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ESC1000 • Earth Science • Summer 2016
1
Oceans and Coastlines
(Chapter 13)
The Atmosphere
(Chapter 14)
Weather Systems
(Chapter 15)
Chlorophyll and
net primary productivity
NASA animationshttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=
MY1DMM_CHLORA&d2=MOD17A2_M_PSN
In-Class Activity: Observe the animation.
1. What do you see?
2. Why do you think this is important to oceanography?
2
Part of In-Class Activity #5: Today throughout lecture, I will ask you to
write down your observations about short animations and videos.
Look for the purple-highlighted sections in the slides.
Please submit your work before you leave (or before my office hours
end at 4 pm).
These animations, videos, and figures represent the major points
related to the ocean, atmosphere, and weather.
Take one breath. Then take a second breath.
3
Thank phytoplankton for your second breath.
4
Half of the world’s oxygen comes from the microscopic plant-like organisms
(phytoplankton) in the ocean. The other half comes from land (trees, other plants).
What are unique features of some bodies of water in
Florida?
- Kissimmee River, Lake Okeechobee, the Everglades
Which areas of Florida are prone to flooding, and why?
What are the major types of groundwater systems and
aquifers here? Which factors influence them?
How have the Everglades changed over time?
What is unique about this ecosystem?
Why are there so many invasive species in South Florida?
Unit 3 of ESC1000 (also known as the next two weeks)Learning Goals: Florida Ecosystems
5In boldface: These are the questions that you should focus on studying.
6
• Meandered 103 miles between
Lake Kissimmee and Lake
Okeechobee
• 1-3 mile wile floodplain, which
would hold excess water after
heavy rains
• Floodplain supported birds,
largemouth bass, eagles, alligators,
amphibians, and other wildlife
http://www.ces.fau.edu/riverwoods/kissimmee.php
Kissimmee River Changes
7
• Meandered 103 miles between
Lake Kissimmee and Lake
Okeechobee
• 1-3 mile wile floodplain, which
would hold excess water after
heavy rains
• Floodplain supported birds,
largemouth bass, eagles, alligators,
amphibians, and other wildlife
• 1947: extensive flooding due to hurricanes; flooding went into nearby cities
• People wanted flood control: 1948: Congress authorized the US Army
Corps of Engineers to start the Central and South Florida Project
• 1960-1971: Kissimmee River was transformed into one 56-mile-long canal
(300 feet wide, 30 feet deep): the C-38 canal
• Six water-control structures to manage flooding
• 90% decrease in birds overall; 70% decrease in bald eagles
• Largemouth bass replaced by fish that could tolerate lower oxygen levels
http://www.ces.fau.edu/riverwoods/kissimmee.php
Kissimmee River Changes
• C-38 canal gets backfilled
• Goal: restore flow and function to the river and reverse the stagnant, low-
oxygen conditions that drastically decreased the life in the river
• Measuring 25 criteria: water quality, vegetation, animals
• Return of wildlife that disappeared after the river was channelized
• 1992: Kissimmee River
Restoration Water
Resources Development Act
• Restore the middle third of
the channelized Kissimmee
River
• Project of the US Army
Corps of Engineers, plus the
South Florida Water
Management District
Kissimmee River Restoration:Largest river restoration project in the world
http://www.ces.fau.edu/riverwoods/kissimmee.php8
Exam 3 Bonus Opportunity
9
Rivers and wetlands:
What are the connections
among the Kissimmee River,
Lake Okeechobee, and the
Everglades?
Exam 3 Bonus Opportunity• Over the same time frame (1960-present), how have Lake
Okeechobee and/or the Everglades changed?
• How do you think that the Kissimmee River channelization
and restoration has played a role in these changes?
• What other factors may have influenced changes in these
water bodies?
(1) Lake Okeechobee – up to 3 points added
(2) The Everglades – up to 3 points added
You can do both of these, for up to 6 points added to Exam 3.
10
Exam 3 Bonus & Study Guide(1) Lake Okeechobee – up to 3 points added
(2) The Everglades – up to 3 points added
• Deadline: Monday, July 25 at 10 am, by email
• I will add highlights of your work to the exam reference
sheet, and most of the river/wetlands exam questions
will be based on what you find.
• I will post the study guide tomorrow and it will cover:
– Chapter 13 (Oceans and Coastlines)
– Chapter 14 (The Atmosphere – basics only!)
– Chapter 15 (Weather – hurricanes only)
– Climate Change and Sea Level Rise (use Chapters 16 and 17 as
reference: I will mostly present material related to South Florida)
11
Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1. Our Changing Oceans
2. Ocean Floor
3. Ocean Waters
4. Oceanic Circulation
5. Tides
6. Wave Action and Coastal
Processes
7. Shoreline Features
8. Shoreline Protection
12
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
About 71% of Earth is covered with seawater.
The Oceans were mostly in place by ~4 billion years ago.
They are the final frontier for research on Earth.
Our Changing Oceans
13
Our Changing Oceans
• Oceans are
dynamic! Water is
continually in
motion. Oceanic
and atmospheric
circulation patterns
move heat around
and strongly
influence climate.
• Coastlines are also
dynamic, advancing
and retreating
depending on the
balance of erosion
and deposition. The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
The rugged coastline near Malibu, CA
14
Our Changing Oceans
• How do oceans/coastlines change?
− Coastlines can advance or retreat
− Short term, the position of the coastline can change depending
on daily tides and seasonal variations in stream flow
− Climate cycles measured over decades, centuries, or millennia
can show rises and falls in sea level
− Tectonic cycles occurring over thousands to millions of years
can revitalize coastlines through uplift
− Humans can influence oceans and coastlines as well, and be
strongly affected by oceans and their weather (e.g. hurricanes)
− More than ¼ of the U.S. population lives along the Atlantic and
Gulf coasts
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
15
Our Changing Oceans Self Reflection Survey
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Answer the following questions as a means of uncovering what
you already know about oceans and coastlines:
How have you interacted with the world’s ocean,
either directly or indirectly?
16
Bathymetry (depth) of the Ocean Floor
− From what you learned about plate tectonics would you expect
the depths to be the same throughout the world’s oceans?
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
• The depth of the ocean (surface to floor) varies from zero meters (along
the coast) to a maximum of nearly 11 km (7 miles) along the Mariana
trench.
• Mt. Everest would sit in the trench with over 2,000 meters to spare!
(More than 1500 people have stood atop Everest – only 3 have visited
the deepest region of the ocean floor).
• Average land elevation is less than 1 km, but average ocean depth
is about 3.6 km (about 2 miles). Note: you may see different
numbers for the average ocean depth. The main point is that the
ocean is much deeper than the land is high.
• Volume of water in the oceans is nearly 10 times the volume of dry land
that lies above sea level.
• If erosion leveled the continents, all the eroded material would fit in the
ocean basins with room to spare! 17
Depth of the Ocean Floor
Sea Level is assumed to be zero meters
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Sea level changes are due to changes in the shape of the ocean basins, or
long-term climate changes that trap water in ice caps or cause ice caps to melt.
The sea surface has bumps and low points – a satellite measures the
difference in height between the “bump” over a volcano and the
surrounding ocean. Radars on satellites are used to measure
variations in gravity, revealing ocean floor topography. 18
Depth of the Ocean Floor
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
The Four Major Depth Zones = Continental shelf, Abyssal
plain, Oceanic ridge, Oceanic trenches
Passive margin zones: Continental shelf,
Continental slope, Continental rise, Abyssal
plain
Active margin zones: Continental
shelf, Continental slope, Trench,
Abyssal Plain 19
Depth of the Ocean Floor
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Zone 3 - The Oceanic Ridge
• The oceanic ridge system is a submarine mountain chain that can be traced
around the world
• Ocean floor rises from the abyssal plain to the ridge
• 90% of Earth’s volcanic activity happens at ocean ridges
• Doesn’t heat the water much (rapidly dissipates)
• Depth is ~3 km above ridge crest
• Central valley beyond ridge crest – region of submarine hot springs (hot
smokers). They are home to some strange life!
A white crab and
tubeworm colony
found near a
hydrothermal vent.
20
The Origin of the Ocean(recall overview of Geologic Time)
− Early Earth was a hot mass of nearly molten rock
− Violent volcanic eruptions put gases, including water vapor, into
the air
− As Earth cooled this water vapor condensed into liquid water
− The more the planet cooled, the more water could collect in
hollows (“baby” oceans that grew into our present oceans)
− Although the water in the oceans has been around for ~4 billion
years, the present ocean basin configuration is the result of plate
tectonics, and no ocean basin is older than about 200 million
years old
− Even now, oceans and seas continue to grow or shrink as plates
diverge or converge
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
21
Ocean Waters: Water Chemistry
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
The oceans are “salty” because seawater contains dissolved salts and
minerals
Most of the dissolved solids in seawater is common salt (NaCl)
Salinity = the measure of the concentration of salt in seawater
More salt = higher density
Q: What variables
might influence
what parts of the
ocean (locations
around the globe)
are saltier than
others?
22
Ocean Waters: Salinity
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Salinity is influenced
by:
-Temperature
-Mixing caused by
currents
-Freshwater input
from rain, streams,
and melting ice
Salinity is highest
where temp is high
and precipitation is
low
(evaporation leaves
behind salts)
23
Properties of Water
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
24
In-Class Activity:
Why is water important?
Make a list of at least four important
properties of water,
during class today.
We’ll also review water properties during the
Atmosphere/Weather portion of class
(to be continued on Monday, 7/25).
Ocean Waters: Temperatures
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Temperature of the oceans also varies with depth
Rapid
decrease
in temps
with depth
in upper
500
meters
Rapid change in temperature with depth = thermocline
N-S profile
through Pacific
Ocean (150°W)
25
Factors influencing Density
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Temperature and salinity are the most important factors
influencing density; also a uniform increase in pressure with
depth slightly increases density of the underlying water.
Temperature, Salinity, Pressure
Salinity, temperature,
and pressure combine
to create density profile.
Pycnocline = rapid
increase in density from
200 – 1,000 meters
depth.
“Cline” means a rapid
change in a certain
property.26
Gyres – surface currents
circulating around ocean basins
Three major causes
of gyres:
1.Surface winds
2.Sun’s heat
3.Coriolis effect
27
Oceanic Circulation
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Ocean water is in constant motion!
Circular patterns (gyres) of ocean currents.28
Earth has 2 northern gyres, 4 southern.
North Pacific Gyre
North
Atlantic Gyre
South Pacific GyreSouth
Atlantic Gyre
Indian
Ocean Gyre
Circum - Antarctic Gyre
Surface currents can be illustrated by
sea surface temperature.
Red: 25°–28°Celsius (77°–82°F).
Yellow: 20°–25°C (68°–77°F);
Green: 15°–20°C (59°–68°F);
Blue: 0°–15°C (32°–59°F).
Purple: below the freezing point of fresh water.
Note the distortion of the temperature patterns we might expect
from the effects of solar heating alone—the patterns twist
clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the
Southern.
29
Oceanic Circulation
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
• Coriolis Effect: Atmospheric
and oceanic circulation
patterns deflected to right in N
Hemisphere and to left in S
Hemisphere
• Earth rotates from west to east
• Objects near equator are
moving faster than those near
the poles (more distance to
cover in a day’s rotation)
• The planet beneath the
circulating wind/water moves
its position, leading to the
deflection
Imagine you are in Panama City, FL.
At noon you fire a rocket directly
north towards Columbus, OH. The
rocket has a northward velocity, but
also has a faster easterly velocity
due to Earth rotating east. The
rocket will land east of the city of
Columbus – the apparent deflection. 30https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_36MiCUS1ro
Watch video for a simulation of the
Coriolis Effect:
31
The Coriolis Effect causes upwelling.
Upwelling: deep, cold, nutrient-rich waters move to the surface waters.
Upwelling stimulates growth of phytoplankton.
Upwelling:
cold water brings nutrients to the surface.
There are four major upwelling zones, and they are eastern boundary currents:
Where are they? 32
Upwelling:
cold water brings nutrients to the surface.
Canary Current
There are four major upwelling zones, and they are eastern boundary currents:
Where are they?
Benguela
Current
California Current
Humboldt Current
33
Oceanic Circulation: Thermohaline Circulation
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Gulf Stream
• Carries high-salinity, warm waters from central Atlantic to higher
latitudes
• Water slowly cools as it travels north
• Cold, salty water sinks to the bottom of N Atlantic near Greenland and
Iceland
• Sinking water is then carried southward along bottom of the Atlantic
(North Atlantic Deep Water, NADW)
• Reaches Antarctica and is diverted eastward to the Indian and Pacific
• Deep current eventually comes up in N Indian and Pacific Oceans
(upwelling) – brings nutrients to surface waters
The pattern of deep currents is termed thermohaline circulation
(driven by both temperature and salinity)
34
Oceanic Circulation: Thermohaline Circulation
35
In-Class Activity, continued:
Watch this short video (link below) and describe what is happening.
How does density influence the water movement?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EafneRiy1ls
Global Thermohaline Circulation
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
36
Oceanic Circulation: El Niño
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
El Niño and La Niña: The Earth system in action
Normal Year
Pacific ocean waters heated
Trade winds blow warm
water west
Cold upwelling occurs off
coast of SA
El Niño Year
Western trade winds diminish
Warm water remains in Pacific
Heavy rains occur in SA
Surface salinity decreases, reducing
upwelling
Droughts in western Pacific
La Niña Year
Cold conditions dominate
Droughts in SA, western US
Severe weather in western Pacific
37
Oceanic Circulation: El Niño
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
El Niño and La Niña: The Earth system in action
Normal Year
Pacific ocean waters heated
Trade winds blow warm
water west
Cold upwelling occurs off
coast of SA
El Niño Year
Western trade winds diminish
Warm water remains in Pacific
Heavy rains occur in SA
Surface salinity decreases, reducing
upwelling
Droughts in western Pacific 38
2015-2016 was an El Niño Year.
For South Florida, that usually means:
• Cooler temperatures
• More precipitation
• Lower likelihood of hurricanes (if it’s
colder)
There was more rain than normal, but
temperatures were not cooler. This is
because there are other things
happening with climate and
temperature: climate change and
increased atmospheric temperatures.
We are now starting La Niña, which
means that even higher temperatures
are expected. Therefore, hurricanes
are more likely this season.
Tides
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Tides = changes in the sea surface height caused by the
gravitational attraction of the moon (and a bit by the sun)
• a) Spring tides – largest tidal bulges, highest tides
• b) Neap tides – smallest tidal bulges, lowest tides
Spring tide: Sun and moon exerting pull on
the Earth in same direction. Occur during
New Moon.
Neap tide: Sun and moon exerting pull on
the Earth in different directions. 39
Diurnal tides –
1 high tide in 24 hrs.
Semidiurnal tides –
2 high tides in 24 hrs.
Mixed tides –
High tides (and low tides)
vary in height
40
Diurnal tides –
1 high tide in 24 hrs.
Semidiurnal tides –
2 high tides in 24 hrs.
Mixed tides –
High tides (and low tides)
vary in height
41
Southeast Florida experiences semidiurnal tides.
Bay of Fundy: At the peak of the flood, water rises 1 meter (3.3 feet) in 23 minutes.
42
Tidal ranges are largest in the Bay of Fundy
(Nova Scotia, Canada).
This is partly because the Coriolis effect is
stronger, the closer you are to the poles.
43
Tides in the eastern Bay of Fundy on the
Atlantic coast of Canada. Tidal range is near
15 meters (50 feet). At the peak of the flood,
water rises 1 meter (3.3 feet) in 23 minutes.
Wave Action: Open Ocean
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
• Wave size, speed, and direction are controlled by winds
• The waves we see in the ocean are the result of wind energy
transferred to surface water
Wave action affects
only surface waters.
Motion decreases
downward to a depth
equal to about ½ of the
wavelength.
44
Wave Action
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
• Wind generated waves increase in size with increased wind
speed
− Wind speed and distance over which wind blows (called fetch)
determine the frictional force, and ultimately the wave height
− Large waves come from high velocity, steady winds blowing
across a wide area with no obstructions
Which ocean do you think has consistently taller waves:
the Atlantic, or the Pacific? Why?
Where do you think the largest waves (5-10 m) on Earth
are found?
Southern Ocean – no continents to interrupt the
distance over which winds blow.
45
Wave Action
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
As a wave
approaches
shore and
shallower water,
it is slowed by
friction and its
length
decreases,
becoming taller
and steeper.
Wave eventually
collapses due to
gravity.
46
The amount of wave energy is influenced by stormy seasons
across the globe. For example, the West Coast of the U.S.
receives higher wave energy (in general) compared to the East
Coast after storms in Alaska generate waves that move across the
large Pacific Ocean, during the winter. See next two slides for
difference in beaches (winter wave energy carries sand offshore).
La Jolla, California – Summer Conditions
47
La Jolla, California – Winter Conditions
48
Wave Action
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Rip Currents – Narrow currents of water flowing through gaps in
sandbars lying just offshore.
Rip currents are caused by variations in the surf zone such as
sandbars and channels.Do you see a location in the
picture at right that might be
dangerous if you were
swimming there? Do you
think you could see it from
the beach?
Rip currents cause ~100
deaths in the U.S. each year
If you get caught in one – let
it sweep you out past the
structure that is causing it.
Once past it, swim parallel to
the beach and then back
toward shore.49
Wave Action: Turning waves into energy
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
• Waves move energy, not water mass
• If that energy could be harnessed, it
would be clean and renewable
What is the best location to build an
ocean wave-driven power
generation facility?
What problems might you face? 50
Shoreline Features
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
What do waves do to coastlines?
• Cause erosion (wearing away headlands and filling in
bays – straightens out coastline)
• Transport material
• Deposit sand and other materials
Twelve homes in Pacifica,
CA were condemned when
the cliff retreated 33 feet.
51
52
Sea levels also impact the shape of coastlines.
About 18,000 years ago,
during the last ice age, sea
level was much lower. The
position of the gently sloping
southeastern coast was as
much as 200 kilometers (125
miles) seaward from the
present shoreline, leaving
much of the continental shelf
exposed.
Uh-oh!
Conditions predicted under a
scenario of sea level rise of 5 meters
… to be continued next week …
Sea levels also impact the shape of coastlines.
53
Shoreline Features
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Shorelines can also be experiencing deposition
• Shoreline grows in width with deposition of sediment
• Head-on currents carry sediment onto and off the beach, and may
deposit sand in sand bars off shore during storms
• Longshore currents transport sediment parallel to the beach in the
surf zone
Sand was moved left to right during a storm.54
55
The longshore current creates features like barrier islands.
http://dep.state.fl.us/coastal/habitats/estuaries.htm 56
Bar-Built EstuariesEstuaries: where
saltwater and
freshwater mix.
They are very
biologically productive
and are important for
many organisms to
reach adulthood, such
as shrimp in Florida.
Seagrass in estuaries
provides safe habitat
for juvenile shrimp,
where they can hide
from predators.
Shoreline Protection
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Natural features that protect coastal residents of Florida
from erosion:
-Tall dunes behind beaches protect against large storms
-Wide, stable beaches absorb wave energy
-Exposed offshore sand bars absorb the force of breaking waves
-Coral reefs and mangrove forests
These features are not found at all beaches.
Humans can erect artificial barriers to help slow
erosion, but these features may speed up
erosion in other coastal locations.
57
Shoreline Protection
The Good Earth/Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
Groins – wall-like structures built perpendicular to
the shoreline as barriers to longshore currents
• Causes deposition on upcurrent side, but erosion on
downcurrent side
Miami Beach is a barrier
island, which naturally
changes in shape over time.
There, many groins are built
to try to stop this
(but end up causing more
erosion over the long term).
58
Biological Oceanography
59
Images from Puget Sound:
M. Guannel/H. van Tol 60
Question:
Why do phytoplankton
have so many different
structures?
(Why are there so many
kinds of phytoplankton?
Ernst Haeckel
diatoms
Diatom drawings by Ernst Haeckel
Diatom art –
under a microscope
61Phytoplankton (plant like) –
autotrophs in photic zone.
Diatoms (a type of phytoplankton) inspire art.
Phytoplankton vary widely in size.
Finkel et al. 201062
Phytoplankton vary widely in size.
Finkel et al. 201063
Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus
are cyanobacteria, similar to the first
oxygen-producing life forms. Karenia brevis forms harmful
algal blooms in Florida.
Emiliana is a coccolithophore,
which forms sedimentary rock
like the White Cliffs of Dover.
Pseudo-nitzschia present (ARISA*)
* Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis
Satellite-derived chlorophyll data (mg chl / m3)
Pseudo-nitzschia were detected in open ocean and coastal waters.
64
What are these two
regions called?
Pseudo-nitzschia present (ARISA*)
* Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis
Satellite-derived chlorophyll data (mg chl / m3)
Pseudo-nitzschia were detected in open ocean and coastal waters.
65
What are these two
regions called?
Gyre
Upwelling Zone
66
“Red Tide”:
Sometimes red, never a tide.
It is an accumulation of
microscopic algae
(usually dinoflagellates)
The more accurate term is
harmful algal bloom (HAB).
Karenia brevis causes
most Florida HABs.Why are red tides harmful?
Many red tides produce toxic chemicals
that can affect both marine organisms and
humans. The Florida red tide organism, K.
brevis, produces brevetoxins that can
affect the central nervous system of fish
and other vertebrates, causing these
animals to die. Wave action can break
open K. brevis cells and release these
toxins into the air, leading to respiratory
irritation. For people with severe or chronic
respiratory conditions, such as
emphysema or asthma, red tide can cause
serious illness. The red tide toxins can also
accumulate in molluscan filter-feeders such
as oysters and clams, which can lead to
Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning in people
who consume contaminated shellfish.
http://myfwc.com/research/redtide/faq/
67
Ocean Eutrophication & Dead Zones:
another way that algal blooms cause harm
68
http://www.tcpalm.com/opinion/guest-columns/richard-baker-indian-river-
lagoon-may-be-close-to-becoming-a-dead-zone-2e03ca8e-2862-50e9-e053-
01000-374618771.html69
Prochlorococcus
Prochlorococcus is so far the
most abundant photosynthetic
organism on Earth
(100 million cells in one liter of
seawater, from the open ocean)
This genus alone carries out
10-20% of all photosynthesis
in the ocean … and yet it was
only discovered about 30
years ago.
Photosynthetic bacteria
70
1985: Prochlorococcus was discovered by Dr. Sallie (Penny) Chisholm
of MIT and her postdoctoral researcher, Dr. Rob Olson.
2013: Dr. Chisholm received the National Medal of Science
(the nation’s highest award in science and engineering)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_43nR11PW8
Videos by Dr. Durkinhttps://cdurkin.mlml.calstate.edu/index.php/videos/
In-Class Activity: The Biological Pump –
Watch this video and observe what you see.
71
In-Class Activity:
What do you notice?
72
Note: the correct plural form of octopus is “octopuses”73
Corals have symbiotic relationship with
zooxanthellae, which are a type of
dinoflagellate.
Corals provide safe environment,
source of CO2 & nutrients.
Corals are invertebrate
animals, inhabited by
phytoplankton.
74
Zooxanthellae provide corals with oxygen,
carbohydrates and
alkaline pH to enhance CaCO3 deposits.
75Limestone
76
Animations and videos related to
the atmosphere and hurricanes
https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_geo/interactiveanimatio
ns/noqzs/042_GlobalWindsHC_HS_GG_Ins.html
Global Atmospheric Circulation animation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qh011eAYjAA
Global Air Circulation (clouds and water vapor = white; precipitation = orange):
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/streaming/esm/atmospheric_science/wim/
wim_video.htm?wim=2005HurricaneSeason
2005 Hurricane Season: (takes some time to load)
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/hurricanes-101
Hurricanes 101:
For the end of the in-class activity,
watch all four animations and videos
and take notes on the major points.
Chapter 14: The Atmosphere
Chapter 15: Weather
(we will only focus on hurricanes)