erth2404 l1 intro
TRANSCRIPT
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EngineeringGeoscience
ERTH2404
Dr.JasonMah
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InstructorInformation
JasonMah
BASc inMechanicalEngineering
PhDinEarthSciences
Officehours
Room2120Herzberg,5:30PM 7:00PM
Emailforappointment
Email:[email protected]
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CourseInformation Lectures:Mon&Wed,4:05 5:25
TextRequired:GeologyforEngineersandEnvironmentalScientists,3rdEd.,A.E.Kehew Availableatthebookstore Textonreserveinlibrary
Labs:5Sections ODD/EVEN(labseveryotherweek)
Labmanualrequired:Coursepack AvailableatScienceStores,room118Steacie
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CourseEvaluationEvaluation
Theoryexams Midtermexam
Feb27
Lectures
beforethestudybreak
35%
Finalexam
(Endofterm)
Lectures
afterthestudybreak
35%
Laboratorywork Labexam
(March4 15)
Labs1,2,3 15%
LabQuizzes Labs1,2,3,4 10%
Lab4Assignment (handedinfor
grading)
5%
Total 100%
Apassinggrademustbeachievedinthelabtocompletethecourse.
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ImportantDates
Nolabsthisweek
January14:StartofEVENlabgroup
January31:Lastdaytowithdrawwithfullfee
adjustment February27:MidtermExam(duringclass)
March4 15:Labexam(duringlab)
April8:Lastlecture
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StudentAccommodation
Disability,pregnancy,religiousobligations
Mayeffecttimingforexams,labs
Alertmeduringfirsttwoweeksofclassif
needaccommodation DeadlineisJan21,2013foracademic
accommodationsforthelabexam
EquityServiceswebsite:
http://carleton.ca/equity/accommodation
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OtherInformation
CuLearn
Allcourseinformationpostedonline
SignonthroughCarletonwebsitemainpage
DiscussionGroupavailable
Deferredexams
Notificationrequiredwithin5workingdays
Contactme(notClaireSamson)
Plagiarism
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AsaCourtesy
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Whyshouldyoutakethiscourse?
Studyofourplanet:
atmosphere,hydrosphere,lithosphere;
interactions Everythingisrelated
Implicationsofearth
scienceproblems
to
engineering
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ImpactofPlanetonOrganisms
1989LomaPrieta
Earthquake:
Oakland,
Cypress
freeway
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ImpactofPlanetonOrganisms
2011Thoku,Japan,earthquakeandtsunami
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ImpactofPlanetonOrganisms
2012Strombolivolcano,Italy
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ImpactofPlanetonOrganisms
2012,HurricaneIrene,NewYork13
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ImpactofHumansonPlanet
Climatechange
Ozone
depletion Airpollution
Acidrain
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CourseTopics
GeologicalTime
MineralsandRocks
Platetectonics,volcanoes,earthquakes
Rockmechanicsandstructures Massmovement
Hydrology
Earthresources
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CourseObjectives
Attheendofterm,youwillbe:
Abletodescribeearthmaterialsandprocessesfrombothengineeringandgeologicalperspectives
Awareoftheimpactofgeologicalprocesseson
engineeringwork
Familiar with thespecialized vocabulary ofearthsciences
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Lecture1:GeologicTime
4.5Byearsofhistory
recordedin
rocks
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Readingassignment
PleasereadKehews booktocomplementthematerialpresentedinthislecture:
Chapter2,p.23
27;
p.60
72;
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Lecturecontents
TheoriginoftheSolarSystem
Relativedating
Absolutedating
Geologicaltimescale
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Lectureobjectives Toreviewthetimescaleappliedtogeological
processes Toreviewthedifferencebetweenrelativeand
absolutegeologicaldating
Toreviewtheprinciplebehindradiometricdating
Toplacerockunitsandgeologicaleventsin
chronologicalorderusingStenosRules ToreviewCanadasgeologicalhistory
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TheoriginoftheSolarSystem Modelmustaccountforthefollowing
observations:
AllplanetsrotateinsamedirectionaroundtheSun
Theorbitsofallplanetslieinthesameplane,theinvariableplane(Earthsorbitalplaneistheeclipticplane)
Thedistributionofplanetarybodies: Terrestrialplanets,asteroidbelt, giantplanets,comets
Planetshavedifferent: Rotationperiods,spindirections,obliquity
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TheoriginoftheSolarSystem ClassicalModel
1. FormationofSolarNebula2. Planetesimals
3. Planetaryaccretion
4. Planetarydifferentiation
TheSolarNebula(Kant,1755)
Thesunandplanetsarebornfromarotatingdiskofcosmicgasanddust,thesolarnebula
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1.SolarNebular Thesolarnebularisinfluencedbygravity,gas
pressure,androtation Masscollapsesatcentre formingtheSun
Cloudspinsfasterandflattenstoformadisk,
constrainingtheplanets: ExplainswhyallplanetsorbittheSuninthesame
direction
Explainswhyallplanetshavetheirorbitsinthesameplane
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2.Planetesimals
Massflowbetweensunanddiskceases
Accretionofplanetesimals(diameter 1km)
Sourcesofenergy:
Gravitationalenergy
Impactenergy
Controllingfactor:falloffinTwithdistancefromthesun
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3.Planetaryaccretion Planetsresultingfromaccretionfromasmallnumber
oflargeplanetesimals inthefinalstage Disruptionofspinandobliquity
Allplanetsformed:
Atthesametime( 4.6Ga),inarelativelyshorttime
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Nebula
0 5 15 115Ma
PlanetesimalsPlanetesimals
Planetary
accretion
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4.EarthDifferentiation
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Densermaterialmigratesgraduallytothecentre
InitialEarthhot,mostlymolten;separatesintodenseFeNialloycoreandsilicatemantle bygravity
Innercore:Solidiron
Outercore:Liquidiron
Mantle:Ironandmagnesium
Crust:Siliconandoxygen
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TheoriginoftheSolarSystem
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Davidson et al., 2002
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EarthsMoon Moonlessdensethan
Earth,cannothaveformedatsametimebysameprocesses
CollisionmodelforMoon;onlylessdensesilicatematerialejected
intoorbittoformMoonat4.53Ga
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Taylor, 1994
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Meteorites TheytellustheageoftheSolarNebula!!
Stonymeteoritesareprimitive
Compositionsimilar
to
Earths
mantle
Chondrules aresolidifieddropletsofmatterfromtheearlySolarNebula
Ironmeteoritesaredifferentiated CompositionsimilartoEarthscore
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Meteorites Stonymeteorite,Murchison,withabundant
chondrules
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Photo:D.
Smith,
CarletonU.
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Meteorites Ironmeteorite,Annaheim,foundin1916,100
kmeastofSaskatoonbyafarmermowinghay
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Photo:http:
//miac.uqac.ca
/MIAC/
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TheModernEarth
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TheEarthscoreiscooling Earth
inheritedPrimordialHeat;also
produces
heatfrom
radioactivedecayof K,U,Th
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EarthHistory: theAgeoftheEarth Theological,sedimentaccumulation,Earth
coolingrates,radioactivedecay
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106 = 1 million years
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EarthHistory: theAgeoftheEarth JamesHutton(1726 1797)
Founderofmoderngeology Majorcontribution:
Earthscoreishot
Basedonerosionrates,theEarthisseveralordersofmagnitudeolderthanpreviouslythought
Keyfieldevidence:unconformityat
Siccar Point
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EarthHistory: theAgeoftheEarth Siccar Point,
Scotland Layerstiltedinto
verticalposition
byregional
compression
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Relativedating Relativedating:taskofplacingrockunitsand
geologicaleventsinchronologicalorder intheirpropersequence
Weusefourlawstoguiderelativedatingingeology
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StenosRules
NicholasSteno,16381686
1.Principleoforiginalhorizontality2.Principleoflateralcontinuity
3.Principleofsuperposition
4.Principleofcrosscuttingrelationships
StenosRules123applytosedimentaryrocks
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Principle
of
Original
horizontality Layersofsediments are
alwaysdepositedin
horizontalsheets Acceptableassumptionfor
scale
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Principle
of
Lateral
continuity Sediments aredepositedincontinuous
horizontalsheetsuptothepointwheretheyterminateagainstasolidsurface
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Rules1&2
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Ref.:Kehew,A.E.1995.GeologyforEngineers&Environmental
Scientists.2nd Edition.Fig.1.1.Shown with permission.
conformable
layers
Oldersurfacepredating
sedimentdeposition
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Principle
of
Superposition Inundeformed
sedimentaryrocks,eachlayerisolderthantheoneaboveit
Iflayersarefoldedorinclinedatalargeangle,theyhavebeen
disturbedafterdeposition
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GrandCanyon,
Arizona
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Source:UnitedStatesGeologica
lSurvey(USGS)
Time
increasing
Older
Younger
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Law
of
included
fragments Iffragmentsofonematerialarefoundin
another,thentheincludedfragmentsmustbeolder
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P i i l f
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Principleof
Crosscutting
relationships
Anyevent
thatcutsorbreaksarock
mustbe
youngerthanthatrock
Fault
Dyke
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Unconformities InmostplacesonEarth,thereisnocomplete
setofconformablelayers: Surfacesleftbyhaltsinsedimentationarecalled
unconformities
Angularunconformity:olderlayerdipatanangle
differentfromyoungerlayer
Disconformity: thenewlayersareparalleltotheolderlayersbutthereisatimegap inbetween
Nonconformity:theerosionsurfaceisanigneousormetamorphicrock
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Unconformities
Deposition
of
SequenceAinconformablelayers
Deformation&
metamorphismofsequenceA
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A
A
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Unconformities Upliftand
erosionofAErosionalsurface
DepositionofsequenceB
Nonconformity
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A
A
B
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Unconformities
Deformation,upliftanderosionofA
andB
Erosionalsurface
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A
B
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Unconformities
Angularunconformity
DepositionofsequenceC
Inconformable
layers
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A
B
C
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Unconformities
IntrusionofigneousbodyDthroughA,B,
andC
Aistheoldest
Distheyoungest
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A B
CD
Example: Determine the order of
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Example:Determinetheorderof
relativeageofeachunit
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unconformity
unconformity
E
Example: Determine the order of
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Example:Determinetheorderof
relativeageofeachunit
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Answer
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12
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5
6
7
8
1 = oldest, 8 = youngest
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James
Hutton:
re
visited KeyobservationatSiccar Point,Scotland
Horizontallayersoverlayverticallayers
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Horizontal layerVertical layer
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Next! Howdowedeterminehowoldrocksare?
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