erawatch research inventory report for: greece - …’.1. research inventory report... · erawatch...

ERAWATCH Research Inventory ReportFor:

GREECE

This document presents information publ ished in theResearch Inventory of the ERAWATCH website.ERAWATCH provides timely and comprehensiveinformation on national and regional research policies,s t ructures , support measures and organisat ions .ERAWATCH is a being conducted on behalf of DG Researchof the European Commission by DG Joint Research Centre- the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. Theinformation is mainly collected by the ERAWATCHNetwork.

For any further information seeht tp : / /cord is .europa .eu /e rawatch

Contents :

OverviewResearch PolicyImportant pol icy documentsImpact of EU developmentsRegional research policiesStructure of the research systemMain research policy making mechanismsResearch Funding systemImpor tan t suppor t measuresResearch performersKey research indicators

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

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Overview

Basic characterisation of the research system The basic characteristic of the national research and development (R&D)system is the dominance of the public sector in i ts funding and performance.Public funding exceeds two thirds of gross expenditure on R&D (GERD), whileuniversity spending represents close to half of this expenditure. Much ofR&D funding is institutional and consists of salaries for academic staff.Business sector funding of R&D is small, which keeps overall R&Dexpenditure very low. GERD in 2007 was only 0.58% of GDP, and has shown adownward trend in recent years due to the faster increase in GDP than inR&D funding. Although GERD increased from 0.4% to 0.67% of GDP in the1990s, it fell to 0.58% in 2007[1]. At the same t ime, business expenditure as ashare of GERD increased during the 1990s from 24.0% to 32.7% in 2001, butthen decreased to 29.3% in 2005.A more detailed description of the researchperformers can be found in the sect ions: Higher Education Insti tutions; Public Research Organisations; Private Research and TechnologyOrganisat ion; and Private Research Performers. Up to the 1980s, insti tutionalfunding of research was the sole source of f inance, and public expenditurehas had very l imited impact on technology development, even in the verydemanding defence sector .In terms of output indicators, Greek researchers perform quite well inpublications, comparing with other EU countries. Since 2006 the number ofpublications per million citizens for Greece remained above the EU-27average[2] . In 2007, the number of publications per million citizensamounted to 856.4 for Greece while the figure for EU-27 amounted to 784.9. However, the impact of this output, measured by the citation index, islow [3]. The same year the citation index was 15.77 for Greece while forEU-27 was 24.05. Among the causes of the gap are: the fragmentation of theresearch efforts across numerous disciplines resulting in lack of crit icalmass; the weak linkages with international frontier R&D; the lowattractiveness of the Greek research system for talented researchers leadingto brain drain and the low funding of R&D compared to the EU-27 average.Patenting activity was slightly improved during the last available four years2003-2006, in comparison to the per iod 1995-1999, as the average annualnumber of applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) by billion EUR ofGERD for Greece, increased from 73.0 to 87.19. Despite the growth, patentingremains quite low in comparison to EU-27 aggregate which was for the sameperiod 2003-2006 approximately 210 applications per bil l ion EUR ofGERD [4]. Public research centres perform 21.4% of the research in Greece. Most ofthose supervised by the General Secretariat for Research and Technology(GSRT) fall into two types: the older institutions, established before 1980 tosupport the public interest and the new ones aimed at organising publicresearch in parallel with universit ies, with effective management support andworld quali ty standards. A significant feature of the national R&D system is the high share of fundingfrom abroad. This includes European Community funds from successive R&DFramework Programmes, and Structural Funds. Limited national funding ofR&D has driven researchers, including those in business firms, to seek

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ERAWATCH Research Inventory Report: GREECE

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funding through the Community programmes, with relat ively high rates ofsuccess. A significant change has been implemented in the governance of researchafter the elections in October 2009. GSRT of the Ministry of Development,which is the main research policy maker and funder of research since theearly 1980s, moved to the Ministry of Education, Life Long Learning andReligious Affairs. Thus all responsibilities for planning and funding researchhave been concentrated in one ministry. More information on the structure ofthe research system can be found in sect ion Structure of the ResearchSystem while the policy sett ing mechanisms are described in more details insect ion Main Research Policy Making Bodies and Mechanisms.

Research and innovation policy is planed for a period of seven yearsfollowing the cycle of the Structural Funds’ programming periods. Until theprevious programming period 2000-2006, research priori t ies were part ofthe Community Support Frameworks and the relevant measures wereincorporated mainly in the Operational Programme Competi t iveness. In thecurrent programming period 2007-2013, research and innovation policy isdescribed in the Strategic Development Plan for Research, Technology andInnovation under the 2007-2013 NSFR, while the main implementationinstruments are the Operat ional Programmes Compet i t iveness andEntrepreneurship and Education and life long learning.

[1] Euros ta t da tabase 18 /01/2010[2] Data are based on the Thomson Scientific’s NSI[3] Ibid[4] Euros ta t da tabase 18 /01/2010Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0

Name of correspondent: Nikos Maroulis


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Overview

Main challenges for research policies Since 2000 and until the economic crisis, Greece has experienced highgrowth rates of 4.1% on average well above the EU average of 2.2%. Based onits rate of growth Greece was ranked second only to Ireland among the OECDcountries (OECD, 2007). Despite high growth rates the expansion of theeconomy is not innovation driven and the contribution of technologyintensive sectors in value added is marginal. Mobilisation of resources by theprivate sector is very low. Business sector’s funding of GERD as a percentageof GDP is among the lowest in the EU at only 0.18% in 2005 compared to theEU-27 aggregate of 0.99%. The low investment in research by the privatesector is a result of the very poor demand for research based knowledge,reflecting the structural characteristics of the Greek economy. A combinationof factors including dominance of low-tech sectors, significant insti tutionaland bureaucratic obstacles and a volati le policy environment orient businessactivit ies towards less knowledge intensive and lower value added segmentsof the economy. Also, the low absorptive capacity of the business sector isboth a cause and effect of the low demand for knowledge.Therefore, two challenges rise. On the one hand, increasing R&Dinvestments in the private sector is one of the main challenges forresearch policy. On the other hand, most of the underlying causes of lowdemand for new knowledge and low investments in research are related toother pol icy domains[1]. Therefore, the scope of the policy mix needs to gobeyond the boundaries of research policy. Thus the challenge is to achievehigh coordination, in terms of objectives, resources and means, betweenresearch policy and policies such as innovation, education, industrial,employment and competit ion policy. The weak linkages between businesses and the public researchsector consti tute a problem that has been acknowledged in severals tud i e s[2]and is a challenge for research and innovation policy.The low levelof interest from the business sector has created imbalances in the way theacademic and the public research community recognises and responds toknowledge needs. Thus, a typical supply driven system has been developedwhere orientat ion and priori t ies are driven by funding opportunit ies and notby market demand. This has affected the exploitabili ty of the knowledgeproduced, as well as the knowledge circulation and exploitation patterns[3] .Efforts to create intermediary mechanisms to facili tate collaboration so farhad l imited impact [4]. Mobilisation of resources by the government is also insufficient. Publicfunding of R&D as a percentage of general government expenditure is halfthe EU average. At the same time dependence on Structural Funds is high astheir contribution amounts to 42% of the direct government funding of R&D.Dependence on Structural Funds resultes in the fragmentat ion of theplanning and of funding budgets , and on a complex and r igid managementstructure which slows dawn the implementation of the research policy[5]. InMarch 2010, three years after the start of the programming period, al l mainsupport measures are ei ther at the proposal (see sect ion Importan t Researchp r o g r a m m e s) or at the design phase. Thus, rise of public funding withgradual lowering of the dependence on Structural Funds and the


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restructuring and simplification of the management system are also amongthe main challenges.The combination of the global economic crisis and the country’s high publicdeficit and debt magnifies all the weaknesses of the research system. Theexpected negative growth rate for 2010 which will be followed by a weakgrowth in 2011[6] and the strict consolidation policy (which contributes tothe depression, at least in the short run) are expected to negatively affectboth public and private investments on R&D and to further increase thedependence on Structural Funds ' assistance.

[1] Maroulis N. (2009), ERAWATCH Country Report 2009, Analysis of policymixes to foster R&D investment and to contribute to the ERA: Greece, JRCScientific and Technical reports.[2] Bartzokas A. (2007), Monitoring and analysis of policies and publicfinancing instruments conductive to higher level of R&D investments, The“POLICY MIX” Project, Country Review Greece. [3] Maroulis (2009) and Bartzokas (2007)[4] GSRT (2007), Strategic Development Plan for Research, Technology andInnovation under the 2007-13 NSRF Framework .[5] Maroulis N (2009)[6] According to Eurostat’s forecast for 2010 and 2011 the growth will be-0.3% and 0.7% respectively. However, other analysts expect that the negativegrowth could be even higher. For example Deutshe Bank estimate that i tcould reach to -4% in 2010.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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Overview

New research policy developments Changes in the governance of research and innovationChanges in the governance of research and innovation will be initiated by thenew socialist government of PASOK which was elected on 4 October 2009.Changes star ted with a restructuring of the government by merging andabolition of existing ministries. According to the new structure research isnow responsibility of the Ministry of Education. Also Ministry ofDevelopment, which according to the old structure was responsible forresearch and innovation policy, is now merged with the Ministry of Economyand Ministry of Shipping forming the new Ministry of EconomicDevelopment, Competit iveness and Shipping.

Based on the new government s tructure the General Secretariat for Researchand Technology (GSRT) moved to the Ministry of Education retaining all itsresponsibilit ies, according to the Presidential Degree 189/2009. However, i tremains to be seen how GSRT's responsibility for policy making andimplementation of industrial research and innovation policy will beaccommodated under the Ministry of Education.

New General Secretary for Research and Technology has been appointed Achilleas Mitsos, the former Director-General of the European Commission'sDG Research, has been appointed as the General Secretary for Research andTechnology by the new government elected on 4 October 2009.

GovernmentThe new Minister for Education, Lifelong Learning and Religion responsiblefor research and technology policy, Anna Diamantopoulou, announcedduring the policy statement of the new government in the parl iament on 16October 2009, that total investments on research will increase to 2% of GDPby 2013. The significant increase will mainly come from the publicbudget . The commitment for increasing funding for research and educationreflects the intention of the government to set the knowledge tr ianglepolicies at the centre of public policy.

However, the latest developments regarding the crisis of the high publicdeficit and dept will probably hamper the realisation of the goal. Accordingto the Programme for Stabili ty and Development the public deficit should bereduced by 4% of GDP in 2010 resulting to significant cut of publicexpenditures. Although the Programme of Public Investments will beincreased compared to 2009 the final budget will be lower than the initiallytarget by €500m. Similarly, the initial planned increase of the public fundingfor education by €1b for 2010 will be reduced to €800m. Bailout agreement for GreeceThe Bailout agreement between Greece, IMF and EU foreseen a significant cutof public expenditures until 2013. The overall cut of public expenditures for2010 amounts to €5.8b representing 2.5% of GDP. The cut amounts to €9.65bfor 2011 (4.3% of GDP), in 2012 the reduction will amount to €5.57b (2.4%GDP), while in 2013 it will reach €4.775b (2% of GDP). The yearly cut for the


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Public Investment Programme (which is the funding source for all publicinvestments) for 2010 and 2011 is going to be €500m.

The announced cut of the 13rd and 14th monthly salary and of the bonusesin the public sector will directly affect block funding of research, whichincludes the General University Funds and the operational cost (including thesalaries) of the government research sector. On the contrary, i t is estimatedthat the annual cut by €500m of the public investments will not affect publicresearch programmers as al l of them are co-funded (by approximately 75%)by Structural Funds. However, cash flow problems might cause delays in thepayments .

Recession of 3% for Greece in 2010The EU economic forecast – spring 2010 of the European Commissionestimates that the recession in Greece will lead to a negative growth of 3% ofGDP in 2010 and of 0.5% in 2011. The same report estimates that the publicdeficit will be reduced to 9.3% of GDP in 2010 while it will be increased to9.9% of GDP in 2011. The debt will amount to 124.9% and 133.9% of GDP in2010 and 2011 respectively.

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Relevance of research policy

The Relative Importance of Research Policy The first at tempts to establish a research policy were made in the late1970s-early 1980s. I t is only very recently that the economic importance ofresearch has emerged and the poli t ical leaders have started to include i t intheir plans. The low level of competitiveness of the Greek industryand creeping disinvestment has led the poli t ical leadership to rethink themodel and pay at tent ion to the demands of the “knowledge based economy”and innovation policy. The government adopted the Lisbon objectives and, inparticular, the need to increase the share of R&D expenditure to 1.5% of theGDP by 2015 (Strategic Development Plan for R&D and Innovation).Policy development follows the cycles of the programming periods ofStructural Funds. Till 2006 the strategy for the development of research wasincorporated in the Community Support Frameworks covering a period ofseven years. From 2007 there is a specific strategic plan for R&D which is partof the National Strategy Reference Programme 2007-2013 and i t isimplemented by various thematic and regional Operational Programmes. TheOperational Programmes and the “General University Funds” are the maininstruments for funding research. The Operational Programmes' al location toresearch act ivi t ies for the programming period 2007-2013 is approximately5.1% of their total budget[1].Although research retained i ts importance in policy rhetoric as for examplein the Nat ional Reform Programme 2008-2010, mobilisation of resources forthe implementation of the goals remained poor. Public funding for research(GBAORD) was fluctuating around 0.65% of the public budget for the wholeperiod 1997-2007 (0.67% in 2007), while the EU-27 average for the sameperiod was 1.53%. The launch of research programmes for the programmingperiod 2007-2013 has been delayed result ing in low level of public fundingfor 2008 and 2009.The new government elected in October 2009 committed, during i ts policystatement in the par l iament on 16 October 2009 and in the updated Stabilityand Growth Programme published in January 2010, that total funding forresearch will increase to 2% of GDP by 2013 and a new governanceframework for research will be developed. The commitment for increasingfunding for research and education reflects the intention of the governmentto set the knowledge triangle policies at the centre of public policy.However, the significant increase of fiscal deficit and debt to 12,7% and113.4 % of GDP respectively in 2009, and the pressure of theEuropean Commission for a reduction of fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by2012, changed government priorit ies and set as first goal the fiscalconsolidation. The government is planning to reduce government deficit by4% of GDP in 2010 by increasing taxes and cutting government's 'expenditures. In 5 March 2010 further cutt ing of public expenditures wasannounced and approved by parl iament, including a reduction of the PublicInvestments Programme by €500m which is expected to affect the abili ty ofthe government to co-finance Structural Funds funding for research.

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Relevance of research policy

Recent political events relevant to research policy A new government was elected on 4 October 2009. The first act of the newgovernment was the restructuring of the ministries. The Ministry ofDevelopment was merged with the Ministry of shipping and with some of theresponsibilities of the former Ministry of Economy and Finance, namely theresponsibili ty of implementing the National Strategic Reference Programme2007-2013 and the Programme of Public Investment. The new ministry is theMinistry of Economic Development, Competitiveness and Shipping. TheMinistry of Education took under its responsibility the policy for researchand innovation (GSRT) and the life long learning, thus concentrating in oneministry responsibil i ty for education, training and research.

The new government has been faced with a significant fiscal crisis. Thegovernment deficit for 2009 amounted to 12.7% of GDP while the generalgovernment debt run to 113.4 of GDP. Under the pressure of the EuropeanCouncil to reduce the deficit below the 3% of GDP by 2010 and the rapidincrease of the borrowing cost the government adopted in February the2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 3 Stabili ty and Growth Programme (SGP) which will bring a cut of 4percentage points of GDP to the deficit for 2010. The reduction split betweenpermanent expenditure reductions (1.5%) and permanent increases inrevenues (2.5%).

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Policy goals and priorities

Key Research policy focus In the past, the generic component of the national R&D policy was muchstronger than the thematic one. However, the “Strategic Development Planfor R&D and Innovation under the 2007-2013 NSRF” (SDP) anticipates that inthe new programming period most of the R&D funding will be directed tospecific priority sectors and technological areas, which are important for thecompetitiveness of the economy and for specific national policies. Elevenpriority areas have been defined by the General Secretariat for Researchand Technology (GSRT) based on the results of a public consultationcompleted in 2007. The identified priority areas are the following:

ICT;

Agriculture, food and biotechnology;

High value added products and production technologies in tradit ionalsectors;

Nanotechnology, advanced materials and microelectronics;

Health;

Energy;

Culture;

Transport services;

Sustainable development and environment;

Space and Security; and

Socioeconomic dimension of development.

A detailed presentation of the content of the thematic areas is included in thenew version of the Strategic Development Plan for Research, Technology andInnovation. A more recent exercise organised by GSRT and published inFebruary 2009 elaborates further the above priori t ies[1] Despite the debateon the allocation of funding to the identified priority areas no decision havebeen made on specif ic budget per research area.

The main strategic vision of the new government, elected in October 2009, isthe development of a new growth paradigm for Greece based on "greendevelopment". Therefore i t is expected that most of the existing researchpriorities will be affected by strengthening the "green" elements of eacharea. All thematic areas will be supported by the General Secretariat for Researchand Technology through the Operational Programme “Competi t iveness andEntrepreneurship” and the Regional Operational Programmes. The main


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Entrepreneurship” and the Regional Operational Programmes. The mainsuppor t mechanisms for these themat ic areas are medium-sized researchcollaborative projects and sectoral R&D poles . In addition some of theact ions related to the improvement of the research human capi tal , supportedby the Operational Programme “Education and Life Long Learning” of theMinistry of Education, follow the above priority areas.

[1] GSRT (2009), Investing on Research and Innovation: NSRF – EPAN II,National Committee for the elaboration of the NSRF’s measures for RTDILast update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Policy goals and priorities

(Main aims of research policy) The "National Strategic Reference Framework" (NSRF) finalised in January2007, recognises research, technology and innovation to be the maindrivers of the restructuring of the Greek economy towards a knowledgeeconomy. Within this context, the Strategic Development Plan for Research,Technology and Innovation set a main goal for research policy of increasingand improving investments in knowledge and excellence aimedat sustainable development:

Support for research in areas that will contribute to the reorganisationof the Greek economy and the strengthening of the country 'scompetit ive advantage, improved quality of l ife and animproved environment;

Strengthening research capacity in areas of excellence by combininginvestments in such areas with systematic evaluation of researchcentres;

Increasing the internationalisation of the research system bysupporting European and international collaboration;

Exploiting economies of scale in research by creating critical mass ofresearch capabili t ies in selected research areas; and

Improving the quali ty and increasing the quanti ty of human resources,especially those related to research and technology andincreasing mobili ty between research organisations and companies.

The new government elected in October 2009 regards research andinnovation among the main determinants for the competi t iveness of theGreek economy and set the above goals for research and innovation policy inthe context of the "green development". It also recognises the need forfurther increasing public investments for research, innovation and educationand revises the existing target for research expenditures (1.5% by 2015) to 2%of GDP by 2013[1]. For achieving this ambitious goal the government isplanning to revise the existing priorit ies of the funding instruments, namelythe Investment Law and the NSRF in order to mobilise additional funding forsupporting the knowledge triangle policies. Much of the national RTD landscape depends on Community research policy.


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Much of the national RTD landscape depends on Community research policy.Approximately one-tenth of GERD is funded through projects within the EUFramework Programmes for R&D (FPs) and a further one-tenth comesfrom Community Structural Funds. Therefore, Community R&D andstructural policies could have a considerable impact on the orientation of thenational priorit ies.

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Research policy

Main instruments of research policy The new research policy designed for the programming period 2007-2013includes a balanced mix of instruments covering all policy dimensions. Thelaunching of the first measures started at the end of 2009. However, unti lMarch 2010 only some of the planned measures had been launched.Therefore, the existing budget allocation does not allow for an assessment ofthe importance of these policy dimensions. Generic R&D policy towards the public sectorResearch policy has long been identified with the establishment and fundingof public research centres and insti tutes, usually under the supervision of theMinistry of Education, Life Long Learning and Religious Affairs. Theseorganisations, together with smaller units from the Ministries of Agriculture,Defence, etc., presently account for some 20% of GERD. The main component in this system is the universit ies, which account forhalf of the national research effort, but “policy” in this area is generated“bottom-up” through the General University Funds, while the involvement ofthe Ministry of Education, before the transfer of GSRT, was limited toapproving proposals from academic departments to establ ish new academicunits and hire new professors. After undertaking the responsibil i ty of theresearch policy with the transfer of GSRT in October 2009, Ministry plays amore active role.The research organisations are supported by direct funding of al l operationalcosts, including the salaries of permanent staff .Further investments in infrastructure for both universi t ies and researchcentres are funded by the Operational Programme "Compet i t iveness andEntrepreneurship” through the action "upgrading of public R&D laboratoriesand laboratory networks for the provision of high quali ty research anddevelopment services to industry". The Regional Operational Programmes inregions with research centres and universit ies will also provide some supportfor the R&D infrastructure. However, specific instruments have yet to bedecided.In addition to GUF and funding of infrastructures Ministry of Education issupport ing research through compet i t ive research programmes funded bythe Operational Programme "Education and Life Long Learning". The budgetfor funding academic research amounting to €380m is more than double ofthe finding of the previous programming period. Until March 2010 threeprogrammes had been launched, namely Heraclitus II, Thales and ArchimedesIII providing funding of €180m.The research organisat ions are fur ther supported by matching fundsfor part icipation in the 7t h Framework Programme and in other internat ionalresearch collaborations.It is estimated that approximately 20% of the total public funding (includingcontributions from the Structural Funds, but excluding General UniversityFunds) will be directed to this type of activities [1]. Generic R&D policy towards the private sectorThe objective of increasing R&D in the private sector will be supported by


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research subsidies for new enterprises and small and medium sizedenterprises (SMEs). The Operational Programme “Competitiveness andEntrepreneurship” provides subsidies at national level while the RegionalOperational Programmes provide regional level subsidies. Unti l March 2010 three measures of a total budget of €111m had beenlaunched, namely Collaboration, Support of new firms and SMEs, Suppor tGroups of SMEs. I t is est imated that funding directed towards these types ofmeasures will be approximately 12% of total public funding (includingcontribution from the Structural Funds, but excluding General UniversityFunds)[2]. In addit ion to the above sources of funding, Investment Law 3522/2006provides for subsidies to enterprises for investments in researchinfrastructure and the development of high-tech products . Thematic /sectoral policiesThematic policies increase significantly their presence in the policy mix inrelat ion to the previous programming period (2000-2006) al though most ofthem are generic programmes support ing al l or some of the selected elevenpriority areas (see section Key Research Policy Focus) including:

R&D national sectoral poles, which are integrated long-terminterventions oriented to one or a portfolio of technological areas;

Thematic Networks of Advanced R&D, which support poles and centresof excellence;

Only the microelectronics cluster "Corallia", s tarted in the previousprogramming period, supports a s ingle research area.

All the instruments are national in character and are f inanced by theOperational Programme “Competi t iveness and Entrepreneurship”. RegionalOperational Programmes could also contribute by supporting regionalplayers ' participation in national schemes.

Linkage policiesStrengthening collaboration between research organisations and industry isone of the main concerns of research policy and many instruments have beendesigned however only few had been launched until March 2010. Thedesigned and launched measures are as fol lows:

Knowledge intensive clusters in critical areas of competitive advantage.Until March 2010 only the cluster Corallia was running;

Regional innovation poles aimed at the promotion of an integratedstrategy for knowledge development and innovation at regional level. Itis expected that the existing poles will continue receiving support andnew ones will be created;

Networking of "private firms with technological and research serviceproviders . The main instrument is the programme "Collaboration"; whilethe programme "Support of groups of SMEs" promotes extramuralresearch.

Creat ion of spin-offs is supported by the programme "Suppor t forsp in -o f f and sp in -ou t s" ; and

Development of intermediary organisations such as technologytransfer and innovation offices.


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All the above instruments are financed by the OperationalProgramme “Competit iveness and Entrepreneurship” and by specific RegionalOperat ional Programmes. Human resource policies Human resource polices include:

Subsidies to enterprises for hiring high level S&T personnel;Incentives for increasing mobility of research and technical

personnel among enterprises and research organisat ions in Greece,including inflows from abroad; and

Support for the "production" of new researchers by providing doctoralscholarships by the programme Heraclitus II.

Among the above measures only the doctoral scholarship have been launched.

Research-related human resource policies are described in section :"H u m a nResource Policies"

IPR and fiscal policies Since 2000, increasing attention has been paid to fiscal measures for thesupport of R&D. During the programming period 2000-2006 a number ofVenture Capital Funds were created in incubators for supporting spin-offs,including R&D investments. I t is expected that support for similar measureswill be continued in the current programming period 2007-2013. In addit ion,it is expected that a High Risk Seed Capital fund will be set up to supportR&D investments, including the seed stage.Another fiscal measure is provided by the Investment law (3296/2004), whichwas introduced in 2004 to improve the tax incentives for R&D. Thelegislat ion has been under consideration since 1987; al though someimprovements to the tax incentives were made in 2002, they produced notangible results (Strategic Development Plan). More details on the specificinstrument are presented in sect ion "Fiscal Policies". An increased number ofpatents is one of the objectives of the new R&D Strategy (StrategicDevelopment Plan). The measures supporting this objective include subsidiesto support the exploitat ion of research results , including the costs of thefeasibili ty study, patent application and the final commercial exploitation.

[1] Estimations of Logotech based on data provided in the OperationalProgrammes[2] Estimations of Logotech based on data provided in the OperationalProgrammesLast update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0


Main instruments of research policy

Public-private collaboration The small s ize and the low-tech orientat ion of the productive sector do notcreate a dynamic market for ei ther the education or the research output ofuniversit ies and research centres. According to the Community InnovationSurvey collaborations between innovative firms and universities or publicresearch centres were more than doubled between the per iod 2002-2004 and


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research centres were more than doubled between the per iod 2002-2004 and2004-2006. In the period 2004-2006 the number of innovat ive f i rms engagedin collaboration with universities increased from 6% to 12%, while thepercentage for cooperation with research centres, al though smaller ,experience a higher increase from 2% to 9.4%[1]. The percentage of higher education R&D (HERD) financed by industry in 2005was 6.3% in the EU27 and 8.9% in Greece. The percentage of government R&D(GOVERD) financed by industry in 2005 was 8.4% in the EU27 and 1.5% inGreece[2]. The higher share of university funding by industry in Greeceshould be mainly at tr ibuted to the fact that the balk of the universi ty fundingwas dis t r ibuted through programmes promoting sc ience- indust rycollaboration.Collaboration of industry with the public research system is among the mainpriorities of the research policy. However, the transfer of the GeneralSecretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT), from the Ministry ofEconomy, Entrepreneurship and Shipping to the ministry of Education, LifeLong Learning and Religious Affairs could increase the focus on the academicresearch at the expense of collaborations with industry. The SDP for Research, Technology and Innovation under the 2007-13 NSRFFramework prepared by the GSRT includes a set of schemes to encourage:

cooperation between academia and industry over specific R&Dprojects, and collaboration within long term contracts for the provisionof knowledge intensive services from the former to the latter;

development of industry R&D activities that will create opportunitiesfor cooperation with academia; and

increased mobili ty of researchers enabling academics to move fromtheir university environments into the market place in order to exploittheir knowledge through the creation of spin offs.

However, only few of the above measures are currently running, while theothers are st i l l on the design phase.

[1] Eurostat, data for CIS4 and CIS5.[2] Euros ta t da ta ext rac ted on 10/3/2010 Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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Related policies in other domains

Fiscal Policies

Fiscal incentives only apply for R&D expenditures or donations related toresearch. More specifically, the following apply:

The fiscal legislation provides for the annual deduction of 50% of theR&D expenses from the net profits of the firm if the annual R&Dexpenditures are higher than the average of the previous two years (Law3296/2004 art . 9, par. 8, revising Law 2992/2001 art . 10 and the IncomeTax Code art. 31). Corporate tax was recently reduced to 25%. TheGeneral Secretariat for Research and Technology has been authorised tocertify the expenses that will be considered to calculate the tax base. Inaddition to the above, R&D spending is considered within general fiscallegislation to be an investment, which can be written off in accordancewith the accounting rules. For example, acquisition of R&D instrumentsand other R&D related investment may be written off over three years(law 1731/1987); and

Donations by firms to universit ies and research centres are also taxexempt .

The new government elected on October 2010 is planning to revise the wholeframework providing addit ional incentives for research with emphasis on“green development”.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Human Resource Policies Greece following the ERA policy is gradually opening-up the labour market toresearchers, al though no specific efforts have been made for increasing theattract iveness of research careers[1].

The efforts so far are restr icted to the harmonisation of the nationallegislation with EU directives in areas such as the social security, therecognition of professional status of researchers, and the scientific visa forresearchers from third countr ies .In addit ion, collaboration with non-national researchers is encouraged byproviding a bonus to research proposals with foreign researchers. However,no measures focusing specif ical ly on the at tract ion of non-nationalresearchers have been planned al though such provision exists in theStrategic Development Plan for Research, Technology and Innovation. A measure that is expected to support policy making for human resources isthe establ ishment of the National Observatory for Human Resources inResearch in 2007 with main objective to monitor the research specialit ies inthe public and private sectors.

[1]Maroulis N. (2009), ERAWATCH Country Reports 2009, Analysis of policy


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mixes to foster R&D investment and to contribute to the ERA: Greece, JRCScientific and Technical Reports. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Interaction between Innovation and Research Policies Innovation policy is a strong component of the "knowledge triangle" policiesaiming at reducing r isk adverseness in the business sector and encouragingfirms to shift activit ies towards more knowledge intensive and higher addedvalue segments in their sectors[1]. General Secretariat for Research and Technology has planed severalinnovation measures which are expected to influence the demand forknowledge and research results including:

Innovation vouchers for support ing knowledge t ransfer and problemsolving in SMEs with the support of research and technology transferorganisa t ions

Clustering of SMEs in high-tech sectors such as in microelectronics;Support of sp in -o f f and sp in -ou t s;Expansion of the exist ing and establishment of new technology parks

(has not been launched yet)Provision of incentives for increasing employment of new researchers

in the private sector (has not been launched yet)

Measures designed and implemented by the General Secretariat for Industryare encouraging firms to move up the value chain towards more knowledgeintensive activit ies. These measures are the promotion of you th ' s and women’s entrepreneurship women’s entrepreneurship aiming at increasing the number of dynamic f irmsin more knowledge intensive areas. In addition, the ministry is responsiblefor the legal framework of incentives to investors. Within this framework,enterprises investing in innovative products and processes can apply forsubsidies and receive support for development of research infrastructures.The level of this support is higher than would normally be possible fromother instruments support ing investment l inked to production. This Ministryalso provides tax incentives to firms for performing R&D. (GSI) within theMinistry of Economy, Entrepreneurship and Shipping,

[1]Maroulis N. (2009), ERAWATCH Country Reports 2009, Analysis of policymixes to foster R&D investment and to contribute to the ERA: Greece, JRCScientific and Technical Reports. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Other Policies The sector with the second longest tradit ion in research is the agricultural


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sector. The National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF) haslaboratories and extension services throughout Greece in order to assistfarmers to improve their production, introduce new crops, control the quali tyof products and t ransfer new farming and animal husbandrytechnologies. NAGREF operates under the supervision of the Ministry ofAgricultural Development and Food, but researchers are subject to GeneralSecretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) regulations. The Ministry ofAgricultural Development and Food has two other research centres workingin the areas of plant health and fisheries. In the health sector, the Hellenic Pasteur Institute is co-supervised by theGSRT and the Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, for which i t producesvaccines. Some R&D is conducted in the public hospitals, but the Ministry ofHealth and Social Solidarity has no specific policy or funding aimed at thissector of research. The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change may suppor tstudies with more or less research content but has no explici t researchpolicy. The bulk of environmental research is done by universities and GSRTresearch centres, which also fund environmental research projects. In thearea of earthquake analysis and engineering some addit ional assistance forequipment and studies is provided to university laboratories by the CivilProtection Administration. The defence sector is the largest consumer of public money for procurement.The corresponding expenditures on R&D is a meagre 1% to 2%[1]. Efforts todevelop defence systems in cooperation with military and civil laboratories inthe country are rather rudimentary. The legal obligation established in 2001to spend 1% of the annual procurement programme of the defence sector onR&D has not been enforced yet.

[1] Source: General Secretariat for Research and TechnologyLast update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Policy mixes to stimulate research In recent years R&D and innovation policy become a cross cutting issue forregional development and competit iveness at least in policy rhetoric.However, in practise, the links between research policies and other policiesremain quite weak. The National Reform Programme was the first effort toexplore possible links. Furthermore, the "Strategic Development Plan forresearch, technology and Innovation" prepared in 2007 by the GeneralSecretariat for Research and Technology was a systematic effort tocoordinate research and innovation policies with other policies. Directresearch policies were integrated in one policy portfolio with human resourcepolicies and policies for training and skills designed by other ministries. The concentration of both research and innovation policy within agovernment unit i .e. GSRT allowed coordination of both policies. In additionthe placement of the GSRT within the former Ministry of Development


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allowed for a better coordination of research and innovation policy withindustrial and energy policy. At the same time coordination with educationpolicy is very weak. The new government structure adopted in October 2009shifted the centre of coordination closer to the "knowledge triangle"asGSRT and the policies for research and innovation are now under theresponsibility of the Ministry of Education Lifelong learning and Religion.

The European Commission Policy Mix Web Portal

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GREECE - Important policy documents

Title of document Date Organisation responsible Type of Document Bridging research andtechnologicaldevelopment withproduction (Law2919/2001)

2001-06-25 Greek Ministry of Development /Greek Ministry of Development

The specific policydocument is a Law.

National ReformProgramme for Growthand Jobs 2008-2010

2008-10-29 Ministry of Economy andFinance / Ministry of Economyand Finance

Strategic DevelopmentPlan for Research,Technology andInnovation Under the2007-13 NSRFFramework

2007-10-30 This document was produced bythe Directorate for Planning andProgramming of GSRT in thecontext of the National StrategicReference Programme2007-2013, in order to supportthe formulation of RTDI policyfor all regional and operationalprogrammes of the followingprogramming period. / Thisdocument was produced by theDirectorate for Planning andProgramming of GSRT in thecontext of the National StrategicReference Programme2007-2013, in order to supportthe formulation of RTDI policyfor all regional and operationalprogrammes of the followingprogramming period.

This is a consultativedocument which willbe integrated in theNational StrategicReference Programme2007-2013, in theoperationalprogramme'Entepreneurship andInnovation' of theMinistry ofDevelopment and inthe RegionaloperationalProgrammes.

Law for theInstitutionalFramework ofResearch andTechnology

2008-03-21 Interministerial lawmakingCommittee under the auspicesof the Ministry of Developmentand the Ministry of Educationand Religious Affairs /Interministerial lawmakingCommittee under the auspicesof the Ministry of Developmentand the Ministry of Educationand Religious Affairs

Draft of Law submitedto the GreekParliament

Financial support ofknowledge-intensivebusinesses/spin-offcompanies(Presidential Decree17)

2001-01-01 General Secreteriat for Researchand Technology of the GreekMinistry of Development andMinistry of Economy andFinance / General Secreteriat forResearch and Technology of theGreek Ministry of Developmentand Ministry of Economy andFinance

Presidential Decree

OperationalProgramme"Competitiveness andEntrepreneurship"

2007-09-03 Ministry of Development /Ministry of Development

OperationalProgramme


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InstitutionalFramework ofResearch in Greece

2005-06-20 National Council for Researchand Technology: Prof.I.Vassalos, Prof. E.Gazis, Prof.C.Zerefos, Prof. I.Kalavrezou,Prof. A.Koutselinis, Prof.P.Maragos, Prof D.Nanopoulos,Prof. C.Savakis, Prof.D.Trichopoulos / NationalCouncil for Research andTechnology: Prof. I.Vassalos,Prof. E.Gazis, Prof. C.Zerefos,Prof. I.Kalavrezou, Prof.A.Koutselinis, Prof. P.Maragos,Prof D.Nanopoulos, Prof.C.Savakis, Prof. D.Trichopoulos

consultative document

OperationalProgramme "Educationand Life-LongLearning"

2007-03-16 Greek Ministry of Education andReligious Affairs / GreekMinistry of Education andReligious Affairs

OperationalProgramme

Towards theknowledge Economy.Roles and Perspectives

2003-11-03 General Secretariat for Researchand Technology / GeneralSecretariat for Research andTechnology

Consultative document

Technology Foresightin Greece

2001-09-24 Greek Ministry of Development,General Secretariat for Research& Technology, Directorate ofPlanning & Programming /Greek Ministry of Development,General Secretariat for Research& Technology, Directorate ofPlanning & Programming

The document"Technology Foresightin Greece" issubsumed in the frameof the OperationalProgram"Competitiveness"2000-2006 and legallybased on the Law1514/85 and thePresidential Decrees327/1995, 346/1998.

Legal framework forthe development ofscientific andtechnological research(Law 1514/85 and itsamendments)

1985-01-01 Greek Ministry of Development:General Secretariat for Researchand Technology, NationalCouncil for Research andTechnology, Greek AtomicEnergy Commission, NCSRDemocritos, Hellenic Centre forMarine Research, Research andInnovation Center inInformation, Communicationand Knowledge Technologies(former Iris)-ATHENA, Scienceand Technology Museum,EBETAM, ITSAK, Centre forResearch and TechnologyHellas, / Greek Ministry ofDevelopment: GeneralSecretariat for Research andTechnology, National Council forResearch and Technology, GreekAtomic Energy Commission,NCSR Democritos, HellenicCentre for Marine Research,Research and Innovation Centerin Information, Communication

The specific policydocument is a LegalFramework itself


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Impact of EU developments

Overview The idea of a European Research Area (ERA) has been welcomed bygovernment and the research community, as i t should faci l i tate the outwardorientat ion of the most dynamic research groups and provide addit ionalfunding and networking opportuni t ies .

The target of 3% (expenditures on R&D as a percentage of GDP) was regardedas unrealistic for Greece and a lower target of 1.5%, with 40% of GERD comingfrom the private sector, was adopted with the t ime horizon of 2015. Despitethe severe crises of public depth in Greece, the Stability and GrowthProgramme prepared in February 2010 by the new government raised thetarget to 2% with the time horizon of 2013.

The research pol icy for both programming periods (2000-2006 and2007-2013) was tuned with the 3% Action Plan. Furthermore, the budget forpublic funding of research and innovation in the programming period2007-2003 has been doubled compared with the previous period. However,annual expenditure on R&D has stagnated around 2001 levels.

Structural Funds and EU Framework Programmes (FP) have had a significantimpact on research orientation and funding. Each contributes 10% of GERD,which is approximately equal to 42% of direct government funding of R&D.More than 70% of the Strategic Development Plan for Research,Technologyand Innovat ion and the R&D and Innovation Measures of the RegionalOperational Programmes are funded by Structural Funds. The EU FrameworkProgrammes at t ract the best research teams in the country and more thanhalf of the research project expenditure is directed towards FrameworkProgramme priori t ies. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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Towards ERA and Lisbon

Towards European Research Area The concept of the ERA, launched in 2000, was initially received positively bypolicy making and academic community. Academic community welcomedERA as an opportunity for increasing R&D funding and strengthening theopenness of the Greek research system which suffers due to relatively lowpublic funding and low demand for research services by the private sector.Although the ERA has not been prominent in the main policy documents,some of i ts elements have been incorporated within research policyobjectives. In line with the ERA policy the Strategic Development Plan forResearch, Technology and Innovat ion defined the following main principles:all measures will contribute to the achievement of economies of scale andscope at national and European level; international collaboration will beallowed in all measures, while specific measures will be designed tostrengthen collaboration; measures will be introduced to develop synergiesand complementarities with European initiatives and especially with FP7; andparticipation in joint RTD initiatives will be supported by efforts to promotethe ERA. As part of the implementation strategy a specific action for“European RTD Collaboration” has been created to support participation inEuropean programmes and infrastructures, joint programming ini t iat ives andbilateral agreements. Openness of research programmes is regarded as an important goal andinternat ional cooperat ion and employment of non-nat ionals in fundedprojects is eligible for funding. However, participation of non-nationals is notalways welcomed by the academic community as i t reduces the funding fornat ional researchers . Opening up of nat ional research programmes has beenapplied in two research programmes so far, however without f inancialsupport of the non-national part icipants . I t remains to be seen if the twoprogrammes will be actually open in practice. The programme ENTER of theprevious programming period aiming at at tracting very experienced Greekand non-Greek researchers working abroad, for performing research inGreece for a short period of t ime, is not to be continued in the currentprogramming period due to i ts low impact . Furthermore, the academiccommunity did not support i ts cont inuat ion in favour of other programmessupporting the national research community. Within this context, theMinistry of Education introduced incentives (such as bonus in the appraisalof proposals) in the new programmes for encouraging national researchteams to invite foreign researchers to participate. General Secretariat for Research and Technology embraced the idea of jointprogramming and the creat ion of joint research infrastructures for the earlybeginning. GSRT participated in 19 FP6 ERA-NET projects, and coordinatedone on the development of foresight activities. In the FP7, Greek participationhas extended beyond GSRT, to include local authorities and other publicorganisations. Greek organisations participate in 10 projects. GSRT promotesalso participation in European Research infrastructures although the exist ingbudget of €2m is not enough for meeting the exist ing demand. Nationalpublic research organisations have expressed interest in participating in 16 ofthe 34 infrastructures of ESFRI. Greek Government is also in processes of reforming the higher education


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system following the Bologna process. However, significant part of theacademic community has not welcomed both Bologna processes and theundertaken reforms in the Greek system. Two are the main argumentsagainst the Bolognia process. The first is that the Greek degrees obtainedafter four or five years of studies (depending on the subject) will be regardedas equivalent to three years studies. The second argument is against theevaluation of the HEI, as it is believed by many academics that evaluation willbe used by the Government for further reducing the funding of the HEIs.Research labour market issues related to labour legislation, social securityand health are the responsibility of the Ministry of Labour. Reforms in thisarea are driven by European employment legislation with national policyadopting a rather passive and reactive approach.A balanced implementation of the ERA policy mix was hindered by problemsrelated to coordination between GSRT and the Ministries of Education andEmployment, which are involved in the development of the pillars of theERA[1]. The restructuring of the government in October 2009 result ing in thetransfer of GSRT and of the responsibility of research policy in the Ministryof Education, will facilitate coordination.

[1] Maroulis N. (2009), ERAWATCH Country Reports 2009, Analysis of policymixes to foster R&D investment and to contribute to the ERA: Greece, JRCScientific and Technical Reports.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0


Towards ERA and Lisbon

Lisbon-strategy related activities In October 2008, the Greek Government published the National ReformProgramme 2008-2010 (NRP).The main priorities of the NRP remain the sameas in the NRP 2005-2008. An assessment of the NRP 2005-2008 as regardsinnovation aspects is available in the INNO-Policy TrendChart Greece reportfor 2007 (section 5). The new government elected in October 2009 published in February 2010 theStability and Development Programme (SDP) which includes the updatedNational Reforms Programme 2010-2013. The updated NRP introduces theidea of “green” development as the cornerstone of the country 's developmentstrategy.Main research related objectivesAccording to the NRP 2008-2010 the main goal of research policy "is tofacil i tate the transit ion to a knowledge-based society by restructuring theGreek economy towards the production of high value added goods andservices, the faster increase of productivity and the improvement of thecompetitiveness of the Greek economy". The updated NRP for2010-2013 identif ies the following main reforms supporting these goals:

The research governance is restructured in order to s trengthencoordinat ion of nat ional policies and funding mechanisms support ingthe knowledge tr iangle, namely “research-innovation-education”. In thisdirection all policy responsibili t ies for education and research areconcentrated in the Ministry of Education. The National Council forResearch and Technology is reorganised and an new framework for


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research is under preparat ion;"Knowledge triangle" policies and green development are at the centre

of public policy;New incentives for encouraging private investment in R&D will be

in t roduced.Measures for the improvement of the effectiveness and efficiency in

the management of research resources wil l be introduced.Public sector will play a more active role by increasing demand

for research results in areas supporting public policy.Evaluation of results will be introduced in all levels of the system.

R&D investment targetsThe target of 3% was regarded by the Greek Government and the main actorsas unattainable, since Greece was starting from a low level of 0.6% GERD/GDPin 1999 and a 24% contribution from business firms to GERD. The target of1.5% with 40% of GERD coming from the private sector was adopted withoutfurther debate, al though i t was st i l l considered opt imist ic[1]. The data showthat the GERD/GDP rate has been shrinking rather than increasing since2001, making the achievement of this goal by 2010 even less likely.Government acknowledged in 2006 that the achievement of the goal unti l2010 would be difficult[2] and the t ime horizon was extended to 2015[3].The emphasis given by the new government on the "knowledge triangle"policies is reflected on the increase of the target for R&D expenditures to2% by 2013.For achieving the goal, the Greek Government increased the contribution ofStructural Funds to the support of R&D. Although it is not possible to clearlydistinguish at this stage the budget allocated to R&D from the one allocatedto innovation, i t is estimated[4] that the Operational Programmes willincrease funding to R&D support policies from €0.56b during 2000-2006, to€1.3b for the per iod 2007-2015[5]. However, the combination of theeconomic crisis with the public deficit crisis and the very strict consolidationprogramme started in February 2010 (see SDP for 2010-2013) could slowdown the increase of R&D investments for both public and private sector. Main research policy measuresThe Strategic Development Plan for Research, Technology and Innovation2 0 0 7 - 1 3 published in 2006 and the new National Strategic ReferenceFramework" (NSRF) finalised in January 2007, aligned the national researchstrategy to the Lisbon’s Strategy Integrated Guidelines 7 by enriching theexisting measures with EU good practises. The whole spectrum of the measures that wil l be supported in the currentprogramming period are presented in the sect ion “ Main Instruments ofResearch Policy” of the Country Profile and in the Country Reports 2 0 0 8 and 2 0 0 9 for Greece . Measures from the previous programming period which will continue to besupported in the current per iod are:

The 5 Regional Innovation Poles in Thessalia, Kriti, Western Greece.West Macedonia and Central Macedonia;

The innovation Zone in Thessaloniki;The Hellenic Technology Cluster Initiative in the Micro-Electronics

sector;The creation of pr ivate incubators;


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The creation of pr ivate incubators;Financial and tax incentives to enterprises for R&D and innovation

inves tments

Impact of Lisbon strategy on the research policy mixR&D policy was significantly strengthened due to Lisbon leverage

[1] See SDP for Research Technology and Innovation 2007 2013[2] Speech of the General Secretary for Research and Technology in a meetingwith European Commission officials regarding the National StrategicReference Programme 2007-2013 on the 23rd of January 2007[3] See National Reform Programme 2008-2010[4] Logotech’s estimations, based on SDP’s figures.[5] See SDP for Research Technology and Innovation 2007-2013Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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Impact of EU instruments

Impact of Structural Funds on Research Funding Structural Funds are the main instrument for funding R&D. Average annualfunding from the Structural Funds is approximately 10% of GERD and 22% oftotal government funding. If the general university funds (GUFs) areexcluded, then the funding from the Structural Funds is equal to 42% ofdirect government funding of R&D. A more detailed analysis of the role ofEuropean funding mechanisms is presented in the section "Role of Europeanand internat ional funding" of the Country Profile.

It is estimated that approximately 5.3% of the budget of the National StrategicReference Programme 2007-2013 (NSRP) will support research andinnovation related measures. The contribution of the (NSRP) will amount to€1 .37b[1], increased by more than 100% from the amount of €0.56b spent inthe previous programming period. Approximately 75% of this amount will becontributed by the Structural Funds while the other 15% will be financed byGreek governments’ Investment Budget. In the current programming period (2007-2013) the main funding sourcesare the Operational Programmes “Competi t iveness and Entrepreneurship”with a budget for research and innovation measures of €271m, the“Education and Life Long-Learning” with approximately €380m, and the fiveRegional Operational Programmes (ROP) contributing with €613.4m. A moredetailed analysis of the contribution of the ROPs to research can be found inthe sect ion Regional Research Policies of the Country Profile.The allocation of funding by policy areas is set out below. Approximatelyone-third of funding (32%) is allocated to measures related to thedevelopment of human resources in the research sector and another 20%goes to research related investments in SMEs. The support forinfrastructures in public research centres amounts to 11% of the total budget.During the first three years of the implementation of the NSRP only 3.6% ofthe budget of al l Operat ional Programmes had been spent[2]. Although thereis no published estimation regarding research spending, the fact that al l sixresearch programmes which had been launched unti l March 2010 are st i l l inthe proposal appraisal phase, could lead to the conclusion that the rate ofspending is lower than that for the whole NSRP. Such a low rate of spendingquest ions the smooth implementat ion of the Operat ional Programmes andsets as a possibi l i ty the reduction of the budget due to the quotas andpenalties imposed by the Structural Funds regulations. Despite the importance of Structural Funds in R&D funding, the assessmentof their impact has not been performed yet .

Type of measuresShare ofbudget (%)

R&D activities in Research Centres 3.48

R&D Infrastructures 10.55

Allocation of Structural Funds funding to R&D relatedmeasures (2007-2013)


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Technology transfer and collaboration networksbetween science and industry

7.69

RTD in SMEs 8.39

Investments in companies directly related to RTD andinnovation

20.19

Other measures for the promotion of R&D 17.31

Development of human resources in the research sector 32.39

Total 100.00

Source: Logotech's calculations based on data in Operational Programmes

[1]See SDP for Research Technology and Innovation 2007-2013[2]Stabil i ty and Growth Programme 2010-2013Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Impact of EU framework programmes The only impact study regarding the participation of Greece in theFramework Programmes was carried out in 1993. The study covered theimpact of the EU research policy with an emphasis on the 2 n d and 3r dFramework Programme[1]. The study, despite i ts impact at the t ime ofpublicat ion, is outdated and cannot be used as a base for conclusionsrelevant to current needs.

From the early years of the Greek membership in the EU, the best Greekresearchers have been keen on part icipating in the FrameworkProgrammes because they offer better opportunit ies, not only forinternationally recognised publications (in areas such as biotechnology,nanotechnology, aeronautics, global climate change, etc) but also fornetworking with their European peers[2]. While the share of Greek GERDdoes not exceed 1% of the EU15 GERD, the share of participations of Greekresearch teams in the 6t h Framework Programme amounted to 3% while theshare in the budget amounts to 2.26%, a fact that puts Greece in the rankingafter the large countries (Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain) and the largestspenders of R&D (Sweden, the Netherlands) 3]. The share is even higher insome areas such as ICT, environment and energy. I t is for these reasons thatthe contribution of the Framework Programmes to GERD is as high as10%. Industry is also showing interest in participating in consortia with firmsand insti tutions from other Member States. However, despite theparticipation of industry in a relative high number of contracts, involvementremains sallow. According to Azagra-Caro et al (2009)[4] the share ofuniversity-industry cooperation contracts in country’s FP6 contracts ishigher than the EU average, though, with the exception of Portugal, Greece islagging behind old EU member states (EU15), with respect to the averageamount of funds obtained per contract with industry part icipat ion.Additional indicators regarding the participation of Greece in the 6th FP andespecially the collaborations with other countries and the regionaldistr ibution of part icipations can be found in a study published in November2009 by the National Observatory for Human Resources in Research[5].


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The Greek R&D system is a typical supply driven system. These types ofsystems respond to funding opportuni t ies rather than to incent ives, andtherefore the availabili ty of funds, drive the expansion of the system[6]. Thesignificant contribution of Framework Programmes, which are among themost important sources for funding of R&D projects, has a considerableimpact on the interests and orientat ion of the research community andconsequently on the policy priori t ies due to supply side pressures. Efforts of the General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) to se tresearch priori t ies had always taken into consideration the priori t ies of theFramework Programmes in an effort to exploit synergies and developcomplementarities. The latest exercise of GSRT to set research priorities int h e Strategic Development Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation, 7t hFramework Programme was one among the factors that was taken intoconsidera t ion[7]. In addition, participation of Greek research teams has astrong behavioural effect as research and cooperation practises are beingalso adopted by an increasing number of Greek researchers. Furthermore, thenotion of excellence is been increasingly diffused and appreciated by theresearch community .

[1] PLANET (1993), Assessment of the Community RTD policy’s impact onGreece, in Greek.[2] See also the ERAWATCH Analytical Country Report 2008 for Greece,sections 2.5, 3.5 and 6.3.[3] Data of General Secretariat for Research and Technology, see also GSRT(2007), The Greek Innovation System, Review of Greece’s Innovation Policy bythe OECD, Background Report[4]Azagra-Caro, Joaquín, Gérard Carat, and Dimitrios Pontikakis (2009),University-industry cooperation in the Research Framework Programme,Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, JRC, Seville.[5] Logotech (2009), Monitoring trends regarding science and technologyspecialties and the research and technology Sector in Greece: Final Report,General Secretariat for Research and Technology.[6] Bartzokas A. (2007), Monitoring and analysis of policies and publicfinancing instruments conducive to higher levels of R&D investments: The“POLICY MIX” Project. Country Review Greece.[7] For the methodology used, see the study Logotech (2007), Setting prioritiesfor the development of research and technology during the programmingperiod 2007-2013,GSRT, Athens, in Greek.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Other EU developments and impacts There has been no apparent impact on R&D in Greece from EU enlargement.I t remains to be seen whether the Greek researchers and enterprises willcontinue to receive a high share of the funding in the Framework Programme


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http://rid.intrasoft-intl.com/PolicyMix/doc.cfm?docID=112



for R&D through the competitive calls for proposals.

The increasing contribution of the Greek research organisations and firms inthe development of ERA is not only reflected in the high participation in theEU Framework Programmes (see also relevant section) but in the increasingparticipation in multi lateral research agreements and init iat ives such as theEUREKA and COST as well.In 2008, Greek institutions were participating in more than 75% (around 75projects) of the total number of running actions of COST, ranking Greece10th in terms of part icipat ions[1].Although Greece is a member of EUREKA since 1985, 77% of theparticipations started after 2000 and approximately 40% are st i l l runningindicating the increasing interest of Greek organisations. In total Greekorganisations have been part icipated in 173 projects with a budget of € 1 1 5 m[2].In addition to the participation in European wide initiatives Greekgovernment has an extended programme of bi la teral research agreementswith 25 countries including EU Member States, China, India and southMediterranean countries . In total the funding during the period 2000-2006amounted to €16m. In the programming per iod 2007-2015 only oneprogramme of bilateral research agreement have been launched. The bilateralagreement of a budget of €0.45m is between Greece and Turkey covering theper iod 2010-2011.

[1] COST (2009), Annual report 2008.[2] h t tp : / /www.eureka .be /contac ts /member .do?memId=GRLast update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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Overview and governance

Overview The 13 regions of Greece are politically and financially dependent on thegovernment which appoints the Secretaries of the Regional Councils andprovides funding.

Historically the role of regions in regional policy making was rather limitedsince almost all policies affecting the regions were planned and implementedby the government. The si tuation started to change in the late 1990s andearly 2000s. By that time the Regional Operational Programmes (ROPs) hadbecome the main instruments for regional policy and the Structural Fundswere pressing in order for the regions to be actively involved in planning andimplementation of the ROPs.

The f ist bottom-up efforts of the regions to be involved in the research andinnovation policy started with the RIS and RITTS programmes. However, inmost of the regions the efforts were piecemeal and the transfer of experiencefor the planning of the Operational Programmes was l imited. In theprogramming period 2000-2006 some of the Regional Operat ionalProgrammes had incorporated measures for the support of R&D andinnovation. However, most of the measures were merely duplicates ofintervent ions planned and implemented by the General Secretariat forResearch and Technology (GSRT) at the national level. Due to the limitedcapacity of the regions GSRT finally managed the measures.

In the current programming period (2007-2013)[1] most of the regions haveincluded budget for R&D activities although until March 2010 very littleprogress had been made in the design of regional measures. The regionalR&D measures will follow the policy framework provided by the StrategicDevelopment Plan for R&D and Innovation.

[1] The period has been extended to 2015Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Regional responsibilities Greece is a unitary sate with 13 NUTS 2 Regions. Five regions, namely CentralGreece, South Aegean, Attica, Central Macedonia, and West Macedonia, areregions in transition from Objective 1 to Objective 2.

All regions have the same status regarding power and responsibili t ies. Theyare polit ically dependent and follow the general policy directions designedat national level.The R&D governance in Greece is centralised within the General Secretariatfor Research and Technology (GSRT), which takes the lead in designing andimplementing the national policy on R&D. However, since 1999, in responseto the pressure from the European Commission and the local researchcommunity (universities and public research centres) Regional


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Councils began to participate more actively, although withsignificant differences among them, in the design of regional R&Dinterventions within the national policy framework. As the main instrumentsfor funding research policy are the Regional Operational Programmes ofStructural Funds, the involvement of regions in policymaking andimplementation was regulated by the laws, regulations and guidelines of theCommunity Support Frameworks up to 2006, and by the National StrategicDevelopment Plan 2007-2013 (NSDP) for the new programming period. Thisregulatory framework provides for some freedom for the regions to designand implement their own policies within the framework of the NSDP andthe budget l imits negotiated with the Ministry of Economic Development,Competitivness and Shipping. However, this freedom is not defined by lawand therefore government can easi ly assume control depended on thecircumastances and the needs of national policy. For a discussion on theimpact of Structural Funds on R&D policy see section "Impact of StracturalFuands on Research Funding" Although no legal distinction exists among the different policy areasregarding the autonomy of the regions, the regional authori t ies are moreinterested in part icipating in the planning and implementation of policiesthat will have a direct and visible impact, such as urban and ruraldevelopment, building of hard infrastructures (mainly transport) ,employment and human resources policies, while R&D policies constitute arather low priority. Research activity is concentrated in regions with agglomerations of researchcentres and universities. The highest concentration of research is in Attica,which includes the metropolitan area of Athens. For the year 2005 Researchexpenditures in the region amount to 59%[1] of the country’s GERD, which ismuch higher than the region's share in national GDP (48.8%)[1]. Most of theresearch personnel are also concentrated in Attica -55.3% of total researchersin full time equivalents (FTE), which again is much higher than theconcentration in total population - some 35.9% of the total population ofGreece. Central Macedonia ranks second for concentration of researchactivity, with a regional GERD of 18.1% of the national total. Its shows GDP of13.8% of the national total . Two more regions are important in terms of theconcentration of research activities, namely Crete and West Greece. Theformer has the highest ratio of GERD per GDP (0.94%) [1] , which amounts to7.6% of total GERD, while the share of regional GDP in the total is 4.8%.GERD for West Greece, which amounts to 5.7% of the total GERD, and regionalGDP at 4.3% of national GDP.

[1] Eurostat Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Research governance The governance structure is the same for all the regions and all have thesame funding and administrat ive mechanisms. They are governed byRegional Councils appointed by the government. A proposal for a new law


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http://www.hellaskps.gr/en_2007-2013.htm

http://www.hellaskps.gr/en_2007-2013.htm




has been published by the government for public consultat ion. The new lawwill radically change the governance structure of the regions providing moreauthority and resources at the level of the Regions. The Secretary of theRegion will not be appointed by the government anymore but he/she will beelected. The changes in the division of power between the government andthe regions i t is expected to affect research and innovation policy to someextent .

Under the current status Regions do not have their own resources: they aredependent on the government budget and on Structural Funds to fund andimplement their policies, including research. The main funding instrumentsare the Regional Operational Programmes which, until 2006, were part of theGreek Community Support Framework (CSF), and from 2007 to 2015 arecomponents of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF). Both CSFand NSRF are co-financed by the Structural Funds and the Greek government.For the current programming per iod 2007-2013[1] the 13 NUTS 2 regions aregrouped into five Development Regions, which are different from the NUTS 1Regions. Each of the Development Region is supported by its own RegionalOperational Programme. However the decisions are taken at the level of theRegions and the relevant ministries. Despite past efforts under the RITTS and RIS programmes, the regionalauthorit ies have only developed limited capacity and experience in planningand implementing RTD policies, so they rely mainly on the nationalprogrammes and on the support of GSRT. In order to overcome theirshortcomings, GSRT has assumed the responsibili ty to use Regions’ budget inorder to run measures at national level. Beneficiaries of the regionsparticipate in the national calls based on the financial contribution of eachRegion. The new government elected in October 2009 encourages Regions toassume back the control of their money and undertake more responsibi l i ty,as no signif icant progress has been made in the design and implementat ionof the regional research policy for the current programming period. The regional Operational Programmes only provide a broad framework whichis expected to be elaborated further in the near future. Based on the currentdevelopment of their policies, the regions intend to support the following sixpolicy areas:

R&D in research centres;Infrastructure for R&D;Technology transfer and collaboration networks between science and

industry;R&D in SMEs;Investments in companies directly related to R&D and innovation;Other measures for the promotion of R&D.

Two of the 13 regions, namely North Aegean Islands and East Macedonia&Thrace, have no research policy at all. Five, Attica, Central Macedonia,Thessaly, Epirus and Central Greece, support all six policy areas. The othersix regions focus only on some areas.

[1] The period has been extended to 2015.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0


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Regional research policies

Research policies and programmes The regional research policy of the Greek government mainly focuses on the decentralisation of infrastructures,where specific actions are undertaken for the establishment of regional universit ies and research centres.Currently, the most important aspect of the national policy with specific regional orientation is the "regionalinnovation poles", which has been followed by the setting up of new research centres in various regions andresearch centre insti tutes in some of the main cit ies in the regions. In 2006 and 2007, two more insti tutes wereestablished - one in West Greece and one in Thessaly. These institutes will be funded for the first three years byt h e National Strategic Reference Programme (NSRP) and then should be self-sustainable.Due to the managerial complexities imposed by European Regional Development Fund's regulations for the fiveregions in transition (see section Responsibilities at Regional level) , the Greek government has decided that theywill be financed exclusively by the relevant Regional Operational Programmes; no support is expected from thenational thematic Operational Programmes. As a consequence, the Operational Programme "Compet i t iveness andEntrepreneurship", which is the major instrument for the support of R&D at national level, focuses only on eightof the 13 regions. Due to these administrat ive arrangements, part of the budget that would normally go to the"Competit iveness and Entrepreneurship" Operational Programme, now goes to the Regional OperationalProgrammes of the other five regions. In the programming period 2000-2006, a total of €33.5m was spent by the Regional Operational Programmes oninnovation and research measures. Based on provisional data, the total amount allocated directly to the regions,for the period 2007-2015 for R&D measures, amounts to €613.4m, representing 6% of the total budget of theregional Operational Programmes. The R&D and innovation budget allocated by the Operational Programme"Competit iveness and Entrepreneurship" for eight regions, amounts to €312m. Budget allocations by region andpolicy area are presented in the table below. However, due to significant delays in planning is not possible toclearly distinguish between R&D and innovation measures nor to farther elaborate the policy and measures. Thesignificant increase in the regional R&D budget for 2007-2015 compared to 2000-2006, is due to the transfer ofpart of the national budget to some of the Regional Operational Programmes, for the reasons outlined above. Table: R&D Budget by region and policy area for the programming period 2007-2015 - €000

RegionalOperationalProgrammes

Regions

R&DactivitiesinResearchCentres

R&DInfrastructures

Technologytransfer andcollaborationnetworksbetweenscience andindustry

R&DinSMEs

Investmentsin companiesdirectlyrelated toR&D andinnovation

Othermeasuresfor thepromotionof R&D

Total

% ofR&DonTotalROP

Crete andAegeanIslands

Crete 0 8,511 0 0 0 0 8,511 2N. AegeanIslands 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

S. AegeanIslands 0 0 0 0 798 1,995 2,794 1

Attica Attica 8,007 34,698 9,342 38,702 110,769 49,379 250,899 8West Greece, Peloponnesusand IonianIslands

W. Greece 1,828 21,942 5,485 5,485 9,142 43,886 1 0

Peloponnesus 0 2,500 0 0 0 0 2,500 1

Ionian Islands 0 0 0 0 0 4,000 4,000 1

Macedoniaand Thrace

CentralMacedonia 10,000 15,000 50,000 19,000 55,200 35,000 184,200 9

W. Macedonia 2,670 4,000 3,330 4,000 4,000 0 18,000 3E. Macedonia& Thrace 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Thessaly – CentralGreece -

Thessaly2,594 27,302 7,769 3,891 2,594 11,348 55,499 6

Epirus

Epirus Central Greece 2,562 427 2,819 9,823 13,539 13,924 43,097,172 8 Total 27,662 114,383 73,260 80,903 192,387 124,791 613,388 6

Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0


Research policies and programmes

Important policy documents Regional Operational Programme for Macedonia and Thrace 2007-2013 Regional Operational Programme for Attica 2007-2013 Regional Operational Programme for Crete and Aegean Islands 2007-2013 Regional Operational programme for Thessaly, Central Greece and Epirus 2007-2013 Regional Operational programme for West Greece, Peloponnesus and Ionian Islands 2007-2013 Competi t iveness and Entrepreneurship Operat ional Programme 2007-2013.

The Regional Operational Programmes can be found (Greek version) at the following website: h t tp : / /www.he l laskps .gr /2007-2013 .h tmht tp : / /www.he l laskps .gr /2007-2013 .h tm

Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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http://www.espa.gr/Greek/Default.aspx





http://www.hellaskps.gr/2007-2013.htm

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Regional research policies

Additional information Throughout the period 2003-2005 the regions with the most significant R&Dactivity, in absolute numbers, concerning GERD per inhabitant are theregions of Attica, Crete, Dytiki Ellada, Central Macedonia and Ipeiros. Table 1: Distribution of GERD to the Greek Regions per inhabitant(thousands euros) Regions 2003 2005 Growth RateAnatoliki Makedonia, Thraki 0.046 0.042 -4.3%Central Macedonia 0.079 0.083 2.5%Dytiki Makedonia 0.028 0.016 -21%Thessalia 0.036 0.040 5.5%Ipeiros 0.071 0.086 10.5%Ionia Nisia 0.013 0.022 34.6%Dytiki Ellada 0.086 0.090 2.3%Sterea Ellada 0.011 0.030 86%Peloponnisos 0.015 0.041 86%Attica 0.14 0.17 10.7%Voreio Aigaio 0.047 0.061 14.8%Notio Aigaio 0.017 0.025 23.5%Crete 0.12 0.14 8.3%Greece 0.088 0 1 6.8%

Source: Eurostat 2007, Logotech’s calculations. & nbsp; Taking into account GERD as a percentage of regional GDP, the same regionswith slight differences are in the top 5, with the following ranking: Crete, Dytiki Ellada, Attica, Ipeiros and Central Macedonia. Apart from the latter,the first four regions, are above the percentage of Greece as a whole (0.59%).Table 2: GERD as a percentage of regional GDP, 2005 (%)

BERD HERD GOVERD Non Profit GERDGreece 0.18 0.28 0.12 0.01 0.59Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki 0.03 0.29 0.04 0.00 035Central Macedonia 0.13 0.35 0.09 0.01 0.58Dytiki Makedonia 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.12Thessalia 0.01 0.27 0.02 0.00 0.3Ipeiros 0.00 0.62 0.03 0.00 0.65Ionia Nisia 0.00 0.14 0.01 0.00 0.16Dytiki Ellada 0.21 0.51 0.06 0.00 0.77Sterea Ellada 0.14 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.17Peloponnisos 0.00 0.26 0.02 0.00 0.29Attica 0.29 0.25 0.16 0.01 0.71Voreio Aigaio 0.01 0.46 0.02 0.00 0.48Notio Aigaio 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.14Crete 0.08 0.44 0.41 0.00 0.93

Source: General Secretariat for Research and Technology In 2 0 0 5, the national business enterprise sector per inhabitant was €0.032k .The most important industry R&D investments were in the region of Atticawith €0.069k. In the second and third place are the regions of Sterea Ellada


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a n d Dytiki Ellada with €0.024k and the region Central Macedonia i sfollowing with €0.018k per capita. Table 3: Regional BERD per inhabitant, 2003Region (NUTS 2) Thousands euros per inhabitantAttica 0.069Central Macedonia 0.018Crete 0.012Dytiki Ellada 0.024Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki 0.003Ipeiros 0.0003Thessalia 0.001Peloponnisos 0.0002Sterea Ellada 0.024Voreio Aigaio 0.000Dytiki Makedonia 0.000Notio Aigaio 0.002Ionia Nisia 0.000Greece 0.032

Source: General Secretariat of Research and Technology, Logotech’s calculations Table 4: Regional BERD as a percentage of regional GDP, 2005Region %Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki 0.03Central Macedonia 0.13Dytiki Makedonia 0.00Thessalia 0.01Ipeiros 0.00Ionia Nisia 0.00Dytiki Ellada 0.21Sterea Ellada 0.14Peloponnisos 0.00Attica 0.29Voreio Aigaio 0.01Notio Aigaio 0.01Crete 0.12Greece 0.93

Source: General Secretariat of Research and TechnologyAs a percentage of GDP, the above ranking takes the following order: Atticaremains in the first place with 0.29%, above the region of Dytiki Ellada whichis in the second place with 0.21%. The regions of Stera Ellada, CentralMacedonia and Crete are following with 0.14%, 0.13% and 0.12% relatively. At EU-27 level, the percentage of R&D personnel reached 1.2% of totalemployment in 2007, For 2005, Attica region’s share, accounted for morethan half of the total national R&D personnel.Table 5: Total R&D personnel by sectors of performance (employment)–Full Time Equivalent

2005 2006 2007EU 27 2,186,890 2,280,843 2,359,470


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Greece 33,603 35,140 35,629Attica region 18,583 - - - -

Source: EurostatCalculating R&D personnel by type of performer for the same year, Attica i sestablishing its dominant position with 50%. The next regions to follow are Central MacedoniaCentral Macedonia with 17%, Dytiki Ellada (7,1%), Thessalia (4.4%), AnatolikiMakedonia, Thraki and Ipeiros with 3.4%Table 6: R&D Personnel in the Greek Regions by type of performer – HeadCount 2005

BERD GOVERD HERD PNP GERDRSE Total RSE Total RSE Total RSE Total RSE TotalGreece 6,357 12,896 2,916 7,861 23,984 40,486 139 211 33,396 61,454AnatolikiMakedonia,Thraki

7 8 185 6 8 193 1,170 2,025 1,316 2,403

CentralMacedonia

819 2,018 255 842 5,488 9,193 1 5 2 6 6,577 12,079

DytikiMakedonia

7 2 4 2 1 7 0 192 295 220 389

Thessalia 5 7 9 3 4 8 182 1,016 1,601 1,121 1,876Ipeiros 4 1 4 1 7 5 5 1,470 2,697 1,491 2,766Ionia Nisia 3 5 1 8 7 9 196 298 217 382Dytiki Ellada 240 466 197 374 1,604 2,636 2,041 3,476Sterea Ellada 234 450 5 3 211 7 5 163 362 824Peloponnisos 6 6 8 3 372 598 969 1 1 0 688 1,357Attica 4,572 9,231 1,740 4,073 9,891 16,777 123 175 16,506 30,256VoreioAigaio

3 6 7 2 424 619 465 798

Notio Aigaio 2 5 4 4 6 4 287 202 313 291 644Crete 126 353 317 951 1,658 2,900 2,101 4,204

Note: RSE stands for ResearchersSource: General Secretariat for Research and Technology The statist ics of patent applications per capita in Greek regions for the sameperiod indicate that the innovative leader is the region of Attica. Companies,universi t ies , and research inst i tutes applied for more than 7 patentsper million inhabitants in 2006. All other regions are below national patentapplication average of 6.9 applications accept for Kentriki Makedonia nadAttiki regions. Attiki region is in the second position with 7.2. KentrikiMakedonia, Kriti and Notio Aigaio are following due to the presence ofimportant technological and research inst i tutes.Table 7: Patent applications to the EPO by priority year at the regionallevel per million of inhabitants 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Greece 6.184 6.64 8.92 9.92 6.19 6.6 9.90 6.93Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki 2.47 1.65 Kentriki Makedonia 7.19 5.94 5.53 3.96 5.04 4.80 5.34 9.63Dytiki Makedonia 4.10 3.91 6.79 Thessalia 2.86 1.56 5.99 6.04 7.50 1.6Ipeiros 1.42 6.93 1.23 3.41 0.585 2.90Ionia Nisia 5.34 4.58


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Dytiki Ellada 3.61 8.16 5.03 6.10 3.43 2.05 4.10 3.12Sterea Ellada 4.87 7.54 2.06 2.68 1.20 Peloponnisos 3.99 4.35 4.06 0.50 3.84 3.34 3.35Attiki 10.88 12.34 17.65 18.60 11.79 10.60 12.48 7.26Notio Aigaio 6.00 3.91 4.02 1.65 3.30 6.58Kriti 7.23 5.34 8.34 18.37 4.82 6.38 7.37 6.64

Source: Eurostat 2007Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0


Additional information

Region 1 The second largest region, by population criteria, Central Macedonia housestwo universities, one technological college, one multidisciplinary researchcentre, an agricultural R&D centre, a Technical Museum and a few public andprivate incubators.

The Region will spend approximately €184m, representing 9% of its ROP, forthe support of innovation and research. The bulk of funding ofapproximately €55m will be directed for the support of research andinnovation activities in companies. An additional amount of €19m will bedirected to SMEs for research projects. The second higher amount ofapproximately €50m will be directed to technology transfer and collaborationnetworks measures. Support for the development of infrastructures inregion's universit ies and research centres will amount to €15m while region'sresearch centres will receive approximately €10m for research projects. The above funding will be delivered mainly through two integrated measuresthat of the Thessaloniki Innovation Zone and the Innovation Pole running inthe Region.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Region 2 This is the region with the highest research intensity in the country (percapita spending on R&D) due to the universit ies and research centres housedin three different ci t ies on the northern coast . One multi-disciplinaryuniversity is sited in Herakleion (sciences, medicine) and Rethymno (socialsciences, humanities) and one Technical University is sited in Chania (createdin the 1970s). The Technological College (polytechnic) is sited in Herakleion.The agricultural research facilities of NAGREF are based mainly in Chaniaand Herakleion, with outstat ions spread on the island. Herakleion houses oneof the largest research centres in the country, the Foundation for Researchand Technology Hellas (FORTH), established in the 1980s in order tocomplement the academic research and increase opportuni t ies of someacademics to develop advanced research in new topics. The four insti tutes ofHerakleion are working on molecular biology and biotechnology,computat ional mathematics , mater ia ls s t ructure and lasers and computer


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science (software development). One institute in Rethymno is focusing on“Mediterranean studies”. Two more insti tutes of the Foundation are basedoutside Crete. The Foundation also manages a S&T Park, in Herakleion and isthe home origin for one of the most important Internet providing companiesof Greece. Other spin-off firms (laser applications in medicine, production ofproteins) are developed with the financial assistance of foreign venturecapital firms. Geographical isolation and lack of local demand for newknowledge are the main threats to the Foundation.Herakleion houses also two insti tutes of marine biology of the Centre forMarine Research and a new aquarium. The centre manages importantaquaculture research facilities in Herakleion. The Mediterranean AgriculturalInsti tute is si ted in Chania, which provides for training and experimentationon farming of Mediterranean cultures to students from all countries of thebasin.Due to past diff icult ies to design and implement research strategies theRegional Operational Programme for Crete and Aegean Islands includes onlyan amount of €8m for the support of research infrastructures in theuniversities and FORTH while the main support for research will come fromthe nat ional research programmes. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Region 3 The Region of Western Greece houses one multi-disciplinary university (alldisciplines except humanities) in Patras, two technological colleges (Patra andMessologhi) and a few research units: an insti tute on computer technology,an insti tute on high temperature chemistry (Patras) and an aquaculture R&Dsemi-public company (near Messologhi). The area of Patras has sufferedfrom strong de-industr ial isat ion in the last decades and has lost animportant part of i ts productive capacity. A total amount of €48m will be spent to research and innovation by theOperational Programme until 2015. An amount of €22m will be directed tofurther development and update of the local research infrastructure. Theexisting regional Innovati on Pole will be supported mainly by nationalsupport measures funded by the Operat ional Programme "Competi t ivenessand Entrepreneurship". Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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GREECE - Organisations

Title of organisation Shortname National Technical University of Athens N.T.U.A National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" NCSR "D" Centre for Research and Technology Hellas CERTH National Agricultural Research Foundation N.AG.RE.F National Council for Research & Technology NCRT Foundation for Research & Technology- Hellas FORTH General Secretariat for Research and Technology G S R T ( )

Overview of structure

Organogram

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Overview of structure

Brief description of the structure of the research system At the political level Greek government and the Parliament with i ts advisorybody National Council for Science and Technology are the main actors.Coordination at government level is weak so policy making is mainlyimplemented at the operational level. At the operational level a significant change has been implemented after the


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elections in October 2009. The General Secretariat for Research andTechnology (GSRT) of the Ministry of Development, which is the mainresearch policy maker and funder of research since the early 1980s, movedto the Ministry of Education, Lifelong Learning and Religion. Thus allresponsibil i t ies for planning and funding research have been concentrated inone ministry. The Ministry of Development has been merged with Ministry ofShipping creating the Ministry of Economic Development, Competitivenessand Shipping. The new ministry undertook some of the responsibil i t ies ofthe former Ministry of Economy and Finance including the managementof the National Strategic Reference Framework which is the main fundingsource for research and innovation.

Most public research centres are supervised by GSRT. The main advisorybody on research, the National Council for Research and Technology, isattached to GSRT and contributes to sett ing priorit ies for research funding.In addition to the funding distributed by GSRT, the Ministry of Educationcontributes to R&D funding through the general university funds (GUFs). The Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of Defence also providesome funding for research. The role of the Regional Councils as funders has increased, due to the factthat an increasing amount of public funding (Structural Funds and nationalmoney) is now distributed through the Regional Operational Programmes.However, the councils have no involvement in RTDI policy making. Theirbudgets and management authori ty have been rel inquished to GSRT in orderto finance i ts own national research measures with the obligation to allocatea specific amount per region. The main research performers are the universi t ies and their researchinstitutes, with only marginal participation by the TEIs. The private sectorand the public research centres supervised by the various Ministries, themain one being the Ministry of Education, are also involved in some researchactivity. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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Public Private Collaboration

Overview The research organisat ions stem from different periods of the Greekeconomic history, and bear different cultures and internal dynamics. Amongthe RTD centres the older breed (established before 1975) has been conceivedas a “public service”, addressing to a great extend issues of environmentalstudy and protection, social and socio-economic development, health,security and the l ike. The new breed, established after 1980, aimed atrationalising the public research, dominated by the universit ies, andaccelerating the pace for bringing closer the Greek public research to the EUaverage. The common legal framework for operating these centres and thecommon rules for project funding have contr ibuted to reduce the gap of thetwo generations, but not always in favour of the younger. A document issuedin early 2004 raises questions on the future role of the centres, in relation tothe universities and to the private business services [1].Some major reforms took place in both the universi ty and public researchsystems in the early 1980s. These reforms accompanied the rapid increase ofthe number of universi t ies and universi ty departments and of the number ofs tuden t s .Since then several amendments have been introduced in the basic legislationregulating the external occupations of the professors, salary level etc. The legislators continued with the reform of the legislative framework of thepublic research centres, which gave birth to most of the modern researchcentres operat ing nearby the universi t ies and employing some of the mostactive academic staff in externally funded projects. These research centreshave outgrown considerably and occupy new facili t ies. New such institutionis created, most recently in the Region of Thessaly. The legislation for theresearch centres normalised the condit ions for hir ing and promotingresearch staff and executive officers in 1985 upon the university model.The directors of the centres are also presidents of the administrat ive boardof the centre, on which participate all the directors of research insti tutes ofthe centre and usually one representative of the supervising authority.A limited reform of the research legislation in 2001 enriched the criteria forthe promotion and reward of researchers with capabil i t ies to disseminateand exploit the results . The existed legal framework has been under scrutinyby the National Council for Research and Technologyindex.cfm, whichproposed new insti tutions to the Ministries of Development and Education,for better coordination of research. The main concern of scientists seems tobe the availability of funds for basic research and the political recognition ofthe importance of research for the society. Some restrictions have beenintroduced by recent legislation to the conditions for creating spin offs byuniversi ty professors. [1] GSRT (2003), Towards the Knowledge Economy.Last update date: 0 1 / 0 2 / 2 0 0 8


Public Private Collaboration


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Relation between public and private actors The small s ize and the tradit ional orientat ion of the productive sector doesnot create a dynamic market both for the educat ional and research output ofthe universit ies and of the research centres, . The fragmentation of theresearch units on the other s ide does not create condit ions for impact on theeconomic and social development. Nevertheless, the statistics give a differentpicture, that derives from the mult iple islands of research units thatcooperate systematically or occasionally with local or internationalcompanies and increase their resources from extra-budgetary sources. Thepercentage of HERD financed by industry in 2003 was 6.1% in OECD, 6.5% inEU25 and 7.5% in Greece. The percentage of GOVERD financed by industry in2003 was 2.7% in OECD, 5.8% in EU25 and 1.7% in Greece. [1]The policy of the Ministry of Education impacts only indirectly the researchactivities of the universities and technological colleges, by the creation of newdepar tments and graduate programmes and the nominat ion of newprofessors . The whole system operates “bottom-up”, so the orientat ion ofresearch act ivi t ies depends on the personal s trategies of the professors andthe leverage effect of various project-funding schemes of the GeneralSecretariat for Research and Technology, the EU, the industry or otherministr ies.The GSRT manages a set of schemes that encourage:

the cooperation between academia and industry in specific RTDprojects, but also in long term contract for the provision of knowledgeintensive services by the former to the latter

the growth of RTD activities inside industry, which will openopportunit ies for cooperat ion with the academia

the movement of some academics from their universi ty environment tothe market place in order to exploit their knowledge through spin offs.

The legal framework provides also for special support to private investmentson the development of research laboratories or similar facili t ies. This is a setof schemes encouraging the modernisat ion of the industr ial sector in thecountry and the growth of the software industry but has not provensatisfactory in attracting foreign direct investment. At the tax policy level, theMEF has offered accelerated amortisation for investment in RTD equipment(1987) and a tax deduction for RTD expenditures (2002) in order to inducemore “creative” strategies in firms.In 2003 a “National Competitiveness Council (http://www.esaa.gr/)” wascreated formally to promote competi t iveness and development. I t is chairedby the Minister of Development and composed of the highest officials invarious departments of the Ministry and representat ives of the mainemployers associat ions and the trade unions. One of the issues fordiscussion might be innovation and research,. A supporting unit will beestablished in the Special Secretariat for Competitiveness. At present, theCouncil is supported by a joint “bureau” composed by representatives of theMinistry, theEmployers Associations and the Trade Unions, which prepares consensusbuilding.


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[1] OECD, Main science and technology indicators, 2005Last update date: 0 1 / 0 2 / 2 0 0 8



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Main Research policy making mechanisms

Policy making and coordination The governance structure is the same for all the regions and all have thesame funding and administrat ive mechanisms. They are governedby Regional Councils appointed by the national government. Regions do not have their own resources: they are dependent on thegovernment budget and on Structural Funds to fund and implement theirpolicies, including research.The main funding instruments are the RegionalOperational Programmes which, until 2006, were part of the GreekCommunity Support Framework (CSF), and from 2007 to 2013 arecomponents of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF). Both CSFand NSRF are co-financed by the Structural Funds and the Greek government.For the current programming period 2007-2013, the 4th Technical Guidance,issued by the Ministry of Economy, defines that for the planning andimplementation of regional policies the 13 NUTS 2 regions are grouped intofive Development Regions, which are different from the NUTS 1 Regions.Each of the Development Region is supported by its own RegionalOperational Programme. Each Regional Operational Programme is managed by the NationalCoordination Authority, while at the level of the NUTS 2 regions anIntermediate Managing Authority is established under the authority of theGeneral Secretary of the Regional Council. The monitoring of theimplementation of each Operational Programme is the responsibil i ty of theMonitoring Committee which is chaired, in rotation, by the General Secretariesof the corresponding NUTS 2 regions. So, major policy decisions are taken atthe level of the new Development Regions, while management is implementedat the level of the NUTS 2 regions. Regional or Local Development Companiesowned by the Regional Council, municipalities or other local authorities havethe r ight to undertake the administrat ion of specif ic measures. Despite past efforts under the RITTS and RIS programmes, the regionalauthorit ies have only developed limited capacity and experience in planningand implementing RTD policies, so they rely mainly on the nationalprogrammes and on the support of GSRT. In order to overcome theirshortcomings, during the previous programming period, the regionsidentif ied the most appropriate GSRT national measures for their needs andcooperated with GSRT to transfer them at regional level. The GSRT organisedthe call for proposals and the appraisal , while the regions financed them.Although organisat ion of the implementat ion of the Operat ional Programmesfor the current programming period is st i l l under way, i t is expected thatmost regions will follow past practices and rely on GSRT for planning andimplementing R&D measures. This has been assumed in the new regulationsof the NSRF. Regions are allowed and encouraged by government to finance all possiblemeasures within the country’s policy mix context. However, they have nopower to influence developments in universit ies, which are the responsibili tyof the Ministry of Education, or the research centres, which are supervised bythe GSRT and other ministries. They can only finance investments requestedby the universities or the research centres. The regional research policy forthe current programming period is st i l l under development. The regional


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Operational Programmes only provide a broad framework which is expectedto be elaborated further in the near future. Based on the current developmentof their policies, the regions intend to support the following six policy areas:

R&D in research centres; Infrastructure for R&D; Technology transfer and collaboration networks between science and

industry; R&D in SMEs; Investments in companies directly related to R&D and innovation; Other measures for the promotion of R&D.

Two of the 13 regions, namely North Aegean Islands and East Macedonia&Thrace, have no research policy at all. Five, Attica, Central Macedonia,Thessaly, Epirus and Central Greece, support all six policy areas. The othersix regions focus only on some areas.Last update date: 1 0 / 0 3 / 2 0 0 8


Policy making and coordination

Government policy making and coordination Explicit responsibility for research policy rests with the General Secretariatfor Research and Technology (GSRT) of the Ministry of Education, LifelongLearning and Religion. The GSRT funds and defines the terms ofoperation for a series of research centres constituting approximately 20% ofthe national effort. It selects and funds R&D projects for these R&D centresand for the universi t ies and industry, based on a mult i -annual programmeco-funded by the Structural Funds. In addition, Ministry of Educationprovides universit ies with “general funds” and provides additionalcompetit ive funding for academic research.

The third most important funder of R&D in the country is the EU, throughthe Framework Programmes and the Structural Funds.Coordination of the knowledge triangle policies is high in the agenda of thegovernment. The first step was the transfer of GSRT from the formerMinistry of Development to the Ministry of Education. In addition a new lawfor the governance of the research system and the reorganisat ion of theNational Council for Research and Technology is under preparation[1].

[1] Stabil i ty and Development Programme 2010-2013Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Science Policy Advice The formal body for providing scientific advice to the government is the National Council for Research and Technology (NCRT). It is currently headedby an academic and includes other universi ty professors, researchers fromthe government research sector and representat ives from industry. Thecouncil has an insti tutional role in selecting the directors of the research


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http://www.ypepth.gr/en_ec_home.htm


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insti tutes and centres and proposing priori t ies for public research. .

NCRT provides advice as a response to formal requests from the GeneralSecretariat for Research and Technology. NCRT has contributed to theformulation of the official position of the Greek Government for the 7thFramework Programme and to the sett ing of research priori t ies. Furthermore,i t provides advice regarding the establishment of new research centres. Theiradvice papers are produced by its Sectoral Scientific Councils and arepublished in i ts web site h t tp : / / e se t . ce r th .g r / which is currently only in Greek.The government announced in February 2010 that NCRT will be reorganisedand its role will be redefined[1]

All responsible ministries and public agencies use ad hoc scientific andtechnical advice from individual national or international experts andcommittees. This advice is mainly used to evaluate proposals and the finalreports of R&D projects, assess the performance of research insti tutes andprepare concerted act ions and research programmes for funding.

[1] Stabil i ty and Development Programme 2010-2013Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Actors in policy implementation In the current governance structure there are no other actors apart f romthose described in sections "Government policy making" and "Science policyadvice". The implementation of the research policy is responsibility of theGeneral Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) which providescompetitive research funding. In addition Ministry of Education fundsacademic research. After the acquisition of GSRT, Ministry of Educationhas accumulated all responsibil i t ies for policy implementation.Efforts made in the past to encourage Regions to undertake someresponsibili ty had no result . The reforms of the regions' governance which isunderway, increases the autonomy of regions and transfer responsibil i t iesform the government. Therefore, in the future, regions could play a moreactive role in the implementation of research an innovation policy.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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http://eset.certh.gr/






Tools for policy advice Public consultation for policy making issues increased in the 1990s now iswidely used for most significant policy decisions, for example, theconsultat ions for the preparat ion of new laws, designm of new supportmeasures or the selection of research priorit ies. In some cases representatives of industry are invited by the policy makerswithin the GSRT to join working groups for programme preparation. The first foresight exercise was implemented by contractors selected after apublic call for expression of interest. For each sector of policy, onecontractor or consort ium was set up. The majori ty of these contractors wereconsult ing companies cooperating with university professors. The second foresight exercise covered a very large spectrum of areas and wasundertaken, after a public bid, by a consortium composed of three universi tyunits and two consult ing f irms. The consort ium set up some 13 workinggroups, covering 13 areas. An international consultative committee was alsoset up to advice the consortium on methodology and techniques. Severalevents have been organised to disseminate the conclusions of theprogramme. The results of the foresight exercise have been partially used forthe development of the new research priori t ies. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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Role of Evaluation Ex-post evaluat ion of programmes and funding schemes was introduced inthe late 1980s by the General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT)on an ad hoc basis. The evaluators were usually selected after public bids.The f i rs t ex-post evaluat ions were addressed to the programme for theadvancement of industrial research and the concerted R&D actions forearthquakes and waste management. Since 1997, ex-post evaluat ions haveonly been implemented for three research programmes and for one spin-offcreation programme. An evaluation of the performance of the GeneralSecretariat for Research and Technology was implemented in 2000. After the integration of systematic evaluation into the operationalprogrammes, there is a formal ex-ante and on-going evaluat ion for the wholeoperational programme as part of the measures supporting R&D. However,these evaluations are tai lored to the needs of the Structural Fundsmanagement needs and not to the specific needs of R&D policy making. Theiremphasis is on outputs and the absorpt ion of funding from Structural Funds.At the ex-ante level, the evaluation aims to provide evidence about therelevance of the scheme to the programme's objectives, to the feasibili ty ofthe act ions and the appropriateness of specif ic object ives and the budgetallocated. The on-going evaluation focuses on how the budget should beallocated.The new government elected in October 2010 promotes the ideas ofaccountabil i ty, assessment and transparency across the public sector. Withinthis context the assessment of the main support measures is underprepara t ion .The public research centres supervised by GSRT are evaluated systematically,usually every four years. It is expected that the evaluation process will berevised and a new evaluation exercise will be implemented within 2010.Systematic evaluation of Higher Education Institutes started in 2008.Evaluations of the academic unities of Universities and TEIs are performedevery four years. Until March 2010 only few units had completed theirevaluation. More details on HEIs’ evaluations can be found in the section on HEIsHEIs. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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Overview of funding f lows

Funding Flow diagram

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Overview of funding f lows

Brief description of funding flows The most important funder of research activity in the country is government,government, which provides approximately 47% (€540m in 2005) of nationalresearch funding (€1,154m in 2005) It should be noted that Greekgovernment and Eurostat publish the Structural Funds funding under theheading of funding from abroad. The funding system does not includeintermediary organisations for the allocation of funds. The GeneralSecretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) of the Ministry of Educationdirectly funds insti tut ions and projects from the “ordinary” and “investment”budgets. In addit ion other units of the ministry provide competi t ive fundingonly for academic research. Limited funding to private firms is provided bythe Ministry of Economic Development, Competitiveness and Shipping in theform of subsidies to investors in research laboratories and similar facili t ies. The majority of this money goes to the Higher Education Sector, whichreceives €359m representing 66% of its R&D expenditures. Thegovernment’s contribution is channelled through the direct governmentbudget and most importantly, through the general university funds (GUFs)(71.1% of the total government funding which is allocated to universities in2005). It should be noted that GUFs represent almost half of the total public


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funding of research in the country (47%). Higher Education Sector is the mostimportant research performer representing 47% of GERD ( €548m). Aboutone fif th of the research expenditure of this lat ter sector is f inanced fromabroad .The R&D expenditures of the Public Research Sector represent 20% GERD. Itsmajor funding source is government, funding 68% of R&D expenditures.The second largest funding source is the Business Enterprise Sector, whichcontributes approximately 31% (€358m) of national research funding. Asa performer, the enterpr ise sector spends an equal amount of €357m.The main source of foreign funding in Greece is the European Commission.Specifically, almost half of the European Commission’s funding comes in theform of f inancing for research projects implemented within the FrameworkProgrammes for Research, the rest coming from Structural Funds’interventions in the field of research. In 2005, the European Commission(including both Structural Funds and the 6th Framework Programme)financed 18% (€202m) of the research expenditures of public researchcentres and universit ies. Fore more details on the impact of Structural Fundsand EU Framework programmes on research policy see sections 4.4 and 4.5respectively.While the European Commission contributes substantially to thenational research funding, foreign enterprises contributed only some 0.7%(€8.1m) of the total funding in 2005. The private non-profit sector’s contribution is insignificant, in terms of bothresearch funding capacity and research performance. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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National public research funding

Overview The public funding of research and development (R&D) in Greece isapproximately 70% of the gross expenditure on R&D (GERD). The totalgovernment budget appropriations or outlays for R&D (GBAORD wasincreasing between 2004 and 2007 with an annual average rate of 6.9%. Thegrowth was constantly declining from 14.5% in 2005 to -1.8% in 2007. Institutional funding is provided by the Ministry of Education LifelongLearning and Religion to higher education inst i tut ions and by the GeneralSecretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) to most of the publicresearch centres through the annual budget funding, which mainly goes tosalaries for permanent staff and other running costs. After the move of GSRTto the Ministry of education in October 2010, insti tutional funding for bothHEIs and public research centres comes from the same ministry. Insti tutional funding constitutes the bulk of funding representing 60.6% ofGBAORD in 2006, while institutional funding to universities represents 56%of HERD in 2006 and 52% in 2007.Targeted or thematic funding const i tutes the second main mode,representing approximately 23% of GBAORD, and is provided by the GSRT inthe form of R&D programmes focusing on a predefined set of technologicalareas. I t is expected that in the new programming period 2007-2013 this partof public funding will increased at the expense of the non-targeted projectbased funding. However, the existing data does not allow for conclusionsyet. Non-targeted project-based funding represents approximately 17% ofGBAORD and is mainly directed to basic research projects or, to a lesserextent , to investments in infrastructures. Both targeted and non-targeted research funding comes from theCommunity Support Framework and the National Strategic ReferenceFramework which is co-funded by the Structural Funds. The table below shows the importance of the various sources of funding bytheir shares in GBAORD from 1999 to 2006. The Ministry of Education is themost important source of funding mainly due to the general universi ty funds(GUFs), followed by the GSRT. Other ministries play a limited role in R&Dfunding. After the acquisition of GSRT in October 2009, Ministry of Educationremains the only important funding source for research. Allocation of government appropriations on R&D by Ministry (%)

Ministries 1999 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Ministry of Education 5 4 6 5 6 1 5 9 5 7 5 3

Ministry of Development (GSRT) 3 5 2 5 2 9 3 4 3 6 4 1

Ministry of Agriculture 7 7 7 4 4 5

Ministry of Defense 1 1 1 1 1 0


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Ministry of Economy & Finance 1 1 1 1 1 0

Ministry of Culture 1 1 1 1 1 1

Other Ministries 1 0 1 0 0 0

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Source: GSRT. Data for 2006 has been estimated by Logotech based onGSRT’s row data. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Institutional Support The largest part of the public funding on R&D is channelled to universitiesand research centres in the form of block grants. Unti l 2009 the mostimportant budgetary sources are the Ministr ies of Education a n dDevelopment (the GSRT). Since October 2009 Ministry of Education is theonly important source of funding. Overall inst i tut ional funding represented60.6% of the government budget appropriations on R&D (GBAORD) in 2006. Direct funding to universities through the general university funds (GUFs), bythe Ministry of Education, represented 51.7% of HERD and 50.7% of GBAORDin 2007. The former remained close to the average of 52% for the period2004-2007 while the latter increased compared to the average of 46.5% forthe same period. The observed fluctuations of the contribution ofinstitutional funding to HERD is more an effect of the programming cycle,than a change in the funding policy in favour of the insti tutional funding.Changes in institutional funding in the long term, follow mainly inflation andthe expansion of the university and public research sectors.

The insti tutional public funding for the public research centres, mainly byGSRT, represented 20.68% of the government sector’s research expenditures(GOVERD) and 7.7% of GBAORD in 2006 (the latest available year).

For the same year, the Ministry of Rural Development and Food (Agriculture)provided some insti tutional funding to four research centres (4.7% ofGBAORD), funding of intramural research by Ministry of Culture was muchlower amounting to 0.6% of GBAORD, while the Ministry of Defence providedlimited funding (0.1% of GBAORD) to a small network of laboratories. Thisfunding covered a percentage of the operational costs of the relevantresearch centres. GSRT provides additional institutional funding to the research centres withinits responsibil i ty, according to evaluations that are conducted every fouryears. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Project-based funding


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The only channel for project based funding for the current programmingperiod 2007-2013 is the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)which is co-financed by Structural Funds. For an overview of the role ofStructural Funds in funding research see also the section 'Impact ofStructural Funds on Research Funding.Tradit ionally, the main instrument for project funding is the researchprogrammes which are at tached to Operational Programmes. Only recently,funding through integrated initiatives gains ground. More specifically theinstruments for project funding are the following:'Bottom-up' -'free-funding' projectsFunding to individual researchers or research teams, on the basis of theirscientific excellence within the context of all year around open competition,is not provided in Greece.Research programmesThis is the main instrument for funding projects . Two are the main sourcesfor funding of these types of instruments:

the Operational Programme 'Education and Life Long Learning' of theMinistry of Education, Lifelong Learning and Religion which is going toprovide approximately €380m for funding of academic research inuniversities, Technical Educational Institutions and Public ResearchCentres through f ive research programmes for the per iod 2009-2013[1]. Among those programmes Heraclitus II funding PhDs, Thalesfunding research networks, and Archimedes III focusing on TEIs havebeen launched while the others are st i l l in a preparatory phase.

t h e Operat ional Programme 'Competi t iveness and Entrepreneurship ' o fthe Ministry of Economic Development, Competitiveness and Shipping,and five Regional Operational Programmes will fund a portfolio ofresearch programmes including: public-private collaborative research inpriori ty areas; voucher type funding for industrial research anddevelopment; bilateral and multi lateral research agreements,part icipation in research performed in European and internationalresearch organisat ions.

Integrated InitiativesFunding of research projects through integrated ini t iat ives started at the endof the last programming period with the Innovation Poles. In the currentprogramming period, this channel of funding became important as newinitiatives will be added to the existing Innovation Poles such as: NationalThematic Poles of Research and Development; thematic networks ofadvanced research; the Innovation Zone in Thessaloniki; research fundingwithin the Microelectronics Cluster "Corallia"; and the creation of researchbased clusters. These instruments will be funded by the Operat ionalProgramme 'Competi t iveness and Entrepreneurship ' of the Ministry ofDevelopment, and five Regional Operational Programmes. However, untilMarch 2010 only the Cluster Corallia had been funded.

[1] Logotech (2008), Planning of measures for the funding of basic and appliedresearch and the attracting of high quality researchers from abroad, Ministryof Education, November.


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http://kmi.erawatch-network.eu/KMI/fckeditor/editor/index.cfm?fuseaction=policy.document&uuid=6C22F3B3-A291-4F5B-991E47C28F7606E1

http://kmi.erawatch-network.eu/KMI/fckeditor/editor/index.cfm?fuseaction=prog.document&uuid=99F238E9-F2DD-FC02-77B5CD229E6C9D9C

http://kmi.erawatch-network.eu/KMI/fckeditor/editor/index.cfm?fuseaction=prog.document&uuid=491F69E1-CDF4-5E1E-AB79E15F32BA03F9

http://kmi.erawatch-network.eu/KMI/fckeditor/editor/index.cfm?fuseaction=prog.document&uuid=6B747B4D-B33A-F2E8-682650CE3F069C4C

http://kmi.erawatch-network.eu/KMI/fckeditor/editor/index.cfm?fuseaction=policy.document&uuid=B7CD28BC-E4D2-B949-1BC41F0BBEE6B376



http://kmi.erawatch-network.eu/KMI/fckeditor/editor/index.cfm?fuseaction=prog.document&uuid=-9435

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Other modes of funding No other funding mechanisms exist .Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Targeted or Thematic Funding In the current programming per iod 2007-2013[1] there is a s trongertendency, compared to the previous period, for directing a higher share ofresearch funding towards specific research priori t ies which can be found inthe section "Thematic Priorities" of the Country Profile. According to theOperational Programme "Competi t iveness and Entrepreneurship" the maincharacterist ic of the supported measures is that they focus on specif icthematic priority areas. However no budget allocation to the specific researchareas has been decided. The allocation will be defined bottom up based onthe demand. Two are the main types of instruments with thematic orientation. The firsttype includes research programmes target ing the private sector orpublic-private research collaborations. Until March 2010 three suchprogrammes had been launched of a total amount of €111.1m represent ing8.5% of the total budget which will be directed to research and innovationuntil 2015. More specifically the measures are the following:

Collaboration: The programme support research projects of medium tolarge size implemented by research networks of private companies andpublic research organisat ions. The budget of the programme amountsto €76.1m.

Support groups of SMEs for R&D: I t supports research projectsimplemented by groups of SMEs collaborated with public researchorganisations, technology transfer organisations and technologysuppl iers . The budget of the programme amounts to €23.7m

Support new businesses for R&D: The programme finance small tomedium research projects implemented by new companies supported bypublic research organisations working as subcontractors. The budget ofthe programme is €11,3m

The second type of measures is integrated init iat ives supporting a widespectrum of activi t ies from research to technology transfer and innovationdevelopment. These initiatives have technological or sectoral orientation.Measures included in this type are the Innovation Zone of Thessaloniki, theexisting regional innovation poles, national thematic poles of research anddevelopment and clusters. However, until March 2010 only the ClusterCorallia had been launched with a budget of €33m. n addit ion to the above, some ministr ies provide marginal funding forresearch in specific thematic areas. Funding of agricultural research by the


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Ministry of Agriculture represented approximately 4.7% of GBAORD in 2006,while Ministry of Culture finance archaeological research amounting to 0.6%of GBAORD (data for 2006).

[1] The period has been extended to 2015.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Role of European and international funding European funds cover approximately 18% of GERD in Greece (data for 2005),half of which is from Structural Funds (for more details on the impact ofStructural Funds and the EU Framework Programmes see sections "Impact ofEU Structural Funds" and Impact of EU Framework programmes"respectively). These funds flow through the chanel of project funding(whether targeted or not) . During the previous programming period the mainsources of funding were the Operational Programmes “Competi t iveness” and“Education” and some Regional Operational Programmes. In the currentprogramming period (2007-2013) the main sources are the “Competi t ivenessand Entrepreneurship” and “Education and Life Long-Learning” OperationalProgrammes, and the five Regional Operational Programmes. The flow of funding from the European Framework Programmes for Researchand Development amounts approximately to 10% of GERD. Greek researcherteams in the fields of ICT, environment, energy, and more recently inbiotechnology, have been particularly successful in winning FrameworkProgramme funding.In contrast to the importance of EU funding for R&D in Greece, other foreignfunding sources (such as funding from international organisations, foreignenterprises, etc.) play only a minor role in the GERD of Greece, representingsome 1.4% of GERD in 2005. Greece is a member of the EuropeanOrganisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) and of the European Space Agency(ESA), and contributes approx €10m annually to each of these organisations.The return on this f inancial investment to date has been rather l imited due tothe weaknesses in the industrial fabric of Greece and the technologicalorientation of the research laboratories. The total funding from ESA for theperiod 2002-2006 was €4.2m which in an annual base is a mere €0.84m. Participation in EUREKA was small until 2001, when Greece assumed thePresidency of EUREKA for 2001-2002 and made efforts to increase interestamong firms in greater participation in international industrial research. Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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Private research funding

Intramural Private R&D funding is considered to be the weakest area in the Greekresearch system. Business Enterprise Research & Development Expenditure(BERD) as a percentage of GDP remained rather stable since 2000 with smallfluctuations around 0.16%, reaching in 2007 approximately €353m. Thebusiness sector financed 31% of GERD and 85.4% of BERD in 2005. Moreover,BERD is covered 6.3% by national government and 7.8% by European sources.There are a few “big” players and several hundred very small investors inR&D, which nevertheless accounted for approximately 85.4% of industryfinanced BERD in 2005. The largest telecommunications equipment andsoftware company in the country, Intracom SA (see section 9.4), financedapproximately 10% of industry financed BERD in 2005, although its share israpidly decreasing the following year. Very few multinational companies areinvolved in R&D in Greece. The share of the foreign affiliates in the R&Dfinanced by industry was 4.5% in 1999.A significant restructuring in the composition of BERD is evident comparingdata for 2003 and 2005. Services increased their share from 34.2% of BERD in2003 to 44.9% in 2005, while manufacturing was shrunk from 63.8% to 52.7%The sector responsible for the highest share of Greece’s researchexpenditures in 2005 was computer and related services (16% of BERD)replacing from the first position electronic equipment which felt from 26.7%to 11.5% of the total BERD[1]. A significant contribution to the BERD camefrom the chemicals sector (excluding pharmaceuticals), with 12.9% of theBERD spent in this sector. The food sector was shrunk from 7.8% in 2003 toonly 2.2% of BERD in 2005. In general, two thirds of BERD were accountedfor by the manufacturing sectors and one third by the services sector. Compared with EU15, Greece has the highest specialisation in terms of BERDin the community services, food, IT services, electronic equipment, furniture,t rade, ship building and construct ion sectors[2].

[1] ERAWATCH Key research Indicators[2] ERAWATCH Country Specialisation Report, 2006. The specialisation indexcompares the share of a sector in national BERD with the share of the sectorin the EU15 aggregate BERD.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Extramural Industry financed 8.9% of the Higher Education Research Expenditures(HERD) and 1.3% of the Government Sector’s Research Expenditures(GOVERD) was financed by industry in 2005 (6.6% and 6.0% respectively forthe EU27) [1]. GSRT data also show that from the total research expenditureby companies (€357m in 2005) 14.6% was extramural expenditure. The


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majority of this money (about 13.7%) was spent by universities in conductingresearch on behalf of enterprises. Government research centres accountedfor only 0.8% of business extramural research expenditure in 2005.Although there are no data on the al location of funds to researchcollaborations among enterprises, universi t ies and research centres, theaggregate number of collaborations was 1,391 in 2003 according to a surveyof research in enterprises [2]. A percentage of 34.1% of these collaborationsconcerned collaborations with higher education and technologicalinstitutions and 19.8% was related to collaborations with public researchcentres .

[1] Eurostat est imations.[2] Quantos (2006), Measurement of the Research and TechnologicalDevelopment Activities of the Enterprises in the year 2003, GSRT.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



Charitable foundations and not-for-profit funding The share of charitable foundations in R&D funding is insignificant in Greece.According to the OECD [1], the “other national sources” fund 3.8% of GERD,while the non-profit organisations account for 1% of the GERD. There aresome foundations established by major ship owners or industr ial is ts whichfinance inst i tut ions performing research. These include among others,Museum Goulandri, Eugenidion Planetarium, which usually apply for publicfunding to expand research activity and cooperation with universit ies andpublic research centres. Charitable foundations are more active in offeringscholarships to young s tudents .

[1] OECD, Main STI, 2005.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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GREECE - Support Measure(s)

Title of supportmeasure

StartDate

Organisation responsible

Archimedes III 2009 Ministry of Education, Life Long Learning and Religious Affairs, UnitB2 of the Special Management Service of the Operational Programme "Education and Life Long Learning""Education and Life Long Learning".

Heraclitus II 2009 Ministry of Education, Special Service for the Management of theOperational Programme "Education and Life Long Learning"

Thales 2009 Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Special Service for theManagement of the Operational Program "Education and Life LongLearning"


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Research performers

Higher Education Institutions Overview of the higher education sectorThere are 23 universities in the country. The last 3 decades the existing universities were growing andnew ones were established following a decentralisation policy according to which new departmentswere located in cit ies different from the headquarters of the insti tution, in order to support localeconomic development. Half the universities in the country are multi-disciplinary, the rest focusing on technology (two),agriculture (one), fine arts (one) economics and business studies (three). There is one “open university”which serves teaching needs for the whole country and an international university targeting mainlystudents from the Balkans and Mediterranean countries. Four of the 23 universit ies were establishedafter 2000: the University of Peloponnese (2000), the University of Western Macedonia (2003), theUniversity of Central Greece (2003) and the International Hellenic University (2005).In addition, 16 Technological Education Institutes have been incorporated in the technological sectorof higher education in 2001 (Law 2916/2001). The web sites of the Universities can be found at: h t tp : / /www.ypepth .gr /en_ec_page3824.htm whilethe web sites of the Technological Educational Institutes can be found at:h t tp : / /www.ypepth .gr /en_ec_page3825.htmAll HEIs are public “autonomous” (self governed) institutions, supervised by the Ministry ofEducation, Lifelong Learning and Religion and operate under a t ight legal framework which appliesfor al l inst i tut ions. The ministry provides funding for the personnel and other running costs approvescreat ion of departments and schools and appoints al l types of s taff .Rectors’ Synod of universities set up in 1987 as an informal body. Since 1990s its influence increasedand it now plays a significant role in the settlement of HE sector issues. The Rectors’ Synod includesrectors, vice-rectors and presidents of the various universit ies managing committees. Meetings of theRectors’ Synod are held three times a year. I ts mission is to promote dialogue and coordinatecooperation among universi t ies, f ind common ground on aspects of academic planning and policy, andprepare submissions to the Ministry of Education on major issues relat ing to the organisation andoperation of higher education in Greece. More information can be found in the website:

h t tp : / /www.synodos-aei .gr / index_en.htmlTechnological Education Institutes have their own representative body the Presidents’ Synod. Its rolewas strengthened after TEIs enter the higher education sector in 2001. Today coordinates the shapingof common policy among the TEIs and influences education policy for the technological sector of thehigher education system. There is not a dedicated website, however information on its activities can befound in the site of TEIs.Research performance of the higher education sectorGreek universit ies have a long tradition of teaching while they started to conduct researchsystematically only in the early 1980s funded by the General Secretariat for Research and Technology(GSRT). TEIs’ involvement in research started after 2001, as until then research activities were out oftheir scope. The development of technological research and innovation has been integrated in theirmission only in 2001. The largest Universities in terms of expenditures in R&D are the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,followed by the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, the National Technical University ofAthens, the University of Patras, , the University of Ioannina the University of Thessaly and theUniversity of Crete [1]. Based on the number of publications in the Web of Science of Reuters Thomson for the period2005-2007 the fol lowing ranking comes up[2]:

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA): The share of NKUA in publishing is21.1% with higher shares in the fields of life sciences, pharmacology and pharmacy, biochemistryand molecular biology, electrical engineering electronics, astronomy and astrophysics, earth andenvironmental sciences, applied physics.

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT): Its share in publications amounts to 16.8%. It is mostactive in the fields of food, biological sciences, and chemical engineering, computer sciences,electrical engineering and electronics, life sciences, environmental sciences, biochemistry andmolecular biology, material sciences chemistry and physics, pharmacology and pharmacy

University of Patras: it participates in 9.8% of publications with specialisation in life sciences,electrical engineering, environmental sciences, biochemistry and molecular biology, materialscience, chemistry and physics, computer sciences, pharmacology and pharmacy.

National Technical University of Athens (NTUA): Its share in publications amounts to 9.2% with aspecialisation in engineering (e.g. civil, computer, mechanical, etc), environmental sciences,material sciences, physics, chemistry, computer sciences, telecommunications, and optics.

University of Crete: Its share is 7.1% with specialisation in life sciences, biochemistry andmolecular biology, physics, pharmacology and pharmacy, astronomy and astrophysics,


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http://uoa.gr/uoauk/uoaindex.htm

http://www.auth.gr/home/index_en.html

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http://www.uoc.gr/

mathematics, and material sciences.

The research performance of TEIs is very limited. In 2005 the total research expenditures of the 16TEIs amounted to only €12m [3] . Higher education research and development expenditure (HERD) increased significantly in absolutevalues from €376.3m in 1999 to €660.5m in 2007. However, expenditures as a percentage of GDPdeclined slightly from 0.33% in 1999 to 0.29% in 2007. Annual expenditures experienced fluctuationsduring the six year period, following inflows from the Structural Funds. The business enterprise sector’s contribution to HERD increased from 5% in 1999 to 8.9% in 2005which is above the EU27 average of 6.6%. However, when the size of the country’s economic activity isconsidered using GDP as a proxy, HERD funding in Greece is 25 times lower than in EU27. Specifically,business funding of HERD in Greece accounts for 0.02% of GDP while the EU27 figure is 0.5% [4].It can be seen that the higher education (HE) sector is the most important player in research.University research expenditures represent almost half (49%) of gross expenditures on research anddevelopment (GERD) which is confirmed by the percentage of the research personnel working in theHE sector. Total R&D personnel (head count) in the HE sector was 40,486 persons in 2005, representing65.8% of the country’s total R&D personnel. The performance of Greek universit ies in research has improved since 1997, shown by their increasingparticipation in the EC 5 t h and 6t h Framework Programmes, which exceeds the share of Greece in EUGERD.Challenges for the Greek HEIs and recent reformsAccording to the Committee for the University Education of the National Education Council, known as“Veremi’s Committee”[5] the major structural weaknesses of the universi ty education system include:

Since 1986 there have been a significant number of new departments and universi t iesestablished across Greece which has not been accompanied by a proportional increase in publicfunding;

Funding of academic research is l imited. The most important sources of funding are GSRT’scompeti t ive research programmes co-funded by Structural Funds. However, fundingmainly focuses on technological areas leaving other disciplines underfunded;

The academic autonomy of the universit ies is constrained by the involvement of the Ministry ofEducation in many important decisions, such as the appointment of academic and research staff ,and the creat ion of new departments;

Financial autonomy is also l imited as the budget and any changes to spending have to beapproved ex-ante by the Ministry of Education;

Staff mobili ty is hampered by lack of funding and lack of a regulatory framework that wouldat t ract academics and researchers from abroad;

Peer review in the promotion and appointment of staff does not function well; The infrastructures and l ibrary structure are not sufficient; andInterdisciplinary is not being promoted and, at least at the level of curricula and degrees, was

discouraged by the Ministry of Education.

In a similar tone, OECD scores Greece low in all indicators used by the organisation for theassessment of educat ional supply and performance of universi t ies[6]. More specifically according toOECD:

Input flexibility is low as university have litt le autonomy on selecting students; decide on thesources and structure of funding and staff policy.

Output flexibility is also low as number of students or mode of teaching (e.g. distance learning)are decided by the central administrat ion.

Accountabili ty is impaired by the lack of independent evaluation and funding is not l inked withnumber of s tudents or the performance.

Some of the above deficiencies have been addressed by two laws introduced in 2005 (Law 3374/2005 )and 2007 (Law 3649/2007). More specifically some of the innovations of these laws are:

evaluation is introduced in the universities (see section on quality)the preparation of a 4 year development plan became compulsory for all universit ies; universit ies should draw up their own internal regulations; influence of student unions in the election of the university’s management bodies is reduced; the elect ion and promotion of academic staff became more transparent with the part icipat ion of

external electors; the autonomy of the universit ies is increased.

Demand for higher education and career pattern of researchersTraditionally the three oldest universities, namely University of Athens, Technical University of Athensand the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki hold high reputation and the demand for a posit ionremains high. However, newer universities gradually gain ground in specific disciplines.


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remains high. However, newer universities gradually gain ground in specific disciplines. Demand for higher education degrees and postgraduate s tudies is very high and exceeds the currentcapacity of the system. According to the National Academic Recognition Information Centre (NARIC),which is responsible for the official recognition of degrees obtained abroad, over 10 thousand degrees(including post graduate degrees) are recognised by the Centre per year. The number of degreesrecognised in 2006 was approximately 19% of the graduates from Greek universit ies the same year.Similar conclusion rises comparing the rate of students studying abroad in relat ion to studentsenrolled in Greek universities [7]. Greece has the second highest rate among the OECD countries,exceeding 8% in 2003, when the OECD average was approximately 4.5%. Especially, the number for PhDstudents graduated from a foreign university is very high, amounting to 33% and 50% of the PhDgraduates from a Greek university in 2005 and 2006 respectively.. The demand for postgraduate studies and especially for PhDs is growing as due to exceeding supply ofhuman resources with degree, post graduate and PhD degrees became gradually a precondit ion forjobs that normally require undergraduate degrees. The existence of overeducation [8] has beenstressed in recent studies. Lianos (2007)[9] concludes that a very substantial extent of overeducationexists and i t is widespread across professions and sectors of the economy. The existence ofovereducation is a strong signal of misalignment between supply and demand for universi ty graduates.The fact that, according to the same study, overeducation is 10 percentage points lower for Greekgraduates from foreign universi t ies, indicates that in addit ion to problems in the demand side, theuniversi ty system seems to be unable to respond to changes taking place in the labour market. Arecent study commissioned by General Secretariat for Research and Technology [10] corroborates thisf inding and introduce an addit ional dimension of mismatching, namely the mismatching between typeof job and subject of degree. According to the findings post graduates and PhD holders have higherprobabil i ty than the graduates for a matching between job and studies. In addition to the inefficiencies in the supply side, the demand of the business sector is also part ofthe overeducat ion problem[11]. Although demand for PhD holders for research posit ions by theprivate sector increases, the absorption is among the lowest in the EU and is comparable only to thelevel of some new member states. Low demand by the private sector lead PhD graduates to take upnon-research jobs, to pursue academic careers or to remain in the countries they received their PhDdegree. According to Moguérou and Di Pietrogiacomo (2008)[12] US scholars with Greek originrepresented approximately 2.5% of the researchers in the HE and government sector, thus, bringingGreece 10th among the EU member states in this indicator. Short term outward mobili ty of researchersis encouraged by government either within the context of bilateral agreements, or to work withinEuropean infrastructures such as the ESA or CERN.

QualitySince 2005 no insti tutional and legal framework has existed for the evaluation of the higher educationsystem. Improvement in the quality of scientific knowledge production and research in universit ies hasbeen left to the academic community with no intervention from government beyond provision offunding. The research production and the teaching competences of academic staff were assessed onlyduring their appointment or promotion in the academic hierarchy. However, sporadic efforts weremade by 14 universi t ies and 11 technological educational inst i tutes during 1998-1999. In 2005 the Law 3374/2005 introduced evaluation procedures and established the Hellenic Quali tyAssurance Agency for Higher Education (QAAHE) in order to create a methodological framework buildevaluation capacity and monitor the evaluation process. Despite some init ial objections from theacademic community, evaluation has spread to most inst i tut ions. According to the new framework, the unit of assessment is the department of the university or TEI.The areas of evaluation include: teaching, research, curriculum and other provided services. Theevaluation is performed at three steps:

Yearly departments report their research and teaching activit ies;Every four years each department is self-assessed based on specific cri teria common for all

inst i tut ions;The self assessment is followed by an external peer review evaluation of the department.

The external evaluation reports are published in the si te of the QAAHEThe results of the evaluations have not been directly related to funding, however, there is debate fordoing so in the future.In addition to the direct evaluation exercise, Law 3649/2007 regarding the reform of the highereducation system, introduced changes in the peer review process which are expected to have a posit iveeffect on the quality of research. The existing peer review system for the selection and promotion ofacademics has been severely criticised in the past. The new Law increases transparency and objectivityand reduces the influence of vested interests by introducing the participation of external reviewers. Intellectual property right and exploitation of research results Patent and intellectual property rights (IPR) laws and the relevant institutions have been in place since1987. The law for the commercial exploitation of IPRs by universities and research centres provides


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incentives to both research organisations and researchers to exploit research results as i t decrees thatthe researcher owns 60% of the IPR and the research organisation 40%. Despite the existence of legalframework and the efforts of GSRT to promote commercial exploitation of research results the issue isstil l a taboo for many academics. Full t ime academic personnel cannot provide research or consulting services at a private base.However, they can receive fees in addition to their salary from services provided by the university. Inthis case there is a ceiling on the amount of fees that they could receive. The additional income hasbeen proved as a very strong motive for many academics to provide research or consulting services.Part-t ime (adjunct) academic personnel can provide services at a private base.Internationalisation of UniversityGreek government following the European policies has introducing reforms facili tating theinternationalisation of the higher education system. In 2005, the International Hellenic University was established, to teach exclusively in English with theaim of at tract ing students from the Balkans and third countries. The reforms introduced in 2007 provides a framework for the provision of undergraduate and postgraduate studies, including PhD programmes, in languages other than Greek. It also allows for masterdissertat ions or PhD theses to be submitted in another language even if the programme was in Greek.In addition in 2008, the existing legislative framework regulating the organisation of jointpostgraduate and doctoral programmes with foreign universi t ies – from EU or third countries - wasimproved. Furthermore, the government establish each year bilateral agreements with France for theorganisation of joint postgraduate programmes. Universit ies by their own initiative have alsoorganised bilateral agreements with other universit ies from EU or third countries.Career patterns of young researchersResearchers who are seeking occupation in the country are mainly absorbed in universit ies. In 2005they represented 72% of the total number of researchers[13]. The s tatus of those hired as permanentacademic staff is that of civil servant. Although there are no statistics, experience shows thatresearchers are hired at the position of Lecturer around the age of thirty five. Mobility within theacademic sector is not common although feasible. On the contrary there is mobili ty from the universityto the public sector for high ranking temporary posit ions in the government as ministers, generalsecretaries, policy advisors etc. or as members of the management board, or CEOs of public ownedcompanies .There is no postdoctoral posit ion in universit ies although this role is undertaken by PhD holdersworking under project base contracts. Research projects are funded by competi t ive researchprogrammes of the Ministry of Education or the General Secretariat for Research and Technology.

[1] Unpublished data of GSRT for the year 2005[2] Logotech (2009), Monitoring trends regarding science and technology specialties and the researchand technology Sector in Greece: Final Report, General Secretariat for Research and Technology.[3] Unpublished data of GSRT.[4] Euros ta t - 2010[5] Committee for the University Education (2006), Final Findings, 28 of April, NEC[6] OECD (2007), OECD Economic Surveys: Greece, Volume 2007/5, May[7] OECD (2007), OECD Economic Surveys: Greece, Volume 2007/5, May[8] An individual is overeducated if his or her level of education exceeds that which is required for theperformance of their job.[9] Lianos, P. T, (2007), Drain and Brain Loss: Immigrants to Greece, Journal of Ethnic and MigrationStudies Vol. 33, No 1, January 2007, pp. 129-140.[10] Logotech, Planet, Alternative (2009), Monitoring trends regarding science and technology specialtiesand the research and technology Sector in Greece: Results of project B (WPB6), General Secretariat forResearch and Technology.[11] Maroulis Nikos (2009), ERAWATCH Country Report 2009: Analysis of policy mixes to foster R&Dinvestments and to contribute to the ERA: Greece, JRC, Scientific and Technical Reports. h t tp: / /cordis .europa.eu/erawatch/ index.cfm?fuseact ion=reports .content&topicID=600&parentID=592 [12] Moguérou, P, Di Pietrogiacomo, P.M. (2008), Stock, career and mobility of researchers in the EU, JRCScientific and Technical Reports.[13] EUROSTAT, data extracted on 5/3/2010Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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Research performers

Public research organisations Public research centres perform some 20% of the research in Greece. TheGeneral Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) supervises 12 ofthese research centres of varying sizes, and has announced theestablishment of three more (in Western Greece, Epirus and Thrace). Theybelong to two generat ions, those established before 1980 in order to supportthe public interest in nuclear energy, atmospheric and marine environment,social policies and agricultural modernisation, and those established after1980, which aim at organising public research in parallel to universities, atthe same t ime adopting effect ive management support and world qual i tys tandards . The first group of the older insti tutions includes:

The National Observatory of Athens, which is the oldest centre inGreece, and was initially established as a university laboratory. Itconsists of f ive main inst i tutes focusing on astronomy and astrophysics,environmental research and sustainable development, geodynamics,space applications and telescoping and astroparticle physics. There isalso a small astrophysics unit in Pylos;

The National Scientific Research Centre Demokritos (Athens) consistsof eight insti tutes focusing on nuclear physics and technology,radiation, biology, materials, chemistry, physical chemistry and anuclear institute which is home to the only nuclear (experimental)reactor in Greece;

The Centre for Marine Research consists of five insti tutes focusing onoceanology, marine biology, fishing, aquaculture and inland waters.Some of them are located in Anavissos (Attiki) and the rest of them arelocated in Herakleion (Crete); and

The Centre for Social Sciences (Athens) consists of three insti tutes onurban and agricultural sociology, political sociology and social policy.

The second group of the newer inst i tut ions includes:The National Research Foundation (Athens) with three institutes in the

humanit ies and three in physics and chemistry, which is also home tot h e National Documentation Centre;

The Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH) with seveninsti tutes focusing on informatics, electronic structure and lasers,molecular biology and biotechnology, chemical engineering andhigh-temperature chemical processes, Mediterranean studies,computat ional mathematics and biomedical research. Four of theseinsti tutes are located in Herakleion, whereas the rest of them arelocated respectively in the cities of Rethymno, Patras and Giannina;

The Centre for Research and Technology in Macedonia with sixinstitutes focusing on the fields of chemical processing, solid fuelstechnology and applications, informatics and telematics, t ransportat ion,biomedical and biomolecular research (the relevant insti tute wascreated in 2007) and agro-biotechnology. Except for the Insti tute forSolid Fuels Technology & Applications, which is located in the city of


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Kozani, the rest of the institutes are located in Thessaloniki;The Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (Athens);The Hellenic Pasteur Institute (Athens);The Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (Pallini-Attiki);The Athena Research and Innovation Centre consists of five

inst i tutes focusing on language and speech processing, cultural andeducational technologies, network research and technologies,management of information systems and industr ial systems, while i talso manages nationally the development of the high speed academicnetwork; and

The Centre for Research and Technology – Thessaly was established inJanuary 2006. The centre has four inst i tutes focusing on mechatronics(Volos), technology and management of agricultural ecosystems(Karditsa and Volos), biomedical research and technology (Larissa) andhuman performance and rehabili tation (Trikala).

The latest evaluation of Greece’s public research centres was conducted bythe GSRT in 2005, at the level of institutes grouped into thematic areas. Oneof the objectives of the evaluation was to link funding toperformance. According to the evaluation, the following research fields wererecognised as areas of international excellence:

Chemical engineering and high temperature processes;Molecular biology, biotechnology and genetics;Agrobiotechnology;Computer science;Greek and Roman antiquity;Lasers;Applied and computat ional mathematics;Solid fuels technology;Immunology;Byzantine studies;Astroparticle physics; and Oceanography.

In addition to the research centres supervised by GSRT there are some othersoperat ing ei ther as independent organisat ions or under the supervision ofother ministr ies .The Centre of Pangaea Philanthropiki is linked to the Monastery of Ormelia ofChalkidiki (located at the Mount Athos). The centre focuses on analyticaltechniques for diagnostic applications in the medical and fine arts areas.In the area of agriculture, the main institution is the National AgriculturalResearch Foundation (NAGREF) of the Ministry of Rural Development andFood, aiming at the development and dissemination of knowledge in theagricultural and food sectors (NAGREF). The BenakeioPhytopathological Institute and the Institute for Fishing are two additionalresearch organisations working in this area.The Research Academic Computer Technology Insti tute supervised by theMinistry of Education focuses on hardware and software technology,networks and the socio-economic impacts of the Information Society.The Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME) is supervised by theCentral Secretariat of the Ministry of Development, aiming at the geological


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http://www.cancer-network.de/cervical/cerv_ormylia.htm

http://kmi.erawatch-network.eu/KMI/fckeditor/editor/index.cfm?fuseaction=org.document&uuid=7D87CCF3-9237-2459-6980603E8346CDDF%20

http://kmi.erawatch-network.eu/KMI/fckeditor/editor/index.cfm?fuseaction=org.document&uuid=7D87CCF3-9237-2459-6980603E8346CDDF%20

http://www.cti.gr/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=273

http://www.igme.gr/enmain.htm

study of the country and the assessment of the mineral and groundwaterresources of Greece.The Ministry of Defence manages a few research units which, compared tothe volume of armaments purchased by Greece from foreign suppliers , arerather small .Due to the small demand for new knowledge in Greece, the various researchcentres struggle to consolidate their identi ty and at tract funding fordevelopment. The regular public subsidy varies from 50% to 70% of theirannual income, and in some cases (i.e. FORTH) is only 25%. Much of theiractivity is oriented to training new researchers to take up posit ions inuniversit ies, but they also have some involvement in national and EuropeanCommunity research projects . The performance of research andtechnological development (RTD) services for industry is a fairly new activitywhich could become an addit ional source of funding. In the late 1980s sectoral companies were set up to provide research andtechnical services, which are in short supply nationally. These services areslowly being developed in areas where government has identified marketfailure. These organisations are modelled on the UK research associationsand the French Centres Techniques Professionnels. These sectoral companies(sociétés anonymes) were established with the main shareholder being thegovernment and smaller shareholders including research inst i tut ions andindividual f irms in the industrial sector concerned. The target population forthese corporat ions are mainly the small and medium-sized f i rms, which f indit difficult to access new technologies, information and know how. Thesectors were chosen among the t radi t ional and most prominent in thenational economy in terms of their contribution to GDP. The sectoralcompanies are:

Metallurgical Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre(MIRTEC) which specialises in metals and metal working;

Ceramics and Refractories Technological Development Company(CERECO) which focuses on ceramics, including cement;

Food Industrial Research and Technological Development Company isspecialised in food technology and quality; and

Clothing Textile and Fibre Technology Development Company(CLOTEFI) is specialised in textile, fibres and clothing.

The evolution of the companies has been very slow and one (marinetechnology) was discontinued due to its l imited activities. The companies aresupported by the public budget for infrastructural development, but receiveno regular subsidies. Their survival is dependent on income derived from theservices they provide and their part icipation in competit ive programmes.Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0



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http://www.ebetam.gr/default.asp?id=222

http://www.cereco.gr/en/html/cereco.html

http://www.etat.gr/?&lang_change=en

http://www.etakei.gr/

Research performers

Private research performers

There are a few “big” players and several hundreds of very small investors inRTD. According to the IPTS R&D Scoreboard [1], the top six R&D spenders inthe business enterprise sector in the country are the following:

Pha rma then is a private pharmaceutical company focused on developingand marketing of health care products, with a strong posit ion ingenerics. Pharmathen has spent €29.98m on R&D in 2008, an increase of61.3% compared to 2007. Also the company’s R&D intensity is 40.4%(R&D/ sales) for the year 2008. Pharmathen operates in Athens and its international activities have expanded to more than 80 countriesworldwide including all the E.U. states; Intralot is a member of the Intracom group of companies and is engagedin the supply of integrated gaming and transaction processing systems,innovative games content and value added services, to state l icensedgaming organisat ions. The company spent approximately €13.58m onR&D in 2008, decreasing its R&D expenditures by 8% compared to 2007.R&D intensity is 1.3% for 2008. The company operates in severalcountries across the world, and its head office is located in Athens; ALTEC the parent of the Group ALTEC, ranked the largest high-techcompanies in the Southeast Europe. ALTEC activity is to provideequipment, software, networks & communications, training & services,through a large body of prior developments in the IT market. Altec’sR&D expenditure reached €5.16m in 2008, a decrease of 1.7% compareto 2007. Altec show R&D intensity 2.3% in 2008The company’s headoffice is situated in Athens. In multilingual applications openarchi tecture operat ing on popular platforms, supports technologycompanies in Romania and Bulgaria, and dynamically extended to othercount r iesEpsilon Net is engaged in the service, installation, operation support andtraining systems and computer programs, organizat ion of t rainingseminars and conferences for t raining and retraining of managers andother individuals in economic, fiscal and other issues and advice,organizing and conducting studies on economic, administrat ive andother matters related businesses. The company spent on R&D almost5m in 2008, a decrease of 7.9% compare to previous year. The R&Dintensity of the company is 56% for the year 2008. Epsilon Net’sheadquarters are in Thessaloniki . Frigoglass is engaged in the manufacture of specialised, professionalrefrigeration systems and operates in 14 countries. Frigoglass spent€3.92m on R&D in 2008, an increase of 21% over the previous year. Theintensity of R&D (R&D/sales) for 2008 was 0.8%. The company’s headoffice is situated in Athens. Very few multinationals are engaged in RTDin Greece, which is compatible with a pattern of a very weak foreigndirect investment (FDI). The share of foreign affiliates in RTD financedby industry was 4.5% in 1999. The firms most active in RTD are IT,energy and chemicals (including pharmaceuticals). MLS Multimedia is engaged in the development, publication and


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http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/research/docs/2009/vol_2_1_4.xls

http://www.pharmathen.gr/

http://www.intralot.com/opencms/opencms/INTRALOT/en

http://www.altec.gr/

http://www.epsilonnet.gr/

http://www.frigoglass.com/

http://www.mls.gr/

http://www.mls.gr/

distribution of navigation and language technology applications,educational and general interest multimedia t i t les. In 2008, the companyhad spent €3.88m on R&D, an increase of 18.1% compare to 2007. MLSshowed intensity of R&D 31.2% in 2008. MLS Multimedia operates inThessaloniki. Byte Computer is engaged in the design, development, implementat ionand support of business solutions. More specifically, Byte's activitiesconsist of three business segments: Systems Integration, CustomSoftware Application Development, and Value Added Services. Byte hasspent €3.76m on R&D in 2008, an increase of 0.2% compare to 2007.7.3% is the percentage of R&D intensity of the company for the year2008. Its headquarters are in Athens and has extended i ts businessactivities beyond the borders of Greece, providing business solutions inother countries including Cyprus, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia. For thne t is the largest private broadband and satell i te service providerin Greece. It offers a wide range of broadband services with an emphasison the Internet and f ixed telephony. The company has spent €3.37m onR&D in 2008 which is 63.4% higher than the R&D expenditures in 2007.The R&D intensity for 2008 was 1.6%. Forthnet is a member of theGlobal Billing Association (GBA) - non-profit organisation that deliversinformation and services to the bil l ing community around the world. Inform P Lykos is engaged in the print ing market and the market forsecure management of data , information and applicat ions thatincorporate value-added services. In 2008, Inform P Lykos sent on R&Dalmost €3m. Compared to the previous year the company’s increase ofR&D expenditure was 360.5%. Also the company’s R&D intensity is 2.3%(R&D/ sales) for the year 2008. It stars across Europe to incorporate newmethods, materials and media in disseminating information,contr ibuting substantial ly to the creat ion and development of marketdata management , cal led Informanagement .Ellaktor is engaged in the field of Constructions, Concessions, Energy(Renewable Energy Sources) and Environment and in the field of RealEstate Development. The company has spent €2.91m on R&D in 2008, anincrease of 129.3% compare to previous year. The R&D intensity of thecompany is 0.2% for the year 2008. Ellaktor Group’s headquarters are inAthens and i t consists of a large number of companies.

[1] IPTS, 2009

Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0


Private research performers

Private Research and Technology Organisations There are no research and technology organisat ions that are not majori tyowned by the public sector.

Last update date: 0 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 1 0


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http://www.mls.gr/

http://www.mls.gr/

http://www.byte.gr

http://www.forthnet.gr

http://www.lykos.gr

http://www.etae.com

http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/research/docs/2009/vol_2_1_4.xls



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Key research indicators

Key research indicators ERAWATCH presents four categories of key R&D and other technologyindicators. They are aimed at giving evidence of the overall EU situation withregards to research activities and to allow a comparative overview among EUMember States, Associated Countries and Other Countries.

The four categories of indicators presented are among the mostdisseminated, methodological ly accepted and used descriptors of nat ionalresearch systems.

Unless otherwise stated, indicators are supplied by DG Research's RegionalKey Figures Database.

Unavailabili ty or incomplete series of indicators result inempty / incomple te tab les and graphs

Expenditures on R&DGross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) gives an overview of the

overall investment in R&D. The data in Excel format include breakdownsby sector of performance and source of funds and by NUTS2 region.

Business expenditure on R&D (BERD), Government expenditure on R&D(GOVERD) and Higher education expenditure on R&D (HERD) are theparts of GERD financed by the business enterprise, government andhigher education sectors, respectively. The data in Excel format includea breakdown of BERD by economic sector.

Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D (GBAORD),using data from budgets, is l inked to policy through classification by"objectives" or "goals".

Human resources for R&DResearchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of

new knowledge, products , processes, methods and systems, and in themanagement of the projects concerned. The data in Excel format areexpressed in Full Time Equivalent (FTE) units and include a breakdownby gender and by NUTS2 region.

Scientists and engineers are individuals classified as scientists andengineers by virtue of their education or work experience (OECDCanberra Manual, 1995: p.69-70) aged between 15 and 74 years old,expressed as a percentage of active population.

PublicationsPublications: Data on scientific publications has been extracted from

Thomson Scientific and processed for DG research by CWTS, LeidenUniversity. The number of publications by a given country shows the


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research output in terms of quanti ty. Full counting of number ofpublications per country is used. The data in Excel format includebreakdowns by main scientific field and by NUTS2 region.

Citations: From the same source, i t expresses the quality of thepublication in a given country. The citation period is the publicationyear plus two years citation window.

PatentsThese indicators refer to data concerning patent applications to the EuropeanPatent Office (EPO) and patents granted by the United States Patent andTrademark Office (USPTO). When available, the data in Excel format includepatents by NUTS2 region (for EPO) and by technological field (for EPO andUSPTO).

Last update date: 0 3 / 0 8 / 2 0 1 0


Expenditures on R&D There are two ways of measuring the funds spent on R&D. The first is toconsider the organisations that carry out R&D (firms, institutes, universities,etc.) in order to identify the amount spent on R&D: this is the way GERD iscalculated. When displayed according to the sector of performance, i t ispossible to dist inguish between business, government, higher education andprivate non-profit expenditure on R&D (BERD, GOVERD, HERD and PNERD,respectively). The second way, using data from budgets, considers thegovernment budget appropriations or outlays for R&D (GBAORD) identifyingsocio-economic objectives. These different measures of R&D expendituresare presented below.

The excel file to be downloaded provides all indicators (time series from1997 onwards) for a given country, including the breakdown by sector ofperformance, by source of funds and by NUTS2 region for GERD; byeconomic sector for BERD; and by socio-economic objective for GBAORD.

Indicators are supplied by DG Research's Regional Key Figures (RKF)database . Unavailabili ty or incomplete series of indicators result in empty/incompletetables and graphs.

Download the national data in Excel format

Download the regional data in Excel format

Relative performance in 2007


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Source : RKFLast update date: 0 6 / 0 9 / 2 0 1 0


Human resources for R&D Human resources play a crucial role in knowledge production. This pagedisplays the number of researchers found in the different sectors , such asbusiness enterprise, government, higher education, and private non-profi tinstitutions. It also shows data about scientists and engineers.The excel fi leto be downloaded provides indicators on researchers ( t ime series from 1997onwards) for a given country, including breakdowns by sector ofperformance, by gender and by NUTS2 region. It also provides data onscientists and engineers by absolute value and percentage of activepopulat ion.

Indicators are supplied by DG Research's Regional Key Figures (RKF)database. Unavailability or incomplete series of indicators result inempty/ incomplete tables and graphs



Human resources in 2007


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Source: RKF

Last update date: 0 6 / 0 9 / 2 0 1 0


Publications Publicat ions are one of the most common indicators used to measure theoutput of scientific research. The number of scientific articles (deflated permill ion inhabitants) produced by a country can be considered as a basicproxy for the national scientific knowledge productivity. Full countingmethod has been used at country level . Citat ions to these publications maybe considered as a proxy for the quality of the publication in a given country.


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The excel fi le to be downloaded provides data (t ime series from 1995onwards) for each country.

Indicators are supplied by DG Research's Regional Key Figures (RKF) database(based on ISI -CWTS via DG-Research). Unavailability or incomplete series ofindicators resul t in empty/ incomplete tables and graphs.




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Last update date: 0 6 / 0 9 / 2 0 1 0


Patents Patents are one of the most common indicators used to measure thetechnological output of R&D. The number of patents (per million inhabitants)in a country can be considered as a basic proxy for the national technologicalknowledge productivity.

The excel fi le to be downloaded (time series from 1995 onwards) providesindicators for each country, including patents from the European PatentOffice, the US Patent Office, and their breakdown by technological field.



EPO filings per million inhabitants in 2005

Source : Eurostat and DG Research compiled by ERAWATCHLast update date: 0 6 / 0 9 / 2 0 1 0

GREECE - Information source

Name Date Statistical data and indices of supervised research bodies 2009-04-26 Measurement of R&D activities in enterprises 2006-06-05


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