numularia Beri Rhamnaceae
76. Z.vulgare Anab/Sanjli Rhamnaceae
77. Cotoneaster spp Lohn Rosaceae
78. Prunus arminiaca Harri Rosaceae
79. P. persica Peach Rosaceae
80. P. domestica Aloocha Rosaceae
81. Pyrus pashia Nashpati Rosaceae
82. P. communis Batang Rosaceae
83. Eribotyra japonica Loquat Rosaceae
84. Zanthoxylum armatum Timar Rutaceae
85. Populs nigra Sufaida Salicaceae
86. Salix spp Drooping Willow Salicaceae
87. Dodonaea viscosa Sanatha Sapindaceae
88. Verbascum thapsus Giddhar Tambako Scrophulariaceae
89. Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven Simaroubaceae
90. Solanum nigrum Makkoo Solanaceae
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
17
91. Datura alba Datura Solanaceae
92. Celtis australis Batkarrar/Khirk Ulmaceae
93. Viola odorata Banafsha Violaceae
94. Aloe vera Kawar Gandal Xanthorrhoeaceae
95. Tribulu terrestris Calthrop Zygophyllaceae
References:
1. IUCN criteria, 2006,2008 & 2009
2. Revised Flora of Pakistan by Ali & Qaisar (Series 2000-2010)
3. Catalogue of vascular Plants of Western Pakistan by S. Stewart (1972)
4. Flora of West Pakistan Fassicles (Nasir et al., 1970)
5. www.efloras.org (Flora of Pakistan)
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
18
Annex-II CONSERVATION STATUS OF FLORA OF KAROT HYDROPOWER
PROJECT AREA
Serial No
Species Scientific Name
Forest Type Distribution Conservation Status
IUCN GoP
1. Justicia vesica Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
2. Agave americana Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
3. Amaranthus viridus Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
4. Acyranthus aspera Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
5. Narcisus Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
6. Mangifera indica Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
7. Anethum graveolens
Himalayan subtropical scurb
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
8. Calotropis procera Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
9. Nerium odorum Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
10. Artimisea vulgaris Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
11. Cichorium intybus Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
12. Conyza canadensis Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
13. Saussuoria heteromala
Himalayan subtropical scurb
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
14. Silybum marianum Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
15. Lactuca serriola Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
16. Parthenium hysterophorus
Himalayan subtropical scurb
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
17. Sonchus arvensis Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
18. Berberis lyceum Himalayan Chirpine
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
19. Cordia mixa Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
20. Lepidium sativum Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
21. Buxus wallichiana Himalayan
Chirpine Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
22. Cannabis sativa Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
23. Stellaria media Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
24. Chenopodium album
Himalayan subtropical scurb
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
25. Ipomea spp Himalayan chirpine/
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
26. Cuscuta reflexa Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
27. Cyperus rotundas Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
28. Aspidium Himalayan Common Protected/ Protected/
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
19
subtropical scurb Common Common
29. Mallotus phillipinensis
Himalayan Chir pine
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
30. Ricinus communis Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
31. Euphorbia heliscopia
Himalayan dry deciduous
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
32. Albizzia lebbek Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
33. Acacia modesta Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
34. A. catechu Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
35. Dalbergia sisso Himalayan Chirpine
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
36. Leuceana
leucoceophala
Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
37. Bauhinia variegata Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
38. Cassia fistula Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
39. Fumaria indica Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
40. Ocimum basilicum Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
41. Mentha arvensis Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
42. M.sylvestris Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
43. Ajuga bracteosa Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
44. Pongamia pinnata Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
45. Tulipa spp Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
46. Linum usitassimum Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
47. Woodfordia floribunda
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
48. Punica granatum Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
49. Grewia oppositifolia Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
50. Bombax ceiba Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
51. Melia azedarach Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
52. Cederela toona Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
53. Ficus carica Himalayan Chirpine
Scattered Common Rare
54. F. bengalensis Himalayan sub-tropical Scrub
Scattered Common Rare
55. Morus alba Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
56. Psidium guvjava Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
57. Olea cuspidata Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
58. Oxalalis repens Himalayan chirpine
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
20
59. Phylanthus emblica Himalayan dry
deciduous Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
60. Pinus roxburghii Himalayan Chirpine
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
61. Cynodon dactylon Himalayan Chirpine/
subtropical scrub Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
62. Saccharum munja Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
63. Panicum antidotale Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
64. Desmostachya
bipinnata
Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
65. Themeda anathera Himalayan Chirpine/
subtropical scrub Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
66. Pennisetum typhoide
Himalayan Chirpine
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
67. Aristida oxycantha Himalayan Chirpine
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
68. Apluda mutica Himalayan Chirpine
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
69. Heteropogon
contortus
Himalayan Chirpine/
subtropical scrub
Common Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
70. Bothriochloa pertusa
Himalayan Chirpine
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
71. Cymbopogon jawarancusa
Himalayan subtropical scrub
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
72. Agrostis ypsilon Himalayan
Chirpine Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
73. Digitaria spp Himalayan Chirpine
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
74. Arundo donax Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
75. Zizyphus numularia Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
76. Z.vulgare Himalayan
subtropical scurb Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
77. Cotoneaster spp Himalayan Chir
pine Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
78. Prunus arminiaca Himalayan Chir
pine Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
79. P. persica Himalayan Chir
pine Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
80. P. domestica Himalayan Chir
pine Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
81. Pyrus pashia Himalayan Chir
pine Common
Protected/Common
Protected/Common
82. P. communis Himalayan Chir
pine Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
83. Eribotyra japonica Himalayan Chir
pine Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
84. Zanthoxylum armatum
Himalayan subtropical scrub
Common Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
85. Populs nigra Himalayan Chir
pine Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
86. Salix spp Himalayan Chirpine
Scattered Common Common
87. Dodonaea viscosa Himalayan Common Protected/ Protected/
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
21
subtropical scrub Common Common
88. Verbascum thapsus Himalayan
subtropical scrub Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
89. Ailanthus altissima Himalayan
Chirpine Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
90. Solanum nigrum Himalayan
subtropical scrub Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
91. Datura alba Himalayan
subtropical scrub Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
92. Celtis australis Himalayan Chirpine
Scattered Common Rare
93. Viola odorata Himalayan
subtropical scrub Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
94. Aloe vera Himalayan
subtropical scrub Common
Protected/ Common
Protected/ Common
95. Tribulu terrestris Himalayan
subtropical scrub Common
Protected/
Common
Protected/
Common
References
1. IUCN criteria, 2006,2008 & 2009
2. Revised Flora of Pakistan by Ali & Qaisar (Series 2000-2010)
3. Catalogue of vascular Plants of Western Pakistan by S. Stewart (1972)
4. Flora of West Pakistan Fassicles (Nasir et al., 1970)
5. www.efloras.org (Flora of Pakistan)
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
22
Annex-III Landcover Maps of Rawalpindi (Kahuta), Sudhnoti and
Kotli Distt
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
23
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
24
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
25
Annex-IV TALLY SHEET FOR RANGE VEGETATION COVER%
Location Transect line lope Aspect Elevation Soil
Date Technician
Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average %
SPP Composition %
Total Area cover
A-Grass &Grassing
Total Grass & Grassing
B-Forbs
Total Forbs
C-Shurbs & Trees
Total shrubs & tree
Grand total
Surface Feature
Plant base
Litter
Cryptogam
Rock pavement
Bare soil
Appendix-VI Vegetation Study
26
TALLY SHEET FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION
SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average
A-Grass & Grassing
Total Grass
B-Forms
Total forbs
C-shrubs&tree
Toatl Shrubs &trees
Grand total
Kg/Ha
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 1
2. AVAILABLE BASELINE INFORMATION REGARDING THE VEGETATION OF
THE KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT AREA .................................................... 1
Reserved / Protected Forests ................................................................................................ 3
Guzara/Private/Community/Khalsa Sarkaar Forests ............................................................. 4
3. SURVEY METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 5
4. SURVEY RESULTS ................................................................................................ 6
5. OVER ALL IMAPCTS OF DAM CONSTRUCTION ON VEGETATION OFTHE
AREA ...................................................................................................................... 8
6. LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................ 11
APPENDIX – VII
FAUNA STUDY
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
29
Fauna Study with reference to Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and
Mammals
December, 2014
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
30
Authors:
The team for preparing the Biodiversity Impact Assessment of the
Karot Hydropower Project on amphibians, reptiles, birds and
mammals consists of the following members:
Name Organization Position on team Mr. Rafaqat Masroor PMNH Amphibian & Reptiles Specialist
Mr. Muhammad Kabir SLF-Pakistan/UoH Birds Specialist Mr. Shoaib Hameed SLF-Pakistan/QAU Mammals Specialist
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
31
Contents
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 33
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION OF KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT .................... 34
2.1. Project Background ............................................................................................... 34
2.2. Project Location .................................................................................................... 35
2.3. Project Capacity .................................................................................................... 36
2.4. Design and Operational Features of Karot HPP .................................................... 38
3. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS ................................................................................... 40
3.1 Azad Jammu and Kashmir Environmental Protection Act, 2000 ............................ 40
3.2 Environmental Guidelines ..................................................................................... 40
3.3 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ............................................... 40
3.4 Punjab wildlife Protection, Preservation, Conservation & Management Act, 1974 . 40
3.5 AJK Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Ordinance,
2013 ...................................................................................................................... 41
3.6 Punjab Forest Act, 1927 ........................................................................................ 41
3.7 Jammu and Kashmir Forest Regulations, 1930 ..................................................... 41
3.8 The Fisheries Act, 1897 and Punjab Fisheries Ordinance, 1961 ........................... 41
3.9 International Conventions and Obligations ............................................................ 42
3.9.1 Indus Water Treaty, 1960 ...................................................................................... 43
3.9.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Rio De Janiero, 1993 .......................... 43
3.9.3 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES), Washington, 1975 .................................................................................. 44
3.9.4 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), Bonn,
1979 ...................................................................................................................... 44
3.9.5 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat,
Ramsar, 1971 ....................................................................................................... 44
3.9.6 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
32
(WHC), Paris, 1972 ............................................................................................... 45
4. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT46
4.1 Objectives/scope of the EIA .................................................................................. 46
4.2 Approach and methodology .................................................................................. 46
4.3 Results of December 2014 Survey ........................................................................ 52
4.3.1 Herpeto–fauna (Amphibians and Reptiles) ............................................................ 52
4.3.2 Ornitho-fauna (Birds) ............................................................................................. 57
4.3.3 Mammals .............................................................................................................. 66
4.4 Basis for Determination of Conservation Status of Species and Performance Standard
for Preparation of the Baseline .............................................................................. 72
5. DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................................................... 74
6. RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................... 78
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
33
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The environmental impact assessment of Karot Hydropower Project Area (KHPA) on
the diversity and distribution of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammalian fauna
was studied in selected sites, covering all representative habitats. The project area
fall in the Himalayan foothills with scrub forest as dominant habitat and also with
little representation of pine (cheer) forest at higher elevations. Due to overlapping
of diverse habitat types such as riverine, scrub forest, streambed areas, rocky/hilly
slopes, human settlements and agricultural fields, the project area is regarded as
very rich and diverse in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammal species. Based on
literature, line-transect method, sign surveys and interviews with locals in project
area, we enlist the diversity of observed species and assess the impacts of
environmental degradation and changes on the amphibians, reptiles, birds and
mammals as a result of dam construction activities and reservoir rise. A total of 07
amphibians (in 03 families), 25 reptiles (in 10 families), 79 birds (in 26 families)
and 28 mammals (in 17 families) were recorded from the sampling sites. None of
the amphibians or reptilian species of the project area was listed on IUCN Red Data
List except near threatened (NT) Indian Rock Python (Python molurus). Critically
endangered (CE) white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis), endangered (E)
Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and near threatened (NT) Himalayan
griffon vulture (Gyps himalayensis) were also observed. Among mammals, common
leopard (Panther pardus) and common otter (Lutra lutra), found in the project area,
are near threatened (NT) and smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) is
categorized as vulnerable (VU). A variable level of habitat degradation and human
disturbance was observed in the sampling sites of project area like forest cutting,
over-grazing, fuel wood collection and several other biotic factors. As a result of
dam construction, the level of reservoir will rise and the habitat therein will be
submerged which will negatively affect and dislocate the population of reptiles and
rodent species to higher steel slopes of the mountains. Habitat shrinkage will
greatly affect these animals. However, a positive impact on the population of
amphibians, birds and large mammals is expected in the long-term scenario.
Blasting, mining and construction activities will likely affect the population of
lizards, snakes and rodents in the short-term activities. Wildlife-Human conflict was
recorded for several of the carnivore species in the Project area. Detailed studies on
monthly and seasonal basis are required to 1) assess the impacts of environmental
degradation and reservoir formation on amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals,
2) relocation plan for the threatened fauna, 3) environmental management plan for
the threatened species and 4) to mitigate the negative impacts during the
construction activities in the project area.
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
34
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION OF KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT
2.1. Project Background
Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) in November 1984
conducted ranking studies of possible sites for development of Hydropower Projects along
river Jhelum. Karot Hydropower scheme was identified as potential site for hydropower
production. The ranking studies were conducted by Hydro Electric Power Organization of
WAPDA NWFP province (now KPK) and German Consultants Company GTZ. No further work
on this proposal was, however, carried out leaving it as a raw site. In later years, the
scheme was taken up by the Private Power Infrastructure Board (PPIB) which offered it as
an investment power project (IPP) to the private sector in 2007.
A group of Pakistani and Chinese sponsors was awarded the Letter of Interest
(LOI) after an international competitive bidding process in March 2007. M/s. Associated
Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (ATL) was awarded the project and signed a contract on August 21,
2007. ATL consisted of a consortium of international and local companies namely M/s SMEC
International (Pvt.) Ltd., Australia, M/s Mirza Associates Engineering Services (Pvt.) Ltd.,
Pakistan (MAES), M/s Engineering General Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd., Pakistan (EGC). The EIA
study of the project was completed by SMECK in 2009.
Later on, as per requirement of Pak-Environmental Protection Act 1997, the study
was approved by the both relevant Environmental Protection Agencies (Punjab - EPA and
AJ&K - EPA) in 2010 and 2011 vide their approval letter nos. DD(EIA)/EPA/F-2502/2K9/335
dated 06-03-2010 and Ref No. 178-80 dated 6-6-2010 respectively. The conditions laid
down in the approval letters of the relevant agencies (Punjab – EPA and AJ&K - EPA)
requires that „‟ Any change in the approved project shall be communicated to EPA, Punjab
and EPA – AJ&K and shall be commenced after obtaining the approval.‟‟
After extensive field works and desk studies, a feasibility review/update report was
prepared in March 2014 in which major layout / design changes have been proposed such
as the main dam axis has been shifted downstream and its type has been changed from
concrete gravity type to rock fill type. The spillway is no more part of dam body, instead a
separate spillway structure has been provided in open cut adjacent to power intake. The
powerhouse has been changed from cavern type to above ground/surface type. This chapter
mainly describes the project as conceived by the Changjiang Design Institute in their
feasibility update report of March 2014.
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
35
2.2. Project Location
Karot Hydropower Project is proposed to be built on River Jhelum, upstream of
Mangla Dam near village Karot in Kahuta Tehsil of Rawalpindi District. The site is accessible
from the Federal Capital Islamabad via Kahuta-Kotli Road and lies at an approximate
distance of 65 kilometres south-east of Rawalpindi. The site has GPS coordinates 33-36-N
and 73-36 E. Upstream of the Proposed Hydropower project, Jhelum River is joined by its
main tributaries i.e., Kunhar, Neelum and Mahl Rivers. A location map of Jhelum River and
Karot Hydropower Project Area is presented in Figure 1.
The Project Area comprises locations in the AJK (reservoir left Bank only) and in
the Province of Punjab, on Jhelum River upstream of the existing Mangla Reservoir, near the
village of Karot. The satellite imagery of dam site is given in Figure 2.
Figure 1: Project Location Map
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
36
Figure 1: Project Layout Satellite Imagery
2.3. Project Capacity
The project will generate up to 720 MW of electric power using the Jhelum River
flows. The firm capacity of project has been estimated as 116.5 MW. The estimated average
annual electrical energy production is 3,213 GWh, with the production fluctuating between
higher and lower values depending on river flow conditions, affected by rainfall, snowfall
and snow melt within the catchment. The alternative generation by furnace-oil thermal
power station, 3,213 GWh of hydropower energy represents the saving of more than a half
million barrels of oil fuel annually. The Changjiang Design Institute carried out additional
field investigations and desk studies from 2010 to 2014 and proposed different layouts of
the project mainly comparing the dam type and location of dam axis. An asphalt core rock
fill dam has been proposed instead of concrete gravity dam thus requiring a separate
spillway structure on the right bank of Jhelum River. The underground powerhouse cavern
has been changed to surface type powerhouse in open cut. The revised project layout offers
cost savings as well as lesser complications in construction activities. The scope of land
acquisition however has been increased as compared to the layout proposed in the
feasibility study by SMEC consortium. The latest project layout as per feasibility update
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
37
report by Changjiang Design Institute is presented at Figures 3 & 4. The present EIA report
is being updated for this revised layout.
Figure 3: Project Layout Plan
Figure 4: Project Layout Plan (3D Perspective View)
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
38
2.4. Design and Operational Features of Karot HPP
The proposed dam will be located downstream of the village of Gorah, about 200
meters upstream of Karot Bridge. During construction, the foundation of the dam and
power intake will cover an area centred on the river bed between the upstream and
downstream cofferdams. The project area mostly covers bare, unproductive rock and river
bed. Three diversion tunnels have been envisaged to divert the river flows during
construction of main dam.
The dam will have a
maximum height of 95.5 meters.
It will impound 152 million cubic
meters (MCM) of water at
normal pool level of 461 masl.
The normal pool level has been
assigned to the project by
Private power Infrastructure
Board (PPIB) Government of
Pakistan on the basis of cascade
study carried out for optimal
allocation of gross head to the
hydropower projects on Jhelum
River proposed upstream of
Mangla Dam. At normal pool
level, this reservoir will extend
upstream upto 5.54 km² into the
narrow canyon and would
submerge the bare and
unproductive areas around river
bed. The topographic map of
reservoir area is shown in Figure
5. It has been proposed to
permanently acquire land in
reservoir area corresponding to
20 years flood in the Karot
Figure 5: Reservoir Area Showing Submergence Level at 20
Years Flood Period
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
39
reservoir.
On the basis of the dam-front sedimentation elevation, considering water level
requirement at intake with some allowance, ensuring the operational stability of the
generating units, minimizing the energy output loss during reservoir sediment release
period, and increasing the flexibility of the power generation operation, the dead water level
has been recommended as 451 m. The corresponding regulating storage between which and
normal pool level is 49.05 million m3. After 20 years of reservoir operation, there will still be
approximately 20 million m3 regulating storage left, which indicating that the selected dead
water level will still satisfy the requirement of intake and daily regulation.
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
40
3. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
This section summarizes the laws and regulations applicable to Project
construction and operations. It includes the laws and regulations that have been
enacted by the Government of Pakistan and AJK Government and those that have
been enacted in Pakistan but have been adopted by the AJK Legislature.
3.1 Azad Jammu and Kashmir Environmental Protection Act, 2000
The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Environmental Protection Act, 2000 is the principal
legislative tool used for regulating environmental protection in the state of Azad Jammu and
Kashmir. The Act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to air, water,
industrial liquid effluent, and noise pollution, handling of hazardous wastes and biodiversity
protection.
3.2 Environmental Guidelines
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) has published a set of
environmental guidelines and act (Pakistan environmental protection act, 1997) for
conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management of different
types of development projects. These guidelines have been adopted by the AJK-EPA for use
in its jurisdiction. Under Regulation 6(2) of the IEE-EIA Regulations 2009, the “EIA shall be
prepared, to the extent practicable, in accordance therewith and the proponent shall justify
in the EIA and departure there- from”.
3.3 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)
The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs) is in place for meeting
specific standards. These standards apply to gaseous emissions and liquid effluents
discharged by batching plants, asphalt plants, campsites, construction machinery, and
vehicles. The standards for vehicle, noise wastewater and drinking water will apply during
the construction as well as operational phase of the Project. Neither the federal government
nor AJK have as yet notified standards for surface water, groundwater, and water for
irrigation use. Similarly, standards for solid waste and hazardous and toxic waste have also
not been notified as yet.
3.4 Punjab wildlife Protection, Preservation, Conservation & Management Act,
1974
In part of the reservoir in Punjab, Punjab wildlife protection, preservation,
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
41
conservation and management act, 1974 (amended up to 2007 and rules amended up to
2010) shall enforce for the overall protection of wildlife flora and fauna.
3.5 AJK Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management)
Ordinance, 2013
The AJK Wildlife (Protection, Preservation and Management) Ordinance 2013 was
promulgated by the President of AJK in 2010 with an aim to consolidate the laws relating to
protection, preservation, conservation and management of wildlife in Azad Jammu and
Kashmir. It also endeavours to promote social, economic, cultural and ecological well-being
of local communities in conformity with the concerns of the international communities. It
outlines the roles and responsibilities of government organizations and departments
primarily the AJK Wildlife and Fisheries Department that has the basic responsibility to
ensure enforcement of the Act. The Ordinance also provides for the declaration of various
categories of protected areas: wildlife sanctuaries, wildlife refuge, national parks, game
reserves, biosphere reserves, biodiversity reserve, national natural heritage site. It prohibits
the dealing with any wildlife animal, dead or alive, for domestic or commercial use without a
Certificate of Lawful Possession. Permits and trade license are necessary for the import,
export and trade of wild animals of an endemic or exotic species.
3.6 Punjab Forest Act, 1927
In part of the reservoir in Punjab, the Forest Act, 1927 (amended up to 2010) shall
enforce for the overall protection of forest. Punjab Forest Sector Policy, 1999 also outlines
the guidelines for the protection of forest and its products.
3.7 Jammu and Kashmir Forest Regulations, 1930
Forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir are managed according to the guidelines
provided by Jammu and Kashmir Forest Regulations of 1930 (including amendments),
generally known as Forest Law Manual. This regulation lays down the rules and regulations
for both demarcated and un-demarcated forests, collection of drift and stranded wood as
well as penalties and procedures for not abiding by these regulations.
3.8 The Fisheries Act, 1897 and Punjab Fisheries Ordinance, 1961
The Fisheries Act, 1897 and Punjab fisheries ordinance, 1961 (amended up to
2010) shall enforce for the overall protection of fisheries resources.
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
42
3.9 International Conventions and Obligations
The Government of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir recognizes that it is
necessary to fulfill the obligations envisaged under the biodiversity related Multilateral
Environmental Agreements ratified by the Government of Pakistan.
A list of international conventions that focus on biodiversity issues is given in Table
1 with shared goals of conservation and sustainable use of biological resources, the
biodiversity-related conventions work to implement actions at the national, regional and
international level. In meeting their objectives, the conventions have developed a number of
complementary approaches (site, species, genetic resources and/or ecosystem-based) and
operational tools (e.g., programs of work, trade permits and certificates, multilateral system
for access and benefit-sharing, regional agreements, site listings, funds).
Table 1: International Agreements on Biodiversity and Pakistan’s Status
Convention
Date of Treaty
Entry into Force
in Pakistan
Indus Water Treaty 1960 12 Jan1961
Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD)
1993
26 Jul 1994
Convention on International Trade
in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES)
1975
19 Jul 1976
Convention on Conservation of
Migratory Species (CMS)
1979
01 Dec 1987
Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance especially
as Waterfowl Habitat
1971
23 Nov 1976
Convention Concerning the
Protection of the World Cultural and
Natural Heritage (WHC)
1972
08 ec 2011
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
43
3.9.1 Indus Water Treaty, 1960
The Indus Waters Treaty is a water sharing treaty between Pakistan and India,
brokered by the World Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development). The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by Indian Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and President of Pakistan Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan). The
Indus System of Rivers comprises three western rivers the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab
and three eastern rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi.
The treaty, under Article 5.1, envisages the sharing of waters of the rivers Ravi,
Beas, Sutlej, Jhelum and Chenab which join the Indus River on its left bank (eastern side) in
Pakistan. According to this treaty, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, which constitute the eastern rivers,
are allocated for exclusive use by India before they enter Pakistan. However, a transition
period of 10 years was permitted in which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from
these rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal system for utilization of waters of
Jhelum, Chenab and the Indus itself, allocated to it under the treaty. Similarly, Pakistan has
exclusive use of the western rivers Jhelum, Chenab and Indus but with some stipulations for
development of projects on these rivers in India. Pakistan also received one-time financial
compensation for the loss of water from the eastern rivers. Since March 31, 1970, after the
10-year moratorium, India has secured full rights for use of the waters of the three rivers
allocated to it. The treaty resulted in partitioning of the rivers rather than sharing of their
waters
3.9.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Rio De Janiero, 1993
Convention on Biological Diversity, known informally as the Biodiversity Convention
covers ecosystems, species, and genetic resources and the field of biotechnology. The
Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992
and entered into force on 29 December 1993. The Convention has three main goals: 1)
conservation of biological diversity; 2) sustainable use of its components; and 3) fair and
equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. The objective of the convention
is to conserve biological diversity, promote the sustainable use of its components, and
encourage equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic
resources. Such equitable sharing includes appropriate access to genetic resources, as well
as appropriate transfer of technology, taking into account existing rights over such
Appendix-VII
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44
resources and such technology. In other words, its objective is to develop national
strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The Jhelum River
is rich in abundance and diversity of amphibians, fish, birds, reptiles, birds and mammals
and thus it is important to minimize the negative impact of Project on these aquatic
biological resources.
3.9.3 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES), Washington, 1975
This convention aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild
animals and plants does not threaten their survival. It protects certain endangered species
from over-exploitation by means of a system of import/export permits. Through its three
appendices, the Convention accords varying degrees of protection to more than 30,000
plant and animal species. Project construction and operation will increase the influx of
personnel to Project site and vicinity and could improve access to the natural habitats. This
may increase the likelihood of trade in wildlife and wildlife parts.
3.9.4 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
(CMS), Bonn, 1979
This Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals also
known as Bonn Convention aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species
throughout their range. Parties to the CMS work together to conserve migratory species and
their habitats by providing strict protection for the most endangered migratory species, by
concluding regional multilateral agreements for the conservation and management of
specific species or categories of species, and by undertaking co-operative research and
conservation activities. Migratory birds have been reported from the Project site and
vicinity.
3.9.5 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as
Waterfowl Habitat, Ramsar, 1971
Popularly known as the Ramsar Convention, provides the framework for national
action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their
resources. The convention covers all aspects of wetland conservation and wise use,
recognizing wetlands as ecosystems that are extremely important for biodiversity
conservation in general and for the well-being of human communities. There is no declared
Ramsar site in the vicinity of the Project area.
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3.9.6 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage (WHC), Paris, 1972
The primary mission of the World Heritage Convention (WHC) is to identify and
conserve the world's cultural and natural heritage, by drawing up a list of sites whose
outstanding values should be preserved for all humanity and to ensure their protection
through a closer co-operation among nations. There is no such site in the vicinity of the
Project.
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4. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF KAROT HYDROPOWER PROJECT
4.1 Objectives/scope of the EIA
The objective of the study is to assess the environmental and ecological impacts
associated with the construction and operation of the Karot Hydropower Project (hereafter
described simply as the Project).
The objectives of this ESIA are to:
a) A review of the available literature on the biodiversity of the Ecological
Study Area
b) Field surveys including:
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of amphibians, reptiles,
birds and mammals.
Identification of key species, their population and their conservation
status in the project area.
c) Identify the potential threatened species and the potential environmental
impacts, evaluate the impacts, and determine their significance.
d) Assess cumulative impacts of proposed hydropower project on the
Herpeto, Avian and Mammalian fauna.
e) Propose appropriate mitigation and monitoring measures that can be
incorporated into the management plan to minimize any damaging effects
or any lasting negative consequences identified by the assessment.
f) Assess the proposed activities and determine whether they comply with
the relevant environmental regulations in Pakistan and requirements of
project lenders including ADB and IFC.
g) Prepare an EIA report for submittal.
4.2 Approach and methodology
The EIA was performed in four main phases, which are described below;
a) Scoping
The key activities of this phase included: Project Data Compilation: A generic description of the proposed
activities relevant to environmental assessment was compiled with the help of the proponent.
Appendix-VII
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Published Literature Review: Secondary data on the presence of amphibians,
reptiles, birds and mammals was reviewed and compiled.
Published Literature Review/Baseline Data on
amphibians and reptiles:
The amphibians and reptiles of the northern Pakistan are not very well studied. In
northern Pakistan, however, parts of Potwar Plateau and Azad Kashmir are comparatively
well studied pertaining to the occurrence of amphibians and reptiles (Baig 1988, 1996,
1998, 2001, 2002; Baig & Gvozdik 1998; Baig & Rafique 2005; Dubois & Khan 1979; Khan
1979, 1989, 1997, 1998; Khan & Baig 1999; Khan & Khan 1996; Khan & Tasnim 1989,
1990; Telford 1980). All these studies attempted to explore northern Pakistan and published
their findings, which were surprisingly, either new to the science or extended the range of
several species which were only reported from the neighboring countries of Pakistan. Azad
Jammu and Kashmir harbour the highest reptilian diversity due to its unique topography
and other ecological factors (Baig, 1998; Masroor 2012). Jhelum River Basin, like Potwar
Plateau, also has a distinct altitudinal range and relatively high precipitation with expected
high herpetofaunal diversity, overlapping with the faunas of the northern regions and
Potwar Plateau.
Unfortunately, the baseline report/earlier EIA report of the Karot Hydropower
Project only mentions three species and generic naming for all the snakes. The baseline
report states and I produce “Rana tigrana (Rain Frog), Trachydosaurus rugosus (Stripped
Lizard) and Uromastix hard (Jungli Kirla) and a variety of snakes (poisonous and
nonpoisonous) have been reported both from the dam/reservoir and powerhouse complex
area”. The report lacks professionalism and thoroughness in methodology, identification and
scientific approach. Rana tigrana (Rain frog) is actually the Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Bull
frog), Trachydosaurus rugosus (Stripped Lizard) do not exist in Pakistan and is not oriental
species and Uromastix hard (Jungli Kirla) is actually Saara hardwickii (the spiny-tailed
lizard. There is no list available in the baseline report for the amphibians and reptiles
occurring in the Project area.
Published Literature Review/Baseline Data on birds:
A total of 61 bird species were recorded from the Gulpur Hydropower Project Area
in Kotli AJK (2013). A list of only 15 bird species is provided in the baseline/earlier EIA
Appendix-VII
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report which shows the non-professional and un-scientific approach of that study. According
to Roberts (1992), there are 660 species of birds of Pakistan. In Pakistan, the total number
of species of birds is 606, having 272 genera and 74 families. The number of species of
birds has now risen to 670 (Grimmett et al., 2008).
Published Literature Review/Baseline Data on mammals:
Pakistan is home to about 166 mammals. The earlier EIA report describes a list of
13 mammalian species. Most of the scientific naming and classification represented in that
report is erroneous and needs correction.
Legislative Review: Information on relevant legislation, regulations, guidelines,
and standards was reviewed and compiled.
Identification of Potential Impacts: The information collected in the previous
steps was reviewed and potential environmental issues identified.
b) Baseline Data Collection
No considerable amount of baseline information on the project area was available
from existing literature. Therefore, a detailed field visit was conducted to collect
primary data on the proposed site.
Methodology
The methodology for the field survey was compiled to obtain objective data, and to
determine the baseline conditions for assessment of the resulting impacts of the Project for
the data collected. A field survey was conducted from 05-08 December 2014 in the selected
sampling/transect points of KHPA (Figure 6) using the following methodology for various
groups:
Terrestrial habitat characterization: For terrestrial habitat
characterization, satellite imagery, vegetation cover/land use maps, as
well as results from the scoping study were compiled to draw terrestrial
habitat maps of the Study Area. The focus was to map out all the
vegetation zones particularly the vegetation zones that are river
dependent, such as floodplain and marginal vegetation zones. The forest
types, grazing areas, agricultural fields and other zones and other
Appendix-VII
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relevant defining landscape feature were included.
Large Mammals:
o Sign Survey: Line transects (500 m by 20 m) were placed at each sampling
location to record all animals or their signs and footprints (Annexure I). Length of
transect was approximately one kilometer and signs were searched on both sides
of transect up to 5 meters. Longitude, latitude and elevation were noted at start
and end points of each transect using Global Positioning System (GPS). General
information like dominant topography, habitat, disturbance level and ruggedness,
was also recorded for each transect. Whenever a sign of any mammals was found
it was noted along with the necessary information like coordinates of the site,
species, sign type, sign age (on the base of freshness) etc. Moreover, relevant
literature and local peoples were consulted to get anecdotal information about
mammalian species of the area.
o Human-Carnivore Interaction Survey: Human-wildlife interaction surveys
were conducted to measure the human conflict with large and medium sized
mammals like common leopard, jackal, fox, rhesus monkey and Indian wild boar
(Annexure I). Whole area was considered as one unit. Thirty respondents, each
representing a separate household, were interviewed from different
villages/localities. People were asked about their previous record of sighting of
different large mammals in one year, status of large mammals, their perception
about different species of large mammals, and intensity of danger of large
mammals according to them. Information on killings of livestock and poultry
different by carnivores for past one year was also collected.
Small Mammals: Live trapping of small mammals was carried out at various
sampling sites using Sherman traps. A mixture of different food grains mixed
with fragrant seeds was attempted as bait to attract the small mammals. Thirty
to forty traps were set at a specific area in two lines approximately 10 m apart
and left overnight. Trapped animals were identified and released alive after
taking measurements.
Reptiles: Active searching was done along the line transect of 500 m long and
20 m wide placed systematically at each sampling to record presence of signs
such as an impression of body, tail or footprints, fecal pellets, tracks, dens or
egg laying excavations. The observed/collected specimens were identified with
Appendix-VII
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the help of the most recent key available in the literature. Density and diversity
were calculated for each sampling point.
Birds: The line transects (500 m by 50 m) method covering nearly all habitats
types of study area was employed to enlist the avian fauna of study area. Efforts
were made to survey in the morning and afternoon, as it appeared to be the
active period for most of the birds. Transects were started early in the morning
and in late afternoon and evenings to cover all possible habitats. The birds were
identified using the most recent local and international bird identification tools
available (Grimmett et al., 2008).
Appendix-VII
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Figure 6: Sampling points/transects along KHPA
Appendix-VII
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52
4.3 Results of December 2014 Survey
An overview/data of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals of the Project
area is provided below
4.3.1 Herpeto–fauna (Amphibians and Reptiles)
A total of 26 locations were sampled in the December 2014 survey to study
Herpeto–fauna abundance and diversity in the Ecological Study Area. Nocturnal
observation/collection of reptiles was also conducted at all the sampling locations. The
following provides information on all the observed collected species from the Project area
whereas Table 3 provides a summary of sampling points by type of habitat, number of
sightings, and the number of species sighted (Table 2).
Table 2: Checklist of Herpeto–fauna of Karot Hydropower Project Area (KHPA)
Scientific Name
Amphibians
Toads
Common Name IUCN
status
Endemic
1. Duttaphrynus m.
melanostictus
Family Bufonidae Common Asian Toad LC
2. Duttaphrynus
stomaticus
Family Bufonidae Marbled Toad or Indus
Valley Toad
LC
Frogs
3. Euphlyctis
cyanophlyctis
Family
Dicroglossidae
Common Skittering
Frog
LC
4. Fejervarya
limnocharis
Family
Dicroglossidae
Indian Cricekt Frof or
Paddy Frog
5. Sphaerotheca
breviceps
Family
Dicroglossidae
Indian Burrowing Frog LC
6. Microhyla ornata Family
Microhylidae
Ornate Narrow-
mouthed frog
LC
7. Uperodon systoma Family
Microhylidae
Marbled Baloon Frog LC
Reptiles Lizards
8. Calotes versicolor Family Agamidae Asian Garden Lizard LC
9. Laudakia
agrorensis
Family Agamidae Agrore Valley Rock
Agama
LC
10. Cyrtopodion
rohtasfortai
Family
Gekkonidae
Rohtas Fort Thin-toed
Gecko
Endemic
11. Hemidactylus
flaviviridis
Family
Gekkonidae
Yellow-bellied House
Gecko
LC
Appendix-VII
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12. Hemidactylus
brookii
Family
Gekkonidae
Spotted House Gecko LC
13. Ophisops jerdonii Family Lacertidae Punjab Snake-eyed
Lacerta
LC
14. Ablepharus
pannonicus
Family Scincidae Asian Snake-eyed
Skink
LC
15. Eutropis
dissimilis
Family Scincidae Striped Grass Skink LC
16. Varanus
bengalensis
Family Varanidae Bengal Monitor LC
Snakes
17. Python molurus Family Pythonidae Indian Rock Python NT
18. Amphiesma
stolatum
Family Colubridae Buff-striped Keelback LC
19. Lycodon aulicus Family Colubridae Common Wolfsnake LC
20. Oligodon
arnensis
Family Colubridae Russet Kukri Snake LC
21. Platyceps
rhodorachis
Family Colubridae Jan's Cliff Racer LC
22. Ptyas mucosus Family Colubridae Dhaman or Rat Snake LC
23. Sibynophis
sagittarius
Family Colubridae Cantor's Black-headed
Snake
LC
24. Spalerosophis
atriceps
Family Colubridae Black-headed Royal
Snake
LC
25. Xenochrophis
piscator
Family Colubridae Checkered Keelback LC
26. Bungarus
caeruleus
Family Elapidae Indian Krait LC
27. Naja oxiana Family Elapidae Central Asia Cobra DD
28. Typhlops
madgemintonai
Family
Typhlopidae
Kashmir Slender
Blindsnake
LC Endemic
29. Typhlops
ahsanuli
Family
Typhlopidae
Ahsanul;s Wormsnake LC Endemic
30. Typhlops diardi
platyventris
Family
Typhlopidae
Kashmir Blindsnake LC Endemic
31. Daboia russelii Family Viperidae Russell's Chain Viper LC
32. Echis carinatus
sochureki
Family Viperidae Sochurek's Saw-scaled
Viper
LC
Appendix-VII
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Table 3: Herpeto–fauna Abundance and Diversity by Habitat Type, Survey Conducted December
2014
December 2014 No. of
Sampling
Points
Total Sightings Density
(Sightings per
sampling
Point)
No. of Species
River/Streambed
habitat
5 36 7.2 8
Agricultural
habitat
5 66 13.2 9
Mountain/Rocky
habitat
8 102 12.7 10
Scrub forest 9 84 9.3 13
27 288
A total of 288 reptile and amphibian specimens belonging to 32 species were
observed in the Ecological Study Area during the December 2014 survey. The greatest
density of herpeto–fauna was observed in the Agricultural Fields (13 sightings per sampling
point), while the greatest diversity of herpeto–fauna was seen in Scrub Forest where 13
herpeto–faunal species were seen.
The most abundant amphibian seen here was the Skittering Frog Euphlyctis
cyanophlyctis. Except for Cyrtopodion rohtasfortai and Fejervarya limnocharis which have
not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2014), the rest of the taxa are
categorized as LC in IUCN Red List. Photographs of some of common reptile species found in
the Ecological Study Area are shown below.
Appendix-VII
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a. Striped Grass Skink Eutropis dissimilis
b. Punjab Snake Eyed Lacerta Ophisops
jerdonii
c. Rohtas Fort Gecko Cyrtopodion rohtasfortai
d. Bengal Monitor Varanus bengalensis
Figure 6: Some commonly found reptiles in the Project area
Appendix-VII
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Appendix-VII
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57
4.3.2 Ornitho-fauna (Birds)
A total of 79 species belonging to 34 families were recorded during the present study
in the sampling points of Karot Hydropower Project Area (KHPA) (Figure 7). Analysis of data
on residential status revealed that out of 79 bird‟s species, 75.9% were year round
resident, remaining were summer breeders, were winter visitors and were passage migrant.
The order Passeriformes was the most dominant order with highest number of birds families
recorded from the study area (Figure 8). The passerine birds dominated the diversity with
51 species as compared to non-passerines which were 28 in number. Passeriformes have
highest number of recorded birds species (51) followed by Falconiformes (08) Coraciiformes
and Galliformes (04 each) respectively (Figure 8).
The families with no. of bird species observed are Muscicapidae comprised maximum
number of species followed by Accipitridae and Corvidae. The family Muscicapidae has
highest number of recorded bird‟s species. The overall diversity of all recorded families of
birds is shown in Fig. 9. The diversity of species in a particular area depends not only on the
number of species found, but also on their individuals‟ counts. Ecologists call the number of
species in an area its richness, and the relative abundance of species its evenness.
Along the stream and water bodies Kingfisher, wagtail and little egret were also
recorded. The critically endangered species, the white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis)
and endangered Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) were also recorded in very small
number. The species of vultures are highly threatened by different factors like diclofenac
contamination of livestock carcasses (Green et al., 2006). The other causes such as habitat
destruction, food shortage, human persecution, poisoning and pesticide use may have
caused a gradual decline in vulture populations (Birdlife International, 2010). The
abundance of Egyptian Vulture, Black kite and crow species was higher near the waste and
garbage stored land. The habitat and distribution range overlapping of two crow species,
Jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) and House crow (Corvus splendens) were observed.
The house crow proliferates in human settlements and disturbed habitats.
The transitional habitat between cultivated land scrub forest and thick forest
patches of chir pine dominated the diversity of passerines birds such as the species of
Common stone chat, Pied bush chat, Indian robin, Flycatcher and Warbler. Rollers inhabit
scattered trees, scrublands, cultivated fields and urban parks or gardens. The main threats
include loss of suitable habitat due to changing agricultural practices, loss of nest sites and
use of pesticides (Kovacs et al., 2008).
Appendix-VII
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Figure 7: Sampling points for birds along KHPA
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
59
Irrespective of altitudinal variation House sparrow was dominant species in urban
areas. Similarly the Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis), Red vented bulbul (Pycnonotus
cafer) and White cheeked bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys) were also recorded across the
study area. The two species of woodpecker Scaly bellied woodpecker (Picus squamatus),
Grey capped pygmy woodpecker (Dendrocopos canicapillus) dominated the forest area with
dominant trees species of chir pine. Green bee-eater (Merops orientalis), Pied Cuckoo
(Clamator jacobinus), Rose ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), Common myna
(Acridotheres tristis), Brahminy starling (Sturnus pagodarum) and Scaly breasted munia
(Lonchura punctulata) were dominated the agricultural lands.
The Jungle babbler (Turdoides striatus) species was at every study site. A single
sighting of Crimson sunbird (Aethopyga siparaja) and Rose ringed parakeet (Psittacula
krameri) was also recorded while surveying the study area. According to Roberts (1992) the
insectivorous birds prevalent in the cultivated crop fields of the cotton growing belt of
Punjab are the Drongo, Roller, Swallows, House Sparrow, Common Myna and Shrikes. A
total of 49 species of birds were observed in Lahore with densely populated areas had the
0 5 10 15 20 25
Passeriforms
Coraciformes
Falconiformes
Galliformes
Columbiformes
Apodiformes
Piciformes
Cuculiformes
Psittaciformes
Strigiformes
Ciconiiformes
Figure 8 Order wise_Family diversity of Avian Fauna
Appendix-VII
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highest number of sparrow and pigeon population, whereas, areas with large sized pockets
of vegetation supported the largest diversity of birds (Joshua and Ali, 2011).
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Muscicapid…
Accipitridae
Corvidae
Cisticolidae
Motacillidae
Phasianidae
Sylviidae
Columbidae
Pycnonotid…
Timaliidae
Laniidae
Alaudidae
Cuculidae
Nectaribiidae
Paridae
Picidae
Strigidae
Alcedinidae
Apodidae
Ardeidae
Campepha…
Coraciidae
Dicruridae
Emberizidae
Estrildidae
Falconidae
Meropidae
Monarchidae
Passeridae
Psittacidae
Sturnidae
Sturnidae
Turdidae
Upupidae
Figure 9: Family wise_Species diversity of Avian Fauna
Appendix-VII
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Table 4: Checklist of Avian Fauna of Karot Hydropower Project Area (KHPA)
S# Order Family Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status
1. Passeriformes Laniidae Bay backed shrike Lanius vittatus LC SB
2. Rufous-backed or long tailed shrike Lanius schach - YRR
3. Campephagidae Long-tailed minivet Pericrocotus ethologus - WV
4. Corvidae Tree pie Dendrocitta vagabunda - YRR
5. Yellow billed blue magpie Urocissa flavirostris - YRR
6. House crow Corvus splendens - YRR
7. Large billed crow Corvus macrorhynchos - YRR
8. Common raven Corvus corax - YRR
9. Black headed jay Garrulus lanceolatus - YRR
10. Dicruridae Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus - YRR
11. Sturnidae Indian myna Acridotheres tristis - YRR
12. Pycnonotidae White cheeked bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys - YRR
13. Red vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer - YRR
14. Asian Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus - YRR
15. Motacillidae White wagtail Motacilla alba - WV
16. White browed wagtail Motacilla madaraspatensis - YRR
17. Paddy field pipit Anthus rufulus - YRR
18. Tree pipit Anthus trivialis - SB
19. Nectaribiidae Purple sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus - YRR
20. Crimson sunbird Aethopyga siparaja YRR
21. Muscicapidae Pied bush chat Saxicola caprata - YRR
22. - Common bush chat Saxicola torquata - PM
23. Grey bush chat Saxicola ferrea - WV
24. Brown rock chat Cercomela fusca - YRR
25. - Indian robin Luscinia brunnea - YRR
26. Oriental magpie robin Copsychus saularis - YRR
27. - Blue caped redstart Phoenicurus caeruleocephala - SB
Appendix-VII
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28. Black redstart Phoenicurus ochruros - WV
29. White capped water redstart Chaimarrornis fuliginosus - YRR
30. - White-tailed Stonechat Saxicola leucurus - YRR
31. Timaliidae Jungle babbler Turdoides striatus - YRR
32. - Common babbler Turdoides caudatus LC YRR
33. - Striated laughing thrush Garrulax striatus - YRR
34. Sylviidae Lesser whitethroat Sylvia curruca - WV
35. Common chiffchaf Phylloscopus collybita - WV
36. Blunt winged warbler Acrocephalus concinens - SB
37. Oriental white eye Zosterops palpebrosus - YRR
38. Alaudidae Indian bush lark Mirafra erythroptera - YRR
39. Crested lark Galerida cristata - YRR
40. Passeridae House sparrow Passer domesticus - YRR
41. Cisticolidae Striated prinia Prinia crinigera - YRR
42. Grey brested prinia Prinia hodgsonii - YRR
43. Rufous- fronted prinia Prinia buchanani - YRR
44. Graceful prinia Prinia gracilis - YRR
45. Turdidae Blue whistling thrush Myophonus caeruleus - SB
46. Monarchidae Asian paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi - SB
47. Sturnidae Brahminy Starling Sturnia pagodarum - YRR
48. Estrildidae Scaly-breasted munia Lonchura punctulata - YRR
49. Paridae Great tit Parus major - YRR
50. White throated tit Aegithalos niveogularis - YRR
51. Emberizidae Crested bunting Melophus lathami - YRR
52. Galiformes Phasianidae Peafowl Pavo cristatus - YRR
53. Kalij pheasant Lophura leucomelanos - YRR
54. Black partridge Melanoperdix niger V YRR
55. Grey partridge Perdix perdix LC YRR
56. Columbiformes Columbidae Oriental turtle dove Streptopelia orientalis - YRR
57. Laughing dove Streptopelia senegalensis - YRR
58. Rock pigeon Columba livia - YRR
Appendix-VII
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59. Coraciiformes Alcedinidae White throated kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis - YRR
60. Coraciidae Indian roller Coracias benghalensis - YRR
61. Upupidae Common hoopoe Upupa epops - SB
62. Meropidae Green bee eater Merops orientalis - YRR
63. Falconiformes Accipitridae White rumped vulture Gyps bengalensis CE YRR
64. Himalayan griffon vulture Gyps himalayensis NT YRR
65. Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus End WV
66. Shikra or Indian sparrow hawk Accipiter badius LC YRR
67. Eurasian sparrow hawk Accipiter nisus - SB
68. Tawny eagle Aquila rapax - YRR
69. Black kite Milvus migrans - YRR
70. Falconidae Common kestrel Falco tinnunculus - YRR
71. Apodiformes Apodidae House swift Apus affinis - YRR
72. Piciformes Picidae Scaly billed woodpecker Picus squamatus - YRR
73. Brown fronted woodpecker Dendrocopos auriceps - YRR
74. Cuculiformes Cuculidae Pied cuckoo Clamator jacobinus - SB
75. - - Asian koel Eudynamys scolopaceus - SB
76. Psittaciformes Psittacidae Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri - SB
77. Strigiformes Strigidae Spotted owlet Athene brama - YRR
78. Asian barred owlet Glaucidium cuculoides - YRR
79. Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Little egret Egretta garzetta - YRR
Key: LC= Least Concern; NT= Near Threatened; YRR+= Year Round Resident; WV= Winter Visitor; SB=Summer Breeding; PM= Passage Migrant
Data Source of residential status: Grimmett et al., 2008
Figure 9: Some glimpses of photo-captured records of birds from KHPA
Long tailed shrike Lanius schach Oriental turtle dove Streptopelia orientalis
White throated kingfisher Halcyon White cheeked bulbul Pycnonotus
Purple sun bird Cinnyris asiaticus Oriental white-eye Zosterops palpebrosus
Appendix-VII
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Jungle babbler Turdoides striatus
Black drongo Dicrurus Red vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer
Common hoopoe Upupa epops
Brahminy Starling Sturnia pagodarum Indian myna Acridotheres tristis
Appendix-VII
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4.3.3 Mammals
About 28 species of mammals were reported in the selected sampling points of
KHPA. Due to lack of published literature and no prior work in the area, a list of
mammalian species was made on local reports and by interviews. Sign survey was also
conducted in the area but it could not confirm most of the species in the area. Table 5
shows a list of mammalian species or groups (in case of rodents, bats and mutelids) in
the area with some anecdotal evidences for further confirmation.
Great tit Parus major Spotted owlet Athene brama
Eurasian sparrow hawk Accipiter Indian robin Luscinia brunnea
Scaly billed woodpecker Picus
squamatus
House crow Corvus splendens
Appendix-VII
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T
a
b
l
e 5: Checklist of Mammals
Sr. No. Species Scientific Name IUCN Status
1 Common leopard Panthera pardus Near Threatened
2 Gray wolf Canis lupus Least Concern
3 Asiatic jackal Canis aureus Least Concern
4 Red fox Vulpes vulpes Least Concern
5 Wild boar Sus scrofa Least Concern
6 Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak Least Concern
Figure 10: Sampling points for the mammals of KHPA
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68
7 Indian crested porcupine Hystrix Indica Least Concern
8 Cape hare Lepus capensis Least Concern
9 Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta Least Concern
10 Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus
Least Concern
11 Small Asian mongoose Herpestes javanicus Least Concern
12 Indian grey mongoose Herpestes edwardsii Least Concern
13 Small Kashmir flying
squirrel
Eoglaucomys fimbriatus Least Concern
14 Common otter Lutra lutra Near Threatened
15 Jungle cat Felis chaus Least Concern
16 Smooth-coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata Vulnerable
17-21 Rodents
22-23 Mustelid
23-28 Bats
Predation on Livestock/Poultry
To measure the predation on livestock and poultry, local people were asked about
their losses to dominant predator in the area. Four predators were blamed to be
responsible for killing of livestock and poultry. Jackal was leading with about 63%
predation and it was the dominant predator in the area predated on livestock as well as
on poultry. Other predators were wolf with 19% predation followed by common leopard
(15%) and fox (4%) (Table 6).
Table 6: Predation on Livestock/Poultry
Species Percentage
Common leopard 15
Wolf 19
Jackal 63
Fox 4
Crop Damage by Mammals
Besides the livestock and poultry killing, some of the mammalian species were also
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
69
found to be responsible for the crop damages in the area. Wild boar was leading the crop
damages with PKR 1940/= per household per year. Other mammals were jackal
porcupine and hedgehog (Table 7).
Table 7: Crop Damages by Mammals
Species Estimated loss Season
Wild boar 1940 Summer
Porcupine 150 Summer
Jackal 667 Summer
Hedgehog 100 Summer
Human Perception about top predators
People were asked whether they want different predators in the area or not and their
perception was different about different animals. It was observed that they were more
concerned about their losses and showed more negative response to the predator i.e.,
jackal which they blamed for most of their damages (Table 8).
Table 8: Attitude towards top predators
Species Positive Negative
Common leopard 70 30
Wolf 60 40
Jackal 23 77
Fox 30 70
Perception about carnivores
When local people were asked about their perception about intensity of danger of
different animals for their livestock and poultry losses, they nominated the dominant
predators of the area. The level of danger was kept from 1-4 in order to increasing
danger. According to our respondents, jackal was most dangerous animal of the area.
Common leopard and wolf were next to jackal were equally dangerous while fox was
considered least dangerous among these four predators (Figure 11).
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70
Figure11: Perceived danger of different animals according to local people
Signs Surveys
Transacts were laid in the area on different topographies and habitats, though there
was not too much difference due to the smallness of the area. Dominant vegetation was
scrub but there were also good patches of forest. Topography was ridge, slope and draw.
Unfortunately we could not find signs of most of the mammals except some pugmarks
and scats of fox and jackal which, according to reports, were common in the area. This
low detection of signs was either due to less number of individuals of different species in
the area or due to considerable disturbance by local people and their livestock in the
area which destroyed the signs. A dead specimen of palm civet found on the road as rod-
kill also showed its presence and practical threats to it in the area (Figure 12 a-h)
Annexure I: Figure 12 a-h:
3 3
4
2
0
1
2
3
4
Common Leopard Wolf Jackal Fox
Inte
nsi
ty o
f D
an
ger
Species
Perceived Danger
Appendix-VII
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71
a. Collecting information from local people b. Walking along a Transect
c. Searching signs d. Recording signs during sign survey
e. Scat of jackal f. Pugmarks of fox
g. Road-kill Palm Civet h. Another Road-kill Palm Civet
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72
4.4 Basis for Determination of Conservation Status of Species and
Performance Standard for Preparation of the Baseline
The conservation status of the species identified were determined using criteria set
by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red List, 2013), Pakistan‟s Mammals
National Red List 200653, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
(CITES) appendices (as of November 2013) (CITES, 2013). The baseline was developed
to address the requirements of the Equator Principles, Safeguards Requirement (SR) of
ADB‟s SPS56, and International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards.
Large Mammals
Three large mammals reported from the Ecological Study Area are included in IUCN
Red List 2013. These are the Common Leopard Panthera pardus and Common Otter
Lutra lutra, both of which are listed as Near Threatened and smooth-coated otter
(Lutrogale perspicillata) as Vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN Red List 2013. There are some
species that are included in the CITES Species List and in the Pakistan Mammals National
Red List 2006. However, none of the mammal species observed or reported from the
Ecological Study Area are endemic, their distribution is not limited to any specific site or
habitat type, and their distribution is widespread.
Small Mammals
None of the small mammals observed or reported from the Ecological Study Area are
included in the IUCN Red List 2013. No threatened small mammals or endemics were
determined to be resident on the Ecological Study Area. There are some species of
limited conservation concern, but their distribution is widespread.
Herpetofauna
One of the reptile species recorded from Ecological Study Area is included in the
IUCN Red List 2013. This is the Indian Rock Python Python molurus that is listed as Near
Threatened. Of the herpeto–fauna species observed in the Ecological Study Area, four
are endemic to Pakistan. These include Rohtas Fort Gecko Cyrtopodion rohtasfortai,
Typhlops madgemintonai, Typhlops ahsanuli, and Typhlops diardi platyventris. The two
species included in CITES Appendix II are Central Asian Cobra Naja oxiana and Indian
Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus, while Varanus bengalensis Bengal Monitor is included in
CITES Appendix I.
Birds
Three bird species found in the Ecological Study Area are included in the IUCN Red
Appendix-VII
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73
List 2013. These include the Oriental White–backed Vulture, Gyps bengalensis and
Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus listed as Critically Endangered and Endangered
respectively and Himalayan griffon vulture, Gyps himalayensis as near threatened (NT).
All these three species are placed in Appendix II of the CITES Species List. Two bird
species, Black Kite Milvus migrans and White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa are included
in CITES Appendix II. According to preliminary investigations, most of the vultures breed
in the Pir Lasura National Park. Therefore, it was determined that the Ecological Study
Area is not critical to the survival of these vulture species.
Appendix-VII
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74
5. DISCUSSIONS
As far as the habitat of recorded species concerned, it is characterized by sub-
tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests and sub-tropical pine forests. The area is a
transitional zone between plains and foot hills of the Himalayas. It is an area of little
precipitation, plenty of continuous winds, poor drainage and medium to poor soil quality.
The vegetation of the riparian areas is mainly dominated by Dalbergia sissoo,
Parthenium hysterophorus, Xanthium strumarium and Ricinus communis. The sub-
tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests are commonly known as scrub forests. These
forests consist of branchy trees forming a canopy if complete closure or scattered trees
with a shrub growth. These trees and shrubs are mostly thorny and evergreen, but
some, like olive and pomegranate are not thorny. The scrub forests occur on the foothills
and lower slopes of the Himalayas. The typical species are; Olea cuspidata (Kau) and
Acacia modesta (Phulai), the two species occurring mixed or pure, and the shrub
Dodonaea (Sanatta) which is particularly abundant in whole area of reservoir. The
vegetation at high altitude is mainly dominated by Pinus roxburghii.
Birds:
Owing to several limitations during the current study, like short study span, and
the diverse biological phenomenon of avifauna, the seasonal abundance has not been
reckoned fully. The current study results can be extended if periodic/seasonal surveys
for longer duration are arranged and avifauna of every season is explored. This is
because different species have different levels of conspicuousness (or call output). The
same problem exists when comparing the same species between different habitats – the
species may be more conspicuous and therefore appear to be commoner in one habitat
than another, when in fact the only real difference is that it is easier to record in one of
the habitats. It is also in the nature of relative estimates that you cannot derive
population density or sizes from them (Birdlife International, 2000). A more intensive
and seasonal based study would surely result in identifying many more avifaunal species
along with the enrichment of knowledge for the avifaunal diversity.
It has generally been accepted that the configuration and composition of
vegetation of a habitat acts as one of the determining factors for distribution and
abundance of bird species (Block and Brennan 1993). Birds were recorded more or less
everywhere in the study area. Birds are among the best monitors of environmental
changes and have been used to evaluate the environment throughout the history as bio
monitors. Analysis revealed that the transitional zone of habitat has higher bird diversity
Appendix-VII
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75
and species richness. It provide the diverse habitat to the birds species such as winter
migrant from higher altitude and summer migrant from lower altitudes. Ornitho faunal
diversity is an essential component of our planet but unfortunately this precious diversity
is now being lost at an extremely rapid rate. Sustainable management of these
ecological habitats is the greatest challenge that is currently faced by biodiversity
conservationist (Patil, 2013). Studies have revealed that intensive biomass extraction
(mainly through grazing and fuel wood collection) is leading to changes in vegetation
structure and composition of the forest, are leading to changes in bird species
composition (Shahabuddin and Kumar 2005).
The left side (AJK) of proposed dame has low level of habitat degradation and
human disturbance. These areas are open to human access and interference. Over all at
several locations, nests of various bird species were observed on ground as well in
bushes and on the other hand grazing pressure and cutting of bushes were evident.
These destructive practices imposing pressure on diverse habitat and population health
of avian fauna and also revealed a serious threat to the breeding and nesting ground of
several birds and such practices are destroying the feeding and roosting places of birds
as well. All these aforementioned practices contribute towards the degradation of
ecological requirements for the bird species.
In term of the abundance of recorded species, the undisturbed area dominated
the diversity of avian fauna. As the dame site and reservoir area have dominant patch of
scrub forest with riverine habitat along the river. Moving upward with increasing
elevation range both side of the reservoir has thick patches of chir pine forest. Every
habitat has their own associated bird‟s species. These diverse habitats have a diversity of
vegetation and have created diverse habitats which provide breeding ground and
roosting places for various birds species. The rivers and stream provide suitable habitat
for grassland species as well as stream dwellers and migratory water birds.
The dam construction reduces the scrub habitat range in the study area that will
compel the species to nearby range of scrub forest. So the squeezing or shrinkage of
scrub forest will have a little bit impact on associated bird‟s species of the Karot
Hydropower Project Area (KHPA). More construction and developmental activities in the
area will require the biodiversity conservation and management plan. On the other hand
dam construction will add a wetland for many migratory birds‟ species.
Mammals:
Overall diversity of mammals was lesser as compared to other closer areas like
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76
Pir Lasoora National Park where 45 barking deer are residing (Zulfiqar et al., 2011) and
frequent sightings of yellow-throated marten, small Kashmiri flying squirrel and common
leopard were observed (Manzoor et al., 2013).
Both questionnaire survey and sign survey revealed the rarity of the most of the
species. Low sighting rates and low sign detections were mainly because of small
number of different species in the area, the highly populated area resulting huge
disturbance which hinders the wildlife to settle there, signs were destroyed due to
human and livestock movements, and poor weather conditions. Human-wildlife conflict
also adds an avoidance of carnivore from the area. Killings cases of large mammals
especially predator was one of its example. Rivers are the major source of drinking water
for the regional terrestrial fauna. Drying of long river stretches might affect the
occupancy of the nearby areas by the terrestrial species due to water scarcity leading to
degradation of habitat quality.
The most obvious effect of storage reservoirs on terrestrial ecosystems is the
permanent destruction through inundation. Terrestrial biotopes are completely
destroyed. All terrestrial plants and animals contained previously in the submerged areas
completely disappear from the submerged areas. Many animals are caught and drowned
during the filling of new reservoirs. Large scale impoundments may eliminate unique
wildlife habitats and extinguish entire populations of endangered species especially those
preferring valley bottoms (Bardach and Dussart, 1973; Nilsson and Dynesius, 1994).
Large reservoirs may also disrupt natural migration corridors.
The most immediate and obvious impact of dam development is its physical
presence as a barrier. Dams pose as a barrier leading to a plethora of impacts on the
local biodiversity thereby disrupting the continuity of the riparian ecosystem. Rivers and
their adjoining riparian zones are considered to be the most important corridors for
movements of animals in natural landscapes (Forman and Godron 1986; Malanson
1993). Dam acts as a barrier to terrestrial animal movement and plant dispersal,
particularly reduction of riparian zone as a migration corridor (Deall 2010).
Deforestation leads to direct elimination of crucial habitats for terrestrial species.
Several important trees, shrub and herb species are removed from these areas and
might lead to extinction of certain endemic species. It also adversely affects the faunal
species residing in these areas and which are dependent on these floral species. On a
landscape level, deforestation leads to habitat fragmentation and degradation of habitat
quality. It also leads to destruction of vital animal/plant corridors which ultimately effects
migration and gene dispersal.
Appendix-VII
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77
Common leopard is the most important carnivore species in the area. It is „Near
Threatened‟ according IUCN red list and also protected in all Provisional Wildlife
Acts/Ordinances. It is already facing very serious threats in the form of killing by human,
habitat loss and scarcity of food. This project will add to habitat loss. Both species of
mongoose (small Asian mongoose and Indian grey mongoose) are included in the CITES
Appendix III. These species have a trade pressure for their skins exported to different
countries. These skins are used for manufacturing the purses and the decoration pieces.
Common otter is a „Near Threatened‟ species while smooth coated otter is „Vulnerable‟
species and they are very rare in the area.
Species like common leopard and wolf who have large home ranges and do no
permanently live in one area, can tolerate the effect of such hydropower projects but
small mammalian species do suffer a lot. Habitat of otter, mustelid, rodents and hare will
definitely be damaged in this project. One more possible effect is that some occasional
visitors like leopard and barking deer could start avoiding the area after dam formation
and habitat destruction.
Amphibian & Reptiles:
As a result of dam construction, the level of reservoir will rise and the habitat therein will
be submerged which will negatively affect and dislocate the population of reptiles and rodent
species to higher steel slopes of the mountains. Habitat shrinkage will greatly affect these
animals. However, a positive impact on the population of amphibians, birds and large
mammals is expected in the lon-term scenario. Blasting, mining and construction activities
will likely affect the population of lizards, snakes and rodents in the short-term activities.
Appendix-VII
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78
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
The selected sites were studied for shorter time spans, a more
intensive and seasonal based study would surely result in identifying
diversity of species. Constructing dam will act as barrier for many
species and they become more confined, and it will reduce their
feeding opportunities and daily activities so this point should be
addressed while planning through more studies.
The present study suggested that, at different stages of construction of
dam and reservoir, further studies on this aspect would be required to
generate some additional information on the factors and sources
contributing to the habitat degradation and their affects on Herpeto-
fauna, Ornitho-fauna and Mammals of study area.
Considering the common leopard, wolf, barking deer and Indian
pangolin which are very rare in the area and only occasionally seen,
hydropower development in these basins will significantly alter the
habitats of these species of very high conservation importance. For this
extensive long-term seasonal studies are required.
People are already in conflict with some mammalian species due to
livestock or crop damages and they want to eliminate or reduce some
of the species from the area. The hydropower project should not favor
local people in this regards therefore wildlife laws should be
implemented in the area and punishment should be given on
violations.
Awareness programs for conservation of threatened species of reptiles,
birds and mammals should be conducted among the local people and
school students so that they themselves feel the importance of wildlife
and their role in ecosystem. Awareness should also be created about
the negative impact on wildlife of the area by over-grazing, forest
cutting and illegal hunting.
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the threatened reptiles,
birds and mammals is mandatory.
Awareness should be created among the people to stop the heavy use
of pesticides. Measures, which minimize the adverse affects of
pesticides on living organisms, should be developed.
Solid waste pollution should be managed properly.
Appendix-VII
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79
Impact of habitat shrinkage will be managed or reduced by applying
protection and conservation practices for remaining area having same
habitat.
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
80
Karot Hydropower Project Area (KHPA
Appendix-VII
Fauna Study
81
7. REFERENCES
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Baig, K. J. 1996. Herpetofauna of the sub-Himalayan region of Pakistan including
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Baig, K. J. 1998. The amphibian fauna of Azad Jammu and Kashmir with new record of
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Baig, K. J. 2001. Annotated Checklist of amphibians and reptiles of the northern
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Baig, K.J. 2002. Rediscovery of Murree Hill Frog, Paa vicina after 130 years from Ayubia
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Baig, K.J. & L. Gvozdik. 1998. Uperodon systoma: Record of a new microhylid frog from
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Baig, K.J. and M. Rafique. 2005. Two new records of snake species from Machiara
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Bird life International. 2000. Bibby, C. M. Jones and S. Marsden. Expedition field
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Bird Life International. 2010. IUCN Red List for birds. http://www.birdlife.org
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Deall, G., McCleland, W. and P. Hawkes. 2010. Environmental Impact Assessment
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Green, R.E., D. J. Pain, M. A. Taggart, D. Das, C. S. Kumar, A. A. Cunningham, and R.
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Appendix-VII
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University Press, Delhi, 888pp.
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Khan, M. S. & Baig. K.J. 1992. A new tenuidactylid gecko fron northeastern Gilgit
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46: 142-148.
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biodiversity indicators in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan.
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Appendix-VIII Fish Study
APPENDIX – VIII
FISH STUDY
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
TOC - I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of Project/Study ....................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Description ..................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Objectives of Study .................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Support from Retrospective Knowledge ........................................................................ 2
2. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ........................................................................ 10
2.1 West Pakistan Fisheries Ordinance 1961.................................................................... 10
2.2 Operational Procedures of IFC .................................................................................. 10
3. APPROACH & METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 12
3.1 Literature Perusal & Its Justification ........................................................................... 12
3.2 Consultation with Stakeholders .................................................................................. 12
3.3 Aquatic / Ichthyofaunic Study Sites ............................................................................ 12
3.4 Data Collection (Methodology & Approach) ................................................................. 13
3.5 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 14
4. CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT & MITIGATION MEASURES (CONSTRUCTION
PHASES) ............................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Cumulative Impact Assessment & Mitigation Measures pertaining to
ichthyofauna ........................................................................................................... 16
4.1.1 Cumulative Impact Assessment for Construction Phase of Karot & Other Cascading
Hydropower Projects in Connection with Ichthyofauna of Effected River Jhelum Reach. ... 16
4.1.1.1Potential Impacts Dam Sites – In-stream Activities ........................................................... 16
4.1.2 Uncertainties & Data Gaps ........................................................................................ 17
4.1.3 Mitigations (Pre-Construction & Construction Phases) .................................................. 19
4.2 Operation Phase Cumulative Impacts of Cascading Projects on Ichthyofauna & Its Future
Sustainability and Enhancement in Jhelum Reach from Tail of Kohala HPP to Mangla Dam
.............................................................................................................................. 19
4.2.1 Impacts of Cascading Projects on Downstream Ichthyofauna of Mangla Reservoir .......... 21
5. FINAL OUTCOME MANAGEMENT MONITORING AND SUPERVISION ...................... 23
5.1.1 Environmental Flow as Downstream Management Measure ......................................... 23
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
TOC - I
5.1.2 Role of Public & Private Sector in Sustainable Development & Management of ichthyo-
resources in Modified Reach of Jhelum River .............................................................. 25
5.2 Operation Phases of Cascading Projects, Climate Change Phenomenon and
Ichthyobiodiversity & Biomass ................................................................................... 27
5.2.1 Climate Change & its Relevance ............................................................................... 27
5.2.2 Adaptation ............................................................................................................ 173
5.3 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 28
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of Project/Study
In 2009 SMEC (Pvt.) prepared Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of 720 MW Karot
Hydropower Project. In this report the fish and fisheries aspects were not dealt in, in depth manner.
To update this important section of EIA according to ground realities and to include the cumulative
impacts of various upcoming hydropower projects in the wake of looming grave concerns due to
climate change, this retrospective and present data oriented study was carried out. Another driven
force behind this venture was to encompass aspirations of IFCs performance standard-No.6 aiming to
protect and conserve aquatic biodiversity, the variety of life in all its forms, including genetic, species
and ecosystem diversity and its ability to change/evolve which is fundamental to sustainable
development. This performance standard ponders upon how clients can avoid or mitigate threats to
biodiversity arising from their operations as well as incorporate sustainable management of renewable
natural resources. This strive is carried out by (PES) Consultant with the spirit to update the fisheries
section of EIA report of Karot HPP also incorporating impacts of upstream cascading Projects on
ichthyofauna of River Jhelum.
The karot HPP is envisaged to be built on River Jhelum just 6 kms upstream of Mangla
Reservoir FSL near Karot in Kahuta Techsil of District Rawalpindi. The site is accessible from Federal
Capital Islamabad via Kahuta – Kotli metaled road and lies at an approximate distance of 65 kms
south-east of Rawalpindi. The GPS co-ordinates of this site are 33o-36
o N and 73
o – 36
o E. Upstream
of the proposed HPP, river Jhelum is jointed by main tributaries i.e. Kunhar, Neelum and Mahal rivers.
The cascade of upstream projects includes Azad Pattan HPP, just upstream of Karot HPP, Mahal
HPP, couple of Kms upstream of Azad Pattan HPP then Kohala HPP, Patrind HPP on Kunhar river,
Neelum – Jhelum HPP on Neelum river, Dhudnial HPP and Ashkot HPP also on Neelum River.
1.2. Project Description
As the design of major project components and allied structures has profound impact on
aquatic ecology of river, so its design description is given in this section. The project will generate 720
MW (installed capacity) Hydel power using the Jhelum River flows. The firm capacity of project has
been estimated as 116.5 MW. The average annual hydel generation comes to 3212 GWh, with the
hydel generation fluctuating between higher and lower values depending on river flow conditions;
predominantly affected by rainfall and snowmelt within the catchment. Specification of important
relevant project components includes:
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
2
Powerhouse: On surface, above ground with 170.4 m (L) x
27 m (W) x 61.7 m (H) and Design Discharge
of 1248.4 m³/s
Dam: Asphalt Concrete Cote Rock Fill Dam, max.
height 95.5 m, Normal Pool Level 461 masl &
Design Flood 20,700 m³/s
Spillway: Overflow Type with Radial Gates, size 12m x
22m (each)
Tunnels: Diversion Tunnels
3 Nos. with 12.5 m dia & tunnel length of 450
(each)
Head Race Tunnels
4 Nos. with 9.5 m dia & tunnel length of 240
m (each)
Tailrace Channel
Length 170.4 m and width 17.5 m.
The Project‟s green status can be gauged with the fact that it will generate 3213 GWh of
energy annually and will then avoid the annual emissions amounting to 1927800 t CO2 from a natural
gas fired CCGT. The project will divert 1248.4 m3/s water from reservoir into power channel for hydel
generation round the clock at full supply level. From October to February, it generates full capacity for
4 hours. The length of reservoir at FSL from dam site upto its tail will be 27 kms, here the valley
through which water flows is v-shaped.
1.3. Objectives of Study
Objectives of the study particularly include following:
To identify potential impacts of Karot HPP on fish & fisheries of Jhelum
River and generally the cumulative impacts of other cascading projects on
ichthyofauna.
To chalk out a strategy to mitigate potential deleterious impacts on biotic
vigor of river
To identify a way forward for sustainable development of fish and fisheries in
modified riverine habitats.
1.4. Supports from Retrospective Knowledge
Karot Hydropower Project is proposed to be constructed on Jhelum River, and located 48
kms upstream of Mangla Dam. This reach of Jhelum River is in vicinity of lacustrine aquatic habitant
of Mangla Reservoir, tail of which at 1240 FSL is just 6 kms downstream of Karot HPP near Suharey
(Mangla up-raising report). The creation of 27 kms long reservoir with the construction of Karot HPP
will provide almost similar aquatic ecological conditions, as that of Jhelum Pocket of Mangla reservoir.
The background knowledge of Mangla fish and fisheries management, and respective aquatic studies
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
3
of upstream and downstream reaches of River Jhelum will provide stepping stones to launch
assessment sprees for future development projects to chalk out measures for conservation and
rehabilitation and, if possible enhancement of ichthyofaunic biomass/biodiversity in modified habitats.
The fish & fisheries studies carried out during Environment Impacts Assessment of Ashkot
HPP, Kohala HPP, Patrind HPP and Neelum Jhelum HPP also helped author in filling various pixels
of picture of cumulative impact assessment of cascade of projects envisaged on River Jhelum,
particularly their synergistic impacts on aquatic ecology/fisheries ecology.
The outcome in this case is based on the template carved for Rapid Cumulative Impact
Assessment (RCIA), as depicted in the IFC Publication “Good Practice Handbook”. Cumulative
Impact Assessment and Management. This sound document describes a step-wise process for
identifying and assessing the Cumulative impacts of multiple projects.
A conceptual cumulative impact template for HPP development in cascading projects and
their impact on aquatic ecology, particularly Jhelum River upstream of Mangla is inked both by using
retrospective aquatic ecology peer knowledge and outcome of present study. The valued
Environmental Components (VECs) i.e. ichthyofauna is studied in this context. The step-wise
approach adopted is narrated below:
Step-I Determined spatial and temporal Boundaries
Step-II
Identified VEC, keeping in
view terminal product of
aquatic ecology
Identified developments
& external natural and
social stresses affecting
the VEC i.e. biotic and
abiotic
Step-III Determined present condition of VEC i.e. baseline; as depicted in recent
studies and present strive etc.
Step-IV Assessed Cumulative Impacts & evaluated their significance over
ichthyofauna predicted future conditions.
Step-V
Designed & implemented
(a). adequate strategies, plans and procedures to manage
cumulative impacts.
(b). appropriate monitoring indicator‟s and
(c). devised effective supervision mechanism
The RICA approach to Cumulative Impact Assessment (IFC-2013)
The spatial and temporal boundaries of Step-I, particularly include the construction phase
of KHPP and generally cascading HPPs from Siran, Kohala reservoir at Jhelum upto Mangla Dam.
The construction and operation phase of Karot HPP in particular and that of other projects
in general. The baseline is present and previous status of aquatic VEC i.e ichthyofauna in this River
reach i.e. from Siran upstream to Mangla Reservoir.
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
4
The aquatic VEC identification involve terminal biotic component i.e. ichthyofauna.
Identification of development at this level involve natural and man induced stresses i.e. biotic & abiotic
stresses on fish fauna in the wake of implementation of cascading HPPs, on Jhelum.
In case of present status of VEC, it has been assessed through various assessment
techniques. Regarding Step - IV & V, the Cumulative Impacts including changes in abiotic factors i.e.
riverine hydrology (flow behavior), morphology of river course, sedimentation patterns and water
quality. Changes in biotic factors include; changes in aquatic biodiversity, interspecific and
intraspecific competition among ichthyofauna communities & changes in recruitment and mortality
patterns etc.
In final step certain adequate strategies, plans and procedures have been designed to be
implemented to manage cumulative impacts, certain appropriate monitoring indicators are marked
and an effective supervisory mechanism is devised to encompass outcomes of monitoring sprees.
To stake stock of ichthyofauna as important aquatic VEC, the case study of Mangla
reservoir fish population dynamics, commercial exploitation patterns there-in, species composition
and changes in fish species composition in lotic & lacustrine water regimes throughout the history of
Mangla reservoir after its creation in 1967, has been taken as an important baseline data and a major
building bloc to create a sound base for future implementation of culture based fisheries management/
fisheries enhancement plans in future upstream hydraulic engineering ventures/ cascading
hydropower projects.
Gist of Fish & Fisheries Development / Management in Mangla Reservoir
Prior to 1967 i.e. pre-impoundment ara of Jhelum River at Mangla, Jhangian, confluence of
Poonch & Jhelum River (now submerged in Mangla Reservoir) alongwith Tangrote were legendary
spots regarding natural spawning of gallant Tor Putitora angling. While in Poonch the Mahseer section
was from confluence with Jhelum to upstream reach near Gulpur. Lord Mount-Batin the last Viceroy of
British Empire also visited Tangrote Rest House for angling when British held sway in Sub-Continent.
In pre-impoundment era, important indigenous fish fauna of River Jhelum from Mangla
upto Kohala comprises of; Tor Putitora, wallagu attu, Aorichthys aor, Labeo microphthmics, Labeo
dero, Labeo dychelius & upstream Dhangali nullah Schizothorax plagiostomus, Clupisoma gurva,
Sishtura nalbanti, Glyptothorax spps. (Hora etal) & (Hamid 1946).
After the construction of Dam & water impoundment at Mangla. Fish seed of major
Athara carps was transported and transplanted form Athara Hazari natural spawning grounds (near
Jhang) to Mangla Reservoir. A small hatchery and necessary unit to carry out induced breading of
Cyprinus carpio was established in vicinity of Mangla in 1972. The stocking of these desirable but
mainly forage species first time introduced concept of culture based fisheries Management in man-
made reservoir in Pakistan. These transplanted carp species i.e. Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, Catla
catla, Cyprinus carpio thrived well in early phase of reservoir.
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
5
The then fisheries Manager at Mangla Reservoir Abdul Slam Insari suggested that for
enhancement of fisheries resources in man-made reservoir in future, the fisheries Manager
should pay more affection to developing new fish communities in modified environments
rather than spending efforts on pressuring old ones (Insari, 1981).
The availability of huge lacustrine water body and upstream extension of lentic fauna into
afferent streams after impoundment resulted in mass-scale movement of major carps i.e. Labeo rahita
& Catla catla in Kanshi nullah for natural spawning (Dastgir 1987).
That proved seasonal movement of major craps between reservoir and streams. However,
the creation of reservoir was generally found to be beneficial to non-migratory species i.e.
Xenentodon cancila, Cirrhina reba, Oreochromus mozombicus and Puntius species in 90‟s in
reservoir.
However, it was noted that indigenous fish population tended to adopt itself better to less
pronounced changes in the abiotic habitat than to the significant biotic changes (except carnivor
varities). The fish production trends (of selected years) from Reservoir are depicted in table given
below;
Table: 1 FISH Production (Selected Years Mangla Reservoir)
Year
(Fiscal Year/ Contract Year )
Fish Production
(TONS)
1972-73 830
1979-80 1176
1980-81 1421
1983-84 1725
1985-86 155
1986-87 Fish Contract not awarded
1987-88 570
1991-92 750
1992-93 N.A
1993-94 960
1997-98 645
2002-03 1154
2007-08 871
2009-10 1026
2012-13 906
Source: WAPDA fisheries directorate and AJK- fisheries statistics
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
6
Table: 2 Fish Seed Production at Mangla Hatchery fisheries activities & stocking in
Reservoir (Selected / Years)
Year
(Fiscal
Year)
Seed
Production
(Nos. in
Million)
Species
(Fish)
Stocking
(Nos in
Million)
Fisherman
(Nos)
Boats
(Nos)
1972-73 0.200 Cyprinus carpio 0.180 370 186
1985-86 0.300 Cyprinus carpio
Major carps 0.205 570 200
1990-91 0.120 Cyprinus carpio
Major carps 0.250 445 360
1993-94 0.702 Cyprinus carpio
Major carps 0.520 538 510
1999-2000 1.004 Cyprinus carpio
Major carps 0.815 610 556
Source: Wapda Fisheries Directorate Mangla
Fish species Composition Trends in Harvest & its Reasons
The production trends from Mangla dam reveals marked dominance of forage species in
early stages of reservoir (may be due to biotic bloom in reservoir), which started to decline in favour of
omnivores & Carnivores, then there was another surge in pelagic herbivores (due to dominance of
Hypophthlmitchthys molitrix) in recent past.
The annual water level fluctuation between 1040 (SPD) to 1202 (SPD), before Mangla
Raising, reduced the abundance of bottom fish food organisms (particularly in peripherial) sites
leading to severe competition between different bottom feeding species i.e. Cirrhina mrigala, Labeo
calbasu and Cyprinus carpio etc. resultantly, the plankton feeding species became dominant in
reservoir.
Catches of indegneous species generally declined, largely because of the lowering of the
water level in winter.
Important biotic and abiotic parameters governing fisheries in Mangla Reservoir
Temp. Profile
Usually eiplimnion is limited to the 2 m depth, while meta-limnion extends from 2m to 7 m depth,
below that water is usually homothermal.
Annual Planktonic Biomass
The average annual planktonic biomass ranges from 3.2 to 18 ml/m3. Biomass increases from
September onwards and reaches at peak in December. There are two annual planktonic peaks i.e.
spring and late autumn. Zooplankton, dominates in October.
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
7
Species Wise Dominance
The primary pulse of spring is found to be associated with Dinophyceae, Copepode, and cladocerons.
The secondary pulse of Oct. – Nov. was due to bloom of different agal groups, diatoms and rotifers.
Zonation in Biotic Abundance (Mangla Reservoir is divided into three water regimes i-e
lotic zone, intermediate zone or lentic zone).
Lotic zone of reservoir is least productive in relation to planktonic biomass. Here we observe two
pulses one during monsoon, & other during Dec. – Jan. There is a sharp decline in biomass in this
zone during March to May & again in September.
The overall abundance of benthos was found to be high in intermediate zone, moderate in the lotic
zone and poorest in the lentic zone.
The benthic fauna is characterized by the presence of Oligochaetes (Branchiura, Tubifex,
Limnodrilus & Nias).
Other Fauna include dipteran larvae, molluscs, ephemeropterans and nematodes.
In Lentic zone fauna include; Oligochaetes, hirudieans, Dipteran larvae, nematodes, molluscs &
ephemeroterans.
In lotic zone fauna comprise of; dipteran larvae (chironomus, chaobrous), culex, Tubifera,
Ceratopogon, probezzia, Gastropods, obigochaetes & nematodes are sporadic.
Periphytons were abundant during primary peak in autumn & secondary peak in spring (WAPDA
Fisheries Directorate – 1988)
Water Quality’s Salient Features/Parameter Governing Biota Sustainability in
Reservoir. Annual range of water temperature in Mangla Reservoir varies between 13°C to 32°C
(FAO PAK TCP. 1987). Before entering the reservoir the water temperature of the Jhelum River
varies between 8°C to 26°C (Dunn et. al 1988).
The river Jhelum catchment above Mangla is 11240 sq. miles. Present gross storage at
FSL: is 7.40 MAF (9132 Mm3) while total area of reservoir at FSL comes to 324 sq. kms/125 sq.miles.
Reservoir bear three types of water regimes i.e. lotic section, intermediate section and
lentic section.
The lotic section includes; upper reaches of Jhelum and Poonch Pockets, which are 15%
of the total reservoir area at FSL and 25% at DSL. The lentic section comprises of 65% of total area
and encompass major portions of Khad, Jari. Main Mangla and Poonch Pockets. The Intermediate
section enfolds 10% to 15% of total reservoir area; mainly in Kanshi, Jhelum & Poonch Pockets. The
annual water level fluctuation varies between 1040 and 1240 SPD. While average annual inflows
come to 22.40 MAF. Sediment deposited in Lower Jhelum as recorded during 2011 sruvey is =
5733.55 AF (WAPDA Dam Safety Organization Report 2012).
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
8
Mangla Reservoir / Dam after being raised upto 1240 SPD is first time filled to this FSL
during 2014.
The inflows in reservoir remain lowest in Feb.-Mar. and highest in
July – August. March is most turbid month & transparency remains high during Oct. to Dec.
Fish Stock Composition in Mangla Reservoir
Family Cyprinjdae
Barilius varga, Cheila bacaila, Ompoc bimaculatus cirrhina reba, C.mrigala, Catla catla,
Labeo dero, Labeo Calbasu. L. dyocheilus, Labeo microphthmis, Cyprinus Carpio
schizothorax Plagiostomus, Ctenophyrangdon idella, Hypophthalmitohthys molitrix, Tor
putitora, Puntius ticto, Puntius sophore, Puntius sarana, Ambasis nama, A-ranga,
Oreochromus mozimbicus, Aorichthys nibilus.
Family Cobitidae (upper reaches of Jhelum & Poonch Pockets Botia birdi, Neomachilus spp.
Family Bagridae
Aorichthys aor
Family Schilbeidae
Clupisoma garva
Family Sisoridae
Glyptothorax spp.
Family Belonidae
Xenentodon cancila
Family Siluridae
Wallago attu
Family Ophiocephalidae
Channa Punctatus
Family Mastacembelidae
Mascambelus armatus
Table: 3 Present Important Species in Sequence of Abundance
Sr. No. Species Percentage Composition
1 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 46%
2 Cyprinus carpio 12.9%
3 Wallago attu 9%
4 Aorichthys aor 5.9%
5 Catla catla 5.5%
6 Labeo Calbasu 5%
7 Tor putitora 4.8%
8 Labeo nohita 2.6%
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
9
Sr. No. Species Percentage Composition
9 Puntius sarana 2.5%
10 Cinrhina reba 1.5%
11 Other 4.3%
Total 100% (catches 2012-13)
Potential of fish production as assessed through a study by ADB in 1987
The present fish yield from Mangla reservoir is 15.5 kg/h/y which can be raised upto 100
kg/h/y through stocking of desirable species in reservoir (ADB Pak. Fisheries Sector Study 1987).
Outcome
The fish population dynamics when assessed for the whole period after creation of Mangla
reservoir. The major carps remained dominant in catches w.e.f. 1975 to 1991. Then dominance was
shared between Catfishes & Major carps with sizable share of Minnows etc. from 1992 to 2002.
Recently Chinese carps and common carp dominated catches from 2005 onwards with
important share of catfishes, while major carps share reduced to 16% in total catches.
This saga of culture based fisheries management of Mangla Reservoir clearly indicates
that in case of creation of cascade of HPPs, upstream of Mangla, with a series of reservoirs
encountering fluctuating water regimes (with slightly different biotic and abiotic conditions)
can be managed on the lines of culture-based fisheries management sprees with some
modifications.
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
10
2. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
2.1. West Pakistan Fisheries Ordinance 1961
West Pakistan Fisheries Act 1961 was promulgated for the conservation of fish and
fisheries in territorial boundaries of the West Pakistan. This Act prohibits the commercial exploitation
of certain desirable fish species in their spawning seasons i.e. restrictions on the catch of common
carp in early spring, silurids and Bagrids in late spring, major indian carps from June to August in
natural waters. Prohibition on the unlawful practices of resorting to indiscrimate wanton Killing of
spawners and juveniles with explosives and poisons. There are clauses in the Act further prohibiting
the catch of juvenile of certain desirable Ichthyofauna upto a certain size to secure the Ichthyo-
biomass for further viability of water body. In case of violation of any of the enactments this act
empower enforcers to inflict punitary measures against culprits/offenders. This law/Act was further
amended in 1998 to enhance the amount of fines and punitary measures to discourage the Poachers
from resorting to illegal practices.
2.2. Performance Standard-6 of IFC
International Finance Corporation applies the performance standards to take stock of
environmental and social footprints of a development project to make such projects environmentally
more sustainable and socially more acceptable in its member countries which are eligible for
financing. Overall, there are eight performance standards which are required to be met by the
Client/Project proponent, throughout the life cycle of the project. PS-I establishes the integrated
assessment to identify the social and environmental impacts, risks, and opportunities in the project‟s
area of assessment. Main components of performance standard-I include; environmental & social
assessment, management progress, organizational capacity, training, community engagement,
monitoring and reporting.
PS-3 deals with water pollution sprees in the wake of projects implementation, its
prevention/abatement in the light of international best practices to ensure sustainability of indigenous
aquatic biota. PS-6 also deals with protection and conservation of aquatic biota to ensure sustainable
development. It further ponder upon the way to mitigate the project‟s footprints on aquatic biodiversity.
These performance standards are to be managed through the owner‟s social and environmental
management system.
According to the World Bank (1999 a) operational policy OP 4.01, Karot HPP has been
classified as an Environmental Category „A‟ Project. Such projects are expected to have significant
impacts that may be sensitive, diverse or wholesome requiring full environmental impact assessment.
This section of update EIA also fulfills the requirements of the provincial environmental protection
Agencies/National environmental and social regulations.
Rest of the cascade of projects on upstream Karot HPP are also run-of river projects and
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
11
falls under same Category „A‟ projects and require almost similar environmental and social mitigatory
strives for implications of projects interventions. However, when putting together all pixels to develop
a picture, these all projects needs to be studied as an entity synergistically effecting more than 150
km reach of Jhelum River with their cumulative impacts.
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
12
3. APPROACH & METHODOLOGY
3.1. Literature Perusal & Its Justification
This study draws information presented in project (Karot HPP) feasibility study
environmental assessment 2009, and review of literature on the aquatic biota found in upper Jhelum
reaches from Mangla upstream to Siran include data from Personal studies of aquatic biota of Jhelum
and Neelum Rivers by the Author.
Data from various WAPDA reports was also consulted including extensive data about fish
and fisheries of Mangla Reservoir. The personal experience of author of working with FAO (PAK.
TCP) in 1988‟s, team; comprising of renowned limnologists and ichthyologists i.e. Dr. Dunn, Dr.T.
Petr, Dr. Woy-Norwich, Dr. Brenner and Dr. Rajbanshi, also proved handy while working on this
assignment. 2009 feasibility study by SMEC (Pvt.) mentions the ichthyfauna of Karot HPP in a
rudimentary way. The aquatic ecology study of this area got negligible attention of limnologists &
ichthyologists prior to this strive.
However, as the IFC advisors particularly asked for an input enfolding analysis of cascading
projects on upper Jhelum, the only way to draw a picture of such impacts was thorough study of
mearge available retrospective knowledge and personal works of author. The major lotic portion of
River Jhelum upstream of Karot HPP is expected to modify into lotic, lentic and intermediate zones,
as encountered in Mangla Reservoir. Another corner stone of this strive is perusal of Indus Basin level
(SSESA) Report and AJK level strategic Environment Assessment SEA Report by (IUCN) to augment
this study.
3.2. Consultation with Stakeholders
To take stock of this task various stakeholders were consulted. Present Fisheries
Contractors of Mangla & Jhelum Raja Arshad, Chaudhry Qurban and Fishermen Farid Sindhi, Allah
Bachia Sindi, Chaudhry Mahboob of Dabal, Zameer R/o Village Channa. River Jhelum, Muhammad
Shakoor B/o Resident of Dhangali, Sajid Ahmed S/o Muhammad Bashir R/o village Rajgarh near
Karot, Sajid Ahmed & Muhammad Shakoor were hired for experimental netting / fishing for study. Fish
Shopkeepers of Kahota city were also consulted alongwith local officials of fisheries department.
Local residents involved in amateur angling and occasional fisherman, particularly from Karot, Beur,
Rajgarh and Azad Pattan.
3.3. Aquatic / Ichthyofaunic Study Sites
The retrospective study sites included Neelum River reaches from Karen Nullah to Jhura
Nullah, then from Nosuda to Pattika. For upper Jhelum such sites include Sirn Nullah, Jandarbayan
Nullah. Main stem Jhelum upto Domel Muzaffarabad, Kunhar-Jhelum confluence near Lower Chattar,
Barsala Chattar Klas & Kohala reaches. For present study the sites include upstream Azad Pattan
nullah site, Karot Dam site, Rajgarh nullah downstream site Dhangali nullah.
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
13
All these study sites falls in rhithronic zone of Jhelum River. Mainly comprising of riffles and
pools. The riffle sites are characterized with bottom boulders and swift turbulent water currents. While
pools are comparatively deep lotic water regimes bearing pebbles & cobbles oriented bottom and
laminar, smooth flow / current. The side waters, small creeks and streams confluence sites exhibit
mixed bottoms i.e. sandy to boulder oriented.
The study area extends upstream from Mangla Dam to Sirn village at Kohala HPP reservoir
site. However, the KHP Project areas (Physical footprints of dam, powerhouse, reservoir and
associated facilities such as construction work area, resettlement sites, dumping sites, access roads,
realignment of Kahota Kotli Road, foot Bridges and Azad Pattan Bridge & Kahota Rawlakot Road area
etc. are part of this exclusive study area for present study.
3.4. Data Collection (Methodology & Approach)
The retrospective data was collected from secondary sources and author‟s personal
assessment of aquatic ecology of Jhelum River, with more than two decades long research activities
therein. However, for present exclusive study for KHPP, author visited the Karot Project site in
November 2014, and selected sites for ichthyological data collection. Ichthyological field data was
collected from project‟s area of influence, by marking three rites i.e. first, likely reservoir‟s tail, second,
at Karot dam site and third, at downstream near Rajgarh stream confluence with main stem Jhelum
River. The data was collected both from pools, riffles and side nullahs (tributary sites). The
methodology applied included installation of gill nets of various mesh size from # 25 mm to # 200 mm,
Cast net in side waters and small streams joining main-stem Jhelum. Long-lines with hooks baited
with minnows such as Ambasis nama and Ambsis ranga, etc. in side waters. Angling was carried out
in the riffle type water regimes. Mean daily flow during study strives remained between 32500 cf/sec
to 28200 cf/sec and Mangla reservoir level remained between 1217 and 1221 SPD (Mangla Wapda
hydrology section).
The gill nets were applied both during day and night times, nocturnal strives proved more
fruitful for data collection in slow flowing water regimes near river banks and pools. The cast nets
were mainly applied in side tributaries, while long lines with baited hooks were installed in turbid side
waters.
The Angling was mainly carried out in the riffle type water regimes having fast currents and
boulders at the bottom. The fish specimens caught in all cases were identified at the spot with
identification keys given by Mirza M.R. Dr. Nazir Ahmed, Rafiq etal, Jhingran V.G. Heckel, Hora S.L,
Yaqoob etal and Agarwal etc.
The alive identified specimens were measured for their morphometric studies: i-e standard
lengths, checked their fin formula & other distinguishing characters at the spot and still alive
specimens were again released in the water, while some other specimen, which were mostly
entangled in gill nets of 25mm, 35mm, 45mm and fish caught with the help of hooks and longlines,
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
14
retrieved during early hours of morning were kept in 10% formaline in plastic jars for study of their
bionomics later on.
3.5. Data Analysis
A detail & exhaustive narration of analysis of secondary data has already been presented in
section 1.4 of the report. However, the fish fauna captured and assessed / identified during present
study alongwith fish species caught recently by local fishmen in Karot HPP‟s footprints area i.e. from
Azad Pattan to Suhary (Jhelum River reach upto Mangla Reservoir tail) and their weight range,
occurrence pattern, are given in below Table.
Details are given as under;
Table: 4
Sr.
No. Species Name
Weight Range
(gms) Occurrence
1. Hypophthilmitchthys molitrix 500 – 7000 +++* abundant
2. Cyprinus carpio 450 – 2000 ++ *Ɵ considerable
3. Aorichthys aor 300 – 1450 ++
4. Clupisoma gurva 200 – 310 ++
5. Schizothorax plagiostomus 400 – 1850 +++
6. Labeo dychelius 350 – 500 +
7. Labeo dero 400 – 620 +
8. Wallag attu 700 – 3000 ++
9. Tor putitora 400 – 1500 + * occasional
10. Mastecambelus armatus 550 – 1300 +
11. Schizothorax esocinus 600 – 1050 +
12. Puntius sarana 300 – 500 +
13. Glyptothorax pectinopterus 150 – 350 +
14. Schistura nalbanti 130 – 170 +
15. Ambasis nama 20 – 35 +
16. Ambasis ranga 30 – 50 +
17. Ompoc bimaculatus 50 – 70 +
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
15
The previous data pertaining to fish population dynamics and systematics was analyzed with
particular emphasis on data from Jhelum Pocket of Mangla Reservoir which has closer resemblance
with aquatic ecology of the proposed cascading reservoirs upstream of Dhangalli, particularly, Karot
project reservoir. The analysis has already been depicted in section 1.4.
The gut contents, Gono-somatic Index (GSI) and Relative Gut Length (RLG) of fish caught
during present spree is assessed for ascertaining maturing stage and feeding patterns of these
specimens.
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
16
4. CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT & MITIGATION
MEASURES (CONSTRUCTION PHASES)
Impact analysis comprise of identification of potential cumulative effects of chain of
cascading projects on baseline conditions of fish fauna, possible mitigation measures, data gaps or
uncertainties that limit interpretation of effects or assumptions regarding mitigation efficacy, and
anticipated residual effects on relevant VEC, as per step IV & V of RICA approach to Cumulative
Impact Assessment.
4.1. Cumulative Impact Assessment & Mitigation Measures pertaining to
ichthyofauna
4.1.1. Cumulative Impact Assessment for Construction Phase of Karot & Other
Cascading Hydropower Projects in Connection with Ichthyofauna of
Effected River Jhelum Reach.
While the implementation of Karot HPP in particular and other cascading projects in general
has the potential to affect the aquatic ecology of the Jhelum River & its tributaries in area of influence
during pre-construction (Contractor mobilization) and construction phases. Hydropower projects
elsewhere have also had serious impacts on aquatic biota, particularly in relation to effect of blockage
to migratory species and effects on downstream environments (Krchnak. 2009).
In this section potential impacts are assessed, highlighting the construction phase
footprints. The points of prime importance are the timings of construction of various cascading
projects i.e. when and which project will be constructed, in sequence (series of construction), its
location on river, conditions of upstream & downstream aquatic regimes, aquatic biotic components /
organisms present in that reach, migratory nature and intensity of Ichthofauna therein, presence of
any endangered aquatic species etc.
4.1.2. Potential Impacts Dam Sites – In-stream Activities
During pre-construction and construction phases the aquatic environment will potentially be
impacted by in-stream activities at various dam sites, encompassing; project‟s infrastructure works,
water pollution and finally vegetation clearing activities.
At cascading dam sites coffer dams will be constructed upstream and downstream of
working areas for construction of dams, spillways and other apertures. The riverbed work areas will be
kept dry by diverting water from just upstream of the upper coffer dam to a release point downstream
of lower coffer dam. These river stretches (in case of all projects) will be first normal river lotic regimes
to be impacted. Placement of coffer dams and initial use of diversion tunnels will increase sediment
concentrations. These preliminary activities will result in hampering the free movement of
ichthyofauna in impacted in-stem sites of river Jhelum. This impact will be limited to these stretches,
but its effect on different species of ichthyofauna will be different. The dry segments of riverbed will
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
17
minus those portions of river from aquatic biological productivity, part of which (in case of Karot HPP it
is 250 meters). The only important likely effect will be on migratory fish species (if any), however, the
impact on bio-productivity of these reaches will not be wholesome. Moreover, high sediment loads will
be produced during placement of cofferdams and again when water will be released through the water
diversion tunnels. River Jhelum bears high sediment content historically, with the recent increase in
anthropogenic activities in upper catchment, particularly in Kashmir valley, it has increased
tremendously. That is why, it is estimated that 15,540,000 m³ per month sediment would be trapped in
Karot Reservoir (FS-2009). This phenomenon used to be more pronounced in summer than in winter,
which is mainly responsible for changes in biotic assemblages, in main-stem river. Sediment levels
above normal (as encountered during September 2014) can cause choking of benthic fauna, clogging
of gill chambers, habitat modifications, smothering and mortality of eggs & spawn, reduction in
transparency, leading to reductions in population sizes of organisms in the ichthyofuanic species more
likely to be effected more in such cases include; Tor Putitora, Schizothorax Plagiostomus,
Schizopygae esocinus and Clupisoma gurva.
The projects infrastructure sites encompass; construction and storage sites, quarries and
batching plant sites, dumping sites, camping sites, access roads, project management, enclosure,
and energy providing facilities, work activities related to these locations (particularly if they are near
main-stem river or tributaries) could effect aquatic ecology by contributing sediment load and
undesirable substances.
Fuels and chemicals stored and used at such locations can effect aquatic biota & riparian
users in downstream areas.
Another area of concern in use of explosives during construction sprees and their
availability at project storage site. As some people occasionally resort to illegal fishing through
explosive‟s use; this may inculcate / develop an interest in workers to do the same. This type of
fishing is illegal, heinous and inefficient, as it causes damage to habit and habitat & survival of biota.
Such activity can be more lethal in case of cascading projects. To avoid potential anoxic conditions in
initial years of reservoir fillings, vegetation might be cleared prior to first filling/inundation. This may
result in large areas of disturbed soil leading to short term increase in sediment load during torrential
rains & initial inundation.
The important factor governing the severity of all above impacts is timings of construction of
various cascading projects.
4.1.3. Uncertainties & Data Gaps
When we look at downstream fishery of Mangla Reservoir, we can develop a picture for
future sustainable management of fishery in cascading reservoirs (Particularly, fishery management of
Jhelum Pocket of Mangla Reservoir). However, major lacuna felt, while applying RICA approach
during preparation of cumulative impact assessment is determination of present status of VEC, s
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
18
throughout that reach of river which is going to be effected during construction of various projects from
Sirn upstream to Karot HPP downstream. The present aquatic VEC, s assessment is limited to Karot
HPP. Previous personal studies in upstream reaches of Jhelum & Neelum Rivers fills some important
pixels of the picture, but still important gaps are evident regarding cohesive and continued data
availability throughout this reach. Recent cumulative impact assessment study carried but by IUCN
AJK in the wake of implementation of hydropower projects, does not fully determine the present
conditions of VEC in this reach.
However, with the help of presently available data, it can be safely depicted that cumulative
impacts of these projects can be assessed to some extent & also their significance over VEC, can be
predicted. There is no substitute to a future cohesive study of VEC in impacted reach of river to fully
address the effects of various project‟s pre-construction and construction phases activities.
Table-5: Potential Cumulative Impacts of the Projects on VEC i.e. Ichthyofauna of Jhelum
River
Sr.
No. Cumulative Impact Spatial Extent
Potential
Effect on
Biomass
Duration
Frequency Significance
1. Interruption in
normal downstream
flows
Projects
construction
sites
Slight
reduction in
ichthyofauna
Pre-construction &
construction phase
Can hamper
free mobility
2. Increase in sediments Construction
sites
Choking of
benthic fauna,
washing out of
benthic life etc.
& surface
feeders.
Pre-construction &
construction phase
Create
problems for
spawn etc.
3. Habitat modifications Construction
sites on whole
reach
Hampering
mobility
decrease in
available
habitat etc.
Pre-construction &
construction phase
Potentially
harmful for
biota
4. Ichthyofaunic
movements &
migrations
Construction
sites on whole
reach
Disturbance in
spawning &
feeding
regimes.
Pre-construction &
construction phase
Decrease in
overall
ichthyofauna
5. Decrease in habitat Construction
sites on whole
reach
Reduction in
available
habitat
Pre-construction &
construction phase
Decrease in
overall
ichthyofauna
6. Changes in species
composition of VEC
Construction
sites on whole
reach
Problems for
migratory &
herbivorous
species
Pre-construction &
construction phase
Decrease in
overall
ichthyofauna
7. Compartmentalization
of river
Construction
sites on whole
reach
Stranding of
fry, &
fingerlings
Pre-construction &
construction phase
Resulting into
less
recruitment
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
19
4.1.4. Mitigations (Pre-Construction & Construction Phases)
Measures are outlined in updated EIA Table 7.1 Env. & Social Management at Serial No. 6
& 7 to protect water quality and river bed morphologies at project infrastructure, roads and work areas
and to manage dumping of construction waste and use of explosives. Adherance to these measures
will minimize the risks to aquatic biota. Use of explosives on river bed should be avoided; fishing with
explosives should be banned altogether. Fish & juvenile trapped in the intended dewatered areas
(when water is diverted through tunnels around coffer dams work areas) should be transplanted to
other reaches of river to avoid mass mortality.
Additional measures include; avoidance of coffer dam construction in lean flow period,
when fish may be using limited pool areas for refuge and sediments levels along with water levels are
at their lowest. Same should be the strategy, while constructing diversion tunnels. It may be ensured
at all projects that materials from diversion tunnels are not dumped into the main-stem river. These
materials have to be transported to designated disposal sites, away from high flow level of river. All
residual materials should be cleared before flooding. Retaining walls may be constructed in case of
vulnerable dumps along river. Periodic water quality monitoring will also go many a mile to augment
knowledge about the status of water quality and in case of its deterioration, we may resort to proper
mitigatory strives. Those species which spawn downstream in semi-lotic littoral sites of Jhelum main-
stem below Karot weir will not be impacted. However, couple of species that has spawning sites
upstream, in adjoining tributaries and side waters, need further studies and research to come up with
concrete measures, to minimize the cascading impact of HPP, s in a series not only during
construction but also during pre-construction phase.
4.2. Operation Phase Cumulative Impacts of Cascading Projects on
Ichthyofauna & Its Future Sustainability and Enhancement in Jhelum
Reach from Tail of Kohala HPP to Mangla Dam
Major impacts on Ichthyofauna of main-stem Jhelum River will be encountered during
operational phase of these cascading hydropower projects. Some of them will impact the modified
river reach in the form of diversion of Jhelum & Neelum Rivers through long tunnels, depriving fairly
long reaches of both rivers of their normal seasonal flows, i.e. Neelum Jhelum HPP (with 46 km
tunnel) and Kohala HPP (with 17.7 kms tunnel). In both cases respectively; Neelum River flows will be
affected in reach; from Nausary (upstream) to Domail (downstream), while implementation of Kohala
HPP will affect the Jhelum reach from Domail to Barsala and this reach will be deprived of normal
water, contributions from both above rivers. There will be direct impact on aquatic biota and riparian
users in these upstream reaches of rivers, tunnel average flow of 260 cumec from Neelum River will
not be available downstream. In 2010 EIA (updated study) of NJ HPP affected reach of Neelum River,
12 species of fish are reported, the impacts of flow regimes changes, habitat reduction, habitat
degradation, disturbed water quality, fish poaching, climate change, etc. particularly on stenophagic
and migratory species will be drastic. Schizothorax Plagiostomus a localized migratory species will
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
20
continue to survive in this river reach with somewhat diminished population. All in all Neelum River
from Vishnusar 18093 SPD (In Indian Kashmir) to Domail, traverses a distance of 279 kms and 17
fish species are recorded in this reach including exotic Salmo trutto fario (Brown trout)
Onchorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout), 5 species of snow carps 2 species of loaches etc. (Mirza
etal, Kullandar, 1999 Das. 1972). The Brown & Rainbow trouts are recorded and studied by present
author above the Karen nullah reach of Neelum River (Askhot HPP aquatic biota study). The only
species of importance that need / require rehabilitation in thhe future impacted reach is Malli
(Schizothorax Plagiostomus).
On the contrary, Jhelum River traverses a distance of 430 kms from Verinag to Mangla. A
total 22 Nos. of fish species were recorded from Jhlum River reach between Chakothi and Azad
Pattan a total No. of 28 fish species are present including species of rithronic and epipotamonic
reaches. Fish fauna is dominated in upper reaches by snow carps, hill stream loaches, while in
downstream reaches, Himalayan Mahseer, Carps, Chinese carps, minnows and catfishes are also
included in fish fauna alongwith predominant snow carps.
The impact on the riverine species will be more pronounced in case of snow carps (with
local migratory habits) than any other species. The cascading projects in lower reaches i.e. from
Barsala (Kohala HPP Powerhouse Site) to Suhary (Tail of Mangla Reservoir in River Jhelum) will
pose different type of impact on ichthyofauna i.e. compartmentalization of this reach into lotic and
lacustrine sections will be defining factor. As the section of river from downstream Kohala to Mahal
will be converted into reservoir, then there will be short portion 950 meter diversion tunnel below
Mahal HPP weir, and then a small lotic portion of river changing into semi-lentic back water of Azad
Pattan HPP, after a lentic V-shaped reservoir of Azad Pattan HPP, there will be a 7 kms long lotic
reach of river culminating into tail of Karot HPP (at FSL of reservoir). Then a 27 kms long V-shaped
reservoir will ensue and this lacustrine water body will be is blocked/regulated through Karot 250 M
long diversion tunnel & spillways and finally a six kms lotic section of river from downstream of Karot
HPP to Suhary (FSL of Jhelum Pocket of Mangla Reservoir).
These cascading projects will encounter alternate river sections i.e. semi-lentic & lotic (all
these projects are run-of-river projects) and will encounter daily fluctuations in water levels in
reservoirs. Such cascading reservoirs bear problematic habitat regimes for littoral fauna & flora. One
change that occurs frequently in the littoral zone of reservoir is change in water level, which never
takes care of impact on fish biology but regulate the downstream supply of water for hydro-electric
power generations. It is known fact that major percentage share of bio-productivity is contributed by
littoral zones. If such reservoir would be thermally stratified, then littoral zone benthos & large
invertebrates will comprise major portions of diet of many important fishes and particularly in early life
stages of even Aorichthy aor and Wallago attu i.e. (catfishes). Changes in water level can have
profound effect on profundal benthos (bottom dwelling) also. Some benthoses are more tolerant of
fluctuation than others, and overall effect on benthic populations in these cascading reservoirs will be
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
21
related to the time, degree and duration of drawdowns. However, there will be an overall increase in
Planktonic biota i.e. phyto & zoo planktons due to increased transparency in the lacustrine water
regimes of these reservoirs. This will benefit the surface & column feeders and plankfonic feeding
species. Another important group of organisms in the periphytons. Those plants and animals needing
attachment for survival. The periptyton in Jhelum river sometimes begain the food chain for the higher
fauna by serving as food for some of the bottom invertebrates. In case of drastic fluctuation in
reservoir water level they will also be at loss. However, if the fluctuation is gradual, this loss can be
partially off-set by the addition of terresterial insects and similar organisms to the diet of fishes. This
phenomenon i.e. insects can be a substantial contribution is early stages i.e. newly flooded areas of
these reservoirs.
If we grasp the overall cumulative impact on the VEC in modified reach of River Jhelum and
draw a picture based on prediction of future conditions then most important impacts during operation
phase of these cascading projects will be change in composition of species of fish, change in bio-
productivity in this section of river, change in normal sediment ratios, change in fish habitat, changes
in water quality, effects of reservoirs on downstream regimes, etc.
The compartmentalization of river into semi-lentic and lotic conditions will result in isolated
pockets of ichthyofauna depending more on localized niches. Fish fauna with restricted & behavior of
feeding & breading will be at loss, while fauna with flexible habits will be benefitted at large. However,
the change in water temp or heat distribution in different aquatic pockets within impoundments and
downstream & upstream reaches will be the most important factor in determining what occurs,
biologically chemically & physically within different lentic & lotic water regimes, which will ultimately
determine the bio-productivity of that water compartment and culminate into terminal biodiversity and
biomass of ichthyofauna.
4.2.1. Impacts of Cascading Projects on Downstream Ichthyofauna of Mangla
Reservoir
Presently fish fauna in Jhelum pocket of Mangla reservoir is represented by 36 species.
The scores of them are well adapted to semi-lotic upper reaches of reservoir including; Tor putitora,
clupisoma gurva, Schizothorax Plagiostomus, Mascambelus armatus, Labeo dero. Their feeding &
spawning behavior is well adjusted to present free flowing stream water, with the regulation of water
for hydro-electricity generation in upstream cascading projects. These species will face modified
conditions. The most important factor will be downstream supply of regulated waters from Karot HPP,
which is the last R-O-R Project just 6 kms upstream of Mangla Reservoir FSL. Whereas, the other
projects can impact small reaches between their respective dam outlets and tails of next reservoirs.
In case of Karot HPP, the last R-O-R reservoir prior to Mangla storage Reservoir, the
regulated water outflows from this reservoir will have direct bearing on ichthyobiota in Mangla
Reservoir. It has been estimated that 15,540,000m³ per month sediments would be trapped in the
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
22
Karot Reservoir which will be flushed though two low-level gates installed at right abutment of spillway
structure adjacent to power intake, and sediment flushing will be carried out when inflows are more
than 1400 m³/s but less than 2100 m³/s. Flushing of sediments into downstream reach will have an
impact on downstream fish fauna in many ways. It may result in choking of gills of ichthyofauna &
benthos population, smothering of eggs and juveniles of fish and many more. Regulated water flows
in downstream reaches going to reduce the availability of habitat for migratory spawners. Particularly,
in such cases the water level in Mangla Reservoir will be of prime importance, as the 80% of ichthyo -
productivity of Mangla Reservoir is monsoon season spawners and stocking dependent (Dastgir.
2012).
Regulated flows will be designed to provide water for the hydroelectricity generation with a
reliable and predictable provision/supply of water, such type of regulation will reduce both seasonal
and inter-annual variability in flows, so important for heterogenicity in the downstream environmental
indicators. Furthermore, changes in the wetting and drying cycles downstream of Karot weir due to
regulated flow regimes are likely to have major impacts on productivity and can alter biotic
assemblages. Fortunately, major spawning sites of Tor Putitora (Golden Mahseer) are mainly located
in Poonch River upstream of Mangla Reservoir near Billiporian, Gandigala tributaries and Nar &
Gulpur‟s spawning grounds. However, this endangered species also spawn on limited scale in
Kamalpur nullah site of Jhelum River from Mid-May to September in two major spawning surges. The
second surge of Mid July to September is more important. Proper hydro-biological conditions are of
utmost importance for onslaught of spawning sprees (laying eggs in batches). The regulated flows
downstream of Karot weir can impact this activity in many ways. The partial
re-establishment of morphohydrological downstream regimes, cannot restore the downgraded river
reach back to pristine conditions, but at least it will provide local scale rehabilitation efforts a launching
pad to move ahead. All in all, the length of river and aquatic resources potentially affected could
extend upto Suhary (Mangla Reservoir FSL) 6 km downstream from Karot HPP or further downstream
in case of lower-water levels in Mangla Reservoir, in the absence of discharges meant to protect the
downstream aquatic ecosystem.
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
23
5. FINAL OUTCOME MANAGEMENT MONITORING AND
SUPERVISION
5.1.1. Environmental Flows as Downstream Management Measure
The rising trend of regulation of rithronic river reaches for run-of-River hydel energy
generation is a usable option for an energy deficient nation like Pakistan. In the wake of Indus Basin
Treaty only two western most rivers their tributaries are available for such ventures. That is why, an
ambitious program of cascading HPPs is being pursued on Indus and Jhelum River in this rithronic
regions. Such projects which will store water for power generation and abstractions that will remove
large quantities of water from rivers, will exert major control over normal flow, affecting the total
amount of water in the system and the timing with which the remainder is discharged (world
commission of dam, 2000), such changes in discharge patterns effect species composition
abundance, and viability of river biota & may damage the sustainability of river fisheries (Bunn &
Arthingtion, 2001).
Efforts are underway globally to provide for environmental flows (EF) that satisfy the need,
for sustainability of fish and other aquatic organisms in river. These EF;s in cascading projects
become doubly important, as fish stranded and isolated in d/s compartments and pockets becomes
more vulnerable in the absence of such flows. These flows in this case may be defined as “that
portion of the original flow of a river that is needed to maintain specific valued feature (i-e VEC) of its
eco system or quantity of water that must be maintained in a river system at all times to protect the
species of interest for fisheries or for conservation of the environment on which they depend.”
Flow, can also be classified by the way they affect fish community.
Population flows influence biomass of the fish community through density dependent interaction.
The hydrological features arising population flows are volume, depth, community, and wetted or
flooded area in a system.
Critical flows triggers events such as migration or reproduction. The main features of critical flows
are flow velocity and timing coupled with season, & temp regimes etc.
Stress flows may be exceptionally high or low water events that endanger fish, either because of
excess velocity at high water (such as September floods in Jhelum River in 1992 & 2014), or through
desiccation at low water level (March 1980). Such flows can have profound impact on fish
communities and on the riverine environment, frequently acting as “reset events”.
Habitat flows maintain the availability of habitat and environmental quality, including temperature,
dissolved oxygen levels, sediment transport and environmental support systems such as vegetation
and food organisms. Here, the key features are volume of water, flow velocity, connectively and
wetted or flooded area in a system.
It is almost impossible to consider the flow requirements of all fish species individually. So,
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
24
attempts to restore fish fauna in Jhelum will base upon defining flows for a few most desirable
incthyofaumic species that are either prestigious because of their size such as catla catla or are of
major importance; such as schizothorax plagiostomus in upper reaches of Jhelum, or are of major
importance to fisheries or conservation such as Tor putitora in lower reaches.
Fishes can be grouped onto “guilds” according to their flow requirements. Welcome et al,
(2006) has proposed a global system for classifying guilds, they elaborates in their effort the way in
which the guilds respond to characteristic changes in river flows. The three main groups of fish and
their sub-groups respond to changes to natural hydrographs in different ways, which typically favor
generalist, eurytopic, euryhagic species at the expense of the more specialist limnophilic and
rheophilic ones. In case of cascading HPP, The Schizothorax plagiostorms will survive in d/s reaches
(as in tail race area of upper Jhelum canal & d/s Tarbela spillways,) provided that couple of creeks
and side nullah, are available before the next lentic reservoir. As in some cases fish population of
controlled rivers in d/s reaches can be maintained by recruitments from tributaries, which still have
natural flow regimes.
Environmental flow (EF) assessment methods were originally developed in US in 1970s, to
predict the amount of water required to provide habitat for angling fish (Tharme 2003). Presently more
than 50 countries employ over 200 different approaches to assessing EFs in terms of the ecosystem
they consider, the amount of data they require, and the type & the reliability of answers they provide.
Following should be taken into account while applying procedures for assessment of water
requirement of fish in River Jhelum.
I. Complexity of ecological requirements of all life stages in fish in affected
downstream reach.
II. Procedure should be easy to understand & use or be cost effective.
III. Be compatible with expertise available
IV. Be legally robust
V. Be generally accepted by all levels of fisheries and water uses stakeholders.
To avoid the impact of cascading HPP on the downstream (d/s) habitats & biota, particularly
when flow is reduced d/s of both the dam & tail race outlet during the low flow season, when water will
be retained daily for storage to supply daily peak power generation needs. In such cases, a lot of
literature should be consulted to assess flow requirement to protect aquatic ecosystems mainly in
relation to storage reservoirs (krichnak etal 2009).
A large array of methods now exists for assessment of environmental flows (falling into five
broad methodological categories; hydrological index; hydraulic rating curve; habitat simulation; holistic
and ecosystem component- specific etc. (Atherton etal 2004). However, one of the important aspects
is gap in present baseline data about important seasonal life-stage habitat characteristic of valued
taxa. In such case precious background data of any water regulation project (i-e Mangla Project) of
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
25
the same river can be handy and useful while devising/ assessing environment flows for cascading
projects.
One of the earliest and simplest is Montana method, which still has widespread application
often modified to suit local conditions. The original method identifies percent of average annual flow
necessary for suitable conditions in upstream habitat; 10% as a minimum instantaneous flow to
sustain short term survival; 30% to sustain good survival; & 60% for excellent to outstanding habitat
condition. The environmental flows as assessed for Neelum Jhelum HPP and other cascading
projects by modifying this method according to local needs come to 15 m3/s. The same are
suggested for Karot HPP. However, for proper and habitat sustainability based assessment of
environmental flows for cascading projects, keeping in view pros & cons of hydro biological condition
of each section d/s of respective project need full scale study, keeping in view the future viability and
continuity of fisheries there is required.
5.1.2. Role of Public & Private Sector in Sustainable Development &
Management of ichthyo - resources in Modified Reach of Jhelum River
The fish & fisheries is traditionally free for all. That is why fisheries management is difficult
to implement in any water body. However, the River Jhelum reach which will be impacted by
cascading projects in a rithronic section, where river runs in a deep v- shaped serpentine valley,
where most of the year the water current is turbulent and brisk and keep normal fishing activity at bay.
Throughout this reach there are no fishermen involved in commercial fishery expect occasional and
amateur fishermen / anglers involved in catching rare luxury i-e fish.
With the promulgation/ construction of cascading projects this normal course of action in
River will change forever, and a river with alternating lacustrine and semi lotic mediums of water
compartments will emerge. In both cases, these reaches are going to be heavenly medium for easy
fishing. Deep lentic reservoirs, with fluctuating water regimes, enhanced transparency and changed
habitats will provide a chance for development of culture based fisheries. This will open many a doors
of ichthyoriented research & development vistas. In situ induced spawning of desirable species can
be carried out in littoral zones, back water zones, tail race zones, side tributaries in cages or happas;
the species that that can be tried for such ventures might include;
Schizothorax Plagiostomu‟s induced spawning in natural reservoirs (as already being
practiced in Trisuli Nepal, Gharwal & Kashmir lakes and reservoirs in India). The likely suitable
reserviors for these ventures might be Chakothi Reservior, Kohala Reservoir & Mahl Reservoir. While
in two downstream reservoirs i-e Azad Pattan & Karot both nursery reared and in Situ produced
spawn can be stocked. In downstream reach of Karot HPP from Karot to suhary with continues
availability of dependable environmental flows, in situ induced spawning of Tor- putitora & Labeo dero
can be tried. The recruitment of + 4 years class Catla catla , Aorichthysaor, Aristichthys nobilis,
Hypophthalmichthys, moltrix & Cyprinus carpio and presence of + 4 years specimens of these fishes
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
26
in catches form Mangla Reservoir in Nov/Dec 2014 catches reveals the fact that these species can
be transplanted in Karot, Azad Pattan and Mahal Reservoir, after proper research. As number of
indigenous species and their total biomass is not in considerable number in likely to be impacted
difficult reaches of the river (even though the data about present ichthyostanding crop in this river
reach is rudimentary), various fragmentary and isolated studies proves this fact. The impact on
ichthyofaunic guilds will be positive & fisheries can be enhanced to manifold (with proper techniques).
However, the role of public and private sector in this regard is very important. Following
measures will augment not only participation of all stakeholders, but will enhance the stocks at the
end of the day.
I. Fisheries conservation measures should be enforced through co-ordinated
efforts of public and private enterprises.
II. Present west Pakistan Fisheries ordinance 1961 & Kashmir Bikrmi Act 1960
are outdated enactments and need to be revised according to present ground-
realities.
III. Fisheries Dept of both AJK & Punjab should join hands to make unified and
cohesive strive to manage the fisheries stocks in cascading reservoir in
sustainable way.
IV. After the creation of cascading reservoirs, local populace can resort to illegal
fish poaching. To curb this menace a participatory approach may be adopted.
Fisheries conservation units comprising of young energetic and educated local
people with some financial incentives should be formed.
V. A general awareness campaign about sensitively of habitat protection should
be inculcated among locals through various mediums.
VI. Combine departmental (public based) AJK + Punjab or just AJK based teams (
as the case may be ) constituted for each reservoir with ready availability of
speed boat to apprehend any poacher trying to indulge in catching juvenile or
spawners during breeding season.
VII. Certain areas in all water bodies may be declared as sanctuaries or safe
heavens particularly any future spawning sites of stocked in indigenous fish
fauna.
VIII. The cascading reservoirs will be dynamic and ever changing aquatic
environments downstream stretches of river will be vulnerable reaches, both
requiring continuously evolving/ever-changing research & development
activities.
IX. Couple of rearing & nursery units should be constructed in riparian areas of
the reservoir to boost the stocking of desirable species.
X. It is most likely that increased transparency, temperature regimes, heat budgets
and bio-productivity will enhance the chances of increase in bio potential of
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
27
catfish i-e silurids & Bagrids. To have a check on their population, hooks and
longline fishing might be encouraged.
XI. For management, monitoring & supervision, fisheries staff should be
appointed on all water bodies/cascading projects fully equipped with latest
culture based fisheries Management Knowledge having representation from
AJK as well as from Punjab.
5.2. Operation Phases of Cascading Projects, Climate Change Phenomenon
and Ichthyobiodiversity & Biomass
5.2.1. Climate Change & its Relevance
It is widely accepted that increasing concentrations of (GHG) in the atmosphere are
Causing Climate change, but there still exists uncertainly in magnitude; timing and spatial distribution
of these changes. The role of simulation modeling in assessing climatic changes impacts on
hydrology & river is well documented.
Continuous increasing trend in mean surface air temperature and changes in rainfall pattern
in predominant part of Jhelum catchment is clear enough. An increase in severity of drought (1998)
and intensity of floods (1992, 2010, 2014) in Jhelum river basin has already been reported. Hydrology
simulation models together with the output from GCMs/RCMs are the primary tool for assessing the
impact of climate change on hydrology & water regimes of Jhelum River.
The majority of the climate change impact assessment studies concentrated on determining
the effects of changes in average climate; however emphasis is needed on climate variability and
particularly frequency and magnitude of extreme events. Impact assessment using the outputs of one
or more GCMs provides an estimate of plausible changes, but no information about their likelihood.
However, calibration of MMS/RMS model can be used to estimate plausible changes in various
parameters; such as annual stream flow hydrograph, rain fall & temperature. In case of such study in
Brahmin basin (Abdul Salam 2010) a maximum decrease of 33% in annual stream flow is observed
with 4°C increase in temperature and 10 % decrease in rainfall. Correlation between changes in
temperature & rainfall, and changes in stream flow indicated that rainfall changes had a large effect
on monthly, seasonal and annual stream flow. This could be attributed to sub-humid climatic
conditions. There was a variation in the results under different emission scenarios, the estimation of
water resources availability using other GCM generated scenarios will help to ascertain these
changes. The temporal variability in the availability of water resourses in the basin under the influence
of climate change indicate the need for developing different adaptation strategies, particularly for lean
period flows i-e winter flows.
5.2.2. Adaptation
The climate change oriented adaptation measures in case of future viability of Jhelum River
fisheries, include basin wide understanding of intricacies of water budget changes, integrated water
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
28
resource management, construction of cascading HPP in the anticipation of changing climatic
scenarios. Introduction of eurytonic fish species, which can thrive in changing environmental i-e hydro
biological conditions and has flexible feeding, breeding and living habits. Fishing efforts, stocking
sprees, in situ research activities should always encompass changing climatic conditions and water
availability.
An awareness companion regarding the impacts of changing climatic scenario among
stakeholders may be inculcated so that they may always be on toes to adapt the management
techniques according to the changes in fisheries patterns. Finally water loss through evaporation in
cascading reservoirs will require further knowledge about species which can adopt in changing
epilimnion i-e surface feeders aquatic environment.
5.3. Conclusion
This study is heavily dependent upon personal knowledge and experience of author, but in
the face of scarcity of baseline data, but it proved handy as impact assessment tools must make use
of scientific local expert knowledge. Indigenous knowledge systems need to be properly documented
and incorporated in such studies and community expertise accorded its place and value in the mix of
required expertise. Consideration and incorporation of local retrospective knowledge greatly enhances
the understanding about fisheries of a water body. Jhelum River basin is vulnerable to climate and
flow regime changes and we must acknowledge that action is needed urgently to cope with rapidly
changing scenario & for further viability, continuity and sustainability of fishery therein.
Appendix-VIII Fish Study
29
6. REFERENCES:
- Aarts BG etal (2004)
Habitat loss as the main cause of the slow recovery of fish faunas of regulated large rivers in Europe: the transversal flood plain gradient River Res. Appl.20: 3-23.
- Arthington AH etal (2004).
Env. Flow assessment with emphasis on holistic methodologies. In welcome R, Petr T (ed). FAO Bankok
- Bunn SE, Arthington AA (2002)
Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity. Environ Manage 30: 492-507
- Dialogue on Water & Climate (2003)
Climate changes the water rules: how water managers can cope with today’s climate variability and tomorrow’s climate change. Printfine Liverpool.
- Costa- Pierce B (1997)
From farmers to fishers; developing reservoir aquaculture for people displaced by dams (technical paper 396) world bank Washington D.C.
- Cowx 1-G (1998)
Stocking & introduction of fish, Fishing news/ Blackwell, oxford.
- Dynesius M, Nilsson C (1994)
Fragmentation & flow regulation of river systems in the Northern third of the world science 266:753-762.
- Hartmann’w etal (2004)
People & fisheries Management, in welcomme R.L & Petr T. ed (FAO) Bankok.
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A scenario based holistic approach to environmental flow assessment in rivers Rivew. Res Appl. 19; 619-639.
Lucas M, Baras E (2001)
Migration of fresh water fishes. Black well science Oxford 420 PP.
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Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world, large river systems science 308: 405-408.
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Large Rivers: the relevance to ecotone structure & hydrological properties for the fish fauna. Arch. Hydribiol suppl. 135: 487-508.
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- Therme RE (2003)
A global perspective on environmental flow assessment, emerging trends in the development & application of evn. Flow methodologies for rivers. Rivers. Res. Appl. 19: 397-441
- Virapat C etal (2000)
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Management and ecology of lakes & reservoir fisheries. Fishing News Oxford PP 96 -111.
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Predicting the water requirements of River Fisheries. Eco. Stud. Vol. 190. J.T.A Verhoeven etal eds. Wt. Land & Nat. Resou. Manage. Springer. Heidelberg 2006: 123-154.
Dastgir. A. Personally Collected data:
i. Ashkot HPP aquatic ecology study
ii. Mangla Reservoir fisheries management
iii. Neelum Jhelum HPP aquatic ecology study
Dr. T. Pter Pak FAO TCP, Management of Reservoir fisheries in Pakistan 1988
WAPDA surface water hydrology, Dam safety organization and ask Fisheries Reports.
APPENDIX – IX
RATE LIST OF LAND PROVIDED BY DISTRICT MANAGEMENT
Appendix-IX
PHOTOGRAPHIC
DOCUMENTATION
A- Photographs Showing Meetings with Officers of Line Departments
Meeting with Assistant Commissioner in his office at Kahutta
Meeting with Assistant Commissioner in
his office at Kahutta
Meeting with Assistant Commissioner in his office at Sehensa,Kotli
A view of meeting with Deputy Commissioner in his office at Sudhnuti,
AJK
Meeting with Deputy Commissioner in his office at Sudhnuti, AJK
B- Photographs Showing Scoping Sessions / Consultations with Locals of the Project Area
Consultation with owner of roadside hotel on Kahutta-Azad Patan Road
inBrohi Village
Consultation with Karot Village Community
Consultation with communities of Karot Village
Consultation with Karot village Community
Local Consultation in Karot village
Consultation with project Affectee at his house in Karot village
B- Photographs Showing Scoping Sessions / Consultations with Locals of the Project Area
Consultation with project Affectee during census survey of the Karot
village
Consultation with project Affectee at his house in Karot village
Consultation with project Affectee at his house in Karot village
Consultation with affectees of Shops in Karot village
Consultation with the shopkeeper of Ghora Village
Consultation with affectees of Shops in
Karot village
B- Photographs Showing Scoping Sessions / Consultations with Locals of the Project Area
Consultation with Local shop keeper of Siah Village- AJK
Consultation with Ain Pana Village
Community
Discussion with Ain Pana Village Community
Scoping Session with afectees of Hollar Village
Consutation with afectees of Hollar Village
Scoping Session with afectees of
Hollar Village
C- Photographs Showing Sites of Various Structures of the Project Area
Upstream of Dam Reservoir Location of Dam and Diversion tunnel
on Jhelum River
Location of Spillway on Right Bank of Jhelum River
Reservoir Area near Azad Patan Bridge
D- Photographs Showing Various Assets to be Affected by the Project Intervention
Suspension Bridge and a portion of metaled road to be submerged by Dam
Reservoir near Ain Pana village
Surface Water hydrology gauge station to be submerged by Dam Reservoir
A view of Azad Pattan bridge to be submerged by the reservoir
132 KV Grid Station to be affected by the reservoir on Kahutta-Azad Patan
Road inBrohi Village
A view of Karot village A view of shrine in Karot village