ergonomics awareness. objectives in this course, we will discuss the following: definition of...
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Ergonomics Awareness
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Objectives
In this course, we will discuss the following: Definition of ergonomics
Workplace problems, injuries, and losses due to ergonomic issues
Types, signs and symptoms, and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
Common ergonomic stressors
Techniques to combat these stressors
NCDOL OSH Division perspective on ergonomics
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Definitions
Ergonomics Greek derivation
• Ergo (work)• Nomos (law)
Interfacing man, machine and environment to optimize safety, productivity, and comfort
“Fitting the task to the human”
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Workplace Problems and Losses
Increased discomfort, pain, injury, or illnessWorkers’ compensation costsLost or restricted work timeShort- or long-term disability Increased absenteeismGreater turnoverLow moraleDecreased productivity and/or quality
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Bones - Provide structure, support, and protection
Muscles - Expand and contract to move bones
Tendons - Connect muscle to bone
Ligaments - Connect bone to bone
Musculoskeletal System
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Cartilage - Provides cushioning and lubrication
Bursa - Fluid-filled sac that lubricates and cushions between points of friction
Vertebrae – bones that make up the spine
Discs – shock absorbers for the spine
Musculoskeletal System
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Other Important Components
Arteries and veins Transport blood
• Deliver oxygen
• Remove waste
Nerves Provide tactility, sensation Provide feedback on pain and discomfort Determine which muscles to used Coordinate activities
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Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
Damage or weakening of the musculoskeletal system
MSDs occur as an acute trauma or a cumulative trauma
Most common occupational problems include back strain and tendon disorders
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Common Musculoskeletal Disorders
Tendinitis Epicondylitis De Quervain’s tendinitis
Bursitis
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Tenosynovitis
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Muscle strain
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Types of Back Injuries
Ligament sprains
Muscle or tendon strains
Lumbar strain/sprain
Low back pain
Disc disorders
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Signs and Symptoms of MSDs
Discomfort or pain
Numbness or tingling
Redness
Fullness, tightness, or swelling
Limited range of motion
Weakness (trouble holding objects)
Early reporting of symptoms and early treatment may resolve problems without lost work time, restricted activity, or surgery.
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Conservative Treatment
Anti-inflammatory medication (Ibuprofen)
Rest affected body part
Ice
Heat
Work accommodations
Physical therapy
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Ergonomic StressorsPersonal stressors
Force
Posture
Movement Repetitive Static
Environmental
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Personal Stressors
Gender
Age
Smoking
Strength
Flexibility
Obesity
Diabetes
Lack of fitness
Body size and shape
Alcoholism
Recreational activities
Insufficient sleep or recovery
Prior episode
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Force
Forces Lifting Lowering Pushing Pulling Contact force
Force is affected by: Object weight Friction (pushing and pulling) Tool shape and size
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Posture
Neutral postures Strongest mechanical advantage
Awkward postures More prone to injury
Posture is affected by: Object shape and size Object placement and location Placement of workstation/equipment Tool shape
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Posture
Neutral postures
Standing with back straight
Sitting up straight
Arms to the side
Shoulders relaxed
Elbows in 90-degree bend
Wrists straight (“handshake” position)
Head facing straight forward
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Posture
Proper lifting technique
Plan the lift and path
Check the weight of the load
Keep the load close to your body
Face the load, do not twist
Bend using your knees, not your back
Lift with your legs, not your back
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Movement
Repetitive motions Frequent and rapid muscular contractions Limited recovery time
Static postures Holding one position for long periods of time Reduces blood flow
Movement is affected by: Work pace Task variety
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Environmental Stressors
Vibration Can damage small blood vessels and nerves
Temperature Physiological effects
Heat
Cold
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Hierarchy of Controls Engineering controls
• Eliminate hazard• Physically change workstation• Add equipment and tools• Redesign products
Administrative controls• Procedures to limit exposures to hazards• Work rules and techniques
Personal protective equipment• Are back belts and wrist braces PPE?
Controlling Stressors
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Controlling Stressors
Principles to consider when designing controls
Reduce force
Minimize weight that the employee must lift
Reduce friction when pushing/pulling
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Controlling Stressors
Improve posture
Reduce reach distances
Choose appropriate tools
Vary motion
Avoid long-term static postures
• Add variety to tasks
Avoid repetitive motions
• Consider job rotation
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Examples of Controls
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Workstation Design
Preferred work zones
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Reposition the work height
Workstation Design
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Workstation Design
Store heavier items within close reach
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Workstation Design
Anti-fatigue mats
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Workstation Design
Sit-stand-lean stool
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Workstation Design
Computer workstation and adjustable chair• Top of monitor at or just below eye
level
• Head and neck balanced and in-line with torso
• Shoulders relaxed
• Elbows close to body and supported
• Lower back supported
• Wrists and hands in-line with forearms
• Adequate room for keyboard and mouse
• Feet flat on the floor
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Manual Material Handling
Use lift tables
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Manual Material Handling
Use bins with spring loaded bottoms
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Manual Material Handling
Vacuum lift assist
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Manual Material Handling
Two-person lift
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Manual Material Handling
Use carts
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Manual Material Handling
Keep wheels well maintained
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Handtools
Use power tools
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Handtools
Use tool balancers
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Handtools
Use power grip rather than pinch
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Handtools
Choose appropriate tool design
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Add sleeves to tools with narrow handles
Handtools
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Handtools
Choose handtools with longer handles
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Specialized Devices
Bent-handled knives
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Specialized Devices
Powered sit-to-stand device
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Specialized Devices
Height-adjustable bathtubs
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Job rotation
Work hardening
Administrative Controls
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NCDOL OSH Division Perspective
No ergonomics standard since 2001
North Carolina employers can still be cited for ergonomic violations
Current citations are issued under the General Duty Clause
FOM Chapter XVII Phase one Phase two Phase three
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Voluntary Guidelines
Voluntary ergonomic guidelines
Nursing homes
Retail grocery stores
Poultry processing
Shipyards
Meat packing
Furniture industry (NCDOL)
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Ergonomics Program Elements
Management commitment
Employee involvement
Training
Workplace analysis
Prevention and control measures
Medical management
Program evaluation
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Industry-Specific eTools Electrical contractors Baggage handling Beverage delivery Computer workstations Grocery warehousing Healthcare Poultry processing Printing Sewing
www.osha.gov
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Additional Resources
NCDOL
http://www.nclabor.com/osha/etta/A_to_Z_Topics/ergonomics.htm
Federal OSHA
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/
NIOSH
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ergonomics/
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Objectives
In this course, we discussed the following: Definition of ergonomics
Workplace problems, injuries, and losses due to ergonomic issues
Types, signs and symptoms, and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
Common ergonomic stressors
Techniques to combat these stressors
NCDOL OSH Division perspective on ergonomics
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Thank You For Attending!
Final Questions?1-800-NC-LABOR(1-800-625-2267)
www.nclabor.com