erythropoietin: regulator of erythropoiesis · factor affecting airway resistance 1. rate of gas...
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Competency
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No. PY6.2 (Respiratory Physiology)
CompetencyDescribe the alveolar surface tension, compliance and airway resistance.
D/L/Core K/KH/Y
AM Written/Viva voce
Integration No
Imp. Concept Compliance & Elastance, law of laplace
Phy. Trivia Application of Young-laplace law
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Everything about mechanical ventilation can be discussed in terms of flow, volume, pressure, resistance and compliance.
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Two Imp Properties of RS
Stretchability – Compliance
The ability of the lungs to expand
Elasticity – Elastance
This is a measure of the resistance of a
system to expand.
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Elastance = 1/Compliance = Pressure change / Volume change
⧍V/ ⧍P
⧍P/ ⧍V
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WORK OF BREATHINGResistance during breathing
• 65% of work is elastic work due to elastic forces of lung &
thorax. (Tissue and surface tension)
• 35% of work is non elastic work due to
Viscous resistance: 7%
Airway resistance: 28%
• Work done is calculated by ΔP/ΔV curve (W = P × V)
• Value- during quiet breathing ranges from 0.3-0.8
kg.Mt/min. 7
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Factor affecting airway resistance
1. Rate of gas flow;
Greater the rate of gas flow, greater is the resistance.
2. Airway diameter (R = 1/r4 );
It is the most important factor. Smaller the diameter of the
airway, greater is the resistance.
Air way resistance is more during forced expiration
3. Length of airway; is not an important factor.
4. Types of air flow; Turbulence flow > Laminar flow
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Factors……contWhile airway resistance is ↓ by ↑ in cross sectional
area of the respiratory passage (like in exchange zone).
Approximately 80% of the total airway resistance is
offered by airways from o to 7th generation
Means maximum resistance is offered by medium
sized airways
Viscosity and density of inspired gas (O2-He mixture
is used in deep sea diving)
Normal Airway Resistance (R=⧍P/F) Is about 1-3 cm of H2O/L/Second
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Maximum resistance is offered by medium sized airways (0-7)
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OUTLINE
Static compliance
Definition and normal value
Significance and determinants
Measurement
Factors affecting
Clinical
Specific compliance
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DEFINITION & NORMAL VALUE
• Definition;
Compliance means the ability to stretch (distensibility) or the
ability to recoil (elastic recoil). Lung compliance can be
assessed from pressure-volume curve.
Compliance = ∆V/∆P
• Normal Values;
Lung alone = 0.22 L/cm of H2O
Total compliance (lungs & thorax) = 0.13 L/cm of H2O
1/CTOT = 1/CL + 1/CCW14
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Significance and Determinants
• Significance;
Compliance is a measure of stretchability or expansibility of
lung and chest wall
• Determinants;
Elastic forces
Surface force
other determinants- Airway & Viscous resistance
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MEASUREMENT
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Total Respiratory Compliance
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MEASUREMENT...
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Pulmonary Compliance
Hysteresis’ curve.line is curved bothduring inspirationand expirationbecause of tworesistances- Viscous andairway resistance.
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Air Vs Saline Filled Lung20
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FACTORS AFFECTING
• Phase of respiratory cycle; E > I
• Effect of gravity; Apex < Base
• Compliance inversely proportional to the Elastance
• Surfactant
• Lung volume (Adult > Children)
• Age (old age > Adult)
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CLINICAL
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• Decreased lung compliance and compliance curve
is shifted to downwards and right:
Restrictive lung disease,
Pulmonary edema.
• Increased lung compliance and compliance curve
is shifted to upwards and left:
Obstructive lung disease; (Emphysema)
Old age ; (Physiological)
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OLD
RLD
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SPECIFIC COMPLIANCE
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• SC = Static compliance/FRC
• SC for both intact lung;
= 0.22/2.2
=0.1 L/cm H2o
• SC for one lung (After pneumonectomy);
= 0.11/1.1
= 0.1 L/cm H2o
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SPECIFIC COMPLIANCE - Significance
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• Importance (Advantage) is in individuals with one lung only,
lung compliance is approximately half of the normal
compliance. This is in spite of the fact that the remaining lung
may be healthy, with normal ‘distensibility’.
• Similarly in children, because of smaller lung volume,
compliance will be below normal in spite of normal
distensibility. This fallacy is removed with specific
compliance since ‘FRC’ is proportionately reduced and
specific compliance remains essentially constant.
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PULMONARY ELASTANCE
• Elastance means “recoil” tendency
• Elastance of thoracic cage
• Elastance of lungs;
Tissue force
Surface force
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SURFACE TENSION
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LAW OF LAPLACE
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Definition
Compositions
Source: Formation and secretion
Mechanism of action
Functions
Factor affecting
Clinical
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DEFINITION
Surfactant means any surface acting agent that
spread over the fluid at interface & decrease its
surface tension.
Surfactant present in the fluid lining alveoli is
called pulmonary surfactant that ↓es surface
tension of the fluid lining alveoli & thus collapse
tendency of alveoli.
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COMPOSITION
i) 90% lipids (specially phospholipid):
In surfactant 77% are phospholipids
(main is DPPC 62% dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl
choline),
13% neutral lipids,
ii) 8% Proteins:
Apoprotein A, B, C & D
iii) 2% carbohydrates and ions specially Ca++
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MECHANISM OF ACTION
• It form a monomolecular film or barrier over the
fluid at interface and ↓ surface tension from 50
to 5-25 dyne/cm2.
• Apoprotein B and ca++ speed up the spread of
Surfactant over the fluid.
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FUNCTIONS
i) Prevent collapsing tendency of alveoli
ii) Prevent pulmonary edema
iii) ↓ work of breathing
2/3 of elastic work is due to surface tension.
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(iv) Role in inflation of lungs at
birth lungs.
According to law of LaPlace
Distending Pressure = 2 x Wall
tention / radius
So at birth small alveoli with
greater collapsing pressure
specially needs surfactant to
inflate
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(v) Role in stabilization of different size of alveoli-
Smaller alveoli have more collapsing tendency (P=2T/R) &
Tendency to deflate into larger But surfactant form more
concentrated film in smaller alveoli and prevent it.
(vi) Defense & ↓ inflammation ( apoprotein A & D)
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Factors affecting
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• Hormonal factors: Thyroid, Insulin, Glucocorticoid
• Quantity and quality of proteins present in
surfactant
• Stretching of lungs: Deep breathing after surgery
improves lung functions
• Pharmacological agents: Beta-2 Agonist, calcium
• Exercise
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IRDS (infant respiratory distress syndrome
or hyaline membrane disease )
Causes
- Premature babies,
- Deficiency of thyroid hormones,
insulin or cortisol (mother)
Management
- Positive pressure ventialtion
- Inhalational phospholipids
- bovine surfactant given through inhalation
- Glucocorticoid
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i) Long term inhalation of
100% O2.
ii) Occlusion of main
bronchus.
iii) Occlusion of one
pulmonary artery.
iv) Cigarette smoking
v) Cutting both vagi.
vi) Aspiration (trauma)
ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome)-
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