ergonomics august 2017 multidisciplinary approach of

Ergonomics

MilkocAugust 2017

version b

Krueger –__ergonomics Milkoc

Multidisciplinary approach of ergonomic risks at the workplace

H. Krueger AEH - Centre for Occupational Medicine, Ergonomics & Hygiene August 2017

Helmut Krueger

H. Krueger AEH - Centre for Occupational Medicine, Ergonomics & Hygiene

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August 2017

Ergonomics: Self-ConceptHuman Factors / Ergonomics: ObjectivesErgonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. PsychologyHuman Factors / Ergonomics: RisksHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk AssessmentHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk ManagementHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

Content


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August 2017

• Ergonomics: Self-ConceptHuman Factors / Ergonomics: ObjectivesErgonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. PsychologyHuman Factors / Ergonomics: RisksHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk AssessmentHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk ManagementHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

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August 2017

Human Factors / Ergonomics: Definition of the International Ergonomic Association

18-06-083274

Human Factors / Ergonomics (HFE)is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of

interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies

theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system

performance.

Ergonomists contribute to the design and evaluation of

tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and

limitations of people.IEA http://www.iea.cc/ergonomics /


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August 2017

Evolution of HFE

historic timeSafety and health, W. Jastrzebowski

Productivity, F. Taylor

Maximum performance, World War II

Multifactorial approaches

Managerial responsibilities

Integration of community oriented goals

ICT-based changes HFE

ICT: Information and communication technologiesHFE: Human Factors / Ergonomics

according to Menozzi M (2014)

24-06-14 4778


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August 2017

Human Factors / Ergonomics: Domains: IEA

Physical Ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.Relevant topics: working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements,

work related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health.

Cognitive Ergonomicsis concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.Relevant topics: mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance,

human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design.

Organizational Ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes. Relevant topics: communication, crew resource management, work design,

design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics,cooperative work, new work paradigms, virtual organizations, telework, quality management.

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August 2017

Human Factors / Ergonomics: Training Requirements of CREE (Centre for Registration of European Ergonomists)

03-2012nn

Principles of ergonomics Populations and general human characteristics Design of technical systems Research, evaluation and investigative techniques Professional issues Ergonomics: activity and/ or work analysis Ergonomic interventions Ergonomics: physiological and physical aspects Ergonomics: psychological and cognitive aspects Ergonomics: social and organisational aspects

Laboratory exercises are essential and include hands-on experiences with ergonomics measuring equipment and tools.

A practical project of at least the equivalent of six weeks of full-time work must be included. This project must include carrying out an ergonomics intervention and demonstrate the ability to integrate knowledge from different areas.


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Human Factors / Ergonomics: CREE (Centre for Registration of European Ergonomists)

24-07-17 4777

CREE Juli 2017


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Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives: dynamic feedback system

17-08-991642-a

additional loadsenvironment

psychosocial context

resultperformance

worksystem

requirementprimary load

HumanConstitutiondisposition

strainphysiological

psychophysiologiccognitive

psychosocialcosts


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August 2017

Human Factors / Ergonomics:

Ergonomics / Human Factors

=Fitting tasks / processes to the abilities of man

There are no ergonomic products per se!

05-04-023922


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August 2017

Ergonomics: Self-Concept• Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives

Ergonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. PsychologyHuman Factors / Ergonomics: RisksHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk AssessmentHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk ManagementHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

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August 2017

Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives: performance and well-being

Performance e.g. productivity, efficiency, effectiveness, quality, innovativeness, flexibility, (systems) safety and security, reliability, sustainability, empowerment to work

Health and well-beinge.g. health and safety, satisfaction, pleasure, learning, personal development, aesthetics

according to Dul J, Bruder R, Buckle P, Carayond P, Falzone P, Marras W S, Wilson J R and van der Doelen B (2012) A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession. Ergonomics 2012, 1–27

HFE designFitting the environment

to humans

Performance

Health & Well-being

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August 2017

Human Factors / Ergonomics: Comfort versus discomfort

Comfort: more than absence of discomfort, relief, relaxation, impression, adapted to one's own behaviour

Discomfort: perception of fatigue, pain, stress reactions, and ...

Model of Zhang, Helander and Drury (1996)Comfort and discomfort are two different dimensions: discomfort is mainly associated with physiological and biomechanical factors, comfort mainly with aspects of aesthetics.

Model of Oborne (1978):"Comfort is an optimal condition in which a person does not take any further steps to avoid discomfort"

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Human Factors / Ergonomics: Product quality

Pragmatic quality: Usability / user experience and the benefit of a product for the consumer. It is

a task-related quality in which useful and usable functions are assessed.

Hedonic quality It is a perceptual quality: whether the needs of the consumers, e.g. according

to challenge, creativity, communication, whether the product is perceived as pleasant, in its "originality" or "exclusivity".

Hassenzahl 2007

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Human Factors / Ergonomics: System performance and well-being

3628

„True“Ergonomics

poorErgonomics

Just worker protection

poorErgonomicsJust performance

System performance

Wel

l-bei

ng

yes no

noye

s

bad product or process


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Human Factors / Ergonomics: Impact of HFE

05.03.114450

Potential core business effects of ergonomics interventionsErnst A.P. Koningsveld (2008) The Impact of Ergonomics

in: Schlick (Ed) (2008) Engineering and Ergonomics, p. 177-194

Increased productivitymore efficient movementsless fatiguebetter Motivationless personnel turnoverfewer temporary workerseasier to assemble products

Lower operational costsfewer lost working daysfewer cases of disabilityeasier and quicker return to workfewer temporary workerslower costs to assist sick workersfewer rejected products

Improved competitivenessimproved productionincreased flexibility of productionimproved product qualityimproved worker's satisfactionimproved clients' satisfactionhigher reliability of deliverybetter position on the labour market

Company's values and standardshealth and safety taken seriously "we are proud of our workers"improved safety: lower accident ratesustainable productionsustainable products


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August 2017

Ergonomics: Self-ConceptHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives

• Ergonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. PsychologyHuman Factors / Ergonomics: RisksHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk AssessmentHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk ManagementHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

Content

Environment

© Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) - IHA Ergonomics / Work + Health H. Krueger

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31-10-2000

Human Factors / Ergonomics:Onion Model of Brian Shackel

according to B. Shackel

31-10-001486

Tasks

Tools

User


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Work + HealthHuman Factors-Ergonomics / Occupational Hygiene / Occupational Medicine

according to M. Guillemin, Institut Universitaire de Médicine du Travail et Hygiéne, Lausanne

DiagnosisPrevention

Design

Occupational Hygiene

Hazards Deseases

Occupational Medicine

Human Factors / Ergonomics

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Human Factors / Ergonomicsparadigms

03-20134696

Paradigms of HFE:► Optimization of Systems

► exposure - effect -model

Design of systems

Quantitative and qualitative aspects of design

► . . . . . . .

Objectives: performance, health & well-being


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Occupational MedicineParadigms

03-20134692

Paradigms of Occupational Medicine:Diseases and health of individuals

► Diagnosis and prevention of occupational diseases using clinical methods

Exposure - effect - model

► Occupational associated disorders of health and condition

► Evaluation of old and new risks

► basis of 8 hours working time

"Zero risk" strategy

Assessment of individual workability mostly using "clinical" methods

► . . . . .

Objectives: health & well-being


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August 2017

Occupational HygieneParadigms

03-20134694

Paradigms of Occupational Hygiene:Exposure - effect - model

► Measurement of exposure to ever more precise methods

► Development of methods for measuring the individual exposure

► Standardization and accreditation of measurement methods

► Development and testing of protective equipment and PPEs

Development models for risk assessments

Development of measure to reduce risks

► . . . . . . .

Objectives: health, environmental risks


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August 2017

Work + Health

BasicsPhysiology, Anatomy, Biomechanics, Toxicology

Psychophysics, Psychophysiology,Psychology, Cognitive Sciences,

Sociology

IndividualOccupational Medicine

Health Promotion

System DesignHuman Factors - Ergonomics

11-08-043368 b

Performance Well-being

EnvironmentOccupational Hygiene



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Ergonomics: Self-ConceptHuman Factors / Ergonomics: ObjectivesErgonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. Psychology

• Human Factors / Ergonomics: RisksHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk AssessmentHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk ManagementHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

Content


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August 2017

RiskDefinition

Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of value. Values (such as,

emotional well-being, or financial wealth) can be physical health, social status gained or lost when taking risk resulting from a given action or inaction, foreseen or unforeseen.

can also be defined as the intentional interaction with uncertainty.Uncertainty is a potential, unpredictable, and uncontrollable outcome; risk is a consequence of action taken in spite of uncertainty.

Risk perception is the subjective judgment people make about the severity and probability

of a risk, and may vary person to person. Any human endeavor carries some risk, but some are much riskier than others.

August 2017 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk

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Examples of risks: Rapid change in the world of work (automation, industry 4.0, ..) Automation includes the risk of unemployment Automation might be subjectively perceived as life insecurity Introduction of ICT leads to more and more "intelligent" complex systems.

Operating models of those systems might be incomplete or missing at all. Physical work load shifts to mental load (i.e. from assembling things to

monitoring of automatic processes) Loss of the border between working time and leisure time (i.e. homework) New environmental risks . . . .

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Compatibility principle:The compatibility principle of ergonomics is fulfilled if the control element and the manipulated variable behave in the same way as the common cognitive model.

Compatibility exampleTurning a control element right, moving a control element up or to the right means more.

Example of incompatibilityDoor latch which opens when moving upwards.

Example of accustomed incompatibilityTurning the setting wheel of a pipe valve to the right - decrease of the flow.

Example of hard-to-realize compatibilityDriving direction of an excavator withrotary attachment.

Violation of compatibility principle is a high riskH. Krueger AEH - Centre for Occupational Medicine, Ergonomics & Hygiene

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Process ergonomics (driving and controlling):compatibility principle3582

03-20043582

H. Krueger Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) - Zentrum Arbeitsmedizin-Ergonomie-Hygiene (AEH)

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Juli 2008

Model of actions according to Rassmussen

knowledge basedbehaviour

aims

rule-based behaviour

sensory information

skills-based beaviour

actions

0685-1

up to 30 min

about min

up to 3 s

training-

practice

velocity-

safety


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Process ergonomics (driving and controlling):compatibility principle3583

03-20043583

Effects of violating the compatibility principle:

The accident risk is significantly increased!

The accident risk increases with the time pressure!

In emergency situations the accident risk is particularly high!

In emergency situations, an accident is practically unavoidable!


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Ergonomics:communication is risky

03-20114459

Interaction between customer and manufacturerhttp://hubpages.com/hub/Software_Requirements

How the customerexplained it.

How the Projectleader understood it

How the analystdesigned.

How the programmerwrote it.

How the businessconsultant described it

How the projectwas documented.

What operationsinstalled.

How the customerwas billed.

How it was supported. What the customerreally needed.


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Ergonomics: Self-ConceptHuman Factors / Ergonomics: ObjectivesErgonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. PsychologyHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risks

• Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk AssessmentHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk ManagementHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

Content

© AEH - Zentrum für Arbeitsmedizin, Ergonomie und Hygiene | ZfA - Zugang für Alle H. Krueger

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November 2013

Relocation of the objectives of HFE from mortality and morbidity to stress and discomfort (well-being)

traditional objectives

current objectives

1701-a

mortality

morbidity

pathological changes

physiologic stress ofhomeostatic feedback systems

discomfort / annoyance

number of person affected


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August 2017

Software ergonomics classification of evaluation methods

Mussgnung J, Stowasser S, GC-UPAC, Paderborn, 2004

Interview

Questionnaire

Dim

ensi

on o

f in

tere

st

beforenone during after

Interaction with users

desi

gnfu

nctio

nalit

ype

rfor

man

cePerformance

Dual task

Log file

Monitor

Thinking aloud

Video observation

Semantic differential

Retro-spection

eyemovementrecording

Task analysis

Heuristics

Checklist

Cognitive walkthrough

24-06-14 4775


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Softwareergonomic notes

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User Profile - Activity Who uses the system? What should be achieved? . . .

Information Output Positioning of the screen (important for spectacle wearers)! Sufficient character size and contrasts, especially for older employees! Choice of colours! Amount of information as low as possible! Information at "one glance" corresponds to the area of palm of your hand in

reading distance! "Know" where you are or view guidance according to the requirements of the

workflow! Redundant coding of important, safety-related information! . . .


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Softwareergonomic notes

Cognition Avoid load of short-term memory! Computer-related actions (commands) should be necessary as less as

possible! Computer-related actions are expensive with respect to system changes (new operating system, updates, upgrades)! How does the ICT-System handle user errors? Are the response times adapted to the expectations of users? Consideration of the special requirements of adaptive systems. . . .

Information Input Users like to build motor macros, e.g. mouse double click. Consider the characteristics of the motor system when selecting the input

device with regard to a special task. Assess the requirements for the fine motor system. Hand-eye coordination with respect to "active" input devices. Take into account static and dynamic load of holding motor skills and fine

motor skills. . . .

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Human Factors / ErgonomicsHabits (Haller)

Habits Are behaviours that we regularly exercise in a stable context - without thinking

much about it. Habits guarantee that the world around us and the ego remain the same. 30 -50% of daily activities is determined by routine. The brain saves energy,

e.g. fold the handkerchief, tuck the shoes, slip into the jacket. The body memory makes us what we are.

Chances of habits Habits are very convenient (cerebellum is enough to cope with life). When habits fit our goals, they are useful, even survival-critical.

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Human Factors / ErgonomicsHabits (Haller)

Characteristics of habits Unconsciously acquired, unconsciously employed Alternative behavior patterns are not used and are thus no longer available.

(Use it or loose it)

Problems with habits If habits do not match our job requirements, they often interfere with them,

rob time, energy or harm our health. Habits restrict our perception. They make us inflexible and rigid.

Characteristics of motor skills Consciously acquired, often repeated, they become unconscious. Awareness is necessary to adapt habits and skills to the job requirements.

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Ergonomics:goals of design

ergonomic assessment of systems with regard to performancequantity

velocity of working processes

qualityfluctuation range of performance, complexity of processes,

faultsno built-in error sources, possibilities to correct errors, easy to correct errors, frequency of occurrence of faults

risksrisks resulting from faults of use, system stability, financial, safety, and environmental consequences of faults

learningeffort of learning, self explanatory characteristics, easy to retain in memory

teach abilityeasy to teach

2973

05-04-062973-2


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Ergonomics:goals of design

ergonomic assessment with regard to health and well-beingfeasibility

anthropometric, biomechanical, physical, psycho-mental limits temporary limited load (maximum strain)

tolerabilityoccupational and physiological limits during long lasting work (limit of continuous performance)

reasonablenesspsychological and sociological limits of work load

health promotionpromotion of health-preserving and health promoting factors and conditions

promotion of personalitydiversity of requirements for developing social competence, promotion of self-determination

promotion of performance capability

creating optimal working conditions for a subjective satisfactory performance2973

05-04-062973-5


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Ergonomics: Self-ConceptHuman Factors / Ergonomics: ObjectivesErgonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. PsychologyHuman Factors / Ergonomics: RisksHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Assessment

• Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk ManagementHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

Content


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August 2017

Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management

Government: regulations setting Standards effective control continuous education public education . . .

Employer: administrative controls of hazards isolation or containing the hazards anticipation of hazards during introduction of new technologies . . .

Employee: continuous learning change of behaviour social networks self monitoring of work conditions (tools, work organization, ...) . . .

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Ergonomics: Self-ConceptHuman Factors / Ergonomics: ObjectivesErgonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. PsychologyHuman Factors / Ergonomics: RisksHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk AssessmentHuman Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management

• Human Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark


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August 2017

DesignISO 9241-210:2010 Human centered design process for interactive systems

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12-20114615

identify the need for human-centered

design

understand &specify the context

of use

specify the user &Organisationalrequirements

produce design solutions to meet

the user requirements

evaluate designs against

requirements

Designed solutionmeets user

requirements


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Human Factors / Ergonomics Virtual Reality and Digital Engineering / Schüffler

Application of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Product Design Process Planning Maintenance Training . . .

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Human Factors / Ergonomics: Fundamental characteristics of HFE

• HFE takes a systems approach.

• HFE has a fundamental design approach.

• HFE focuses on two related outcomes: performance and well-being.according to Dul J, Bruder R, Buckle P, Carayond P, Falzone P, Marras W S, Wilson J R and van der Doelen B (2012)

A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession. Ergonomics 2012, 1–27

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HFEdesign approach

HFE must be involved in all stages of planning, design, implementation, evaluation, maintenance, redesign and continuous improvement of systems

HFE specialists must have competencies regarding methods for analyzing and acting on situations, methods for designing and assessing technical and organizational environments, methods for organizing and managing participatory approaches, and methods for redesigning and continuously improving systems.

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ergonomics august 2017 multidisciplinary approach of

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