ergonomics and osha 24-apr-2006
TRANSCRIPT
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Office Ergonomics and OSHA
Cecilia R. AragonIEOR 170
UC Berkeley
Spring 2006
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Acknowledgments
Jeffrey Chung, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory ergonomics program manager
Cathy Rothwell, US Navy ergonomics program
manager
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OSHA - Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
Purpose:
setting standards conducting workplace inspections to ensure
that employers are complying with the
standards and providing a safe and healthful
workplace
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Who is Covered by OSHA?
In general (with some exceptions), all employers
and their employees in the 50 states, the District
of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
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Who is Covered by OSHA?
All employers and employees except: Self-employed persons
Farms at which only immediate members of the
farmer's family are employed
Working conditions regulated by other federal
agencies under other federal statutes. This category
includes most employment in mining, nuclear energy
and nuclear weapons manufacture, and many
segments of the transportation industries.
Employees of state and local governments(unlesscovered by an OSHA-approved state program)
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OSHA Standards
Employers must protect workers on the job.
Employers have the responsibility to know relevant
standards and comply.
Compliance may include providing personal protectiveequipment for employees.
Employees must also comply with OSHA rules and
regulations.
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Federal OSHA Requirements
Access to Medical and Exposure Records Employers must grant employees access to medical records and
records on employees exposure to toxic substances.
Personal Protective Equipment
Employers must provide employees at no cost personal protective
equipment (e.g. protective helmets to prevent head injuries in
construction and cargo handling work, eye protection, hearing
protection, hard-toed shoes, special goggles, etc.)
Hazard Communication
Employers must conduct hazard evaluation of the products theymanufacture or import. If hazardous, containers of the material must be
labeled and accompanied by a material safety data sheet(MSDS).
Employers must train their employees to recognize and avoid material
hazards.
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State Programs
States with OSHA-approved job safety and
health programs must set standards that are at
least as effective as the equivalent federal
standard. Most of the state-plan states adopt standards
identical to the federal ones.
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Cal/OSHA Responsibilities
Enforce California laws and regulationspertaining to workplace safety and health
The Cal/OSHA Enforcement Unit conducts inspections of
California workplaces based on worker complaints,
accident reports and high hazard industries.
Provide assistance to employers and workers
about workplace safety and health issues
The Cal/OSHA Consultation Service provides assistance
to employers and workers about workplace safety and
health issues, and develops educational materials on
workplace safety and health topics.
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For More Information
OSHA
http://www.osha.gov
http://www.ehso.com/oshaoverview.php
Cal/OSHA
http://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/dosh1.html
http://www.dir.ca.gov/occupational_safety.html
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Ergonomics
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What is Ergonomics? ergonomics \, rg-go-'nm-iks
Ergonomics is derived from two Greek words
Ergon meaning work
and
Nomos meaningprinciples or laws
Ergonomics = The Science of Work
Ergonomics is not a new science, although the term has
become more common lately. The phrase was first coined
in 1857.
[Rothwell]
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Common Definitions
Ergonomics is essentially fitting the workplace to the
worker. The better the fit the higher the level of safety
and worker efficiency. Fitting the Task to the Human ~Grandjean 1990
Ergonomics removes barriers to quality, productivity and
human performance by fitting products, tasks, andenvironments to people. ErgoWeb.com
What is Ergonomics? ergonomics \, rg-go-'nm-iks
[Rothwell]
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What are the consequences
of poor ergonomics?
Why are we hearing about ergonomics now? Arethere new hazards at work? No!
Consequences of poor workplace design were first documented
in the 17th century.
Have you ever heard of these?
Historic Occupational Disorders - house-maids knee, washerwomans thumb, writers cramp, data-processing disease,clergymans knee, nuns bursitis, weavers bottom, dustmansshoulder, tailors ankle
[Rothwell]
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Do these historic occupational
disorders still exist? Yes!
They are part of a broad category of injuries and disorders
called Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). MSDs are not usuallycaused by acute trauma, but occur slowly over time due to repetitive
injuries to the soft tissues (muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage)
and nervous system.
MSDs can happen to anyone from office workers and
industrial employees to athletes and hobbyists.
Before Improved
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Do these historic occupational
disorders still exist? Yes!
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
(WMSDs) are MSDs that are caused or made worse bywork methods and environment. They occur when the
physical capabilities of the worker do not match thephysical requirements of the job.
Common MSDs:
Tendonitis, Epicondylitis(Tennis or Golfers Elbow), Bursitis,Trigger Finger, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Back Strain
Before Improved[Rothwell]
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What are aliases for WMSDs?
Work-related MSDs go by many other names:
Repetitive Strain or Stress Injury (RSI)
Repetitive Motion Injury (RMI) Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD)
Overuse Syndrome
Activity-related Pain Syndrome
Ergonomics can help prevent MSDs that are caused or aggravated byworking conditions
[Rothwell]
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MSDs
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Tendonitis and Tenosynovitis
Trigger Finger
Epicondylitis
De Quervains Tenosynovitis
Wrist Ganglion Cyst
[Chung]
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Tendonitis
Normal tendon glides smoothly in a tendon sheath
When under pressure, the capillary flow to the sheath
is temporarily interrupted.
When blood supply returns, swelling occurs.
[Chung]
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Double Crush Syndromes
Multiple points of pressure will have cumulative effects
on axonal flow.
[Chung]
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Carpal Tunnel, Inside of Wrist
Inside view of right wrist Yellow nerve crosses
under flexor retinaculum
Nerve has to share the
space with nine tendonsand tendon sheaths.
[Chung]
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Median Nerve (Carpal Tunnel)
[Chung]
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Should Employers Care About
Ergonomics?
Average 2003 cost for LBNL computer-related workerscompensation claims: $23,745.
[Chung]
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Office Ergonomics The science of "designing the job to fit the
worker, not forcing the worker to fit thejob."
Ergonomics covers all aspects of jobs:
physical stresses placed on joints,
muscles, nerves, tendons, bones, etc.
environmental factors affecting hearing,
vision, and general comfort and health.
WORK CULTURE
ENVIRONMENT
EQUIPMENT
TASKS
USER
Enhance comfort
Increased productivity
Improve job satisfaction and morale
Reduced musculoskeletal discomfort,workinjuries/illnesses
[Chung]
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Designing for the Worker
Anthropometrics
branch of ergonomics that deals with the
measurement of body dimensions
anthropometric data is used in the design ofequipment and products to make them fit the height
and reach of most of the potential population
Gaussian distribution, design to 5%
Consider range of size, age, and physical abilitywhen designing
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
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Ergonomic Risk Factors Awkward
positions Static postures
Repetitivemotion
Forcefulexertion
Contactpressure
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At Risk Thresholds
Per OSHA, certain situations create MSD risks: Performing same motion pattern every few secondsfor > 2 hours continuously or 4 hours daily.
Maintaining non-neutral (unsupported, static/fixed or
awkward posture > one (1) hour continuously or four(4) hours daily.
Forceful hand exertions > two (2) hours daily.
Unassisted frequent or heavy lifting
Boredom and monotony
[Chung]
Do you have these risks?
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Warning Signs
Watch for: Tingling or numbness in hands
Pain: sharp, dull or burning
sensation
Stiffness, reduced range of
motion in arms, wrists
Clumsiness, loss of grip strength
or coordination
Visual fatigue, watery eyes,dryness.
[Chung]
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Three Stages of CTDs
Stage One aches and tiredness during working hours
symptoms settle overnight or days off work
no reduction in work performance
condition may persist for weeks or months and is reversible
[Chung]
Stage Two
symptoms start early in work shift and dont settle overnight
sleep may be disturbed
capacity to perform repetitive work is reduced
condition usually persists for months
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Three Stages of CTDs
Stage Three symptoms persist even at rest
pain occurs with non-repetitive movements of
affected area sleep is disturbed
person unable to perform even light duties and has
difficulties with other manual tasks
[Chung]
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Workstation Setup: Neutral Posture1.Use a good chair and sit back
2. Top of monitor 2-3" (5-8 cm)
above eyes
3. No glare on screen
4. Sit at arms length
5. Feet on floor or footrest
6. Use a document holder7. Wrists flat and straight
8. Arms and elbows close to
body
9. Center monitor and keyboard
in front of you10. Use a negative tilt keyboard
tray
11. Use a stable work surface
12. Take frequent micro-breaks
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Workstation Setup: Neutral Posture
Work within your normalrange of motion
Other Office Items
Telephones
Staplers
Staple removers
Letter openers
Hole punches
Pens for writing
tasks
[Chung]
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Sitting Risk Factors
Neutral
Posture
Slumped
Posture[Chung]
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Posture and Spinal Stresslbs
660
550
440
330
220
110
Load on 3rd Lumbar Disc in 155-pound male
[Chung]
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Reaching/Range of Motion Factors
Elbow Arm/Wrist
Shoulder
Back
Elbows in
Face the
object you are
reaching for.
[Chung]
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Watch the Hand Movements
DON'T restyour wrists
on the
desktop
DO let your
wrists float
[Chung]
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Watch the Hand Movements
SAFER
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Contact Pressure
Soft tissue compression
(muscles, nerves & blood vessels)
[Chung]
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Ergo Accessories - Chair
Features:
Height
Seat pan
Backrest height Backrest tilt
Armrest height
- Armrest width(chairs may have none, some, or all
of these).
[Chung]
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Ergo Chairs & AccessoriesFeatures/Adjustments:
Height Seat pan (width/depth)
Backrest height
Backrest tilt
Backrest tension
Armrests
Casters
[Chung]
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Monitor Accessories
Screen height at eye
level (exception:
bifocals and trifocal
lens wearers). Screen distance
about arms length
away.
Room lighting -avoid
backlight, shadows or
reflective glare.[Chung]
K b d d A i
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Keyboards and Accessories
Voice-activated
[Chung]
http://www.ergo-2000.com/ergo2000/showdetl.cfm?&DID=6&User_ID=442232&st=8298&st2=-35670889&st3=59199202&Product_ID=707&CATID=36 -
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Input Devices - Pointing Devices
[Chung]
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Telephone Use
Phone evaluation: reach,
placement, call frequency vs.duration, multi-tasking, etc.
Cradle with neck/shoulder
Cordless unit / motorized unit
[Chung]
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/stores/detail/-/electronics/B00004WFYM/103-0919291-5287040 -
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Document Holders
Place hardcopy beside or in front of monitor to
reduce neck twisting.
[Chung]
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Notebooks, Laptops, Etc. Laptops can cause:
Awkward arm position Neck flexion to view the screen
Neck pain from carrying/transporting laptops
Fixes:
Use docking station and external input devices. Acquire portable devices and accessories.
[Chung]
P t ti l At Ri k C diti ( )?
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Potential At-Risk Condition(s)?Guidelines: Shoulders relaxed/arms close to body side; safe
reaching distance for mouse; neutral sitting Right hand on mouse even
when not actively mousing
(median nerve).
Left lean supporting body
weight with arm; spine out
of natural alignment
Ulnar nerve compression
(non-mousing elbow)
Static muscle loading: right
shoulder abduction, wrist
extension, flexed left arm
[Chung]
P t ti l At Ri k C diti ( )?
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Potential At-Risk Condition(s)?
[Chung]
Potential At Risk Condition(s)?
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Potential At-Risk Condition(s)?
[Chung]
E i H d B f
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Ergonomic Hazards - Before
[Chung]
E i C t l Aft
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Ergonomic Controls - After
[Chung]
E i H d B f
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Ergonomic Hazards - Before
[Chung]
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Ergonomic Controls - After
[Chung]
C t W k t ti C id ti
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Computer Workstation Considerations
DiscomfortTelephone Use
Input Devices(keyboard and pointing)
Task BreaksMonitor and Vision
Work StyleWork Surface
LaptopChair
WritingLightingDocument UseLayout
[Chung]
Individual Issues
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Computer Workstation
Order of adjustments is important
Adjust chair first
Then adjust keyboard
Finally, adjust monitor No single right way to sit