Ernest HemingwayErnest miller hemingway was an american author and journalist. He was born on july 21st 1899 in oak park, illinois. In 1917 hemingway joined the kansas city star as a cub reporter. The following year he volunteered to work as an ambulance driver on the italian front where he was badly wounded. For his service, he was awarded the italian silver medal of bravery. Wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel “A farewell to arms” . in 1919 he returned to america and took a job at the toronto star. Hemingway’s first novel “the sun also rises” was published in 1926.

• Cat In The Rain• Indian Camp• Nobody Ever Ever Dies• A Day’s Wait• The Old Man And The Sea• Hills Like White Elephants• On the Quai at Smyrna• The Capital Of The World• The Undefeated• The Snows Of Kilimanjaro

CAT IN THE RAIN

SUMMARY• An American couple is sitting in an Italian hotel, which is kept by an old Italian man. • The Italian man wants to please all his customers.• It is a rainy day and the American woman see a cat in the rain, which she wants to

protect from the rain.• When she goes out of the hotel it is gone. • After returning to her room she starts a conversation with her husband George who is

reading all the time, telling him how much she wants to have a cat and other things like long hair, silver cutlery, etc.

• Her husband seems to be annoyed by that and not at all interested. • At the end of the story there is a knock at the door and a maid stand there holding the

cat for the American woman in her hands.

ANALYSIS• THE CENTRAL CHARACTERS ARE AN AMERICAN COUPLE AT A HOTEL IN ITALY. • IT IS RAINING, AND THE HUSBAND, GEORGE, IS LYING ON THE BED READING, WHILE HIS WIFE LOOKS OUT

THE WINDOW. THERE IS A CAT OUTSIDE, TRYING TO KEEP DRY, THE AMERICAN WIFE WANTS TO GO AND GET IT.

• HER HUSBAND OFFERS TO DO IT FOR HER, BUT HE DOES NOT GET UP FROM THE BED; HE DOES NOT REALLY MEAN IT.

• DETERMINED, THE WIFE GOES DOWN TO THE LOBBY, WHERE THE HOTEL OWNER RISES AND BOWS TO HER. THE AUTHOR EMPHASIZES THAT THE AMERICAN WIFE LIKES THE HOTELKEEPER.

• THE LADY WANTS TO GO OUTSIDE BUT IS STOPPED BY THE RAIN. A MAID, SENT BY THE HOTELKEEPER, HOLDS AN UMBRELLA FOR HER. UNFORTUNATELY, THE CAT IS GONE.

• SHE RETURNS TO THEIR ROOM AND COMPLAINS TO GEORGE HOW MUCH SHE WANTED THE CAT.

• The wife then begins to lament her many wants and needs, but her husband coldly tells her to be quiet. There is a knock on the door; it is the maid, again sent by the hotelkeeper. She brought a cat for the american lady.

• The story presents the american couple as emotionally barren, isolated by their own self-absorption. The husband is unconcerned with his wife's malaise, never rising from his position on the bed, and even growing angry when she attempts to express her desires.

• The wife is nameless; shunned by her husband and lacking a sense of self-hood, she is like the "poor kitty out in the rain."

• It is significant that the hotelkeeper is more attuned to the american wife's desires and more willing to do what it takes to fulfill them than either the woman herself or her husband.

INDIAN CAMP

SUMMARY• One night, Dr. Adams is summoned to help an American Indian woman who

has been in painful labour for two days and still unable to deliver her baby.• The doctor takes his young son, Nick, and his brother, George, to the

American Indian camp.• When Dr. Adams arrives, she is lying in a bottom bunk; her husband, who cut

his foot badly with an axe three days before, is lying in the bunk bed above her.

• Doctor Adams asks Nick to assist him by holding a basin of hot water. • Using his fishing jack-knife as a scalpel, Dr. Adams performs a caesarean on

the woman, delivers the baby boy, then sews up the woman's incision with some gut leader line from his fishing tackle.

• Afterward, he discovers that the woman's husband, who was in the bunk above hers, silently cut his throat during the painful ordeal.

ANALYSIS• IN THIS STORY, NICK ADAMS IS A VERY YOUNG BOY ACCOMPANYING HIS FATHER, DR. ADAMS,

AND HIS UNCLE GEORGE TO AN AMERICAN INDIAN CAMP ON THE OTHER SIDE OF A LAKE. • NICK IS INITIATED INTO CONCEPTS OF: LIFE AND DEATH; SUFFERING, PAIN, AND ENDURANCE;

AND SUICIDE AT A VERY YOUNG AGE.• ALTHOUGH THIS VERY SHORT STORY DEALS WITH BIRTH AND DEATH, SEXISM AND RACISM,

HEMINGWAY'S EMPHASIS IS NOT ON THE SHOCKING EVENTS THEMSELVES; INSTEAD, HEMINGWAY SHOWS THE EFFECT OF BIRTH AND DEATH ON YOUNG NICK ADAMS.

• THE YOUNG BOY ASKS HIS FATHER WHY THE AMERICAN INDIAN MAN CUT HIS THROAT AND IS TOLD THAT HE COULDN'T STAND THINGS.

• HOWEVER, THERE ARE MORE SUBTLE UNDERCURRENTS FOR THE AMERICAN INDIAN HUSBAND'S SUICIDE AS WELL. THE TREATMENT AND ATTITUDE OF DR. ADAMS TOWARD THE WOMAN, WHO IS AN AMERICAN INDIAN. WHEN DR. ADAMS TELLS NICK THAT HER SCREAMING IS NOT IMPORTANT, IT IS AT THIS POINT THAT THE AMERICAN INDIAN HUSBAND ROLLS OVER IN HIS BUNK TOWARD THE SHANTY WALL, AS HE IS FOUND LATER, AFTER SLITTING HIS OWN THROAT WITH A RAZOR.

• WHILE THIS FAILURE TO CONFRONT THE EVENTS AT HAND INDICATES FEAR, IT CAN ALSO INDICATE THE AMERICAN INDIAN HUSBAND'S RESIGNATION TO THE THOUGHTLESS RACISM OF THE WHITE MEN WHO HAVE COME TO HELP HER.

• DR. ADAMS ALSO EMPHASIZES TO NICK THAT ALTHOUGH AMERICAN INDIAN MAN COMMITTED SUICIDE, WOMEN RARELY DO. FEAR CONQUERED THE YOUNG AMERICAN INDIAN MAN; HE DID NOT HAVE THE COURAGE AND STRENGTH TO COPE WITH IT. DURING THE BOAT TRIP BACK ACROSS THE LAKE, WHILE NICK AND HIS FATHER ARE TALKING, NICK FEELS "QUITE SAFE — THAT HE WOULD NEVER DIE." EVEN AT THIS YOUNG AGE, NICK VOWS NEVER TO SUCCUMB TO FEAR.

A DAY’S WAIT

CharactersSchatz:• Schatz is a nine year-old boy. He is

young and innocent.

The father of Schatz:• He is a caring father who spends

his time with his son, so long as he remains sick. He also enjoys hunting.

SUMMARYThe story opens as a father discovers that his 9-year-old boy, Schatz, has a fever. The father sends for the doctor and he diagnoses a mild case of influenza. As long as the fever doesn’t go above 104 , the doctor says, the boy will be fine, and he leaves three different types of medication for the father to administer with instructions for each. Schatz’s temperature is determined to be 102.

When the doctor leaves, the father reads to Schatz from a book about pirates, but the boy is not paying attention and is staring fixedly at the foot of the bed. His father suggests he try to get some sleep, but Schatz says he would rather be awake. He also says that his father needn’t stay in the room with him if he is bothered. His father says he isn’t bothered, and after giving him his 11 o’clock dose of medication, the father goes outside.It is a wintry day with sleet frozen onto the countryside, and the father takes the family’s Irish setter out hunting along a frozen creek bed. Both man and dog fall more than once on the ice before they find a covey of quail and kill two. The father, pleased with his exploits, returns to the house.

SUMMARYUpon returning home, he finds that Schatz has refused to let anyone into his room because he doesn’t want anyone else to catch the flu. The father enters anyway and finds the boy still staring at the foot of the bed. He takes Schatz’s temperature and finds it 102, as before. He tells Schatz his temperature is fine, and not to worry. Schatz says he’s not worrying, but he is thinking. When the father gives Schatz his medication, Schatz asks if he thinks the medication will help, and the father answers affirmatively.After attempting to interest Schatz in the pirate book and failing, the father pauses, whereupon Schatz asks him when the father thinks Schatz will die. It emerges that Schatz has heard at school in France that no one can live with a temperature above 44, so Schatz thinks he is sure to die with a temperature of 102. He has been waiting to die all day.After the father explains the difference between Fahrenheit and Celsius, Schatz relaxes, letting go of his iron self-control and the next day he allows himself to get upset over little things.

ANALYSIS “A Day’s Wait” deals with the familiar Hemingway theme of heroic fatalism,

namely courage in the face of certain death. The little boy is stoic in the face of what he believes will be certain death; he holds his emotions in with iron self-control all day, and even suggests that his father leave the room if he is distressed to see his son dying.

The innocence of a child :- The boy would never talk about his feelings and fear, probably because he does not want other people to worry about him. He might not want to hurt them.

He also forbids anyone to come into his room out of concern for their health.

Aside from Schatz’s own behavior, the other element of the story that makes Schatz’s heroism striking is the behavior of his father, which unintentionally worsens Schatz’s mental turmoil. Shortly after Schatz suggests that his father need not stay with him if the spectacle of his son’s death will bother him, the father leaves the house for hours to enjoy himself .

NOBODYEVER DIES

CharactersEnrique:• He is a young man, who had

been away at war for 15 years .

Maria:• Her brother Vicente was also

among soldiers who died in the war.

SUMMARYThe story is about a young man named Enrique, who had been away at war for 15 months. His comrades-in-arms secretly sent him back to a house, without knowing it was being watched. 

Enrique was all the time listening. Someone was trying the two doors. Keeping himself out of sight, Enrique carefully looked around the house. There was no one but a Negro walking along the sidewalk. When the dark came, the Negro was still there. Suddenly, a siren on the radio from the next house gave him a false alarm. Soon afterwards, two stones fell on the tiling floor of the porch one after the other. Enrique went downstairs to the back door. 

The one outside gave the password correctly, and Enrique opened the door. It was Maria. She had waited until it was dark to come to send him food. Enrique shut the door again. They went up to the porch and looked out. The Negro was gone. Maria learned from Enrique that many soldiers had died, including Vicente, her only brother and the flower of their party. She couldn’t accept it. Enrique finished his meal and talked about the lessons he had learned from the war and his attitude toward his companions’ sacrifice. But she said he talked like a book with a dry heart. Enrique was hurt and showed her the severe wound on his back. She cried.

SUMMARYJust then, two real sirens came both ways up the street. Enrique ordered Maria to leave at once, but she insisted he should go first. Finally, they ran out of the back door and took two ways, diving into the weeds surrounding the lot and crawling. 

Enrique was almost to the edge of the lot now and must make a dash across the road. But as he started to run, the searchlight caught him, which was from the police car that had come silently, without siren, and posted itself at one back corner of the lot. Enrique fell to the gun from the car. 

To make matters worse, there was a car at the other corner and its searchlight was going over the weeds where Maria lay hidden. The Negro was busy helping to search for her at the moment. Maria earnestly prayed the dead soldiers to keep her from talking if she was taken. 

Eventually, they caught her. By now, Maria was quite sure that every one was helping her. She sat in the car with an unusual confidence, her face shining. 

The Negro would be well paid for his help. But seeing the girl’s face, he felt frightened.

ANALYSISIn the story, there is a combination of two eternal themes: war and love. A lot of young men like Enrique joined the war for liberty. All of them were either killed or badly wounded. The living honored the dead, yet they must turn grief into strength. So what they thought was how to work to take their places, to advance wave upon wave. Where one died did not matter if he died for liberty. And it wouldn’t always be a failure. Such was the strongest belief of Enrique, of all the soldiers who had lived through the war, and of every one longing for liberty. 

The love between Enrique and Maria is quite moving. It was intensified through the war. At first, Maria was sentimental. Not having witnessed the sacrifice of the soldiers as Enrique had, she could not understand his attitudes toward the dead, though she loved him deeply. But the moment she touched the huge sunken scar on Enrique’s back, she suddenly understood the worth of the soldiers’ death, as well as the cruelty of the war. Therefore, she showed an extraordinary bravery later on, which was the representation of their supreme love — the same belief, together with the mutual understanding and support in jeopardy. It’s also the climax of the story: the integration of war and love.

ANALYSISAnd the title of the story “Nobody Ever Dies” is rather meaningful. Though numberless soldiers died in the war, nobody ever died, for their spirit never failed to encourage the living. In the story, at the sight of Enrique’s death, Maria was fully aware what she should do. She cried for help from the dead, and indeed, it was the dead that smoothed away her fear of danger and gave her great confidence and courage. Just as Enrique said, “nobody ever dies for nothing”. If one dies for justice, he will more or less leave the living with something to follow. And what he has cost will certainly be repaid by the final victory. So the dead are the pioneers and guides of their successors. In this way, his death is not worthless. 

Also, the ending of the story is very enlightening. It ends in a sharp comparison between Maria and the Negro spy. The girl would be faced with the enemy’s excruciation, but her face was shining proudly and her head held high; while the Negro would get a lot of money for his night work, but he was so frightened that even his voodoo beads could not help his fear. All this was brought on by their different beliefs. Maria overcame her fear and gathered strength with the help of the dead, while the Negro gave his soul away to the money at the cost of a just cause. 

The Old Man and the Sea

- Ernest Hemingway

IntroductionOld Man and the Sea is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in

Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work of fiction to be produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is one of his famous works and it centers upon Santiago, an aging fisherman who struggles with a

giant marlin far out in the sea. The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel committee as

contributing to the awarding of the Nobel Prize in literature in 1954.

CharactersSantiago:• Santiago is a Cuban fisherman who has had an extended run of bad luck. Despite his expertise, he has been unable to catch a fish for eighty-four days.

Manolin (the boy):• Manolin is a young teenage boy. He is Santiago’s only friend. He believe in the old man’s fishing abilities and enjoys his company.

The Marlin (symbolic):• The marlin is the fish Santiago spends the majority of the novel tracking ,killing, and attempting to bring to shore.

The Mako Shark (symbolic):• This is the first shark,it takes forty ponds of Marlin meat.

SUMMARYThe Old Man and the Sea is the story of a battle between an old experienced Cuban fisherman and a large marlin. The novel opens with the explanation that the fisherman, who is named Santiago, has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered salao, the worst for of unlucky. In fact, he is so unlucky that his young friend, Manolin has been forbidden by his parents to sail with the old man and been ordered to fish with more successful fishermen. The boy visits Santiago’s shack each night, hauling back his fishing gear, getting him food and discussing American baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago tells Manolin that on the next day, he will sail far out into the Gulf to fish, confident that his unlucky streak is near its end. Thus, Santiago sets out alone, taking his skiff far onto the Gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin takes his bait. Santiago is unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in pain, Santiago expresses compassionate appreciation for his adversary, often referring to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish’s great dignity, no one will be worthy of eating the marlin.

Continue… On the third day of the ordeal, the fish begins to circle the skiff, indicating his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses all the strength he has left in him to pull the fish onto its side and stab the marlin with his harpoon, ending the long battle between him and the fish. Santiago straps the marlin to the side of his skiff and then heads home, thinking about the high price the fish will bring him at the market and how many people he will feed. While santiago continues his journey back to the shore, sharks are attracted to the trail of blood left by the marlin in the water. The first is a great mako shark, that santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the harpoon in the process. Santiago makes a new harpoon by strapping his knife to the end of an oar to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming, and by night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton only. Finally, reaching the shore before dawn on the next day, carrying the heavy mast on his shoulder. Once home, he slumps onto his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during the old man’s endeavor, cries upon finding him safe asleep. The boy brings him newspapers and coffee. When the old man wakes, they promise to fish together once again. Upon his return to sleep, santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an african beach.

THEMES• PRIDE: PRIDE IS OFTEN DEFINED AS A NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTE THAT CAUSES PEOPLE TO REACH FOR TOO MUCH AND AS A RESULT,

SUFFER A TERRIBLE FALL. SANTIAGO KNOWS THAT HE KILLED THE MARLIN FOR PRIDE AND WONDERS IF PRIDE IS PROBLEM, IF KILLING FOR PRIDE MAKES THE ACT A SIN, BUT SANTIAGO'S PRIDE IS HIS MAIN MOTIVATION THAT PUSHES HIM TO SURVIVE THREE STRUGGLING DAYS AND NIGHTS AT SEA. SANTIAGO TAKES PRIDE IN BEING EXACTLY WHAT HE IS, A MAN AND A FISHERMAN, NOTHING MORE.

• THE HONOR IN STRUGGLE, DEFEAT & DEATH: FROM THE VERY FIRST PARAGRAPH, SANTIAGO IS CHARACTERIZED AS SOMEONE STRUGGLING AGAINST DEFEAT. HE HAS GONE EIGHTY-FOUR DAYS WITHOUT CATCHING A FISH—HE WILL SOON PASS HIS OWN RECORD OF EIGHTY-SEVEN DAYS. ALMOST AS A REMINDER OF SANTIAGO’S STRUGGLE, THE SAIL OF HIS SKIFF RESEMBLES “THE FLAG OF PERMANENT DEFEAT.” BUT THE OLD MAN REFUSES DEFEAT AT EVERY TURN.

• ISOLATION: THE OLD MAN IS A CHARACTER ISOLATED FROM PEOPLE – AND IN FACT FROM THE WORLD OF HUMANS ENTIRELY – IN HIS TIME ON THE SEA. THIS ISOLATION DEFINES WHO HE IS, AND EMPHASIZES THE UNIQUE NATURE OF HIS CHARACTER. ISOLATION BECOMES BOTH A WEAKNESS (HE SUFFERS FROM LONELINESS), BUT ALSO A NECESSARY ELEMENT TO HIS BATTLE WITH THE FISH.

Avhi

Perseverance : The old man’s battle with the fish is not only a battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old age with incredible endurance, willing to withstand hunger, physical pain, and isolation from the rest of the world as he battles the fish. Endurance becomes a way we connect the old man and the fish he fights, as they share a determination that, in its magnitude, separates them from other people and creatures.Friendship :The friendship between Santiago and Manolin plays a critical part in Santiago's victory over the Marlin. Santiago refuses to accept defeat because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet most of the novel takes place when Santiago is alone. Except for Manolin's friendship in the evenings, Santiago is characterized by his isolation, but he refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish, birds and the sea.The Man and The Natural World :The old man is unique in his relationship to and understanding of the natural world. He talks about the sea as though it were a woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines the relationship between turtles and jellyfish, between fish and birds. The creatures and the natural world become a lens through which we examine the old man; they become parables and analogies that allow us to gain insight into his character. The old man justifies and interprets his actions and the actions of others as things that they "are born to do." We see a sense of inescapability in these ideas

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Hunger:The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He never professes hunger, despite eating very little or not at all. For him, eating is not about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man does at one point refer to hunger as pain, but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

Suffering : In The Old Man and the Sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish. It adds intensity to the struggle, and commands a respect from the reader. The mental anguish of losing the fish to the sharks is surprisingly underplayed; this is a type of pain, it seems, that can be controlled by sheer willpower. 

Luck :The Old Man and the Sea begins with a declaration that the old man is unlucky. He agrees with such an assessment, but by the end of the story the reader is left wondering what it really means to be lucky or unlucky, and whether the old man truly is salao. At one point, the old man states that, although he believes in luck, he would "rather be exact," suggesting that skill and preparedness are more important than superstition. He does still, however, base many of his decisions and actions in a persistent belief in luck.

Respect and Reputation : Although he does not recognize himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the notion of respect. The old man derives respect from others with displays of strength and prowess. Santiago himself feels great awe and respect for the marlin, repeatedly emphasizing this during his struggle and after he has killed the fish. Additionally, the old man’s friendships are based on mutual respect.

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SYMBOLSThe Lost Harpoon : Santiago loses the harpoon as he fends off sharks, symbolic of individuals who lose their faith as life's woes attack. much like santiago without a harpoon, those without faith are defenseless.The Marlin : Magnificent and glorious, the marlin symbolizes the ideal opponent. In a world in which “everything kills everything else in some way,” Santiago feels genuinely lucky to find himself matched against a creature that brings out the best in him: his strength, courage, love, and respect.The Sharks : Santiago considers the sharks base predators, not worthy of glory. They represent destructive forces in life that serve no purpose.

Hills Like White Elephants

CharactersThe American:• The male protagonist of the story. The American

never reveals his name, nor does the girl ever directly address him by name..

The Girl:• The female protagonist of the story. The American

calls the girl “Jig” at one point in the story but never mentions her real name.

The Bartender:• The woman serving drinks to the American man and the

girl. The bartender speaks only Spanish.

SUMMARY “Hills Like White Elephants” opens with a long description of the story’s setting in a train station surrounded by hills, fields, and trees in a valley in Spain. A man known simply as the American and his girlfriend sit at a table outside the station, waiting for a train to Madrid. It is hot, and the man orders two beers. The girl remarks that the nearby hills look like white elephants, to which the American responds that he’s never seen one. They order more drinks and begin to bicker about the taste of the alcohol. The American chastises her and says that they should try to enjoy themselves. The girl replies that she’s merely having fun and then retracts her earlier comment by saying the hills don’t actually look like white elephants to her anymore. They order more drinks, and the American mentions that he wants the girl, whom he calls “Jig,” to have an operation, although he never actually specifies what kind of operation. He seems agitated and tries to downplay the operation’s seriousness. He argues that the operation would be simple, for example, but then says the procedure really isn’t even an operation at all.

Continue… The girl says nothing for a while, but then she asks what will happen after she’s had the operation. The man answers that things will be fine afterward, just like they were before, and that it will fix their problems. He says he has known a lot of people who have had the operation and found happiness afterward. The girl dispassionately agrees with him. The american then claims that he won’t force her to have the operation but thinks it’s the best course of action to take. She tells him that she will have the operation as long as he’ll still love her and they’ll be able to live happily together afterward. The man then emphasizes how much he cares for the girl, but she claims not to care about what happens to herself. The american weakly says that she shouldn’t have the operation if that’s really the way she feels. The girl then walks over to the end of the station, looks at the scenery, and wonders aloud whether they really could be happy if she has the operation. They argue for a while until the girl gets tired and makes the american promise to stop talking. The spanish bartender brings two more beers and tells them that the train is coming in five minutes. The girl smiles at the bartender but has to ask the american what she said because the girl doesn’t speak spanish. After finishing their drinks, the american carries their bags to the platform and then walks back to the bar, noticing all the other people who are also waiting for the train. He asks the girl whether she feels better. She says she feels fine and that there is nothing wrong with her.

ANALYSIS "Hills like white elephants" does not tell a story in a traditional manner, and it has no plot . even today, most readers are still puzzled by the story. In other words, it will take an exceptionally perceptive reader to realize immediately that the couple is arguing about the girl's having an abortion at a time when abortions were absolutely illegal, considered immoral, and usually dangerous. Early objections to this story also cited the fact that there are no traditional characterizations. The female is referred to simply as "the girl," and the male is simply called "the man." There are no physical descriptions of either person or even of their clothing. Unlike traditional stories, wherein the author usually gives us some clues about what the main characters look like, sound like, or dress like, here we know nothing about "the man" or "the girl." We know nothing about their backgrounds. Can we, however, assume something about them — for example, is "the man" somewhat older and "the girl" perhaps younger, maybe eighteen or nineteen? One reason for assuming this bare-bones guesswork lies in tone of "the girl." Her questions are not those of a mature, worldly-wise woman, but, instead, they are those of a young person who is eager and anxious to please the man she is with . it is a wonder that this story was published at all. When it was written, authors were expected to guide readers through a story. In "Hills Like White Elephants," though, hemingway completely removes himself from the story. Readers are never aware of an author's voice behind the story. Compare this narrative technique to the traditional nineteenth-century method of telling a story. Then, such authors as dickens or trollope would often address their readers directly.

SYMBOLWhite elephants:A white elephant symbolizes something no one wants—in this story, the girl’s unborn child. The girl’s comment in the beginning of the story that the surrounding hills look like white elephants initially seems to be a casual, offhand remark, but it actually serves as a segue for her and the american to discuss their baby and the possibility of having an abortion. The girl later retracts this comment with the observation that the hills don’t really look like white elephants, a subtle hint that perhaps she wants to keep the baby after all—a hint the american misses. In fact, she even says that the hills only seemed to look like white elephants at first glance, and that they’re actually quite lovely. Comparing the hills—and, metaphorically, the baby—to elephants also recalls the expression “the elephant in the room,” a euphemism for something painfully obvious that no one wants to discuss.

On the Quai at Smyrna

The story is set in Smyrna in 1922 during the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War,[1] A narrator describes the evacuation of refugees,[4] where naval troops – possibly British[1] – are at the docks trying to impose order. As the piece opens, the narrator says, "The worst thing was … how they screamed every night at midnight. I do not know why they started screaming. We were in the harbor and they were on the pier and at midnight they started screaming."[5] The officer returns a gunner to the ship, after a Turkish officer complains of his insults. "He felt topping about it. Great friends we were", the narrator says of the officer. Next the narrator tells of women who refuse to give up their dead babies for six days, that the men had to take them away. He mentions "the Turk", who is unpredictable, whose orders prevent rescuing the refugees.

His men could have taken the pier, explains the narrator: "They would have blown us out of the water but we would have blown the town simply to hell."[6] He asks his audience, "You remember the harbor. There were plenty of nice things floating around it. That was the only time in my life I got so I dreamed about things."He tells that the women who are giving birth were not as bad as the dead babies; those women only need a dark place and a blanket. About the evacuation he says, "The Greeks were nice chaps too. When they evacuated they had all their baggage animals they couldn't take off with them, so they just broke their forelegs and dumped them in the shallow water."

The Capital Of The World

o “The Capital of the World,” one of Ernest Hemingway’s lesser-known short stories, shows the author revisiting one of his best-known literary subjects: bullfighting. Written in 1936, the story depicts a young and idealistic waiter named Paco who has left the primitive village of his birth for the romance and glamour of Madrid, Spain.

o Paco works at the Pension Luarca, a hotel that houses many figures from the bullfighting world: three matadors, two picadors, and one middle-aged but capable banderillero. For Paco, these men are the only guests who “exist” at the hotel, because he is so infatuated with the romance and beauty he sees in bullfighting. Hemingway, however, takes care to let the reader know about the faults and failings of the matadors: one is a coward, one is secretly sick, and one was never able to capture the “fancy” of the public.

Besides the bullfighters, Hemingway sketches the characters of the other guests and workers at the Pension Luarca. The guests in the dining room also include two priests and an auctioneer, who all drink heavily. In addition, the other workers at the hotel include Paco’s two sisters, who work as chambermaids, two other waiters, and a dishwasher named Enrique.

Enrique is the other main character in the story, and his cynicism and bitterness serve as a foil for Paco’s starry-eyed optimism and romantic nature. The story ends with a game between Paco and Enrique that goes terribly wrong. Paco insists that he would not be afraid of a bull in the ring, and, to prove him wrong, Enrique challenges Paco to a pretend “bullfight” with a chair that has two knives tied to it for horns. Enrique charges Paco with the chair on top of his head, Paco miscalculates his footing, and one of the knives stabs him.

ANALYSIS

Hemingway does critique Paco’s innocence and idealism through these events, but there is also a sense that Paco’s death is a random act of fate. Even Paco, as his blood drains from his body, cannot believe “what has happened to him.” The narrator confirms that the young man died before his time, and still “full of illusions” about what life in Madrid is really like.

THE UNDEFEATEDThe short story “the undefeated” was first published in 1927 in his second collection ‘men

without women’.

Theme :-

In the story hemingway’s writing is characterized by theme of pride, the struggle to maintain masculinity and durability in the face of natural, cultural, or artistic obstacles.

• In “the undefeated”, the protagonist is manuel garcia, a veteran bullfighter, who basically has to beg retana, a promoter, for work. Manuel then goes to a café to wait for his friend, zurito, a horseman who uses a lance to help the bullfighter. Zurito tells them they are both too old.

• He pleads with zurito to “pic” for him, and zurito only concedes after manuel agrees that if he does not perform well, he will quit for good. Fighting with hemandez, another up-and-coming bullfighter, they engage in a long battle with a bull.

Story

It takes manuel five tries to stab the bull. The first four times, his sword either bends or bounces says, “he is all bone.”In the end, manuel kills the bull, but is gored and rushed to to the doctor. While manuel lies on the operating table. His struggle were acknowledged by others and his reputation as the undefeated remained. Zurito staying to watch over manuel. Message:-This story tells us about a man who is considered unable to do an activity. People said that this activity is too dangerous and this man is too old to do that. But, this man insisted to do it because he used to do it and it is the only way to get back his pride. He did it finally, even though he had to through all of the yells and screams of others. He got his pride back. This man tells us that we don’t need to hesitate to take an action.

We don’t have to listen others opinion always. All we need is just to believe in ourself and do it whole heartedly.

THE SNOWS OF KILIMANJARO

Story:-

This story is something painless. In the starting of the story that Harry and his wife , Helen are encamped somewhere near mount Kilimanjaro.

Harry and his wife , have a combative relationship. Harry has ceased to be in love with Helen . Harry feels and expresses guilt about the deterioration of his relationship with his wife.

Harry and Helen have left their superficial rich friends behind in Paris , where they are pursuing their inconsequential lives . He and his wife , along with their African servant , Molo are standard in this remote part of Tanganyika because an inept driver failed to cheek the oil in their truck .

It is soon revealed that Harry is on deathbed , suffering from gangrene that is moving rapidly from gangrene that is moving rapidly from his lower legs to other parts of his body.

. Harry has gangrene because he ignored a thorn prick to his knee some days earlier . As his wound festered and became swollen , He treated it with a mild solution of carbolic acid . The gangrene kept one step ahead of Harry’s attempt to thwart its progress

Throughout the story , Harry vacillates between consciousness and unconsciousness. The passages italics except for the one very near the end in which Harry hallucinates about the plane coming to rescue him .

As the turn out , Harry’s illusion of the plane is just that : an illusion . In the and , Hellen has Harry’s cot carried into their tent . She

becomes aware that his breathing has stopped , just as a hyena , a carnivore that feeds on dead animals , howls outside their tent .

Message :-

The story gives us message that “we are all deeply flawed by our nature of being human , the shadow of death

sharpens our desire to aspire to greatness.”

THANKSSUMIR MATHURPUNEET SALUJA

ABHISHEK YADAVANITA YADAV

VINITA KUMARI

Presented by….

SUMIR MATHURPUNEET SALUJA

ABHISHEK YADAVANITA YADAV

VINITA KUMARI

Presented by: