Eric Erickson – Review8 Stages of Social Development

•Trust vs Mistrust (Infancy)Needs comforting and minimal uncertainty to trust him/herself,

others and the environment•Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (Toddler)

Works to master physical environment while maintaining self-esteem

Ex: If a toddler is not allowed to learn by doing, the toddler develops a sense of doubt in his/her abilities which may

complicate later attempts at independence•Initiative vs Guilt (Preschool)

Begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops conscience and sexual identity

Ex: A preschooler who is made to feel that the activities he/she initiates are bad may develop a sense of guilt that inhibits the

person later in life

• Industry vs Inferiority (School Age Children)Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by defining skills

• Identity vs Role Confusion (Adolescent)Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete,

worker) into a self image under role model and peer pressure

• Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adult)Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, or

partner• Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle-Age Adult)

Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family and Civic Interests

• Integrity vs Despair (Older Adult)Reviews life accomplishments

Piaget – Cognitive Development

Video

Piaget - Overview• Piaget’s theory identifies four developmental stages and the

processes by which children progress through them:

• Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years old)–The child learns through physical interaction with his or her environment and by using their 5 senses; object permanence develops

• Preoperational stage (ages 2-7)–The child thinks in symbols, or representational thought. Makes error in judgments & rational, animism, egocentric

• Concrete operations (ages 7-11)–Can think rationally like an adults MINUS hypothetical and abstract thinking. Conservation & reversibility develops

• Formal operations (beginning at ages 11-15)–By this point, the child’s cognitive structures are like those of an adult and include hypothetical and abstract reasoning.

Freud – Psychosexual Development

Freud's theory overview clip

1) Oral Stage (ages 0-1 ½) –Focus – mouth. Gratifying activities: Nursing – eating, as well as mouth movements including sucking, gumming, biting and swallowing

2) Anal Stage (ages 1 ½ - 3) Focus – Anus Gratifying activities: Bowel Movements & the withholding of

such movements. Major event at this age is toilet training

3) Phallic Stage (age 4-5) Focus – Genital; develop a sexual identity by focusing on relationship with opposite sex parent

4) Latency (age 5-Puberty) Focus – None; Sexual feelings are suppressed to allow children to focus their energy on other aspects of life

5) Genital Stage (Puberty on) Focus – Genital; This stage is marked by renewed sexual interest and desire and the pursuit of relationships

Developmental Psychology

• What is the definition of developmental psychology?

• What are the 6 dimensions on which we develop as human beings?

• Why is studying developmental psychology important?

INFANCYINFANCY

Developmental Psychology

Infancy (2 weeks – 2 yrs)

Physical Social Cognitive2 month – lift head 2 month – 1st smile Sensorimotor – 5 senses /3-6 months – roll over 6-9 month – separation anxiety motor skills8 months – crawl solitary play vocab = 250

words1 year – walk Erickson’s stages 1 & 2 Object PermanenceMost Rapid Growth

Erickson & Infancy• Trust vs Mistrust

* Birth to 18 months (approximate)* Success = Having basic needs met* Critical PeriodEX. Needs comforting /minimal uncertainty to trust him/herself, others and the environment

• Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt* 18 months - 3 yrs (approximate)*Learn to master skills for ourselves*“Terrible Twos” - “NO!!!” - develops important skills of willEx: If a toddler is not allowed to learn by doing, the toddler

develops a sense of doubt in his/her abilities which may complicate later attempts at independence

Piaget & Infancy

Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years)

*Communicate and Learn through SENSES and MOTOR SKILLS

*Thought derives from sensation and movement*Explores things that can be seen, felt, touched;

develops motor skills

Freud and Infancy…• Oral Stage (age 0 – 1 ½)

*Nursing is a source of food AND love*Insufficient / Forceful feeding can result in fixation

• Symptoms of Oral Fixation*Smoking*Nail biting*Overeating*Drinking*Sarcasm (“the biting personality”) & verbal hostility

*Constant chewing on gum, pens, pencils, etc