equine managment handbook - final · you must have a current coggins test to cross state lines....
TRANSCRIPT
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
A ba
sic
care
m
anua
l for
fir
st-ti
me
ho
rseo
wne
rs
EQUINE
HA
ND
BO
OK
Wes
t Vir
gini
a D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re
Kent
A. L
eonh
ardt
, Com
mis
sion
er
WES
T V
IRG
INIA
D
EPA
RTM
ENT
OF
AG
RIC
ULT
URE
K
ENT
A. L
EON
HA
RDT,
CO
MM
ISSI
ON
ER
***
***
Publ
ishe
d by
Wes
t Vir
gini
a D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
reM
arke
ting
and
Dev
elop
men
t Div
isio
nK
ent A
. Leo
nhar
dt, C
omm
issi
oner
ww
w.a
gric
ultu
re.w
v.go
v
Publ
ishe
d in
coo
pera
tion
with
:W
VD
A –
Ani
mal
Hea
lth D
ivis
ion
To o
btai
n ad
ditio
nal c
opie
s of t
his h
andb
ook
cont
act 3
04.5
58.3
708
or 3
04.5
58.2
210
*Inf
orm
atio
n fo
r thi
s han
dboo
k w
as p
rovi
ded
by n
umer
ous s
ourc
es in
clud
ing
but n
ot li
mite
d to
Invo
vets
, Aub
urn
Uni
vers
ity, A
mer
ican
Ass
ocia
tion
of E
quin
ePr
actit
ione
rs In
fect
ious
Dis
ease
Com
mitt
ee, C
orne
ll U
nive
rsity
of V
eter
inar
y M
edic
ine,
Hor
sech
anne
l.com
, AA
EP
Bio
logi
ncal
and
The
rapu
etic
Age
nts
Com
mitt
ee, m
ares
tare
.com
, equ
estr
iano
utre
ach.
com
Equi
ne M
anag
emen
t Han
dboo
kA
basi
c ca
re m
anua
l
***
(hh)
the
com
mon
mea
sure
men
t in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
to m
easu
re e
quin
e is
the
, whi
ch is
4 in
(10
cm).
If a
hors
e is
sai
d to
sta
nd 1
0-2
hand
s, th
at m
eans
it is
40
+ 2
in (1
07 c
m) t
all a
t the
with
ers.
Pro
tect
ion
from
dis
ease
as
a re
sult
of th
e bo
dy’ s
nor
mal
imm
une
syst
em
resp
onse
. The
bod
y’s
imm
une
syst
em c
an p
rovi
de d
isea
se p
rote
ctio
n be
caus
e of
prio
r
Des
crib
ing
an a
nim
al’s
dis
posi
tion.
The
se a
nim
als
are
slow
to
reac
t, la
ck e
nerg
y, a
nd a
re o
ften
sick
.
Adu
lt fe
mal
e ho
rse
An
abno
rmal
hea
rt so
und.
The
se m
urm
urs
are
grad
ed fr
om 1
-6, w
ith 6
bei
ng th
e lo
udes
t mur
mur
.
deat
h fo
r sig
ns th
at m
ight
indi
cate
the
caus
e of
dea
th.
Equ
ine
14.2
hh
or le
ss (5
8 in
ches
, 1.4
7 m
eter
s)
is e
ssen
tial i
n m
any
of th
e in
fect
ious
dis
ease
s th
at a
re p
oten
tially
tran
smis
sibl
e to
oth
er
anim
als
or h
uman
s.
A pr
oces
s w
here
the
skin
of a
n an
imal
is g
ently
pin
ched
and
pul
led
outw
ard.
A
dehy
drat
ed a
nim
al’s
ski
n w
ill n
ot re
turn
to it
s no
rmal
pos
ition
or s
hape
rapi
dly.
Adu
lt, u
ncas
trate
d m
ale
hors
e
Par
t of t
he n
orm
al b
eatin
g of
the
hear
t whe
re b
lood
is p
ushe
d fro
m th
e ve
ntric
les
of th
e he
art.
This
is k
now
n as
the
“con
tract
ion”
pha
se o
f the
hea
rt be
at.
The
bloo
d ve
ssel
s in
the
body
that
car
ry b
lood
tow
ards
the
hear
t.
A c
ham
ber o
f the
hea
rt th
at p
umps
blo
od to
the
lung
s an
d th
e re
st o
f the
bod
y.
The
hear
t of a
hor
se h
as tw
o ve
ntric
les,
left
and
right
.
: Sm
all r
ound
teet
h th
at g
row
bet
wee
n ca
nine
teet
h an
d th
e pr
emol
ars.
–67
–**
*
TABL
E O
F C
ON
TEN
TSW
V H
ealth
Reg
ulat
ions
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....1
Sta
ndar
ds o
f Car
e ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...2
Hou
sing
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....2
EQU
INE
HEA
LTH
H
ealth
Car
e ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...4
E
quin
e D
isea
ses .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....4
Equ
ine
Enc
epha
lom
yelit
is (S
leep
ing
Sic
knes
s) ..
......
......
......
......
.....4
E
quin
e In
fect
ious
Ane
mia
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....5
Equ
ine
Vira
l Rhi
nopn
eum
oniti
s (R
hino
) ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
...6
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.6Le
ptos
piro
sis .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....7
Pot
omac
Hor
se F
ever
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....7
R
abie
s ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
7S
eptic
emia
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....7
Stra
ngle
s ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..8Te
tanu
s (L
ockj
aw) .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...8
Wes
t Nile
Viru
s ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....9
Vac
cina
tions
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....1
0M
akin
g th
e M
ost o
f Vac
cina
tions
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....1
0Va
ccin
atio
n C
hart
for F
oals
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.11
Vacc
inat
ion
Cha
rt fo
r Adu
lt H
orse
s ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...16
H
ow to
Giv
e Yo
ur H
orse
an
Intra
Mus
cula
r Inj
ectio
n....
......
......
......
.20
Pre
vent
ion
of M
osqu
ito B
orn
Illne
ss ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....2
7P
aras
ites.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
28C
omm
on H
ealth
Pro
blem
s ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
30C
omm
on P
roce
dure
s....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..31
Den
tal C
are
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..32
Foot
Car
e....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..34
Is M
y H
orse
Sic
k?...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..36
Vi
tal S
igns
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....3
8N
UTR
ITIO
N
Bas
ic N
utrit
ion
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....4
2B
ody
Con
ditio
n S
corin
g ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....4
4B
rood
mar
es ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
47
Nut
ritio
n ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....4
7C
are .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.47
EQU
INE
SAFE
TYE
quip
men
t and
Sup
plie
s....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...52
G
room
ing
Sup
plie
s ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....5
2Fi
rst A
id S
uppl
ies .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....5
2G
ENER
AL
EQU
INE
INFO
RM
ATIO
N ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. H
orse
Typ
es ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....5
3 B
reed
s ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.53
Col
ors
and
Mar
king
s....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...58
Equ
ine
Fun
Fact
s ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..62
Glo
ssar
y of
Ter
ms .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....6
6
Glo
ssar
y of
Ter
ms
: Pro
tein
mol
ecul
es, p
rodu
ced
by th
e im
mun
e sy
stem
, tha
t pro
vide
pro
tect
ion
from
infe
ctio
us v
iruse
s or
bac
teria
.
(Gra
in O
verlo
ad):
A co
nditi
on w
here
abn
orm
ally
hig
h gr
ain
inta
ke c
ause
s th
e pH
of t
he d
iges
tive
syst
em to
be
abno
rmal
ly lo
w (<
5.5)
. Sig
ns o
f thi
s pr
oble
m m
ay in
clud
e di
arrh
ea a
nd c
olic
.
Any
pro
cess
occ
urrin
g ov
er o
r with
in a
sho
rt pe
riod
of ti
me.
The
amou
nt o
f tim
e it
take
s th
e gu
ms
to re
turn
to n
orm
al
afte
r bei
ng “b
lanc
hed
out.”
Nor
mal
CR
T is
less
than
2 s
econ
ds.
If lo
nger
than
2 s
econ
ds,
the
bloo
d ci
rcul
atio
n th
roug
hout
the
body
may
be
com
prom
ised
due
to s
hock
, deh
ydra
tion,
or
oth
er c
ardi
ovas
cula
r pro
blem
s.
: Sur
gica
l rem
oval
of t
estic
les.
Cru
de p
rote
in is
furth
er s
ubdi
vide
d in
to s
olub
le, d
egra
dabl
e, u
n-de
grad
able
, by-
pass
, and
bo
und
prot
ein
fract
ions
.
The
am
ount
of c
alor
ies
avai
labl
e in
a fe
ed fo
r act
ivity
, wor
k, g
row
th, o
r milk
pr
oduc
tion. A
dult,
cas
trate
d m
ale
hors
e
The
pro
cess
of c
arry
ing
or b
eing
car
ried
in th
e w
omb
betw
een
conc
eptio
n an
d bi
rth.
See
aci
dosi
s. –66
–
WES
T VIR
GIN
IA E
QUI
NE
HEA
LTH
REG
ULA
TION
STo
kee
p up
date
d on
all
equi
ne h
ealth
regu
latio
ns a
nd h
ealth
pra
ctic
es, g
o to
th
e W
VD
A w
ebsi
te, w
ww
.wva
gric
ultu
re.o
rg, “
Ani
mal
Hea
lth D
ivis
ion”
thro
ugho
ut th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s. E
IA is
an
infe
ctio
us v
iral d
isea
se. A
t pre
sent
, the
re is
no
trea
tmen
t or p
reve
ntat
ive
vacc
ine.
Hor
ses
whi
ch te
st p
ositi
ve a
re g
over
ned
unde
r cu
rren
t ind
ivid
ual s
tate
law
s. H
orse
s in
Wes
t Virg
inia
mus
t be
test
ed e
very
yea
r if
way
. Nur
sing
foal
s ar
e co
vere
d by
thei
r dam
’s C
oggi
ns T
est.
Eve
ry s
tate
has
diff
eren
t req
uire
men
ts c
once
rnin
g C
oggi
ns T
estin
g; h
owev
er,
in m
ost s
tate
s it
is re
quire
d ye
arly.
You
mus
t hav
e a
curr
ent C
oggi
ns te
st to
cro
ss
stat
e lin
es. B
efor
e tra
velin
g be
twee
n st
ates
with
you
r ho
rse,
che
ck w
ith th
e st
ate
vete
rinar
ian.
Hor
ses
•A
nega
tive
EIA
(Cog
gins
’) te
st w
ithin
o
f shi
pmen
t, if
the
stat
e of
orig
in h
as a
n E
IA p
rogr
am a
lso.
If th
ey d
o no
t hav
e a
prog
ram
, a n
egat
ive
test
with
in 6
mon
ths.
•N
ursi
ng fo
al m
ay tr
avel
on
the
dam
’s te
st.
•Th
e C
oggi
ns’ t
est i
s go
od fo
r one
yea
r in
Wes
t Virg
inia
.•
Hor
ses
goin
g to
a li
vest
ock
mar
ket n
eed
a ne
gativ
e C
oggi
ns te
st w
ithin
.
1900
Kan
awha
Blv
d., E
Cha
rlest
on, W
V 2
5305
304.
558.
2214
or 3
04.5
38.2
397
–1
–
STA
ND
AR
DS
OF
CA
RE
Any
per
son
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
man
agem
ent
of a
hor
se s
houl
d p
rovi
de t
he
follo
win
g m
inim
al s
ugge
sted
sta
ndar
ds o
f car
e:
appr
opria
te n
utrit
ious
val
ue.
Whe
n pr
epar
ing
a ho
rses
die
t; ag
e, b
reed
cons
ider
atio
n.•
App
ropr
iate
vet
erin
ary
care
incl
udes
: ho
of c
are,
par
asite
con
trol,
dent
alca
re, r
egul
ar v
acci
natio
ns a
nd C
oggi
ns te
st, a
s m
anda
ted
by la
w. Im
med
iate
ve
terin
ary
care
sho
uld
be s
ough
t if t
he h
orse
is in
jure
d or
sic
k.•
Cle
an, p
otab
le w
ater
sho
uld
be a
vaila
ble
at a
ll tim
es fo
r all
equi
ne.
Equ
ine
that
do
not h
ave
acce
ss to
wat
er m
ust b
e w
ater
ed a
t lea
st tw
ice
daily
. Ice
and
snow
doe
s no
t pro
vide
an
adeq
uate
wat
er s
uppl
y fo
r equ
ines
.•
Pro
per
air
– en
clos
ed a
reas
sho
uld
allo
w f
ree
flow
of
air
to c
ontr
olte
mpe
ratu
re, h
umid
ity a
nd p
reve
nt a
ir st
agna
tion.
•P
rope
r sp
ace
– sh
ould
be
clea
n, d
ry a
nd s
afe.
Fen
cing
mus
t be
wel
l
of th
e ho
rses
.•
Pro
per
shel
ter
or p
rote
ctio
n fro
m t
he w
eath
er.
She
lter
prov
ided
sho
uld
be k
ept i
n go
od r
epai
r, dr
y an
d cl
ean.
All
equi
nes
shou
ld h
ave
acce
ss to
barr
iers
pro
vidi
ng s
helte
r can
be
cons
ider
ed a
dequ
ate
shel
ter.
HO
USI
NG
REC
OM
MEN
DAT
ION
S
Th
e m
ost
impo
rtant
bas
ic r
equi
rem
ents
for
mai
ntai
ning
a h
ealth
y ho
rse
are:
dry
bedd
ing
and
good
hea
lth c
are.
Whe
ther
you
cho
ose
a ba
rn w
ith in
divi
dual
sta
lls o
r an
open
she
d ty
pe d
esig
n, y
ou
mus
t cho
ose
the
site
of y
our b
uild
ing
care
fully
. Goo
d dr
aina
ge is
the
mos
t im
porta
nt
area
.
–2
–
stal
lions
for t
he o
ppon
ents
fem
ales
.
Thos
e m
ales
whi
ch d
o no
t hav
e a
herd
of m
ares
will
som
etim
es b
and
toge
ther
in “b
ache
lor b
ands
”.
A ho
rse
has
thre
e de
fens
e te
chni
ques
:
1.R
unni
ng2.
Stri
king
out
and
or t
ram
plin
g w
ith th
eir h
oove
s3.
Biti
ng
http
://eq
uest
riano
utre
ach.
com
/Equ
estri
an-O
utre
ach-
Equ
estri
an-In
form
atio
n-P
age.
htm
l
–65
–
Hor
ses
have
hai
r lik
e hu
man
s, n
ot fu
r lik
e ot
her a
nim
als.
Hor
ses
are
the
only
ani
mal
that
has
onl
y on
e fu
nctio
nal t
oe.
This
toe
is p
rote
cted
by
a ha
rd, h
orny
hoo
f.
Hor
ses
are
one
of th
e re
lativ
ely
few
mam
mal
s th
at s
wea
t.
Hor
ses
have
abo
ut 1
75 b
ones
in th
eir b
ody.
Mos
t hor
se b
reed
s ha
ve 1
8 rib
s; 6
lum
bar b
ones
and
18
tail
verte
brae
.
A ho
rse’
s ho
of g
row
s at
a ra
te o
f abo
ut 1
cm
per
mon
th.
A fu
ll gr
own
hors
e w
eigh
s be
twee
n 1,
000
and
2,00
0 po
unds
.
Hor
ses
can
drin
k up
to te
n ga
llons
of w
ater
a d
ay.
Hor
ses
can
see
in tw
o di
rect
ions
at o
nce
(Mon
ocul
ar a
nd B
inoc
ular
vis
ion)
.
Hor
ses
mak
e 8
basi
c so
unds
- sno
rt, s
quea
l, gr
eetin
g ni
cker
, cou
rtshi
p ni
cker
, m
ater
nal n
icke
r, ne
igh,
roar
, blo
w.
Hor
ses
are
not f
ully
mat
ure
until
age
5.
Min
iatu
re H
orse
s ar
e ac
tual
hor
ses
not p
onys
.
Hor
ses’
bod
ies
are
built
for s
peed
with
pow
erfu
l leg
and
rum
p m
uscl
es, l
ong
slen
der l
egs,
and
larg
e lu
ngs.
Thor
ough
bred
s ar
e th
e on
ly b
reed
whi
ch h
as a
clo
sed
regi
stry
and
live
cov
er.
One
of t
he m
ost f
amou
s Th
orou
ghbr
eds
was
Man
o’ W
ar w
ho d
urin
g ra
cing
co
uld
run
one
quar
ter o
f a m
ile in
21
seco
nds.
~ E
quine Beh
avior ~
Hor
ses
use
thei
r voi
ces
to c
omm
unic
ate.
Hor
ses
also
use
man
y bo
dy p
arts
for c
omm
unic
atio
n.
Hor
ses
can
gene
rally
sig
nal a
var
iety
of e
mot
ions
and
idea
s w
ith b
ody
lang
uage
.
Arc
hing
thei
r nec
ks, s
how
ing
thei
r tee
th, r
earin
g up
, wid
enin
g th
eir e
yes,
and
ot
her b
ody
mov
emen
ts s
igna
l to
othe
r hor
ses
and
anim
als
wha
t an
indi
vidu
al
hors
e is
thin
king
.
Fera
l sta
llion
s us
ually
form
her
ds o
f mar
es w
hich
roam
20
squa
re m
iles
(30
sq. k
m.)
of la
nd.
–64
–
Your
bui
ldin
g sh
ould
be
wel
l ven
tilat
ed a
nd h
ave
a go
od s
ourc
e of
cle
an
wat
er. S
tora
ge is
alw
ays
a co
nsid
erat
ion.
You
will
nee
d ad
equa
te s
pace
to s
tore
yo
ur h
ay, g
rain
, too
ls, t
ack
and
any
othe
r equ
ipm
ent n
eeds
. Thi
s ne
eds
to b
e a
secu
re p
lace
, as
hors
es h
ave
a kn
ack
for g
ettin
g in
to p
lace
s th
ey s
houl
d no
t be.
S
ever
al e
quin
e di
seas
es a
re c
ause
d by
con
sum
ing
feed
con
tam
inat
ed b
y m
ice,
ra
ts, o
poss
ums,
etc
. For
this
rea
son,
feed
sho
uld
be k
ept i
n a
tight
ly c
lose
d,
rode
nt p
roof
con
tain
er to
pre
vent
the
spre
ad o
f dis
ease
s ca
used
by
cont
amin
atio
n fro
m ro
dent
feca
l mat
ter.
Your
pas
ture
nee
ds to
be
wel
l fen
ced
and
free
of o
bjec
ts th
at m
ight
inju
re
your
ani
mal
. The
re a
re m
any
choi
ces
for f
enci
ng a
vaila
ble,
som
e of
whi
ch a
re
chec
ked
frequ
ently
for b
roke
n fe
nce,
hol
es o
r any
obj
ect t
hat c
ould
cau
se in
jury
.
–3
–
Eq
uin
eH
ea
lth
~ H
istoric Eq
uine
Facts ~
Hor
ses
wer
e so
me
of th
e ea
rlies
t mam
mal
s.
The
orig
in o
f the
hor
se d
ates
bac
k to
the
Eoc
ene
perio
d, 6
0 m
illio
n ye
ars
ago.
By
the
Ple
isto
cene
per
iod
abou
t 1 m
illio
n ye
ars
ago,
the
mod
ern
hors
e ha
d de
velo
ped.
Dur
ing
the
ston
e ag
e ho
rses
wer
e a
sour
ce o
f foo
d ea
ten
for t
heir
mea
t.
It’s
been
sug
gest
ed th
at m
an h
as re
lied
on h
orse
s si
nce
4000
-350
0 B
CE
.
Hor
ses
wer
e us
ed fo
r rid
ing,
for d
eliv
erin
g m
ail a
nd m
essa
ges,
for h
unts
, and
fo
r bat
tle; f
or h
aulin
g, s
uch
as p
ullin
g lo
ads,
car
ryin
g pa
cks,
or p
ullin
g pl
ows;
an
d fo
r her
ding
oth
er a
nim
als
such
as
cattl
e.
Onl
y re
cent
ly (w
ithin
the
past
75
year
s) h
ave
we
stop
ped
rely
ing
on th
em a
s ou
r mai
n m
ode
of tr
ansp
orta
tion.
The
spee
d an
d en
dura
nce
of A
rabi
an h
orse
s al
low
ed M
uslim
s to
est
ablis
h a
grea
t em
pire
sw
eepi
ng o
ver A
frica
and
Spa
in.
It w
asn’
t unt
il 73
2 A
D w
hen
the
Mus
lims
adva
nced
into
Fra
nce
that
thei
r sw
ift
light
hor
ses
wer
e ov
erpo
wer
ed b
y Fr
ance
’s a
rmor
ed k
nigh
ts m
ount
ed o
n hu
ge, h
eavi
er b
reed
s.
In th
e 13
th c
entu
ry, h
orse
s al
low
ed G
engh
is K
han’
s M
ongo
l cal
vary
to s
wee
p no
rth e
ast t
o co
nque
r muc
h of
Rus
sia.
~ A
natomical E
quine Fa
cts ~
The
heig
ht o
f a h
orse
is m
easu
red
usin
g ha
nds.
(One
han
d =
4 in
ches
or
10.1
6 ce
ntim
eter
s)
The
hors
e ha
s a
shar
p se
nse
of h
earin
g, d
irect
ion
and
smel
l.
A ho
rse’
s ea
rs c
an a
im fo
rwar
d, to
the
side
, or b
ack
to c
atch
sou
nd.
wha
le a
nd th
e os
trich
.
With
thes
e la
rge
eyes
, one
pla
ced
on e
ach
side
of t
heir
head
, the
y ar
e ab
le
to s
ee o
bjec
ts w
ell a
t qui
te a
dis
tanc
e an
d de
tect
mov
emen
t fro
m a
lmos
t any
di
rect
ion.
The
hors
es s
kin
is v
ery
sens
itive
and
resp
onds
to th
e sl
ight
est t
ouch
(D
ress
age
empl
oys
this
fact
in it
’s ri
ding
aid
s).
–63
–
Equine
Fun
Facts
~ G
eneral ~
The
fam
ily o
f hor
ses
is c
alle
d E
quid
ae w
hich
com
es fr
om th
e La
tin w
ord
for
hors
e, e
quus
.
Ano
ther
trul
y w
ild b
east
bel
ongi
ng to
the
hors
e fa
mily
is th
e W
ild A
ss o
f Asi
a.
This
fam
ily a
lso
incl
udes
bot
h th
e do
nkey
and
the
mul
e.
The
near
est h
orse
rela
tives
are
the
rhin
ocer
oses
and
the
tapi
rs, b
oth
of w
hich
ar
e od
d to
ed c
reat
ures
.
Hor
ses
are
used
for a
wid
e va
riety
of s
ports
suc
h as
raci
ng, s
how
ing,
and
co
mpe
titio
ns s
uch
as b
arre
l rac
ing,
dre
ssag
e, h
unte
r, ro
deo,
sho
w ju
mpi
ng
and
polo
.
Hor
ses
have
hai
r lik
e hu
man
s, n
ot fu
r.
Hor
ses
are
soci
al a
nim
als
and
will
qui
ckly
bec
ome
feria
l and
run
in h
erds
of
hund
reds
whe
n re
leas
ed to
nat
ure.
The
term
“Wild
Hor
ses”
is m
isle
adin
g. A
ll “w
ild’ h
orse
s an
d po
nies
(Equ
us
feru
s) in
clud
ing
‘wild
’ Mus
tang
s in
the
wes
tern
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
are
fera
l with
1.P
rzew
alsk
i’s H
orse
(Equ
us fe
rus
prze
wal
skii
or E
quus
prz
ewal
skii)
, the
only
true
wild
hor
se a
live
toda
y .
2.Th
e Ta
rpan
(Equ
us fe
rus
feru
sce
ntur
y, th
e ta
rpan
is th
e on
ly o
ther
und
omes
ticat
ed h
orse
sur
vivi
ngin
to h
isto
rical
tim
es.
In n
atur
e, h
orse
s ge
nera
lly b
reed
eve
ry o
ther
yea
r.
Foal
s ar
e us
ually
bor
n in
the
sprin
g af
ter b
eing
car
ried
insi
de th
e fe
mal
e fo
r 11
mon
ths.
A fo
al is
bor
n w
ith it
s ey
es o
pen
and
is a
ble
to s
tand
uns
uppo
rted
with
in a
few
m
inut
es o
f birt
h.
Thes
e yo
ung
are
born
with
milk
teet
h w
hich
late
r are
repl
aced
with
per
man
ent
teet
h.
how
ever
they
will
eat
a v
arie
ty o
f diff
eren
t pla
nt m
atte
r lik
e bu
ds a
nd
appl
e. H
orse
s ar
e co
nsid
ered
old
at 2
0, b
ut s
ome
live
as lo
ng a
s 30
or 4
0 ye
ars.
The
old
est k
now
n ho
rse
lived
to b
e 50
yea
rs o
ld.
–62
–
HEA
LTH
CA
RE
Hea
lth c
are
can
fall
into
tw
o ca
tego
ries,
Pre
vent
ive
Mai
nten
ance
and
Tr
eatm
ent.
is
sche
dule
d he
alth
car
e. Y
early
va
ccin
atio
ns, d
ewor
min
g pr
ogra
ms,
a g
ood
hoof
car
e po
licy
and
year
ly te
eth
is fo
r acc
iden
ts a
nd ill
ness
, whi
ch n
o m
atte
r how
har
d yo
u try
will
ha
ppen
. The
bes
t pre
vent
ive
mai
nten
ance
will
not s
top
thin
gs fr
om h
appe
ning
, so
you
mus
t be
pre
pare
d.
EQUI
NE
DISE
ASE
S M
ost c
omm
on e
quin
e di
seas
es:
•A
ll ho
rses
sho
uld
be v
acci
nate
d.•
(WE
E).
•Tr
ansm
itted
prim
arily
by
mos
quito
es a
fter t
he in
sect
s ha
ve a
cqui
red
the
viru
s fro
m b
irds
and
rode
nts.
•D
irect
hor
se to
hor
se o
r hor
se to
hum
an tr
ansm
issi
on is
ver
y ra
re.
•A
bout
50%
of h
orse
s in
fect
ed w
ith W
EE
die
and
the
deat
h ra
te is
90%
if in
fect
ed w
ith E
EE
or V
EE
.•
Pre
vent
ion:
Vac
cina
te a
nnua
lly, o
r, pr
efer
ably,
eve
ry 6
mon
ths
prio
r to
vect
or s
easo
n.•
Sym
ptom
s in
clud
e hi
gh fe
ver (
106F
), ne
rvou
snes
s, d
row
sine
ss, d
roop
ing
and
deat
h.•
Trea
tmen
t is
supp
ortiv
e ca
re b
ut th
e ou
tcom
e is
usu
ally
poo
r.•
Rep
orta
ble.
•Zo
onot
ic.
–4
–
•D
etec
ted
by a
Cog
gins
Tes
t.•
infe
ct m
an.
• EI
A sh
ould
be
susp
ecte
d if
a ho
rse
has
a hi
stor
y of
wei
ght l
oss
acco
mpa
nied
by
per
iodi
c fe
ver o
r if s
ever
al h
orse
s in
a g
roup
dev
elop
sim
ilar s
ympt
oms
afte
r int
rodu
ctio
n of
new
ani
mal
s in
to a
her
d.• •
Gen
eral
sup
porti
ve th
erap
y m
ay h
elp
in a
n in
divi
dual
cas
e.•
An
infe
cted
ani
mal
is a
like
ly s
ourc
e of
infe
ctio
n fo
r oth
er h
orse
s.•
Infe
cted
ani
mal
s sh
ould
be
prom
ptly
isol
ated
from
oth
er h
orse
s.•
Infe
cted
ani
mal
s m
ust b
e ke
pt 2
00 y
ards
from
oth
er
•re
peat
ed s
pray
ing
or b
y sc
reen
ing
mig
ht b
e de
sira
ble.
• •C
an a
lso
be tr
ansm
itted
from
infe
cted
/dirt
y ne
edle
s, e
quip
men
t.•
Onl
y pr
even
tion
is to
Cog
gins
test
and
iden
tify
carr
iers
.•
Thre
e fo
rms:
1.A
cute
: sud
den
onse
t of h
igh
feve
r (1
04-1
08F)
, sev
ere
depr
essi
on,
2.S
ubac
ute:
Sym
ptom
s no
t as
seve
re.
3.C
hron
ic: u
nthr
ifty
appe
aran
ce, p
erio
ds o
f mild
illn
ess.
•N
o tre
atm
ent.
–5
–
Ref
eren
ce: C
orne
ll U
nive
rsity
Col
lege
of V
eter
inar
y M
edic
ine
The
whi
te m
arki
ngs
on th
e le
gs a
re n
amed
acc
ordi
ng to
thei
r loc
atio
n an
d he
ight
. Th
e fo
llow
ing
are
com
mon
term
s.
– th
e co
rone
t is
a ba
nd a
bove
the
hoof
. A w
hite
stri
p on
the
coro
net i
s al
so c
alle
d co
rone
t.
– th
e pa
ster
n is
the
narr
ow p
art o
f the
leg
betw
een
the
angl
e an
d th
e
– th
e ca
nnon
is th
e pa
rt of
the
leg
betw
een
the
ankl
e an
d th
e kn
ee
the
cann
on is
cal
led
the
half-
stoc
king
.
A ho
rse
may
onl
y ha
ve w
hite
cov
erin
g th
e he
el, a
nd m
ay b
e re
ferr
ed to
as
outs
ide
–61
–
MA
RK
ING
STh
e w
hite
mar
king
s on
the
head
of t
he h
orse
fall
into
sev
eral
cat
egor
ies
and
they
will
als
o ha
ve c
ombi
natio
n fa
cial
mar
king
s as
des
crib
ed in
the
conn
ecte
d st
ar a
nd
strip
from
abo
ve. A
gain
, the
re a
re s
ome
varia
tions
in th
e te
rmin
olog
y us
ed, s
o it
is b
est t
o be
fam
iliar
with
thes
e ba
sic
term
s an
d th
e ac
cept
ed te
rmin
olog
y in
you
r
is
any
whi
te m
arki
ng o
n th
e fo
rehe
ad o
f the
hor
se. A
sta
r can
be
smal
l, la
rge,
regu
lar o
r irr
egul
ar in
sha
pe, i
n th
e ce
nter
of t
he fo
rehe
ad o
r off
to th
e le
ft or
rig
ht s
ide
of th
e fo
rehe
ad. S
ome
hors
es
have
onl
y a
few
dis
cern
able
whi
te h
airs
on
the
fore
head
that
do
not h
ave
whi
te
or p
ink
skin
und
erne
ath
and
thes
e ca
n be
des
crib
ed a
s a
few
whi
te h
airs
on
the
fore
head
.
is
any
whi
te m
ark
that
is lo
cate
d be
twee
n th
e no
stril
s of
the
hors
e. A
sni
p
into
one
or b
oth
nost
rils.
A s
nip
is o
ften
conn
ecte
d to
a s
tripe
, and
man
y tim
es
with
a s
tar a
nd s
tripe
.
is
a w
hite
mar
king
on
the
brid
ge o
f the
hor
se’s
nos
e, b
elow
the
leve
l of t
he e
yes
and
abov
e th
e le
vel o
f th
e no
stril
s. A
stri
pe o
r stri
p ca
n be
long
, sh
ort,
wid
e, n
arro
w, c
ente
red
on th
e fa
ce
of th
e ho
rse
or o
ff to
the
left
or ri
ght s
ide.
is
a w
ider
whi
te m
arki
ng th
at
usua
lly c
over
s th
e re
gion
of a
sta
r, st
ripe
brid
ge o
f the
hor
se’s
nos
e.
C
onne
cted
a
nd
is o
ften
conn
ecte
d to
a
.
-tri
ls, a
nd u
pper
lip.
Hor
ses
with
bal
d fa
ces
lip a
s w
ell,
and
this
sho
uld
be li
sted
in a
des
crip
tion
of th
e fa
ce m
arki
ngs.
–60
–
•C
ause
d by
her
pesv
irus
(sim
ilar t
o th
e hu
man
com
mon
col
d).
• R
arel
y fa
tal,
but c
an c
ause
the
hors
e to
be
sick
for a
pro
long
ed p
erio
d of
tim
e.•
Viru
s ca
uses
resp
irato
ry tr
act p
robl
ems,
abo
rtion
, foa
l dea
th a
nd n
euro
logi
cal
dise
ase.
•th, 7
th a
nd 9
th
mon
th o
f ges
tatio
n w
ith a
kill
ed v
acci
ne.
•R
hino
pneu
mon
itis
is s
prea
d by
aer
osol
and
dire
ct c
onta
ct w
ith s
ecre
tions
,ut
ensi
ls, o
r drin
king
wat
er c
onta
min
ated
by
nasa
l sec
retio
ns.
•Vi
rus
may
be
pres
ent i
n as
ympt
omat
ic c
arrie
r ani
mal
s.•
Sec
onda
ry b
acte
rial i
nfec
tion
is o
ften
a co
mpl
icat
ing
fact
or.
•P
reve
nt b
y va
ccin
atin
g su
scep
tible
ani
mal
s (h
orse
s th
at tr
avel
off
the
farm
and
com
e in
con
tact
with
oth
er h
orse
s) a
nd is
olat
ing
new
hor
ses.
• •Tr
eatm
ent i
nclu
des
supp
ortiv
e ca
re a
nd o
ccas
iona
lly a
ntib
iotic
s to
con
trol
seco
ndar
y ba
cter
ial i
nfec
tions
.•
Rep
orta
ble.
• •R
espi
rato
ry d
isea
se th
at c
an a
ffect
larg
e nu
mbe
rs o
f hor
ses
but u
sual
lyno
t fat
al.
•It
is o
ne o
f the
mos
t com
mon
resp
irato
ry d
isea
ses
in th
e ho
rse.
•R
isk
of in
fect
ion
is h
ighe
r for
you
ng h
orse
s th
an o
lder
hor
ses.
•H
ighl
y co
ntag
ious
and
can
be
trans
mitt
ed b
y th
e ai
r fro
m e
quin
e to
equ
ine.
•P
reve
nt b
y is
olat
ing
new
ani
mal
s an
d va
ccin
atin
g th
ose
hors
es t
hat
are
susc
eptib
le (h
orse
s th
at tr
avel
off
the
farm
and
com
e in
to c
onta
ct w
ith o
ther
hors
es).
• Sy
mpt
oms
incl
ude
high
feve
r (10
1-10
6F),
depr
esse
d ap
petit
e, w
ater
y na
sal
disc
harg
e, a
nd a
har
d, d
ry c
ough
.•
Spr
ead
by d
ropl
et (n
asal
) inh
alat
ion.
•Tr
eatm
ent i
s su
ppor
tive
care
.
–6
–
•A
ffect
s m
ost s
peci
es o
f mam
mal
s.•
In h
orse
s, d
isea
se is
usu
ally
mild
but
can
hav
e se
rious
sid
e ef
fect
s, s
uch
as p
erio
dic
opth
alm
ia (m
oon
blin
dnes
s), k
idne
y di
seas
e, h
emol
ytic
ane
mia
or a
borti
on in
mar
es.
•M
ost c
omm
on c
arrie
rs a
re ro
dent
s an
d de
er.
•N
o ap
prov
ed v
acci
nes
for h
orse
s.•
Can
be
treat
ed w
ith a
ntib
iotic
s.•
Rep
orta
ble.
•C
ause
d by
Ric
ketts
ia b
acte
ria (E
hrlic
hia)
•A
ccor
ding
to th
e H
orse
Indu
stry
Han
dboo
k, s
tudi
es h
ave
sugg
este
d th
attra
nsm
issi
on is
not
from
hor
se to
hor
se, b
ut fr
om in
sect
or a
rthro
pod
(tick
)to
hor
se.
• •S
ympt
oms
incl
ude
mild
dep
ress
ion
and
decr
ease
in a
ppet
ite, f
ever
may
be
pres
ent a
nd g
ut s
ound
s ab
sent
or d
ecre
ased
. A w
ater
y di
arrh
ea d
evel
ops
with
in 2
4-48
hou
rs.
•O
ne th
ird o
f affe
cted
hor
ses
die.
•su
ppor
tive
care
.•
Rep
orta
ble.
Rab
ies
•C
ause
d by
Rha
bdov
irus
•Tr
ansm
itted
by
a bi
te fr
om a
rab
id a
nim
al (
usua
lly w
ild a
nim
als
such
as
•Zo
onot
ic c
once
rn fo
r hum
ans.
•P
reve
ntio
n: V
acci
ne w
ith a
n an
imal
boo
ster
•ag
gres
sive
beh
avio
r and
eve
ntua
lly, d
eath
.•
No
treat
men
t is
avai
labl
e. 1
00%
fata
l.•
Rep
orta
ble.
•Th
is m
ost c
omm
only
occ
urs
in fo
als
that
fail
to d
rink
and
abso
rb c
olos
trum
•It
is r
ecom
men
ded
that
foal
ing
take
pla
ce in
a c
lean
env
ironm
ent (
clea
nba
rn, c
lean
stra
w, o
utsi
de p
astu
re, e
tc. D
O N
OT
foal
on
saw
dust
).•
wea
knes
s, w
eake
ned
suck
ling
activ
ity, s
wol
len
join
ts o
r um
bilic
us a
nd m
ildde
hydr
atio
n. F
oals
may
be
to w
eak
to n
urse
and
may
app
ear u
naw
are
of th
eir
surr
ondi
ngs.
Ear
ly re
cogn
ition
is th
e ke
y to
trea
tmen
t. Fo
als
can
be te
sted
afte
r 12
hour
s ol
d to
mak
e su
re th
ey h
ave
rece
ived
an
adeq
uate
am
ount
of
colo
stru
m. I
f not
, tre
atm
ent c
an b
e st
arte
d im
med
iate
ly.•
Pre
vent
by
disi
nfec
ting
the
umbi
lical
cor
d w
ith 1
0% io
dine
and
mak
ing
sure
the
foal
nur
ses
soon
afte
r birt
h to
obt
ain
colo
stru
m.
–7
–
Maj
or C
olor
Bre
eds:
•PA
LOM
INO
man
es a
nd ta
ils.
•PI
NTO
bodi
es. H
orse
s w
ith b
lack
and
whi
te s
plot
ches
are
cal
led
pieb
ald,
whi
leho
rses
with
any
oth
er c
olor
than
bla
ck a
re c
alle
d sk
ewba
ld. P
into
is a
Spa
nish
wor
d m
eani
ng p
aint
ed. P
aint
ed h
orse
s ar
e di
vide
d in
to tw
oca
tego
ries:
Tob
iano
s, th
e m
ost c
omm
on, h
ave
whi
te s
plot
ches
acr
oss
the
belly
and
legs
upw
ard
tow
ard
the
back
but
doe
s no
t act
ually
cro
ss th
eba
ck. O
vero
s of
ten
have
a “W
ar B
onne
t” or
whi
te fa
ce.
•A
PPA
LOO
SA —
Thi
s is
a c
olor
bre
ed. I
t is
divi
ded
into
thre
e co
lor
patte
rns:
Leop
ard
is a
whi
te h
orse
with
dar
k sp
ots
all o
ver h
is b
ody;
is a
dar
k ho
rse
with
tiny
whi
te s
pots
;Th
e “B
lank
et” ,
the
mos
t wel
l-kno
wn
App
aloo
sas
pat
tern
whi
ch u
sual
lyco
nsis
ts o
f a w
hite
bla
nket
with
dar
k sp
ots
on th
e ru
mp.
App
aloo
sas
mus
t mee
t thr
ee m
inim
um re
quire
men
ts: s
tripe
d ho
oves
,un
pigm
ente
d sc
lera
(whi
te a
roun
d th
e co
rnea
of t
he e
ye) a
nd m
ottli
ng o
f
colo
red
appa
loos
as b
ut th
ey m
ust m
eet t
he a
bove
requ
irem
ents
.
–59
–
EQU
INE
CO
LOR
S A
ND
MA
RK
ING
S
•E
urop
e, a
“bay
” is
cons
ider
ed to
be
a br
own
hors
e.•
Bay
blac
k. T
he b
row
n ca
n ra
nge
from
a li
ght,
alm
ost t
an o
r che
stnu
t to
a da
rk,
seal
col
or.
•M
ost h
orse
s th
at lo
ok b
lack
are
act
ually
a v
ery
dark
bay
.•
– A
che
stnu
t hor
se h
as b
row
n sk
in a
nd th
e ha
irs a
re a
ctua
llyre
d. T
he s
hade
s va
ry fr
om a
ligh
t yel
low
y co
lor
to d
ark
liver
. The
man
ean
d ta
il ar
e us
ually
the
sam
e co
lor
as th
e bo
dy b
ut c
an b
e lig
hter
. The
very
dar
k ch
estn
ut is
cal
led
“live
r che
stnu
t”.•
– A
trul
y w
hite
hor
se is
bor
n w
hite
and
rem
ains
whi
te. H
is h
air i
ssn
owy;
he
has
pink
ski
n an
d bl
ue e
yes.
Cre
am h
orse
sare
a v
aria
tion,
als
oha
ving
unp
igm
ente
d sk
in a
nd p
ink
or b
lue
eyes
, with
a p
ale
colo
red
coat
.M
ost “
whi
te h
orse
s” a
re a
ctua
lly li
ght g
ray.
Th
ere
are
also
thre
e m
ajor
col
or v
aria
tions
in h
orse
s an
d th
ree
maj
or c
olor
br
eeds
.
Maj
or C
olor
Var
iatio
ns:
•D
UN
– D
uns
have
bla
ck s
kin
with
an
even
ly d
istri
bute
d co
at c
olor
and
abl
ack
man
e an
d ta
il, s
imila
r to
bay
colo
ring.
The
coa
t col
or c
an ra
nge
from
a
pale
yel
low
ish
colo
r to
the
colo
r of a
dirt
y ca
nvas
. Dun
hor
ses
usua
llyha
ve a
dor
sal s
tripe
dow
n th
eir
back
s an
d so
me
have
stri
pes
on t
heir
fore
arm
s. T
he li
ghte
r sha
des
are
calle
d bu
cksk
in.
•G
RAY
skin
. A fo
al m
ay b
e bo
rn a
sol
id c
olor
with
a fe
w w
hite
hai
rs s
prin
kled
inhi
s co
at, b
ut m
ore
whi
te h
airs
will
app
ear
in th
e co
at u
ntil
he is
gra
y at
mat
urity
. “D
appl
ed g
ray”
look
s m
ottle
d, w
hile
gra
ys w
ith c
lust
ers
of d
arke
r
•R
OA
Nis
cal
led
red
roan
; whi
te w
ith r
ed is
stra
wbe
rry
roan
; whi
te w
ith b
lack
isca
lled
blue
roan
.
–58
–
•A
cute
con
tagi
ous
uppe
r re
spira
tory
dis
ease
cau
sed
by t
he b
acte
riaS
trept
ococ
cus
equi
.•
Bac
teria
cou
ld b
e ca
rrie
d in
the
guttu
ral p
ouch
for y
ears
.•
Pre
vent
by
isol
atin
g ne
w a
nim
als
for a
t lea
st 4
wee
ks, p
refe
rabl
y 6
wee
ks.
Vacc
inat
e tw
o tim
es a
t fou
r wee
k in
terv
als
and
annu
al b
oost
ers
ther
eafte
r
•na
sal d
isch
arge
that
bec
omes
thic
k an
d pu
rule
nt; s
wol
len
subm
andi
bula
rly
mph
nod
es.
•O
nce
infe
cted
, sym
ptom
s in
clud
e up
per r
espi
rato
ry in
fect
ion
and
swol
len
lym
ph n
odes
, esp
ecia
lly th
ose
unde
r the
jaw
. Whe
n in
fect
ion
is s
ever
e, th
ely
mph
nod
es m
ay a
bsce
ss a
nd ru
ptur
e.•
Dis
ease
is s
prea
d by
con
tam
inat
ion
of in
anim
ate
obje
cts
such
as
groo
min
g eq
uipm
ent,
troug
hs, a
nd fe
ed a
nd w
ater
buc
kets
or e
ven
clot
hing
.•
Infe
cted
hor
ses
shou
ld b
e is
olat
ed.
•Tr
eatm
ent c
onsi
sts
of a
ntib
iotic
s an
d su
ppor
tive
care
.•
Rep
orta
ble.
•A
ll ho
rses
sho
uld
be v
acci
nate
d an
nual
ly a
nd a
t the
tim
e of
any
inju
ry o
rop
en w
ound
.•
Cau
sed
by C
lost
ridiu
m te
tani
, whi
ch c
an b
e fo
und
in e
quin
e fe
cal m
atte
ran
d in
con
tam
inat
ed s
oil.
•Tr
ansm
itted
by
the
bact
eria
ent
erin
g a
wou
nd a
nd t
he f
orm
atio
n of
• • •Th
e de
ath
rate
is h
igh
desp
ite tr
eatm
ent (
70-8
0%).
• •Va
ccin
e is
saf
e an
d pr
ovid
es g
ood
prot
ectio
n.•
fast
, sho
rt te
rm p
rote
ctio
n (u
p to
3 w
eeks
).
–8
–
Wes
t Nile
Viru
s •
Wes
t N
ile V
irus
affe
cts
a nu
mbe
r of
diff
eren
t sp
ecie
s, in
clud
ing
man
,ho
rses
and
bird
s.• •
No
docu
men
tatio
n th
at in
fect
ed h
orse
s ca
n sp
read
the
viru
s to
uni
nfec
ted
hors
es o
r oth
er a
nim
als.
•M
osqu
itoes
acq
uire
the
Wes
t N
ile V
irus
by b
iting
infe
cted
bird
s an
d
•tw
itchi
ng, f
ever
, wea
knes
s of
lim
bs, p
artia
l par
alys
is o
r dea
th.
• •M
orta
lity
rate
s ca
n ap
proa
ch 4
0%.
•Va
ccin
ate
initi
ally,
and
the
n fo
llow
with
a b
oost
er 3
wee
ks la
ter,
then
annu
al b
oost
er b
efor
e m
osqu
ito s
easo
n. In
WV,
Spr
ing
and
Fall
prio
r to
onse
t of v
ecto
r sea
son.
•R
epor
tabl
e.
–9
–
A na
tive
of th
e S
hetla
nd Is
land
s no
rth o
f Sco
tland
, dat
ing
back
to a
bout
the
16th
cen
tury
. A s
tand
ard
was
set
for
the
bree
d in
Eng
land
, and
Am
eric
a be
gan
impo
rting
She
tland
s du
ring
the
19th
cen
tury
. Tod
ay it
is m
ost p
opul
ar a
s a
child
ren’
s po
ny u
sed
for r
idin
g, d
rivin
g an
d as
a p
et. T
he S
hetla
nd is
inte
lligen
t, do
cile
, stro
ng,
hard
y an
d fe
arle
ss. I
deal
hei
ght i
s 38
to 4
2 in
ches
; wei
ght f
rom
300
to 4
00 p
ound
s.
She
tland
Pon
ies
may
be
any
colo
r with
an
abun
dant
sup
ply
of m
ane
and
tail
hair.
The
Wal
king
Hor
se b
ecam
e a
bree
d in
Am
eric
a af
ter
a ce
ntur
y of
sel
ectiv
e
the
Thor
ough
bred
and
Sta
ndar
dbre
d, s
treng
th o
f the
Mor
gan,
and
sty
le a
nd q
ualit
y
nick
nam
e “th
e m
ost c
omfo
rtabl
e rid
e in
the
wor
ld.”
Wal
kers
wer
e ac
clai
med
as
a sh
ow h
orse
bre
ed in
193
9 an
d its
pro
min
ence
on
the
brid
le p
ath
and
in h
orse
and
usua
l col
ors
are
blac
k, b
ay o
r che
stnu
t.
Orig
inat
ed in
Eng
land
and
its
ance
stry
may
be
trace
d to
thre
e fo
unda
tion
sire
s –
the
Bye
rley
Turk
and
God
olph
in a
nd D
arle
y A
rabi
ans,
whi
ch w
ere
impo
rted
into
1730
in V
irgin
ia. T
hrou
gh s
elec
tive
bree
ding
and
goo
d tra
inin
g, th
e Th
orou
ghbr
ed is
th
e ou
tsta
ndin
g ho
rse
in ra
cing
, and
has
als
o be
en u
sefu
l in
bree
ding
for H
unte
rs,
Jum
pers
, P
olo
Pon
ies
and
Sad
dle
hors
es.
The
Thor
ough
bred
has
a b
eaut
iful
good
mus
cula
r dev
elop
men
t in
the
hind
quar
ters
. Usu
al c
olor
s ar
e br
own,
bay
and
ches
tnut
, and
hei
ght c
an v
ary
from
14.
2 to
ove
r 17
han
ds, w
ith 1
6.1
bein
g th
eav
erag
e.
–57
–
The
Am
eric
an M
inia
ture
is a
“hei
ght”
bree
d; th
ey m
ust m
easu
re n
o m
ore
than
34
inch
es in
hei
ght a
t mat
urity
. Thi
s m
easu
rem
ent i
s th
e ve
rtica
l dis
tanc
e fro
m th
e la
st
hairs
at t
he b
ase
of th
e m
ane
to th
e gr
ound
. The
se ti
ny e
quin
e ar
e re
plic
as o
f the
ir
Dra
ft H
orse
s.
Mor
gan
Orig
inat
ed in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
and
is
prin
cipa
lly o
f Tho
roug
hbre
d an
d A
rabi
an
bloo
d, tr
acin
g its
anc
estry
to th
e gr
eat
stal
lion,
“Jus
tin M
orga
n.” I
t is
a sm
alle
r ty
pe o
f tro
tting
hor
se a
nd is
kno
wn
for
spee
d an
d en
dura
nce.
Mor
gan
hors
es
and
cow
hor
ses.
The
Mor
gan
has
also
be
en o
f val
ue in
bui
ldin
g up
the
Am
eric
an
Sad
dle
Hor
se a
nd S
tand
ardb
red.
Hei
ght i
s 14
to 1
5 ha
nds;
wei
ght f
rom
800
to 1
,000
po
unds
. Usu
al c
olor
s ar
e ba
y, c
hest
nut,
brow
n an
d bl
ack.
Mul
e A hy
brid
who
se s
ire is
a J
ack
and
dam
, a m
are.
The
Mul
e is
long
kno
wn
in h
isto
ry
with
a re
cord
of u
sefu
lnes
s an
d se
rvic
e in
war
and
pea
ce. T
he a
bilit
y of
Mul
es to
wor
k ha
rd u
nder
adv
erse
con
ditio
ns h
as w
on th
em g
reat
pra
ise
by fa
rmer
s an
d ra
nche
rs
ever
ywhe
re. M
ules
hav
e gr
eat e
ndur
ance
and
are
sur
efoo
ted.
N
orm
ally
mul
es a
re
Dec
orat
ed b
y na
ture
, the
orig
ins
of th
e P
aint
Hor
se in
Nor
th A
mer
ica
can
desc
enda
nts
of h
orse
s fro
m N
orth
Afri
ca a
nd A
sia
Min
or. I
nevi
tabl
y, s
ome
of th
ese
colo
rful e
quin
es e
scap
ed to
cre
ate
the
wild
her
ds o
f hor
ses
roam
ing
the
Gre
at
Pla
ins.
Cap
ture
d an
d ge
ntle
d, th
ey ra
ced
alon
gsid
e th
e va
st h
erds
of b
uffa
lo a
nd
trave
led
hund
reds
of m
iles
on c
attle
driv
es.
Wes
tern
fron
tier,
both
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ans
and
cow
boys
sou
ght t
he h
ardy
hor
ses
loud
ly
spla
shed
with
col
or.
Ove
r tim
e, b
reed
ers
grad
ually
impr
oved
th
e co
nfor
mat
ion
and
athl
etic
abi
lity
of th
e ru
gged
des
cend
ants
of w
ild m
usta
ngs
and
cow
pon
ies.
Eac
h ge
nera
tion
pass
ed it
s
Pai
nt H
orse
. Tod
ay, t
he s
tock
-type
con
form
atio
n, n
atur
al in
telli
genc
e an
d w
illin
g di
spos
ition
mak
e th
e A
mer
ican
Pai
nt H
orse
an
idea
l par
tner
for p
leas
ure
ridin
g,
show
ing,
ranc
hing
, rac
ing,
rode
oing
, tra
il rid
ing,
or j
ust a
s a
gent
le fr
iend
for t
he
kids
. –
56 –
anddd
blblblac
kkk
VAC
CIN
ATIO
NS
Equ
ine
dise
ases
can
atta
ck s
udde
nly
and,
with
out
prot
ectio
n, t
hey
can
be
to p
rote
ct th
eir h
orse
from
dis
ease
. P
reve
ntin
g a
dise
ase
thro
ugh
a pr
oper
vac
cina
tion
prog
ram
is fa
r saf
er, e
asie
r an
d ch
eape
r tha
n tre
atin
g th
e di
seas
e af
ter t
he h
orse
is a
lread
y si
ck. V
acci
natio
ns
Vacc
inat
ions
do
not o
ffer i
mm
edia
te
prot
ectio
n be
caus
e th
e bo
dy ta
kes
2-4
wee
ks to
pro
duce
pro
tect
ive
antib
odie
s ag
ains
t th
e va
ccin
ated
dis
ease
. Firs
t tim
e va
ccin
atio
ns m
ust b
e bo
oste
red
with
a s
econ
d va
ccin
atio
n 2-
4 w
eeks
late
r to
stre
ngth
en th
e pr
otec
tive
resp
onse
. R
emem
ber ,
a co
mpl
ete
vacc
inat
ion
prog
ram
is a
n es
sent
ial c
ompo
nent
to y
our
hors
e he
alth
pro
gram
.
Mak
ing
the
Mos
t of V
acci
natio
nsTa
ke th
e fo
llow
ing
step
s to
ens
ure
the
vacc
inat
ion
you
adm
inis
ter
will
be
as
effe
ctiv
e as
pos
sibl
e:•
Dev
elop
and
mai
ntai
n a
vacc
inat
ion
sche
dule
with
you
r vet
erin
aria
n. (A
ccur
ate
and
com
plet
e re
cord
kee
ping
is a
mus
t for
all
heal
th c
are
prac
tices
.)•
Rev
iew
and
upd
ate
vacc
inat
ion
prog
ram
sem
i-ann
ually
.•
If yo
u ar
e ad
min
iste
ring
vacc
ines
you
rsel
f, m
ake
sure
you
can
do
it pr
oper
ly.•
Obt
ain
your
vac
cine
s fro
m a
rel
iabl
e so
urce
– w
here
they
’ve
been
kep
t in
acl
ean,
ref
riger
ated
env
ironm
ent.
If th
ey b
ecom
e co
ntam
inat
ed, y
ou c
ould
ris
kan
inje
ctio
n-si
te re
actio
n.•
Follo
w a
ll la
bel i
nstru
ctio
ns.
•G
ive
only
the
reco
mm
ende
d do
se.
•U
se s
teril
e sy
ringe
s.
•D
o no
t use
unn
eces
sary
vac
cine
s.•
Do
not v
acci
nate
sic
k an
imal
s.
Con
tact
you
r vet
erin
aria
n to
ass
ist y
ou in
dev
elop
ing
a va
ccin
atio
n sc
hedu
le fo
r yo
ur e
ntire
equ
ine
herd
. You
r vet
erin
aria
n ca
n ad
vise
you
rega
rdin
g th
e in
divi
dual
re
quire
men
ts o
f you
r hor
se. I
f you
ow
n m
ore
than
one
hor
se, i
t is
impo
rtant
that
th
ey a
ll be
incl
uded
in th
e va
ccin
atio
n pr
ogra
m. O
ne u
npro
tect
ed h
orse
in a
her
d ca
n pr
ovid
e a
rese
rvoi
r of i
nfec
tion
to a
ll th
e ot
hers
.If
your
hor
se p
artic
ipat
es in
sho
ws,
com
petit
ive
even
ts o
r jus
t tra
vels
with
you
to a
pl
easu
re tr
ail r
ide,
you
mus
t tak
e th
ese
trave
l pla
ns in
to c
onsi
dera
tion
whe
n de
cidi
ng
wee
ks p
rior t
o yo
ur d
epar
ture
so
that
you
r hor
se w
ill h
ave
time
to d
evel
op im
mun
ity.
–10
–
VA
CC
INA
TIO
NS
FO
R F
OA
LS**
ALL
VAC
CIN
ATIO
N P
ROG
RAM
S SH
OU
LD B
E D
EVEL
OPE
D IN
CO
NSU
LTAT
ION
W
ITH
A L
ICEN
SED
VET
ERIN
ARI
AN
**Th
e two
cate
gorie
s belo
w re
flect
diffe
renc
es in
the f
oal’s
susc
eptib
ility
to di
seas
e and
abili
ty to
mou
nt an
appr
opri-
ate i
mm
une r
espo
nse t
o vac
cina
tion b
ased
on th
e pre
senc
e (or
abse
nce)
of m
ater
nal a
ntib
odie
s der
ived
from
co-
lostr
um. Th
e phe
nom
enon
of m
ater
nal a
ntib
ody i
nter
fere
nce i
s disc
usse
d in t
he te
xt po
rtio
n of th
ese g
uide
lines
. CO
RE V
ACCI
NAT
ION
S pr
otec
t aga
inst
dise
ases
that
are e
ndem
ic to
a re
gion
, tho
se w
ith p
oten
tial p
ublic
hea
lth si
gnifi
-ca
nce,
requ
ired
by la
w, v
irule
nt/h
ighl
y in
fect
ious
, and
/or t
hose
pos
ing
a risk
of s
ever
e dise
ase.
Cor
e vac
cine
s hav
e cle
arly
de
mon
strat
ed e
ffica
cy a
nd sa
fety
, and
thus
exh
ibit
a hi
gh e
noug
h le
vel o
f pat
ient
ben
efit a
nd lo
w e
noug
h le
vel o
f risk
to
justi
fy th
eir u
se in
all e
quid
s.
Foals
and W
eanli
ngs
(<12
mon
ths of
age)
Of m
ares
vacc
inated
in th
e pr
epar
tum pe
riod a
gains
t the
dise
ase i
ndica
ted
Foals
and W
eanli
ngs
(<12
mon
ths of
age)
Of un
vacc
inated
mar
e
DIS
EA
SE
3-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose a
t 4-6
mon
ths2n
d dos
e 4-6
wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose a
t 10-
12 m
onths
of
age
3-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose a
t 1-4
mon
ths
2nd d
ose 4
wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose 4
wee
ks af
ter
2nd d
ose
CO
MM
EN
TS
3-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose a
t 4-6
mon
ths*
2nd d
ose 4
-6 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e at 1
0-12
mon
ths of
ag
e, pr
ior to
the o
nset
of the
ne
xt ve
ctor s
easo
n.*F
oals
in So
uthea
stern
USA
: The
pr
imar
y vac
cinati
on se
ries s
hould
be
initia
ted w
ith an
addit
ional
dose
at 3
month
s of a
ge du
e to
early
seas
onal
vecto
r pre
senc
e.3-
dose
serie
s:
1st d
ose a
t 3-4
mon
ths*
2nd d
ose 4
wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose,
60 da
y inte
rval
after
2nd d
ose
*Foa
ls in
South
easte
rn U
SA:
The p
rimar
y vac
cinati
on se
ries
shou
ld be
initia
ted at
3 mo
nths
of ag
e due
to ea
rly se
ason
al ve
ctor p
rese
nce.
No
te: P
rimar
y vac
cina-
tion s
eries
sche
dulin
g may
be
amen
ded w
ith va
ccina
-tio
ns ad
minis
tered
earlie
r to
youn
ger f
oals
that a
re at
inc
reas
ed di
seas
e risk
due
to the
pres
ence
of ve
ctors.
A
foal b
orn d
uring
the
vecto
r sea
son m
ay w
arra
nt be
ginnin
g vac
cinati
on at
an
earlie
r age
than
a foa
l bo
rn pr
ior to
the v
ector
se
ason
.
3-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose a
t 6 m
onths
2nd d
ose 4
-6 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e at 1
0-12
mon
ths
3-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose a
t 3-4
mon
ths2n
d dos
e 4 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e at 1
0-12
mon
ths
Rab
ies
–11
–
Ara
bian
The
Ara
bian
was
bre
d to
with
stan
d lo
ng tr
eks
acro
ss th
e de
sert
and
the
triba
l w
ars
whi
ch s
omet
imes
follo
wed
suc
h tri
ps. I
ndiv
idua
l hor
ses
wer
e se
lect
ed fo
r the
ge
ntle
, affe
ctio
nate
nat
ure,
the
strik
ing
look
and
pro
ud s
pirit
the
bree
d is
kno
wn
for
toda
y. E
ven
thou
gh c
entu
ries
have
pas
sed,
to
day’
s A
rabi
an c
anno
t be
mis
take
n fo
r any
ot
her b
reed
. Whe
ther
ridd
en E
nglis
h or
w
este
rn, s
how
n in
par
k cl
asse
s or
use
d fo
r tra
il rid
ing,
Ara
bian
s ha
ve th
e sa
me
basi
c di
stin
ctiv
e ap
pear
ance
. The
Ara
bian
’s h
ead
prom
inen
t eye
, lar
ge n
ostri
ls a
nd s
mal
l
rises
out
of a
long
slo
ping
sho
ulde
r and
br
oad
ches
t. A
shor
t, st
rong
bac
k an
d hi
gh
trail
carr
iage
com
plet
e th
e pi
ctur
e.
Ara
bian
s co
me
in g
rey,
che
stnu
t, ba
y an
d ro
an a
nd a
n oc
casi
onal
sol
id b
lack
. A
lthou
gh s
ome
indi
vidu
als
will
var
y, m
ost a
re
betw
een
14.2
and
15.
2 ha
nds
in h
eigh
t and
wei
gh b
etw
een
800
and
1,00
0 po
unds
.
–55
–
Bel
gian
The
Bel
gian
cam
e to
Am
eric
a in
188
6 an
d no
w ra
nks
as o
ne o
f the
fore
mos
t dr
aft b
reed
s. B
elgi
an d
raft
hors
es a
re
actio
n. T
he le
gs a
re fr
ee fr
om fe
athe
r ch
arac
teris
tics
of th
e C
lyde
sdal
e an
d S
hire
. It h
as g
ood
plac
emen
t of t
he le
gs
with
a lo
ng s
tride
and
gre
at p
ower
. Mat
ure
stal
lions
wei
gh fr
om 1
,900
to 2
,300
or
mor
e po
unds
and
sta
nd 1
5.3
to 1
6.3
hand
s.
Als
o kn
own
as th
e A
mer
ican
Tro
tter o
r P
acer
. Thi
s A
mer
ican
bre
ed d
esce
nds
from
an
Eng
lish
Thor
ough
bred
nam
ed M
essi
nger
. Tod
ay,
It ha
s le
ngth
of s
tride
and
act
ion
for g
reat
spe
ed.
A fe
w a
re s
how
n at
hor
se s
how
s. It
s’ h
eigh
t is
colo
rs a
re b
ay, b
row
n, b
lack
and
che
stnu
t.
Orig
inat
ed d
urin
g th
e C
olon
ial e
ra in
the
Car
olin
as a
nd V
irgin
ia w
here
mat
ch
race
s w
ere
run
on th
e vi
llage
stre
ets.
Sel
dom
wer
e th
e ho
rses
race
d be
yond
440
the
grea
test
cow
hor
se in
his
tory
. In
perfo
rman
ce a
nd e
ndur
ance
, it h
as n
ever
bee
n
popu
larit
y of
the
bree
d sw
ept a
cros
s th
e co
ntin
ent.
A gr
eat b
reed
of s
potte
d ho
rses
, with
inte
llige
nce,
spe
ed a
nd e
ndur
ance
, br
ough
t to
Am
eric
a m
ore
than
thre
e ce
ntur
ies
ago
by
the
Spa
nish
Con
quis
tado
rs. I
t was
the
Indi
an h
orse
of
hunt
ing,
trav
elin
g, ra
cing
and
war
. Tod
ay, t
he A
ppal
oosa
muc
h fa
vor a
s an
all-
arou
nd s
addl
e ho
rse.
The
dec
idin
g ch
arac
teris
tic o
f the
App
aloo
sa is
the
colo
r pat
tern
s of
the
coat
, usu
ally
sol
id-c
olor
ed fo
repa
rts, f
adin
g to
w
hite
on
the
rum
p an
d br
oken
with
dar
k sp
ots.
Due
to
its re
mar
kabl
e co
lorin
g, it
is o
ften
used
as
a ci
rcus
and
–54
–
Foals
and W
eanli
ngs
(<12
mon
ths of
age)
Of m
ares
vacc
inated
in th
e pr
epar
tum pe
riod a
gains
t the
dise
ase i
ndica
ted
Foals
and W
eanli
ngs
(<12
mon
ths of
age)
Of un
vacc
inated
mar
e
DIS
EA
SE
Viru
s
Inacti
vated
who
le vir
us
vacc
ine3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e at 4
-6 m
onths
2n
d dos
e 4 -
6 wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose a
t 10-
12 m
onths
of
age,
prior
to th
e ons
et of
the
next
vecto
r sea
son.
Reco
mbina
nt ca
nary
pox
vacc
ine3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e at 4
-6 m
onths
of
age
2nd d
ose 4
wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose a
t 10-
12 m
onths
of
age,
prior
to th
e ons
et of
the
next
vecto
r sea
son.
chim
era v
accin
e3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e at 4
-6 m
onths
of
age
2nd d
ose 4
-6 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e at 1
0-12
mon
ths of
ag
e, pr
ior to
the o
nset
of the
ne
xt ve
ctor s
easo
n.Fo
als in
Sou
theas
tern U
SA:
Due t
o ear
ly se
ason
al ve
ctor
pres
ence
, the p
rimar
y vac
cina-
tion s
eries
shou
ld be
initia
ted
earlie
r with
the a
dditio
n of a
do
se at
3 mo
nths o
f age
.
Inacti
vated
who
le vir
us
vacc
ine3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e at 3
-4 m
onths
2nd d
ose,
30 da
ys af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose,
60 da
y inte
rval
after
2nd d
ose
Reco
mbina
nt ca
nary
pox
vacc
ine3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e at 3
- 4 m
onths
of
age
2nd d
ose,
30 da
ys af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose,
60 da
y inte
rval
after
2nd d
ose
chim
era v
accin
e3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e at 3
-4 m
onths
of
age
2nd d
ose,
30 da
ys af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose,
60 da
y inte
rval
after
2nd d
ose
(If pr
imar
y ser
ies
initia
ted du
ring m
osqu
ito
vecto
r sea
son,
an in
terva
l of
3-4 w
eeks
betw
een
the 2n
d and
3rd d
oses
is
prefe
rable
to th
e abo
ve
desc
ribed
8 we
ek in
terva
l.)
Foals
in S
outhe
aster
n USA
:Du
e to e
arly
seas
onal
vecto
r pr
esen
ce, th
e prim
ary v
accin
a-tio
n ser
ies sh
ould
be in
itiated
at
3 mon
ths of
age.
CO
MM
EN
TS
Note:
Prim
ary v
accin
ation
se
ries s
ched
uling
may
be
amen
ded w
ith va
ccina
tions
ad
minis
tered
to yo
unge
rfoa
ls tha
t are
at in
creas
ed
risk o
f exp
osur
e due
to th
e pr
esen
ce of
vecto
rs.
A foa
l bor
n dur
ing th
e ve
ctor s
easo
n may
war
rant
initia
tion o
f the p
rimar
yva
ccina
tion s
eries
at an
ea
rlier a
ge th
an a
foal b
orn
prior
to th
e vec
tor se
ason
.
Data
indica
tes th
at
mater
nal a
ntibo
dies d
o not
inter
fere w
ith th
e orig
inally
lic
ense
d ina
ctiva
ted w
hole
virus
vacc
ine pr
oduc
t; ho
weve
r, pro
tectio
n fro
m cli
nical
disea
se ha
s not
been
prov
ocati
vely
tested
in
foals
less t
han 6
mon
ths
of ag
e with
any o
f the c
ur-
rentl
y lice
nsed
Wes
t Nile
Viru
s pro
ducts
.
VA
CC
INA
TIO
NS
FO
R F
OA
LS, C
ON
T.
–12
–
Foals
and W
eanli
ngs
(<12
mon
ths of
age)
Of m
ares
vacc
inated
in th
e pr
epar
tum pe
riod a
gains
t the
dise
ase i
ndica
ted
Foals
and W
eanli
ngs
(<12
mon
ths of
age)
Of un
vacc
inated
mar
e
DIS
EA
SE
Not a
pplic
able.
As i
t is
not r
ecom
mend
ed to
va
ccina
te ma
res d
uring
pr
egna
ncy t
here
will
be no
foa
ls of
mare
s vac
cinate
d pr
epar
tum
are a
vaila
ble fo
r this
va
ccine
.
Manu
factur
er's
reco
mmen
-da
tion i
s for
prim
ary s
eries
of
2 dos
es ad
minis
tered
su
bcuta
neou
sly at
a 2 -
3 we
ek in
terva
l.
CO
MM
EN
TS
VA
CC
INA
TIO
NS
FO
R F
OA
LS, C
ON
T.RI
SK-B
ASED
VAC
CINA
TION
S ar
e tho
se ha
ving a
pplic
ation
s whic
h may
vary
betw
een i
ndivi
duals
, pop
ulatio
ns, a
nd
geog
raph
ic re
gions
. Risk
asse
ssme
nt sh
ould
be pe
rform
ed by
, or in
cons
ultati
on w
ith, a
licen
sed v
eterin
arian
to
identi
fy wh
ich va
ccine
s are
appr
opria
te for
a giv
en ho
rse or
popu
lation
of ho
rses.
The l
isting
of a
vacc
ine he
re is
not a
re
comm
enda
tion f
or its
inclu
sion i
nto a
vacc
inatio
n pro
gram
. Vac
cine s
ched
uling
is pr
ovide
d for
use a
fter it
has b
een
deter
mine
d whic
h, if a
ny, r
isk-b
ased
vacc
ines a
re in
dicate
d. No
te: va
ccine
s are
listed
in th
is tab
le in
alpha
betic
al or
der
not in
orde
r of p
riority
for u
se.
Antim
icrob
ial dr
ugs m
ust
not b
e give
n con
curre
ntly
with
this v
accin
e.Ca
ution
shou
ld be
used
du
ring s
torag
e, ha
ndlin
g an
d adm
inistr
ation
of th
is liv
e bac
terial
prod
uct.
Cons
ult a
phys
ician
im
media
tely s
hould
ac-
ciden
tal hu
man e
xpos
ure
(via m
ucus
mem
bran
es,
conju
nctiv
a or b
roke
n sk
in) oc
cur.
3-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose 2
-3 m
onths
of ag
e2n
d dos
e 4 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e 4 w
eeks
after
2n
d dos
e
3-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose 1
-3 m
onths
of
age
2nd d
ose 4
wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose 4
wee
ks af
ter
2nd d
ose
Mater
nal a
ntibo
dy do
es no
t int
erfer
e with
vacc
inatio
n; foa
ls at
high r
isk m
ay be
va
ccina
ted as
early
as 2
week
s of a
ge.
vacc
ine3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e: 4-
6 mon
ths of
age
2nd d
ose 4
-6 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e: 10
-12 m
onths
of
age
vacc
ine3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e: 4-
6 mon
ths of
age
2nd d
ose 4
-6 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e: 10
-12 m
onths
of
age
Reva
ccina
te at
6-mo
nth in
terva
lsRe
vacc
inate
at 6-
month
inter
vals
vacc
ine3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e: 4-
6 mon
ths of
age
2nd d
ose 4
-6 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e: 10
-12 m
onths
of
age
vacc
ine3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e: 4-
6 mon
ths of
age
2nd d
ose 4
-6 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e: 10
-12 m
onths
of
age
Reva
ccina
te at
6-mo
nth in
terva
lsRe
vacc
inate
at 6-
month
inter
vals –
13 –
GEN
ERA
L EQ
UIN
E IN
FORM
ATIO
N
GES
TATI
ON
PER
IOD
Th
e tim
e fra
me
of th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
fetu
s fro
m c
once
ptio
n to
birt
h is
cal
led
the
gest
atio
n pe
riod.
Indi
vidu
al m
ares
tend
to h
ave
thei
r ow
n ge
stat
ion
leng
th te
nden
cies
. The
“nor
mal
”
hors
e –
320
days
; Don
key
– 36
0-37
5 da
ys; a
nd D
raft
hors
es, 3
30-3
40 d
ays.
HO
RSE
TYP
ES
poni
es, l
ight
hor
ses,
dra
ft ho
rses
and
fera
l hor
ses.
Poni
es a
re le
ss th
an 1
4.2
hand
s in
hei
ght.
Mos
t pon
ies
wei
gh le
ss t
han
900
poun
ds.
Ligh
t hor
ses
wei
gh le
ss th
an 1
,400
pou
nds.
D
raft
hors
es a
re la
rge
and
stur
dy w
ith m
uscu
lar b
odie
s an
d ha
ir gr
owin
g on
thei
r lo
wer
legs
. The
y w
eigh
mor
e th
an 1
,400
pou
nds.
It is
nec
essa
ry to
und
erst
and
the
diffe
renc
es s
o th
at y
ou c
an s
et u
p th
e rig
ht h
ealth
mai
nten
ance
and
feed
pro
gram
s fo
r you
r hor
se.
Fera
l Hor
ses
are
wild
or s
emi-w
ild h
orse
s.
BR
EED
S Ea
ch b
reed
of h
orse
has
a c
ombi
natio
n of
dis
tinct
ive
and
indi
vidu
al c
hara
cter
istic
s.
the
char
acte
ristic
s w
hich
dev
elop
ed a
re tr
ansm
itted
from
gen
erat
ion
to g
ener
atio
n. A
kn
owle
dge
of th
e ch
arac
teris
tics
of th
e va
rious
bre
eds
help
mak
e it
easi
er to
sel
ect
the
type
of h
orse
you
wan
t. Fo
r a
mor
e de
taile
d lo
ok in
to h
orse
bre
eds
go to
the
follo
win
g w
ebsi
te w
ww
.ans
i.oks
tate
.edu
/bre
eds .
Inf
orm
atio
n on
som
e of
the
mos
t po
pula
r bre
eds
of h
orse
s an
d po
nies
in W
est V
irgin
ia fo
llow
.
O
rigin
ally
kno
wn
as th
e K
entu
cky
Sad
dler
, it
was
dev
elop
ed b
y K
entu
cky
plan
tatio
n ow
ners
w
ho n
eede
d a
hors
e th
at w
ould
car
ry th
em
com
forta
bly
for m
any
hour
s as
they
wen
t abo
ut
the
task
of o
vers
eein
g th
eir v
ast p
lant
atio
ns.
The
foun
datio
n si
re w
as a
Tho
roug
hbre
d ca
lled
Den
mar
k, fo
aled
in 1
839.
Sel
ectiv
e br
eedi
ng
has
prod
uced
a s
how
y ho
rse
with
eas
y ga
its, a
n eq
uabl
e te
mpe
ram
ent a
nd g
reat
sta
min
a. T
he
Sad
dle
Hor
se h
as a
sm
all,
eleg
ant h
ead
set o
n a
long
, mus
cula
r nec
k an
d st
rong
sho
ulde
rs,
back
and
qua
rters
. Pre
dom
inan
t col
ors
are
bay,
bro
wn,
che
stnu
t and
bla
ck.
Aver
age
heig
ht is
15
to 1
6.1
hand
s.–
53 –
ht
td
blk
GEN
ERA
L
EQ
UIN
E
INFO
RM
AT
ION
VA
CC
INA
TIO
NS
FO
R F
OA
LS, C
ON
T.Fo
als an
d Wea
nling
s(<
12 m
onths
of ag
e)Of
mar
es va
ccina
ted in
the
prep
artum
perio
d aga
inst
the di
seas
e ind
icated
Foals
and W
eanli
ngs
(<12
mon
ths of
age)
Of un
vacc
inated
mar
e
DIS
EA
SE
Colt (
male)
foals
: Sing
le do
se at
6 -1
2 mon
ths of
age
(see c
omme
nts).
CO
MM
EN
TS
Prior
to in
itial v
accin
a-tio
n, co
lt (ma
le) fo
als
shou
ld un
derg
o ser
ologic
tes
ting
nega
tive f
or an
tibod
ies to
EA
V. Te
sting
shou
ld be
pe
rform
ed sh
ortly
prior
to,
or pr
efera
bly at
, the t
ime o
f va
ccina
tion.
As fo
als ca
n car
ry co
lostra
l de
rived
antib
odies
to E
AV
for up
to 6
month
s, tes
ting
and v
accin
ation
shou
ld no
t be p
erfor
med p
rior t
o 6
month
s of a
ge.
Colt (
male)
foals
: Sing
le do
se at
6 -1
2 mon
ths of
age
(see c
omme
nts).
Inacti
vated
vacc
ine3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e at 6
mon
ths of
age
2nd d
ose 3
- 4 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e at 1
0 - 12
mon
ths
of ag
e
2-do
se se
ries a
dmini
stere
d int
rana
sally
:1s
t dos
e at 6
-7 m
onths
of
age
2nd d
ose a
t 11-
12 m
onths
of
age
Cana
ry po
x vec
tor va
ccine
2 d
ose s
eries
:1s
t dos
e at 6
mon
ths of
age
2nd d
ose 5
wee
ks af
ter
Reva
ccina
te at
6-mo
nth
inter
vals.
Inacti
vated
vacc
ine3-
dose
serie
s:1s
t dos
e at 6
mon
ths of
age
2nd d
ose 3
- 4 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e at 1
0 - 12
mon
ths
of ag
e
2-do
se se
ries a
dmini
stere
d int
rana
sally
:1s
t dos
e at 6
-7 m
onths
of
age
2nd d
ose a
t 11-
12 m
onths
of
age
Cana
ry po
x vec
tor va
ccine
2 d
ose s
eries
:1s
t dos
e at 6
mon
ths of
age
2nd d
ose 5
wee
ks af
ter
Reva
ccina
te at
6-mo
nth
inter
vals.
An in
creas
ed ris
k of
disea
se m
ay w
arra
nt va
c-cin
ation
of yo
unge
r foa
ls.
Beca
use s
ome m
atern
al
is lik
ely to
be pr
esen
t, a
comp
lete s
eries
of pr
imar
y va
ccina
tions
shou
ld sti
ll be
give
n afte
r 6 m
onths
of
age.
H
orse
Fev
er
2-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose a
t 5 m
onths
of ag
e2n
d dos
e 3 -
4 wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose
2-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose a
t 5 m
onths
of ag
e2n
d dos
e 3 -
4 wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose
If risk
war
rants
, vac
cine
may b
e adm
iniste
red t
o yo
unge
r foa
ls. S
ubse
quen
t do
ses a
re to
be ad
minis
-ter
ed at
4-we
ek in
terva
ls un
til 6 m
onths
of ag
e.
Not r
ecom
mend
ed in
foals
Not r
ecom
mend
ed in
foals
– 14
–
Foals
and W
eanli
ngs
(<12
mon
ths of
age)
Of m
ares
vacc
inated
in th
e pr
epar
tum pe
riod a
gains
t the
dise
ase i
ndica
ted
Foals
and W
eanli
ngs
(<12
mon
ths of
age)
Of un
vacc
inated
mar
e
DIS
EA
SE
Kille
d vac
cine
3-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose a
t 4-6
mon
ths
of ag
e2n
d dos
e 4-6
wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose 4
-6 w
eeks
after
3-do
se se
ries a
dmini
stere
d int
rana
sally
:1s
t dos
e at 6
-9 m
onths
of
age
2nd d
ose 3
-4 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e at 1
1-12
mon
ths
of ag
e
CO
MM
EN
TS
Stre
ptoc
occu
s eq
ui
Vacc
inatio
n is n
ot re
comm
ende
d as a
str
ategy
in ou
tbrea
k mi
tigati
on.
If risk
war
rants
, the
may b
e safe
ly ad
minis
tered
to
foals
asyo
ung a
s 6 w
eeks
of ag
e. Ho
weve
r, vac
cine
has n
ot be
en
is ad
minis
tered
toyo
unge
r foa
ls, a
3rd d
ose
of va
ccine
shou
ldthe
n be a
dmini
stere
d 2-4
we
eks p
rior t
owe
aning
.
The r
isk of
vacc
ine-
asso
ciated
adve
rse ev
ents
prod
uct is
admi
nister
ed to
yo
ung f
oals.
VA
CC
INA
TIO
NS
FO
R F
OA
LS, C
ON
T.
Kille
d vac
cine
3-do
se se
ries:
1st d
ose a
t 4-6
mon
ths
of ag
e2n
d dos
e 4-6
wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose
3rd d
ose 4
-6 w
eeks
after
3-do
se se
ries a
dmini
stere
d int
rana
sally
:1s
t dos
e at 6
-9 m
onths
of
age
2nd d
ose 3
-4 w
eeks
after
1s
t dos
e3r
d dos
e at 1
1-12
mon
ths
of ag
e
Vacc
inatio
ns fo
r Foa
ls de
velop
ed by
the A
meric
an A
ssoc
iation
of E
quine
Pra
ctitio
ners
Infec
tious
Dise
ase C
ommi
ttee,
2008
and u
pdate
d by t
he A
AEP
Biolo
gical
& Th
erap
eutic
Age
nts C
ommi
ttee,
2012
.
– 15
–
EQUI
PMEN
T AN
D SU
PPLI
ES
Gro
omin
g Su
pplie
sH
alte
r and
lead
rope
Stif
f bru
shS
oft f
ace
brus
hH
oof p
ick
Rub
ber c
urry
Tow
el o
r rub
rag
Spo
nge
and
swea
t scr
aper
Inse
ct re
pelle
ntVa
cuum
– 52
–
Firs
t Aid
Sup
plie
sC
lean
buc
ket
Tow
elVe
terin
aria
n re
ctal
ther
mom
eter
Pet
role
um je
llyA
ntib
acte
rial o
intm
ent
Eps
om s
alt
Pov
idin
e Io
dine
Scr
ub.5
%S
alin
e so
lutio
nW
eigh
tape
•W
alk
besi
de a
hor
se w
hen
lead
ing
it, n
ot a
head
or b
ehin
d. A
lway
s tu
rnth
e ho
rse
to th
e rig
ht a
nd w
alk
arou
nd it
, kee
ping
it o
n th
e in
side
.•
A ho
rse
is s
trong
er t
han
you
are.
Don
’t try
to
out
mus
cle
one.
The
hors
e w
ill u
sual
ly re
spon
d to
a q
uick
sna
p on
the
lead
stra
p or
rope
ifpr
oper
ly h
alte
r bro
ken.
•N
ever
wra
p th
e le
ad s
trap,
hal
ter s
hank
, or r
eins
aro
und
your
han
d,w
rist o
r bod
y. U
se a
long
lead
stra
p, fo
lded
“acc
ordi
on” s
tyle
in th
e le
ftha
nd w
hile
lead
ing.
it fa
ces
the
door
or g
ate
befo
re re
leas
ing
the
lead
stra
p or
rem
ovin
g th
e ha
lter o
r brid
le. O
ther
wis
e, th
e ho
rse
is lik
ely
to b
olt f
orw
ard
befo
re
it is
rele
ased
.
Tyin
g
Ther
e ar
e no
rule
s fo
r tyi
ng a
hor
se o
ther
than
thos
e di
ctat
ed b
y sa
fety
and
co
mm
on s
ense
. Tyi
ng is
onl
y a
mat
ter o
f kee
ping
a h
orse
in o
ne p
lace
. Mos
t
fully
trai
ned
until
they
do
so.
H
orse
s sh
ould
be
tied
far e
noug
h ap
art s
o th
ey c
anno
t kic
k or
bite
eac
h ot
her.
They
sho
uld
be s
epar
ated
by
rope
s, ra
ils o
r dis
tanc
e. A
reco
mm
ende
d di
stan
ce b
etw
een
stra
nge
hors
es w
hen
tied
to a
hitc
hing
pos
t/hitc
h lin
e or
alo
ng
a pi
cket
line
is 2
0 fe
et. A
t no
time
shou
ld th
ey b
e tie
d cl
oser
than
10
feet
apa
rt.
Unl
ess
a ho
rse
is ti
ed in
a s
tall,
it s
houl
d no
t be
left
unob
serv
ed fo
r lon
g pe
riods
of
tim
e. T
his
is p
artic
ular
ly im
porta
nt w
ith y
oung
hor
ses.
untie
d qu
ickl
y, w
ill n
ot s
lip, a
nd c
an b
e un
tied
even
thou
gh th
e ho
rse
may
be
pulli
ng b
ack
on th
e tie
rope
. The
reco
mm
ende
d kn
ot fo
r tyi
ng a
hal
ter r
ope
to
Tyin
g to
pos
t
To ti
e a
hors
e to
a p
ost,
stak
e or
sm
ooth
ver
tical
pol
e, a
com
bina
tion
knot
m
ay b
e us
ed to
pre
vent
the
rope
from
dro
ppin
g do
wn
the
pole
and
from
slip
ping
.
It is
a g
ood
prac
tice
alw
ays
to ti
e a
hors
e ab
ove
the
heig
ht o
f its
with
ers,
w
ith 2
to 2
1/2
feet
of t
ie ro
pe b
etw
een
the
knot
and
the
halte
r. It
is im
porta
nt to
ke
ep th
e ho
rse
from
dro
ppin
g its
hea
d do
wn
and
step
ping
ove
r the
rope
. The
ho
rse
mus
t, ho
wev
er, b
e ab
le to
hol
d its
hea
d at
its
norm
al h
eigh
t.
done
in a
man
ner s
imila
r to
the
proc
edur
e us
ed fo
r a v
ertic
al p
ole.
In th
is c
ase,
an
add
ition
al w
rap
shou
ld b
e m
ade
in th
e hi
tch,
follo
wed
by
the
quic
k-re
leas
e kn
ot, t
o ke
ep e
very
thin
g in
pla
ce. J
ust a
s w
ith th
e ve
rtica
l pos
t, th
e hi
tch
knot
sam
e pr
oced
ures
as
outli
ned
abov
e sh
ould
be
used
.
–51
–
VA
CC
INA
TIO
NS
FO
R A
DU
LT H
OR
SE
S**
ALL
VAC
CIN
ATIO
N P
ROG
RAM
S SH
OU
LD B
E D
EVEL
OPE
D IN
CO
NSU
LTAT
ION
WIT
H
A L
ICEN
SED
VET
ERIN
ARI
AN
**CO
RE V
ACCI
NAT
ION
S pr
otec
t aga
inst
dise
ases
that
are
end
emic
to a
regi
on, t
hose
with
pot
entia
l pub
lic h
ealth
sign
ifica
nce,
requ
ired
by la
w, vi
rule
nt/h
ighl
y inf
ectio
us, a
nd/o
r tho
se p
osin
g a ri
sk o
f sev
ere d
iseas
e. C
ore v
acci
nes h
ave c
lear
ly d
emon
strat
ed
effica
cy an
d sa
fety
, and
thus
exhi
bit a
hig
h en
ough
leve
l of p
atie
nt b
enefi
t and
low
enou
gh le
vel o
f risk
to ju
stify
thei
r use
in a
ll eq
uids
.
BROO
DMAR
ESOt
her A
dult H
orse
s(>
1 yea
r of a
ge)
prev
iously
vacc
inated
ag
ainst
the di
seas
e ind
icated
DIS
EA
SE
Prev
iously
vacc
inated
:An
nual,
4 - 6
wee
ks
pre-
partu
mPr
eviou
sly un
vacc
inated
or
havin
g unk
nown
vacc
inatio
n his
tory:
2-do
se se
ries
2nd d
ose 4
-6 w
eeks
after
1st d
ose.
Reva
ccina
te 4-
6 wee
ks
pre-
partu
m
Annu
al
Prev
iously
vacc
inated
:An
nual,
4 - 6
wee
ks
pre-
partu
m
Prev
iously
unva
ccina
ted or
ha
ving u
nkno
wn
vacc
inatio
n hist
ory:
2-do
se se
ries
2nd d
ose 4
wee
ks af
ter
1st d
ose.
Reva
ccina
te 4-
6 wee
ks
prep
artum
.
CO
MM
EN
TS
Boos
ter at
time o
f pen
etrati
ng in
jury
or pr
ior to
surg
ery i
f last
dose
was
admi
nister
ed ov
er 6
month
s pre
vious
ly
2-do
se se
ries
2nd d
ose 4
- 6 w
eeks
aft
er 1s
t dos
e.An
nual
reva
ccina
tion
Othe
r Adu
lt Hor
ses
(> 1
year
of ag
e)un
vacc
inated
or la
cking
vacc
inatio
n hist
ory
CO
MM
EN
TS
Cons
ider 6
-mon
th re
vacc
inatio
n inte
rval fo
r:1)
Hor
ses r
esidi
ng in
ende
mic a
reas
2) Im
muno
comp
romi
sed h
orse
s.
Annu
al - s
pring
, prio
r to
onse
t of
vecto
r sea
son.
2-do
se se
ries
2nd d
ose 4
- 6 w
eeks
aft
er 1s
t dos
e.Re
vacc
inate
prior
to
the on
set o
f nex
tve
ctor s
easo
n.
Prev
iously
vacc
inated
: An
nual,
4 - 6
wee
ks
pre-
partu
m Un
vacc
inated
or la
cking
va
ccina
tion h
istor
y:It i
s pre
ferab
le to
vacc
inate
naive
mar
es w
hen o
pen.
In ar
eas o
f high
risk,
initia
te pr
imar
y ser
ies as
desc
ribed
for
unva
ccina
ted,
adult
horse
s.
Annu
alSi
ngle
dose
Annu
al re
vacc
inatio
n
CO
MM
EN
TS
*Due
to th
e rela
tively
long
dura
tion o
fim
munit
y, thi
s vac
cine m
ay be
give
npo
st-foa
ling b
ut pr
ior to
bree
ding a
nd th
usre
duce
the n
umbe
r of v
accin
es gi
ven t
o a m
are
pre-
partu
m.
Viru
s
–16
–
VA
CC
INA
TIO
NS
FO
R A
DU
LT H
OR
SE
S
BROO
DMAR
ESOt
her A
dult H
orse
s(>
1 yea
r of a
ge)
prev
iously
vacc
inated
ag
ainst
the di
seas
e ind
icated
DIS
EA
SE
Annu
al, 4
- 6 w
eeks
pr
e-pa
rtum
OR Prior
to br
eedin
g*
Annu
al
Rab
ies
CO
MM
EN
TS
*Due
to th
e rela
tively
long
dura
tion o
fim
munit
y, thi
s vac
cine m
ay be
give
npo
st-foa
ling b
ut pr
ior to
bree
ding a
nd th
usre
duce
the n
umbe
r of v
accin
es gi
ven t
o a m
are
pre-
partu
m.Sing
le do
seAn
nual
reva
ccina
tion
Othe
r Adu
lt Hor
ses
(> 1
year
of ag
e)un
vacc
inated
or la
cking
vacc
inatio
n hist
ory
Not r
ecom
mend
ed du
ring
gesta
tion
Annu
al2-
dose
serie
s
2nd d
ose 3
-4 w
eeks
after
1st d
ose.
An
nual
reva
ccina
tion.
CO
MM
EN
TS
Do no
t adm
iniste
r con
curre
ntly w
ith an
tibiot
ics.
Use c
autio
n dur
ing st
orag
e, ha
ndlin
g and
admi
nistra
tion.
Cons
ult a
phys
ician
imme
diatel
y if h
uman
expo
sure
to
vacc
ine oc
curs
by ac
ciden
tal in
jectio
n, ing
estio
n, or
othe
r-wi
se th
roug
h the
conju
nctiv
a or b
roke
n skin
.
RISK
-BA
SED
VA
CCIN
ES a
re s
elec
ted
for
use
base
d on
ris
k as
sess
men
t**
perf
orm
ed b
y, o
r in
co
nsul
tati
on w
ith,
a li
cens
ed v
eter
inar
ian.
Use
of t
hese
vac
cine
s m
ay v
ary
betw
een
indi
vidu
als,
po
pula
tion
s, a
nd/o
r ge
ogra
phic
reg
ions
.N
ote:
Vac
cine
s ar
e lis
ted
in t
his
tabl
e in
alp
habe
tica
l ord
er, n
ot in
ord
er o
f pri
orit
y fo
r us
e.**
Refe
r to
“Pr
inci
ples
of V
acci
nati
on”
in m
ain
docu
men
t fo
r cr
iter
ia u
sed
in p
erfo
rmin
g ri
sk
asse
ssm
ent.
Prev
iously
vacc
inated
:An
nual,
4-6 w
eeks
pre-
partu
mPr
eviou
sly un
vacc
inated
or
havin
g unk
nown
vacc
inatio
n his
tory:
3-do
se se
ries
• 1s
t dos
e at
8
mon
ths
gest
atio
n.•
2nd
dose
4 w
eeks
af
ter 1
st d
ose.
• 3r
d do
se 4
wee
ks
afte
r 2nd
dos
e.
Annu
al3-
dose
serie
s•
2nd
dose
4
wee
ks
afte
r 1st
dos
e.•
3rd
dose
4
wee
ks a
fter
2nd
dose
.A
nnua
l rev
acci
na-
tion
– 17
––
50 –
EQU
INE
SAFE
TYH
orse
s ar
e of
ten
timid
ani
mal
s an
d re
act i
nsta
ntio
usly
whe
n fri
ghte
ned,
bu
t the
re is
no
need
to fe
ar th
e ho
rse
if sa
fety
pre
caut
ions
are
follo
wed
. To
disr
egar
d si
mpl
e sa
fety
rule
s in
han
dlin
g a
hors
e ca
n re
sult
in s
erio
us m
isha
p.
Know
ledg
e of
saf
e rid
ing
and
hand
ling
is im
porta
nt to
bas
ic h
orse
man
ship
ski
lls.
The
best
hor
se h
andl
ers
“thin
k lik
e a
hors
e” a
nd tr
y to
ant
icip
ate
wha
t a h
orse
thei
r eye
s an
d se
e th
ings
on
both
sid
es a
t the
sam
e tim
e. H
orse
s al
so h
ave
two
blin
d sp
ots,
dire
ctly
in fr
ont o
f the
m a
nd d
irect
ly b
ehin
d th
em.
As
a ho
rsem
an,
you
need
to ta
ke s
afet
y pr
ecau
tions
to k
eep
both
you
and
you
r equ
ine
safe
.
• A
lway
s sp
eak
to h
orse
bef
ore
appr
oach
ing
or to
uchi
ng it
from
beh
ind.
M
ost h
orse
s ar
e lik
ely
to ju
mp
or k
ick
whe
n st
artle
d.•
Nev
er a
ppro
ach
a ho
rse
dire
ctly
from
the
rear
. Eve
n in
a ti
e st
all i
t is
poss
ible
to a
ppro
ach
at a
n an
gle.
reac
h fo
r the
end
of t
he n
ose.
Thi
s is
a b
lind
spot
for t
he h
orse
and
is
anno
ying
to th
e an
imal
. Rep
eate
dly
dabb
ing
at th
e en
d of
a h
orse
’s
nose
, esp
ecia
lly a
you
ng a
nim
al, c
an e
ncou
rage
biti
ng.
• W
hen
wal
king
aro
und
hors
es, s
tay
out o
f kic
king
ran
ge. N
ever
wal
k un
der t
he ti
e ro
pe o
r ste
p ov
er it
.
• W
hen
wor
king
aro
und
hors
es, s
tay
clos
e so
that
, if k
icke
d, y
ou w
ill n
ot
rece
ive
the
full
impa
ct o
f the
kic
k. S
tay
out o
f kic
king
rang
e w
hene
ver
poss
ible
.•
Wor
k on
a h
orse
from
a p
ositi
on a
s ne
ar th
e sh
ould
er a
s po
ssib
le. I
n th
is w
ay, y
ou c
anno
t be
touc
hed
by e
ither
the
front
or t
he h
ind
feet
.•
Whe
n w
orki
ng w
ith th
e ho
rse’
s ta
il, s
tand
nea
r the
poi
nt o
f the
but
tock
, to
the
side
and
faci
ng th
e re
ar, n
ot d
irect
ly in
bac
k. H
old
the
tail,
brin
ging
it
arou
nd to
you
.•
Lear
n th
e pr
oper
way
to li
ft th
e ho
rse’
s fe
et.
mak
e a
hors
e ne
rvou
s an
d un
safe
. Thi
s is
impo
rtant
in s
how
man
ship
.•
Kno
w th
e ho
rse
with
whi
ch y
ou a
re w
orki
ng. K
now
his
tem
pera
men
t an
d re
actio
ns. C
ontro
l you
r tem
per a
t all
times
. Let
him
kno
w y
ou a
re
• K
now
you
r ho
rse’
s pe
culia
ritie
s. If
som
eone
els
e is
rid
ing,
tell
them
• A
lway
s w
ear b
oots
. Nev
er g
o ba
refo
ot o
r wea
r ten
nis
shoe
s.
for m
any
clas
ses.
– 49
–
VA
CC
INA
TIO
NS
FO
R A
DU
LT H
OR
SE
S
BROO
DMAR
ESOt
her A
dult H
orse
s(>
1 yea
r of a
ge)
prev
iously
vacc
inated
ag
ainst
the di
seas
e ind
icated
DIS
EA
SE
3-do
se se
ries w
ith pr
oduc
t lab
eled f
or pr
otecti
on
again
st EH
V ab
ortio
n.
Give
at 5,
7 an
d 9 m
onths
ofge
statio
n.
Annu
al (se
e com
ments
)
CO
MM
EN
TS
Con
side
r 6-m
onth
reva
ccin
atio
n in
terv
al fo
r:• H
orse
s le
ss th
an 5
yea
rs o
f age
.• H
orse
s on
bre
edin
g fa
rms
or in
con
tact
with
preg
nant
mar
es.
• Per
form
ance
or s
how
hors
es a
t hig
h ris
k.
3-do
se s
erie
s•
2nd
dose
4-6
w
eeks
afte
r 1st
dos
e.•
3rd
dose
4-6
wee
ks
afte
r 2nd
dos
e.
Othe
r Adu
lt Hor
ses
(> 1
year
of ag
e)un
vacc
inated
or la
cking
vacc
inatio
n hist
ory
Not r
ecom
mend
ed un
less
high r
isk.
Annu
alSt
allion
s, tea
sers:
Va
ccina
te 2 -
4 we
eks
befor
e bre
eding
seas
on.
Mare
s: Va
ccina
te wh
en
open
.
Sing
le do
se
(see c
omme
nts)
CO
MM
EN
TS
Prior
to in
itial v
accin
ation
, intac
t male
s and
any
horse
s pote
ntiall
y inte
nded
for e
xpor
t sho
uld
unde
rgo s
erolo
gic te
sting
for
antib
odies
to E
AV. T
estin
g sho
uld be
perfo
rmed
shor
tly
prior
to, o
r pre
ferab
ly at,
the t
ime o
f vac
cinati
on.
Prev
ious
ly v
acci
nate
d:In
activ
ated
vac
cine
: Se
mi-a
nnua
l with
one
dos
e ad
min
iste
red
4 - 6
wee
ks
pre-
partu
m.
Can
ary
pox
vect
or v
acci
ne:
Sem
i-ann
ual w
ith o
ne d
ose
adm
inis
tere
d 4
- 6 w
eeks
pre-
partu
m.
Prev
ious
ly u
nvac
cina
ted
or
havi
ng u
nkno
wn
vacc
inat
ion
hist
ory:
Inac
tivat
ed v
acci
ne: 3
-dos
e se
ries
• 2n
d do
se 4
- 6
wee
ks
afte
r 1st
dos
e.•
3rd
dose
4 -
6 w
eeks
pr
e-pa
rtum
.C
anar
y po
x ve
ctor
vac
cine
:2-
dose
ser
ies
• 2nd
dos
e 4
- 6 w
eeks
afte
r 1s
t dos
e bu
t no
late
r tha
n 4
wee
ks p
re-p
artu
m.
Horse
s with
ongo
ing ris
k of
expo
sure
: Sem
i-ann
ual.
Horse
s at lo
w ris
k of
expo
sure
:An
nual.
Sing
le d
ose
adm
inis
tere
d in
trana
sally
.R
evac
cina
te s
emi-a
nnu-
ally
to a
nnua
lly.
Inac
tivat
ed v
acci
ne:
3-do
se s
erie
s•
2nd
dose
4 -
6 w
eeks
afte
r 1st
do
se.
• 3r
d do
se 3
- 6
mon
ths
afte
r 2nd
do
se.
Rev
acci
nate
sem
i-ann
u-al
ly to
ann
ually
.C
anar
y po
x ve
ctor
vac
-ci
ne:
2-do
se s
erie
s2n
d do
se 4
- 6
wee
ks
afte
r 1st
dos
e.R
evac
cina
te s
emi-
annu
ally.
– 18
–
VA
CC
INA
TIO
NS
FO
R A
DU
LT H
OR
SE
S
BROO
DMAR
ESOt
her A
dult H
orse
s(>
1 yea
r of a
ge)
prev
iously
vacc
inated
ag
ainst
the di
seas
e ind
icated
DIS
EA
SE
Pre
viou
sly
vacc
inat
ed:
Sem
i-ann
ual,
with
one
dos
e gi
ven
4 - 6
w
eeks
pre
partu
m.
Pre
viou
sly
unva
ccin
ated
or
hav
ing
unkn
own
vac-
cina
tion
hist
ory:
2-do
se s
erie
s•
1st d
ose
7-9
wee
ks
prep
artu
m.
• 2n
d do
se 4
-6 w
eeks
pr
epar
tum
Semi
-ann
ual to
annu
al
Hor
se F
ever
CO
MM
EN
TS
A re
vacc
inat
ion
inte
rval
of 3
- 4
mon
ths
may
be
cons
ider
ed in
end
emic
are
as w
hen
dise
ase
risk
is h
igh.2-
dose
ser
ies
2nd
dose
3-4
wee
ks
afte
r 1st
dos
e.Se
mi-a
nnua
l or a
n-nu
al b
oost
er
Othe
r Adu
lt Hor
ses
(> 1
year
of ag
e)un
vacc
inated
or la
cking
vacc
inatio
n hist
ory
Stre
ptoc
occu
s eq
ui
3-do
se s
erie
s•
1st d
ose
at 8
mon
ths
gest
atio
n.•
2nd
and
3rd
dose
s at
4-w
eek
inte
rval
s th
erea
fter.
Not a
pplic
able
Not a
pplic
able
Prev
ious
ly v
acci
nate
d:Ki
lled
vacc
ine
cont
aini
ng
Mpr
otei
n):
Sem
i-ann
ual w
ith o
ne d
ose
give
n 4
- 6 w
eeks
pr
e-pa
rtum
.Pr
evio
usly
unv
acci
nate
d or
ha
ving
unk
now
n va
ccin
atio
n hi
stor
y:Ki
lled
vacc
ine
cont
aini
ng
Mpr
otei
n):
3-do
se s
erie
s•
2nd
dose
2 -
4 w
eeks
af
ter 1
st d
ose.
• 3r
d do
se 4
- 6
wee
ks
prep
artu
m.
Semi
-ann
ual to
annu
alKi
lled
vacc
ine
cont
aini
ng
M-p
rote
in:
2-3
dose
ser
ies
• 2n
d do
se 2
- 4
wee
ks a
fter 1
st
dose
.•
3rd
dose
(whe
re
reco
mm
ende
d by
m
anuf
actu
rer)
2 - 4
w
eeks
afte
r 2nd
do
se.
Rev
acci
nate
sem
i-an
nual
ly.
adm
inis
tere
d in
trana
sally
.2n
d do
se 3
wee
ks a
fter
1st d
ose.
Rev
acci
nate
sem
i-ann
u-al
ly to
ann
ually
.C
OM
ME
NT
SVa
ccina
tion i
s not
reco
mmen
ded a
s a st
rateg
y in
outbr
eak m
itigati
on.
CO
MM
EN
TS
Prior
to in
itial v
accin
ation
, intac
t male
s and
any
horse
s pote
ntiall
y inte
nded
for e
xpor
t sho
uld
unde
rgo s
erolo
gic te
sting
for
antib
odies
to E
AV. T
estin
g sho
uld be
perfo
rmed
shor
tly
prior
to, o
r pre
ferab
ly at,
the t
ime o
f vac
cinati
on.
– 19
–
EQ
UIN
E
SAFET
Y
–48
–
BRO
OD
MA
RE C
ARE
Of a
ll the
hor
ses
we
own,
the
mos
t spe
cial
car
e m
ust g
o to
our
bro
odm
ares
. Th
e ca
re th
ey re
ceiv
e w
hile
pre
gnan
t det
erm
ines
the
heal
th o
f the
ir ne
wbo
rn
foal
, whi
ch in
turn
det
erm
ines
that
foal
’s h
ealth
for t
he re
st o
f its
life
.B
reed
ing
hors
es is
alw
ays
a ga
mbl
e. T
here
is n
o w
ay to
insu
re y
ou w
ill g
et
take
. But
whe
n it
com
es to
hea
lth, w
e ca
n st
ack
the
deck
in o
ur fa
vor.
Firs
t, st
art
with
a h
ealth
y m
are.
Bef
ore
bree
ding
, yo
ur m
are
shou
ld b
e de
wor
med
and
hav
e he
r vac
cina
tions
. Eas
tern
and
Wes
tern
Enc
epha
lom
yelit
is,
ofte
n re
com
men
ded.
You
r mar
e sh
ould
be
a go
od w
eigh
t, as
bot
h ov
erw
eigh
t an
d un
derw
eigh
t con
ditio
ns c
an a
ffect
ferti
lity.
Rhi
nopn
eum
oniti
s, w
hile
not
usu
ally
fata
l for
mat
ure
hors
es, i
s a
lead
ing
caus
e of
abo
rtion
. The
vac
cine
use
d fo
r pre
gnan
t mar
es c
onta
ins
kille
d vi
rus
and
is s
afe
for t
he fe
tus.
The
reco
mm
ende
d sc
hedu
le fo
r vac
cina
tion
is th
e 3r
d,
5th,
7th
and
9th
mon
ths
of g
esta
tion.
your
foal
as
it w
ill re
ceiv
e pa
ssiv
e im
mun
ity in
the
colo
stru
ms.
: P
astu
re a
nd h
ay c
onta
inin
g fe
scue
is d
ange
rous
for
yo
ur p
regn
ant
mar
e. I
f yo
ur b
rood
mar
e is
on
fesc
ue d
urin
g pr
egna
ncy,
she
m
ust b
e m
oved
out
of a
fesc
ue p
astu
re th
irty
days
bef
ore
foal
ing.
Mos
t fes
cue
and
decr
ease
d m
ilk p
rodu
ctio
n. A
lso
foal
s w
ho s
urvi
ve c
an h
ave
horm
one
and
Do
not
forg
et t
o de
wor
m y
our
mar
e w
hile
she
is
preg
nant
. R
outin
e de
wor
min
g sh
ould
pro
ceed
all
thro
ugh
her
preg
nanc
y. H
owev
er, m
ake
sure
yo
u us
e a
dew
orm
er w
hich
is a
ppro
ved
for p
regn
ant m
ares
.It
is im
porta
nt to
kno
w th
e da
te o
r da
tes
your
mar
e w
as b
red.
Ges
tatio
n
is a
big
hel
p. Y
ou c
an h
ave
your
mar
e ch
ecke
d fo
r pr
egna
ncy.
The
re a
re a
t ho
me
test
s fo
r hor
ses,
you
r vet
erin
aria
n ca
n pe
rform
an
ultra
soun
d or
a re
ctal
pa
lpat
ion
can
be d
one
arou
nd 5
0 da
ys a
fter b
reed
ing.
Of t
hese
met
hods
, rec
tal
palp
atio
n is
pro
babl
y m
ost o
ften
chos
en. I
t is
high
ly r
ecom
men
ded
that
you
r ho
rse
foal
s in
a c
lean
pas
ture
or a
bar
n w
ith c
lean
stra
w. F
oalin
g on
saw
dust
is
dis
cour
aged
.P
leas
e co
nsul
t you
r equ
ine
vete
rinar
ian
for m
ore
deta
iled
info
rmat
ion
on
broo
dmar
e ca
re a
nd n
utrit
ion.
How
To
Giv
e You
r H
orse
An
Intr
amus
cula
r In
ject
ion
Mos
t ho
rse
owne
rs o
ccas
iona
lly m
ust
give
the
ir ho
rse
an i
njec
tion.
Fo
rtuna
tely,
giv
ing
an in
ject
ion
to a
hor
se is
an
easi
ly le
arne
d sk
ill.
Det
erm
inin
g w
hat t
ype
of m
edic
atio
n th
e ho
rse
need
s an
d ho
w to
adm
inis
ter
the
med
icat
ion
is th
e cr
itica
l par
t of t
he p
roce
ss a
nd s
houl
d be
det
erm
ined
by
your
vet
erin
aria
n.Th
ere
are
four
bas
ic ty
pes
of in
ject
ions
use
dw
ith h
orse
s.
•In
trave
nous
inje
ctio
ns a
re g
iven
into
a v
ein.
•In
trade
rmal
inje
ctio
ns a
re a
dmin
iste
red
into
the
skin
.•
Sub
cuta
neou
s in
ject
ions
are
giv
en u
nder
neat
h th
e sk
in.
•In
tram
uscu
lar
(IM)
inje
ctio
ns a
re g
iven
dee
p in
to a
larg
e m
uscl
em
ass
whe
re t
he d
rug
is a
bsor
bed
slow
ly in
to t
he h
orse
’s s
yste
m.
Intra
mus
cula
r inj
ectio
ns a
re th
e m
ost c
omm
on ty
pe u
sed
in h
orse
s an
d ar
e th
e fo
cus
of th
is c
ircul
ar. A
lthou
gh a
few
hor
ses
are
“nee
dle
shy”
and
obj
ect t
o in
ject
ions
, mos
t hor
ses
quie
tly a
ccep
t a p
rope
rly g
iven
IM in
ject
ion.
By
follo
win
g th
e m
etho
ds o
utlin
ed in
this
circ
ular
, hor
se o
wne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
saf
ely
and
Safe
ty F
irst
Con
sult
Your
Vet
erin
aria
n A
lthou
gh g
ivin
g an
IM in
ject
ion
to th
e ho
rse
is a
rou
tine
proc
edur
e, it
is
not w
ithou
t ris
k to
the
hors
e. A
lway
s co
nsul
t you
r vet
erin
aria
n ab
out t
he ty
pe
of m
edic
atio
n, th
e do
sage
, and
the
rout
e (IM
, int
rave
nous
, sub
cuta
neou
s, o
r in
trade
rmal
) bef
ore
givi
ng a
ny d
rug
to a
hor
se.
Impr
oper
dru
g ha
ndlin
g an
d in
ject
ion
tech
niqu
es c
an r
esul
t in
infe
ctio
ns
such
as
need
le a
bsce
sses
, life
-thre
aten
ing
drug
reac
tions
suc
h as
ana
phyl
actic
(a
llerg
ic)
shoc
k, a
nd in
effe
ctiv
e dr
ugs
or v
acci
nes.
Hav
e yo
ur v
eter
inar
ian
disc
uss
sign
s of
dru
g re
actio
n in
the
hors
e an
d ho
w to
han
dle
drug
reac
tions
.
Prec
autio
ns F
or H
andl
ers
Giv
ing
an in
ject
ion
to a
hor
se a
lso
can
pose
som
e ris
k to
the
hum
an h
andl
er.
A ho
rse
whi
ch s
erio
usly
obj
ects
to th
e in
ject
ion
can
easi
ly in
jure
the
hand
ler.
Als
o, s
ome
drug
s us
ed in
hor
ses
can
be a
bsor
bed
dire
ctly
thr
ough
hum
an
skin
or c
an p
rodu
ce s
ever
e re
actio
ns if
acc
iden
tally
inje
cted
into
hum
ans
by
need
le p
unct
ures
.M
ake
sure
to a
sk y
our v
eter
inar
ian
abou
t any
saf
ety
prec
autio
ns y
ou s
houl
d ta
ke w
hen
hand
ling
a dr
ug o
r giv
ing
an in
ject
ion.
–20
–
Med
icat
ion
Prec
autio
ns
Befo
re g
ivin
g an
y in
ject
ion,
read
the
drug
labe
l on
the
bottl
e. It
is a
goo
d pr
actic
e to
che
ck th
e la
bel b
efor
e yo
u dr
aw th
e m
edic
atio
n ou
t of t
hebo
ttle
and
agai
n be
fore
you
inje
ct th
e dr
ug in
to th
e ho
rse.
Che
ck th
e dr
ug n
ame
to e
nsur
e it
is th
e on
e re
com
men
ded
by y
our v
eter
inar
ian.
Rem
embe
r, th
e ge
neric
na
me
for a
dru
g an
d th
e br
and
nam
e m
ay d
iffer
.
Dos
age
from
you
r vet
erin
aria
n be
fore
giv
ing
the
inje
ctio
n.
Rou
te O
f Inj
ectio
n
Che
ck th
e re
com
men
ded
rout
e of
inje
ctin
g th
e dr
ug. A
gain
, if y
ou h
ave
ques
tions
, ch
eck
with
you
r vet
erin
aria
n.
Dru
g H
andl
ing
And
Sto
rage
Fo
llow
the
reco
mm
ende
d m
etho
d of
dru
g st
orag
e, d
rug
hand
ling
proc
edur
es,
sam
e in
ject
ion.
Com
poun
ds in
one
dru
g pr
epar
atio
n m
ay in
activ
ate
or d
ecre
ase
the
inje
ctio
ns.
Ster
ile E
quip
men
t
disp
osab
le s
teril
e ne
edle
s an
d sy
ringe
s ar
e th
e ea
sies
t w
ay t
o en
sure
ste
rile
equi
pmen
t. O
pen
the
pack
ages
imm
edia
tely
bef
ore
use,
and
pro
perly
dis
pose
of
them
imm
edia
tely
afte
r use
. Nev
er re
use
a ne
edle
bec
ause
a c
onta
min
ated
nee
dle
can
easi
ly in
trodu
ce a
n in
fect
ion
into
a h
orse
.
Nev
er u
se t
he s
ame
need
le o
r sy
ringe
on
mor
e th
an o
ne h
orse
. In
fect
ious
di
seas
es c
an b
e pa
ssed
eas
ily fr
om h
orse
to h
orse
this
way
.
Size
Of N
eedl
e
diam
eter
nee
dle
(18
gaug
e) w
orks
bes
t with
thic
k so
lutio
ns s
uch
as p
enic
illin
, whi
le
a sm
alle
r-di
amet
er n
eedl
e (2
0 to
21
gaug
e) c
an h
andl
e a
thin
, wat
ery
solu
tion.
R
emem
ber,
a la
rger
gau
ge n
umbe
r equ
als
a sm
alle
r dia
met
er.
Larg
er g
auge
nee
dles
may
bre
ak m
ore
easi
ly th
an s
mal
ler g
auge
. If y
our h
orse
re
acts
adv
erse
ly t
o th
e in
ject
ion
and
brea
ks t
he n
eedl
e, y
ou s
houl
d m
ake
sure
reta
ined
in th
e ho
rse’
s m
uscl
e, c
onsu
lt yo
ur v
eter
inar
ian.
Mos
t IM
sho
ts a
re g
iven
to
adu
lt ho
rses
with
a 1
½-in
ch n
eedl
e so
that
the
med
icat
ion
is in
ject
ed d
eep
into
th
e m
uscl
e m
ass.
Foa
ls a
re u
sual
ly g
iven
IM in
ject
ions
with
a 1
-inch
nee
dle.
Col
lect
us
ed n
eedl
es, w
ith th
eir p
last
ic c
over
s at
tach
ed, a
nd s
yrin
ges
in a
rese
alab
le p
last
ic
med
ical
was
te c
onta
iner
.–
21 –
– 47
–
BR
OO
DM
AR
ES
BRO
OD
MA
RE N
UTRI
TION
Your
mar
e’s
diet
is v
ery
impo
rtant
. N
utrie
nt r
equi
rem
ents
var
y w
ith a
ge,
reco
mm
enda
tions
on
the
amou
nt a
nd ty
pe o
f fee
d is
impo
ssib
le.
A d
iet t
hat
you
will
hav
e to
sup
ply
your
mar
e w
ith a
bal
ance
d di
et o
f hay
, gra
in a
nd p
astu
re.
A pr
otei
n le
vel o
f 10-
12 p
erce
nt w
ill b
e re
quire
d at
this
tim
e. Y
our m
are’
s w
eigh
t
In th
e la
st th
ree
mon
ths
of p
regn
ancy
, you
r mar
e w
ill g
ain
abou
t ½ p
ound
a
shou
ld b
e ea
ting
clos
e to
2.5
% o
f her
bod
y w
eigh
t. A
gen
eral
gui
delin
e is
that
en
ough
fat s
houl
d co
ver y
our m
ares
’ rib
s so
they
be
felt,
but
not
see
n.D
urin
g th
ese
last
thre
e m
onth
s, y
our m
are’
s en
ergy
nee
ds, a
s w
ell a
s pr
otei
n ne
eds,
gro
w.
At t
his
time,
gra
in is
alm
ost a
lway
s es
sent
ial,
as it
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
for h
er to
eat
eno
ugh
hay
or g
rass
to s
atis
fy th
ese
need
s. H
er p
rote
in in
take
for
thes
e la
st th
ree
mon
ths
can
incr
ease
up
to 1
2-16
per
cent
. A
fter
foal
ing,
her
nut
ritio
nal r
equi
rem
ents
can
incr
ease
up
to t
hree
tim
es
norm
al a
mou
nts.
Ove
r 60
perc
ent o
f all
her f
eed
inta
ke g
oes
to m
ilk p
rodu
ctio
n.
3% o
f bod
y w
eigh
t. Th
is m
eans
that
a 1
,000
pou
nd m
are
with
a n
ursi
ng fo
al n
eeds
to
eat
abo
ut 3
0 po
unds
of f
eed
a da
y. A
t thi
s po
int,
good
qua
lity
hay
alon
e w
ill n
ot
mee
t tho
se e
nerg
y re
quire
men
ts a
nd c
once
ntra
te s
uppl
emen
tatio
n is
ess
entia
l.A
good
sup
ply
of c
lean
, fre
sh w
ater
is e
ssen
tial.
Preg
nant
mar
es c
an c
onsu
me
as m
uch
as 1
0 ga
llons
per
day
. D
urin
g la
ctat
ion,
her
wat
er r
equi
rem
ents
will
in
crea
se o
ne a
nd a
hal
f to
two
times
that
. In
addi
tion
to d
iet,
your
mar
e sh
ould
get
she
can
also
con
tinue
to w
ork
as n
orm
al if
you
ride
or d
rive
her,
grad
ually
redu
cing
be a
void
ed u
nles
s ab
solu
tely
nec
essa
ry. I
t is
also
not
a g
ood
idea
to tr
aile
r you
r m
are
durin
g la
te g
esta
tion
(last
60
days
).
– 46
–
Site
Pre
para
tion
A
ntis
eptic
cle
ansi
ng o
f the
inje
ctio
n si
te is
not
com
mon
ly p
ract
iced
by
mos
t ho
rse
owne
rs o
r ve
terin
aria
ns. T
hey
sim
ply
brus
h an
y no
ticea
ble
dirt
from
the
inje
ctio
n ar
ea a
nd in
sert
the
need
le in
to d
ry s
kin.
The
re is
no
notic
eabl
e in
crea
se
in in
fect
ion
with
this
met
hod
whe
n co
mpa
red
with
a m
etho
d th
at u
ses
an a
ntis
eptic
cl
eans
ing
agen
t. S
tudi
es h
ave
show
n al
coho
l is
a w
eak
antis
eptic
that
has
ver
y lit
tle e
ffect
on
the
clea
nlin
ess
of th
e in
ject
ion
site
. To
thor
ough
ly c
lean
the
inje
c-tio
n si
te, t
he h
orse
’s h
air m
ust b
e sh
aved
, the
are
a sc
rubb
ed w
ith a
n an
tisep
tic
soap
whi
ch m
ust r
emai
n in
con
tact
with
the
skin
for a
t lea
st 2
min
utes
, and
then
rin
sed
with
alc
ohol
. Thi
s is
impr
actic
al fo
r mos
t hor
se o
wne
rs a
nd m
ost p
eopl
e do
not
wan
t the
ir ho
rse
shav
ed a
t the
inje
ctio
n si
te. U
sing
a s
teril
e ne
edle
and
sy
ringe
is m
ore
impo
rtant
in p
reve
ntin
g in
ject
ion
site
infe
ctio
ns th
an th
orou
ghly
cl
eani
ng th
e si
te.
Hor
se H
andl
ing
If
you
are
unsu
re h
ow y
our h
orse
will
reac
t to
the
inje
ctio
n, it
is b
est t
o un
tie
the
hors
e an
d ho
ld it
s le
ad li
ne o
r hav
e so
meo
ne e
lse
hold
it. A
tied
hor
se w
hich
ov
erre
acts
to th
e in
ject
ion
may
pul
l bac
k ag
ains
t the
tie
rope
. The
resu
lting
pre
s-su
re o
n th
e ho
rse’
s he
ad m
ay c
ause
it to
pan
ic, i
njur
ing
the
hors
e or
the
hand
ler.
If th
e ho
rse
does
pul
l bac
k du
ring
the
inje
ctio
n, s
impl
y m
ove
with
the
hors
e an
d co
ntin
ue th
e in
ject
ion
whe
n it
calm
s do
wn.
If th
e ho
rse
tries
to k
ick,
pul
l its
hea
d to
war
d yo
u. T
his
auto
mat
ical
ly s
win
gs it
s re
ar e
nd a
way
from
you
. Som
e se
ri-ou
sly
need
le-s
hy h
orse
s m
ay n
eed
to b
e di
stra
cted
by
a tw
itch
(a re
stra
int d
evic
e w
hich
tigh
tly g
rips
the
hors
e’s
uppe
r lip
and
nos
e) o
r the
cha
in e
nd o
f a s
talli
on
lead
run
thro
ugh
the
mou
th o
r ove
r the
upp
er g
um w
hile
the
inje
ctio
n is
giv
en.
Inje
ctio
n Si
tes
The
site
of t
he IM
inje
ctio
n is
impo
rtant
for t
he s
afet
y of
the
hors
e an
d th
e ha
ndle
r. C
hoos
e a
larg
e m
uscl
e m
ass
that
is a
ctiv
ely
used
by
the
hors
e. T
his
prom
otes
dru
g ab
sorp
tion
and
decr
ease
s th
e ch
ance
of s
wel
ling
and
pain
at t
he
inje
ctio
n si
te. T
he s
ite s
houl
d al
low
the
need
le to
be
plac
ed d
eep
in th
e m
uscl
e w
ithou
t dan
ger
of h
ittin
g bo
ne, l
igam
ents
, ner
ves,
or
bloo
d ve
ssel
s. A
lso,
the
inje
ctio
n si
te s
houl
d al
low
the
hand
ler
to b
e in
a r
elat
ivel
y sa
fe p
ositi
on if
the
hors
e ob
ject
s to
the
inje
ctio
n.
–22
–
– 23
–
Bas
e O
f The
Nec
k
The
base
of t
he h
orse
’s n
eck
is a
n in
ject
ion
site
favo
red
by m
any
hors
e ha
ndle
rs b
ecau
se it
allo
ws
the
hand
ler t
o re
mai
n in
a re
lativ
ely
safe
are
a by
the
hors
e’s
shou
lder
.
nuch
al li
gam
ents
alo
ng th
e cr
est (
top)
of t
he
hors
e’s
neck
, the
cer
vica
l ver
tebr
ae w
hich
fo
rm a
bac
kwar
d S
-sha
ped
curv
e fro
m
the
hors
e’s
poll
(bet
wee
n its
ear
s) to
war
d th
e po
int o
f the
sho
ulde
r, an
d th
e sc
apul
a (s
houl
der b
lade
) (se
e Fi
gure
1).
To
loca
te th
e ap
prop
riate
inje
ctio
n ar
ea,
put t
he h
eel o
f you
r han
d on
the
base
of t
he
hors
e’s
neck
whe
re it
join
s th
e sh
ould
er,
abou
t mid
way
bet
wee
n th
e cr
est a
nd th
e bo
ttom
of t
he n
eck.
The
are
a co
vere
d by
you
r pal
m is
the
inje
ctio
n si
te. H
ighe
r to
war
d th
e cr
est y
ou ri
sk h
ittin
g th
e nu
chal
lig
amen
ts, a
nd lo
wer
tow
ard
the
botto
m o
f th
e ne
ck is
whe
re th
e ce
rvic
al v
erte
brae
and
bl
ood
vess
els
are
loca
ted.
Mak
e su
re y
ou s
tay
near
the
base
of t
he n
eck
rath
er
than
inje
ctin
g hi
gher
up
the
neck
tow
ard
the
ears
. Thi
s ag
ain
avoi
ds li
gam
ents
, bo
ne, a
nd b
lood
ves
sels
and
giv
es a
larg
er m
uscl
e m
ass
for t
he in
ject
ion.
But
tock
s Reg
ion
B
elow
the
poin
t of t
he h
orse
’s b
utto
cks
is a
noth
er la
rge
mus
cle
mas
s (s
emite
ndin
osus
) whi
ch is
a g
ood
inje
ctio
n si
te (s
ee F
igur
e 2)
. Bec
ause
this
m
uscl
e is
use
d ev
ery
time
the
hors
e ta
kes
a st
ep, i
t is
a go
od s
ite fo
r dru
gs
whi
ch m
ight
cau
se s
wel
ling
and
pain
at t
he in
ject
ion
site
. It i
s th
e pr
efer
red
inje
ctio
n si
te in
foal
s be
caus
e it
is o
ne o
f the
la
rger
mus
cles
on
a fo
al’s
bod
y.
The
maj
or d
raw
back
to th
is in
ject
ion
site
is
that
it p
uts
the
hand
ler w
ithin
kic
king
rang
e of
the
hors
e an
d sh
ould
be
used
onl
y by
shou
ld re
mem
ber t
hat h
orse
s w
ill k
ick
at th
e
area
. You
are
not
saf
e fro
m b
eing
kic
ked
if yo
u st
and
on th
e le
ft si
de o
f the
hor
se a
nd re
ach
acro
ss th
e ho
rse
to in
ject
its
right
but
tock
. The
ho
rse
will
kic
k at
you
with
its
left
hind
leg
rath
er
than
kic
k at
the
site
of t
he in
ject
ion
with
its
loca
te th
e bo
ny p
rotru
sion
whi
ch m
akes
up
the
poin
t of t
he b
utto
cks
(tube
r isc
hii).
Dro
p ab
out 1
inch
bel
ow th
e tu
ber i
schi
i and
inje
ct
anyw
here
in th
e la
rge
mus
cle
mas
s al
ong
the
back
of t
he le
g.
The
trian
gle
indi
cate
s th
e ar
ea
for I
M in
ject
ions
in th
e ne
ck. K
eepi
ng
near
the
base
of t
he n
eck
help
s pr
even
t m
uscu
lar s
oren
ess.
The
rect
angl
e ou
tline
s th
e ar
ea fo
r an
inje
ctio
n in
the
butto
cks.
N
ote
that
top
bord
er o
f thi
s in
ject
ion
site
be
gins
one
inch
bel
ow th
e po
int o
f the
bu
ttock
s.
– 45
–
BODY
CO
NDI
TION
SC
ORI
NG
OF
HORS
ES
Bo
dy c
ondi
tion
scor
es a
re u
sed
to id
entif
y th
e ge
nera
l con
ditio
n of
ani
mal
s.
In h
orse
s, t
he g
radi
ng s
yste
m is
bas
ed o
n th
e am
ount
of
fat
foun
d on
the
an
imal
in c
erta
in a
reas
. E
ach
hors
e is
giv
en a
bod
y co
nditi
on s
core
(B
CS
)
such
as
nutri
tion,
rep
rodu
ctiv
e st
atus
, w
eath
er,
para
site
load
, pe
rform
ance
Bod
y co
nditi
on is
ofte
n a
mor
e re
liabl
e in
dica
tor o
f the
nut
ritio
nal s
tatu
s th
an
have
the
sam
e B
CS
.
Whe
n as
sign
ing
a B
CS
to a
hor
se, b
egin
by
step
ping
bac
k an
d lo
okin
g at
th
e ho
rse
to o
bser
ve g
ener
al fa
t dis
tribu
tion.
Als
o co
nsid
er h
ow th
ings
suc
h as
gene
ral a
ppea
ranc
e of
the
hors
e. T
hen
phys
ical
ly fe
el o
r pal
pate
the
follo
win
g re
gion
s to
eva
luat
e th
e am
ount
of f
at d
epos
ited
in th
ese
area
s:1.
B
ehin
d th
e sh
ould
er
2.
Rib
s at
mid
-bar
rel
3.
Cre
st o
f nec
k 4.
W
ither
s 5.
C
reas
e of
the
back
6.
A
t the
tail
head
A ho
rse
with
a B
CS
of 5
sho
uld
be u
sed
as th
e st
anda
rd; a
ll ot
her
anim
als
shou
ld b
e co
mpa
red
to th
is “a
vera
ge” h
orse
. A h
orse
with
a B
CS
of
5 is
not
too
fat o
r too
thin
; the
ribs
can
not b
e se
en, b
ut c
an b
e fe
lt. F
inal
ly,
com
pare
resu
lts o
f the
vis
ual o
bser
vatio
ns a
nd th
e m
anua
l pal
patio
ns w
ith
the
follo
win
g de
scrip
tions
ada
pted
from
Hen
neke
et a
l., 1
983.
P
rogr
ams
shou
ld b
e im
plem
ente
d to
hel
p ke
ep a
hor
se a
t the
app
ropr
iate
w
eigh
t an
d bo
dy c
ondi
tion
scor
e (B
CS
) fo
r its
use
and
leve
l of
activ
ity.
For
cond
ition
sco
re o
f bet
wee
n a
4-7.
Ani
mal
s ju
st p
rior t
o th
e br
eedi
ng s
easo
n an
d th
en a
fter b
ecom
ing
preg
nant
ofte
n sh
ould
hav
e a
BC
S o
f 5 o
r slig
htly
gre
ater
.
pron
e to
lam
initi
s pr
oble
ms.
It
is a
lso
impo
rtant
to u
nder
stan
d th
at e
ach
indi
vidu
al p
erso
n m
ay s
core
th
e sa
me
hors
e di
ffere
ntly.
Thi
s is
not
a re
ason
for a
larm
. The
key
to e
ffect
ivel
y us
ing
body
con
ditio
n sc
ores
is to
be
cons
iste
nt. E
ach
indi
vidu
al s
houl
d de
velo
p a
feel
for w
hat e
ach
body
con
ditio
n sc
ore
will
look
like
to th
em b
y de
term
inin
g an
d as
sign
ing
body
con
ditio
n sc
ores
on
mul
tiple
hor
ses.
The
n, if
cha
nges
are
no
ticed
in a
par
ticul
ar h
orse
’s c
ondi
tion,
app
ropr
iate
adj
ustm
ents
can
be
mad
e.
(Bod
y C
ondi
tion
Sco
re in
form
atio
n pr
ovid
ed b
y In
fo V
ets.
Pre
ston
Idah
o).
Hor
se g
rain
is a
vaila
ble
in m
any
form
s, s
uch
as
(oat
s,
corn
), (s
wee
t fee
d), a
nd
proc
esse
d so
it is
bet
ter
dige
sted
. S
wee
t fe
eds
are
typi
cally
hig
h en
ergy
.
sour
ce o
f ene
rgy
in th
e di
et, w
ithou
t add
ition
al h
ay. T
hey
are
typi
cally
ver
y hi
gh
roug
hage
in th
e di
et.
The
feed
you
cho
ose
for y
our h
orse
dep
ends
on
man
y fa
ctor
s, b
ody
wei
ght,
prod
uctio
n st
atus
and
leve
l of w
ork/
activ
ity, a
vaila
bilit
y of
fe
ed ty
pes
and
spec
ial n
utrit
iona
l nee
ds.
For m
ore
deta
iled
info
rmat
ion
cons
ult
with
you
r equ
ine
vete
rinar
ian
or fe
ed d
eale
r. M
any
hors
e ow
ners
are
n’t
sure
of
how
muc
h to
fee
d th
eir
hors
e. T
his
is h
ighl
y va
riabl
e, d
epen
ding
on
the
nutri
ent
cont
ent
of t
he f
eed
and
the
ener
gy r
equi
rem
ents
of
the
hors
e. A
mat
ure,
idle
hor
se g
ener
ally
nee
ds t
o
15-2
0 po
unds
of f
eed
daily
and
at l
east
10
poun
ds o
f tha
t sho
uld
be in
hay
. It
is v
ery
impo
rtant
that
whe
n fe
edin
g, a
ll fe
eds
shou
ld b
e fe
d by
wei
ght,
not b
y a
coffe
e ca
n or
feed
sco
op, a
s di
ffere
nt fe
eds
in th
at s
ame
can
will
wei
gh d
iffer
ent
amou
nts.
Ene
rgy
dem
ands
real
ly s
tart
to in
crea
se w
hen
in s
ituat
ions
suc
h as
preg
nanc
y, la
ctat
ion
or in
tens
e w
ork.
It is
ver
y im
porta
nt w
hen
mak
ing
diet
cha
nges
in th
e ho
rse
that
you
do
prod
ucin
g ba
cter
ia w
hich
then
lead
s to
dia
rrhe
a, c
olic
and
lam
initi
s.C
lean
, fr
esh
wat
er a
nd s
alt
shou
ld a
lway
s be
ava
ilabl
e. I
t is
als
o re
com
men
ded
that
you
nev
er fe
ed y
our h
orse
dire
ctly
on
the
grou
nd.
–44
–
Pect
oral
Mus
cles
Th
e pe
ctor
al m
uscl
es in
the
ches
t are
ano
ther
pos
sibl
e in
ject
ion
site
(see
Fi
gure
3).
This
site
doe
s pu
t the
han
dler
at
som
e ris
k be
caus
e th
e ha
ndle
r mus
t lea
n ov
er
in fr
ont o
f the
hor
se to
see
the
site
cle
arly,
pu
tting
him
in a
pos
ition
whe
re h
e co
uld
be
easi
ly b
itten
, stru
ck w
ith a
fron
t foo
t, or
run
over
by
the
hors
e. T
he p
ecto
ral m
uscl
es te
nd
to b
ecom
esor
e ea
sily
and
gen
eral
ly a
re o
nly
used
whe
n th
e ho
rse
is re
ceiv
ing
prol
onge
d tre
atm
ent a
nd is
sor
ein
oth
er in
ject
ion
site
s. T
his
inje
ctio
n si
te is
the
bunc
hy m
uscl
es in
the
low
er h
alf o
f the
che
st
betw
een
the
tops
of t
he fo
rele
gs.
Top
Of T
he R
ump
Man
y ho
rse
hand
lers
use
the
top
of th
e ru
mp
(glu
teal
mus
cles
) as
an
inje
ctio
n si
te. T
his
is a
la
rge,
freq
uent
ly u
sed
mus
cle
mas
s w
hich
allo
ws
the
hand
ler t
o st
and
in a
rela
tivel
y sa
fe a
rea
whi
le g
ivin
g th
e in
ject
ion.
Th
e di
sadv
anta
ge to
this
site
is th
at it
has
ver
y po
or d
rain
age
if a
need
le a
bsce
ss
deve
lops
at t
he in
ject
ion
site
. An
infe
ctio
n at
this
site
tend
s to
spr
ead
up th
e lo
in a
nd
back
and
can
not b
e tre
ated
eas
ily. T
here
fore
it is
not
a re
com
men
ded
inje
ctio
n si
te.
in a
ll ot
her i
njec
tion
site
s.
The
prop
er lo
catio
n of
this
inje
ctio
n si
te is
the
inte
rsec
tion
of a
line
bet
wee
n th
e ta
il he
ad a
nd p
oint
of h
ip a
nd a
line
bet
wee
n th
e to
p of
the
crou
p an
d th
e po
int o
f th
e bu
ttock
s.
Inje
ctio
n Te
chni
ques
Ther
e ar
e se
vera
l met
hods
of g
ivin
g th
e ho
rse
an IM
inje
ctio
n. T
he m
etho
d yo
u us
e
a fe
w b
asic
rule
s to
follo
w n
o m
atte
r whi
ch in
ject
ion
met
hod
you
use.
1.In
sert
the
need
le p
erpe
ndic
ular
to th
e sk
in (
do n
ot s
lant
the
need
le u
pwar
dor
dow
nwar
d) a
nd s
ink
the
need
le in
to th
e m
uscl
e al
l the
way
to th
e hu
b (th
e pl
ace
whe
re it
atta
ches
to th
e sy
ringe
). Th
is e
nsur
es th
at th
e ne
edle
will
not
shi
ft du
ring
the
inje
ctio
n an
d th
at it
is d
eep
into
the
mus
cle
mas
s (s
ee F
igur
e 4)
.2.
Alw
ays
aspi
rate
(pul
l bac
k on
the
plun
ger)
bef
ore
inje
ctin
g th
e dr
ug to
ensu
re th
at y
ou a
re n
ot in
a b
lood
ves
sel.
Som
e co
mm
only
use
d dr
ugs
can
kill
a ho
rse
if ac
cide
ntal
ly in
ject
ed in
to th
e bl
ood
stre
am. I
f blo
od c
olle
cts
at th
e hu
b of
th
e ne
edle
whe
n yo
u pl
ace
it in
to th
e ho
rse
or y
ou d
raw
blo
od w
hen
you
aspi
rate
th
e sy
ringe
, the
n yo
u m
ust p
ull t
he n
eedl
e ou
t and
redi
rect
it b
efor
e gi
ving
the
inje
ctio
n. It
is s
afes
t to
pull
the
need
le o
ut c
ompl
etel
y an
d st
art o
ver i
n a
diffe
rent
ar
ea w
ith a
cle
an n
eedl
e. H
owev
er if
you
hav
e a
need
le s
hy h
orse
, you
can
pul
l th
e ne
edle
par
tially
out
of t
he s
kin,
cha
nge
the
inje
ctio
n an
gle,
and
pus
h it
back
in
to th
e m
uscl
e. M
any
need
le s
hy h
orse
s ob
ject
to th
e ne
edle
goi
ng th
roug
h th
e
The
rect
angl
e ou
tline
s th
e ar
ea
for a
n in
ject
ion
in th
e pe
ctor
al m
uscl
es.
Usi
ng th
is a
rea
can
put t
he h
andl
er in
aun
safe
pos
ition
and
can
res
ult
in s
tiff,
sore
mus
cles
in th
e ho
rse.
–24
–
skin
, whi
ch is
the
pain
ful p
art o
f the
in
ject
ion,
and
will
be
rela
tivel
y qu
iet
once
the
need
le is
thro
ugh
the
skin
. R
emem
ber t
o as
pira
te a
gain
whe
n us
ing
a cl
ean
need
le o
r red
irect
ing
a ne
edle
to m
ake
sure
you
are
not
in a
bl
ood
vess
el.
3.
Inse
rt th
e ne
edle
qui
ckly
and
de
cisi
vely.
A fa
st s
tab
is e
asie
r for
yo
u an
d le
ss p
ainf
ul to
the
hors
e th
an
inse
rting
the
need
le s
low
ly in
to th
e sk
in.
4.
Be
prep
ared
for
an
adve
rse
drug
rea
ctio
n. A
naph
ylac
tic s
hock
usu
ally
oc
curs
rapi
dly
and
the
hors
e m
ay d
ie w
ithin
min
utes
. Dis
cuss
sig
ns a
nd p
rope
r tre
atm
ent o
f ana
phyl
actic
sho
ck w
ith y
our
vete
rinar
ian.
He
or s
he m
ay le
ave
epin
ephr
ine
to b
e ad
min
iste
red
in c
ase
of a
naph
ylac
tic re
actio
ns.
M
ake
sure
you
hav
e th
e ep
inep
hrin
e on
han
d w
hen
you
are
givi
ng in
ject
ions
. If
you
have
to g
o so
mew
here
to r
etrie
ve th
e ep
inep
hrin
e, th
e ho
rse
may
die
be
fore
you
can
giv
e it
the
epin
ephr
ine.
Obs
erve
the
hor
se f
or a
ny s
igns
of
alle
rgic
reac
tion
for a
bout
30
min
utes
afte
r giv
ing
the
inje
ctio
n. U
sual
sig
ns o
f al
lerg
ic r
eact
ions
suc
h as
sw
ellin
g ar
ound
the
inje
ctio
n si
te, h
ives
, inc
reas
ed
resp
irato
ry ra
te, d
epre
ssio
n, o
r agi
tatio
n in
dica
te th
at th
e ho
rse
may
be
alle
rgic
to
the
med
icat
ion.
Dis
cont
inue
its
use
and
cons
ult y
our v
eter
inar
ian
imm
edia
tely.
5.
If y
ou a
re g
ivin
g la
rge,
rep
eate
d do
ses
of a
med
icat
ion,
rot
ate
inje
ctio
n si
tes
(suc
h as
left
neck
, rig
ht n
eck,
left
butto
ck, r
ight
but
tock
) to
redu
ce s
oren
ess
cc) o
f a th
ick
or ir
ritat
ing
subs
tanc
e su
ch a
s pe
nici
llin
shou
ld b
e sp
lit in
to m
ore
than
one
inje
ctio
n to
redu
ce s
oren
ess,
no
mor
e th
an 1
0cc
at in
ject
ion
site
.
the
neck
and
the
butto
cks)
whe
n gi
ving
sev
eral
sep
arat
e m
edic
atio
ns o
rva
ccin
es a
t on
ce. T
hen
if th
e ho
rse
has
a dr
ug r
eact
ion
it m
ay b
e ea
sier
to
iden
tify
the
drug
that
cau
sed
the
prob
lem
.
Whe
n in
ject
ing
the
need
le,
use
a qu
ick,
dec
isiv
e th
rust
that
sin
ks th
e ne
edle
in
the
mus
cle
to th
e hu
b.
– 25
–
prot
ein
and
min
eral
s.
one
of t
he s
afes
t hay
s, ri
ch in
car
bohy
drat
es a
nd fa
ts, b
ut la
cks
min
eral
s an
d pr
otei
n,
read
ily a
vaila
ble,
goo
d so
urce
of e
nerg
y an
d pr
otei
n.
read
ily a
vaila
ble,
goo
d so
urce
of e
nerg
y an
d pr
otei
n.
decr
ease
d fe
rtilit
y, in
crea
sed
early
em
bryo
nic
deat
h, in
crea
sed
gest
atio
n
not o
nly
by la
ck o
f milk
pro
duct
ion,
but
als
o ha
ve h
orm
onal
and
imm
une
prob
lem
s.
gras
s pa
stur
e pr
ovid
es a
goo
d so
urce
of v
ital n
utrie
nts
need
ed b
y ho
rses
. O
ccas
iona
l mow
ing
is re
com
men
ded
to ri
d yo
ur p
astu
re o
f wee
ds a
nd
unde
sira
ble
gras
ses.
KEN
TUC
KY
31 F
ESC
UE
IS N
OT
REC
OM
MEN
DED
E
ndop
hyte
enh
ance
d or
end
ophy
te fr
ee fe
scue
Ser
vice
for m
ore
info
rmat
ion.
Hor
ses
are
very
tole
rant
to e
nerg
y in
the
form
of f
ats,
and
can
saf
ely
cons
ume
up to
10%
of t
heir
diet
s in
fats
. Goo
d so
urce
s of
fats
are
veg
etab
le
oils
and
rice
bra
n.
– 43
–
BASI
C N
UTRI
TION
This
sec
tion
cann
ot b
e st
arte
d w
ithou
t cau
tioni
ng y
ou a
bout
the
dang
er
of fe
edin
g yo
ur h
orse
as
you
wou
ld fe
ed o
ther
rum
inan
t agr
icul
tura
l ani
mal
s (c
attle
, goa
ts o
r she
ep).
brok
en d
own
by b
acte
rial d
iges
tion
befo
re b
eing
che
wed
aga
in a
s cu
d. I
n th
e ho
rse,
food
goe
s di
rect
ly to
a re
lativ
ely
smal
l sto
mac
h an
d m
ust p
ass
thro
ugh
the
smal
l int
estin
e be
fore
bac
teria
l dig
estio
n ta
kes
plac
e. T
he h
orse
’s s
tom
ach
is n
ot p
rovi
ded
with
mus
cles
whi
ch p
erm
it it
to v
omit.
Any
ferm
ente
d fe
ed, s
uch
as s
ilage
, may
sta
y in
its
stom
ach
caus
ing
gas
form
atio
n an
d pa
in, p
rodu
cing
th
e sy
mpt
oms
know
n in
the
hors
e as
col
ic. F
or th
is re
ason
, if y
ou k
eep
both
ho
rses
and
rum
inan
t ani
mal
s, th
e ho
rses
sho
uld
not h
ave
acce
ss to
feed
lots
.Th
ere
are
four
diff
eren
t ene
rgy
form
s th
at th
e ho
rse
can
take
in: s
tarc
hes,
is
the
prim
ary
com
pone
nt o
f cer
eal g
rain
s su
ch a
s co
rn, o
ats
and
barle
y. S
tarc
h in
itse
lf is
not
a b
ad th
ing,
but
in to
o m
uch
volu
me,
st
arch
es c
an o
verlo
ad th
e ab
ility
of t
he s
mal
l inte
stin
e to
dig
est f
ood
prop
erly.
If
not d
iges
ted,
sta
rche
s w
ill pa
ss s
traig
ht th
roug
h to
the
colo
n w
here
it c
an k
ill th
e go
od b
acte
ria a
nd le
ad to
sev
ere
diar
rhea
, and
oth
er s
ympt
oms
such
as
colic
, an
d la
min
itis.
Thi
s is
esp
ecia
lly tr
ue o
f cor
n th
at is
not
pro
cess
ed. L
arge
gra
in
mea
ls c
an c
ause
sev
eral
pro
blem
s an
d, a
s a
gene
ral r
ule,
hor
ses
shou
ld n
ot
or a
ccid
enta
l ing
estio
n of
larg
e qu
antit
ies
of g
rain
are
a m
edic
al e
mer
genc
y be
caus
e th
ey c
an q
uick
ly le
ad to
som
e of
the
abov
e m
entio
ned
prob
lem
s.Fi
ber i
s th
e st
ruct
ural
com
pone
nt o
f pla
nt m
ater
ial.
Mos
t goo
d qu
ality
hay
s
in th
e ho
rse
beca
use
it he
lps
to m
aint
ain
the
heal
th o
f the
nor
mal
bac
teria
in
whi
ch h
elps
incr
ease
sal
iva
prod
uctio
n, w
hich
in tu
rn c
an h
elp
to b
uffe
r the
aci
d of
the
stom
ach
and
help
pre
vent
gas
tric
or s
tom
ach
ulce
rs. Th
ere
are
two
mai
n ty
pes
of h
ays
that
hor
ses
can
eat a
nd th
ose
are
gras
s ha
ys a
nd le
gum
es. G
rass
ha
ys in
clud
e or
char
d gr
ass,
bro
me,
fesc
ue, o
at, B
erm
uda
and
prai
rie g
rass
.
prot
ein
and
ener
gy th
an le
gum
es.
Legu
mes
are
alfa
lfa a
nd c
love
r. Th
ey a
re h
ighe
r in
prot
ein,
ene
rgy,
cal
cium
an
d vi
tam
in A
than
gra
ss h
ays.
Whe
n ev
alua
ting
hay,
it is
impo
rtant
that
the
hay
not b
e m
oldy
, mus
ty o
r dus
ty. I
t is
impo
rtant
to a
void
hay
that
is s
un b
leac
hed
or o
ver
cure
d, a
s w
ell a
s ha
y th
at is
con
tam
inat
ed w
ith w
eeds
, dirt
, tra
sh o
r
– 42
–
IM In
ject
ion
Proc
edur
eTh
e ge
nera
l pro
cedu
re fo
r an
IM in
ject
ion
is to
• rem
ove
the
need
le fr
om th
e sy
ringe
,• s
et th
e ne
edle
into
the
mus
cle,
• atta
ch th
e sy
ringe
,• a
spira
te, a
nd• s
low
ly in
sert
the
med
icat
ion.
N
ovic
e ho
rse
owne
rs o
ften
wor
ry a
bout
inje
ctin
g ai
r int
o th
e ho
rse
whe
n th
e ne
edle
is in
serte
d w
ithou
t the
syr
inge
atta
ched
. How
ever
this
am
ount
of a
ir in
ject
ed
into
the
hors
e is
min
or a
nd w
ill n
ot h
arm
it.
A
quie
t hor
se m
ay a
llow
you
to s
impl
y po
p th
e ne
edle
into
its
neck
or
butto
cks.
How
ever
, if t
he h
orse
ne
eds
a lit
tle d
istra
ctio
n th
ere
are
seve
ral m
etho
ds o
f eas
ing
the
need
le s
tick.
One
goo
d m
etho
d is
to p
inch
up
the
hors
e’s
skin
seco
nds
prio
r to
inse
rting
the
need
le. W
hile
hol
ding
the
pinc
hed
pinc
hed
area
.
Ano
ther
met
hod
is to
hol
d th
e ne
edle
bet
wee
n th
e th
umb
vigo
rous
ly 2
to 3
tim
es w
ith th
e si
de o
f you
r pal
m in
the
inje
ctio
n si
te a
nd w
ithou
t bre
akin
g yo
ur
rhyt
hm, r
otat
e yo
ur h
and
and
inse
rt th
e ne
edle
.
How
ever
, som
e ho
rses
may
le
arn
to a
ssoc
iate
the
taps
with
th
e fo
llow
ing
need
le s
tick,
and
le
ave
the
area
prio
r to
the
need
le
stic
k.
A si
mila
r met
hod
is ru
bbin
g ag
ains
t the
dire
ctio
n of
hor
se’s
ha
ir gr
owth
sev
eral
tim
es w
hile
ho
ldin
g th
e ne
edle
bet
wee
n th
e
In
sert
the
need
le o
n th
e la
st
rub.
SUM
MA
RYGi
ving y
our h
orse
an IM
injec
tion i
s an e
asily
learn
ed te
chniq
ue. B
y obs
ervin
g pro
per s
afety
rules
and i
njecti
on te
chniq
ues,
you c
an of
ten
avoid
infec
tions
and a
dver
se dr
ug re
actio
ns. A
su
mmar
y of th
e IM
injec
tion p
roce
dure
follo
ws.
1. Co
nsult
your
veter
inaria
n abo
ut the
type
of
drug
need
ed, r
oute
of ad
minis
tratio
n, do
sage
, dru
g han
dling
prec
autio
ns, a
nd
adve
rse dr
ug re
actio
ns.
2. Re
ad th
e dru
g lab
el.3.
Use o
nly st
erile
need
les an
d syri
nges
.4.
Unti
e the
horse
if yo
u are
not s
ure o
f its
reac
tion.
5. Ins
ert th
e nee
dle st
raigh
t into
the m
uscle
an
d up t
o the
hub.
6. At
tach t
he sy
ringe
to th
e nee
dle.
7. As
pirate
(pull
back
) on t
he pl
unge
r. If b
lood
appe
ars i
n the
syrin
ge, r
emov
e the
need
le an
d try
again
with
a cle
an on
e.8.
Slow
ly inj
ect th
e med
icatio
n.9.
Obse
rve th
e hor
se fo
r sign
s of a
dver
se
drug
reac
tion.
Make
sure
you h
ave
epine
phrin
e rea
dy fo
r injec
tion i
n cas
e of
anap
hylac
tic sh
ock.
10. P
rope
rly di
spos
e of y
our n
eedle
and
syrin
ge in
a me
dical
waste
conta
iner.
–26
–
vac
cine
s sh
ould
be
give
n ev
ery
60-9
0 da
ys if
you
r hor
se tr
avel
s re
gula
rly. B
oth
of th
ese
are
high
ly c
onta
giou
s
coug
hing
,It
is a
lso
impo
rtant
to
know
tha
t al
l sta
tes
have
the
ir ow
n va
ccin
atio
n an
d he
alth
req
uire
men
ts.
You
shou
ld c
onta
ct t
he s
tate
vet
erin
aria
n of
you
r de
stin
atio
n fo
r the
ir st
ate
heal
th re
gula
tions
.
PREV
ENTIO
N O
F M
OSQ
UITO
BO
RN IL
LNES
SIt
is g
ener
ally
ack
now
ledg
ed in
the
hor
se c
omm
unity
tha
t E
aste
rn a
nd
a m
ust e
very
yea
r, fo
r eve
ry h
orse
. Eas
tern
and
Wes
tern
Enc
epha
lom
yelit
is a
s w
ell a
s W
est N
ile v
irus
are
carr
ied
by m
osqu
itoes
and
tend
to o
ccur
prim
arily
du
ring
the
sum
mer
. Rou
tine
vacc
inat
ions
sho
uld
take
pla
ce a
nnua
lly o
ne m
onth
pr
ior t
o m
osqu
ito s
easo
n. T
he U
SD
A re
com
men
ds th
at h
orse
ow
ners
not
onl
y
to m
osqu
itoes
.
Prev
entio
n of
infe
ctio
nTo
pre
vent
mos
quito
es fr
om a
ffect
ing
your
hor
ses:
•H
ouse
hor
ses
indo
ors
durin
g pe
ak p
erio
ds o
f mos
quito
act
ivity
(dus
kto
daw
n).
•A
void
tur
ning
on
light
s in
side
the
sta
ble
durin
g th
e ev
enin
g an
dov
erni
ght.
Mos
quito
es a
re a
ttrac
ted
to li
ghts
.•
Pla
ce in
cand
esce
nt b
ulbs
aro
und
the
perim
eter
of t
he s
tabl
e to
attr
act
mos
quito
es a
way
from
hor
ses.
Bla
ck li
ghts
do
not a
ttrac
t mos
quito
esw
ell.
•R
emov
e al
l bird
s, in
clud
ing
chic
kens
that
are
in o
r clo
se to
the
stab
le.
•Lo
ok a
roun
d th
e pr
oper
ty p
erio
dica
lly fo
r dea
d bi
rds,
suc
h as
cro
ws.
Any
dea
d bi
rds
shou
ld b
e re
porte
d to
the
loca
l hea
lth d
epar
tmen
t. U
se
rubb
er g
love
s to
han
dle
dead
bird
s or
use
an
impl
emen
t, su
ch a
s a
shov
el.
•E
limin
ate
area
s of
sta
ndin
g w
ater
on
your
pro
perty
. Sha
llow
sta
ndin
gw
ater
, us
ed t
ires,
man
ure
stor
age
area
s, a
nd d
rain
age
area
s w
ithst
agna
nt w
ater
are
idea
l mos
quito
bre
edin
g pl
aces
.•
Topi
cal p
repa
ratio
ns c
onta
inin
g m
osqu
ito re
pelle
nts
are
avai
labl
e fo
rho
rses
. Rea
d th
e pr
oduc
t lab
el b
efor
e us
ing
and
follo
win
g in
stru
ctio
ns.
•U
se fa
ns o
n ho
rses
whi
le in
the
stab
le to
hel
p de
ter m
osqu
itoes
.•
Fog
stab
le p
rem
ises
with
a p
estic
ide
in t
he e
veni
ng t
o re
duce
mos
quito
es. R
ead
dire
ctio
ns c
aref
ully
bef
ore
usin
g.
–27
–
NU
TRIT
ION
The
plia
bilit
y an
d re
silie
ncy
of th
e sk
in is
a g
ood
indi
catio
n of
the
leve
l of
hydr
atio
n. T
o de
term
ine
if a
hors
e is
deh
ydra
ted,
per
form
the
pinc
h te
st.
P
ick
up a
fold
of s
kin
in th
e sh
ould
er o
r nec
k re
gion
and
then
rele
ase
it.
alm
ost i
nsta
ntan
eous
ly, w
ithin
a
seco
nd o
r tw
o. If
the
skin
re
mai
ns p
eake
d fo
r mor
e th
an
two
seco
nds,
this
is te
rmed
a
stan
ding
tent
and
indi
cate
s so
me
seco
nds
or lo
nger
the
hors
e is
su
fferin
g fro
m m
oder
ate
to s
ever
e de
hydr
atio
n an
d ne
eds
imm
edia
te
vete
rinar
y at
tent
ion.
Muc
ous
mem
bran
e co
lor
The
colo
r of t
he h
orse
’s g
ums,
con
junc
tiva
(lini
ng o
f eye
lids)
, and
nos
trils
ca
n pr
ovid
e in
form
atio
n ab
out a
hor
se’s
ove
rall c
ondi
tion
and
circ
ulat
ory
func
tion.
Col
or o
f muc
ous
mem
bran
es•
Glis
teni
ng, p
ink
gum
s in
dica
te h
ealth
y, n
orm
al.
•Ve
ry p
ale
or w
hite
gum
s in
dica
te a
nem
ia o
r blo
od lo
ss.
•G
ray
or b
lue
gum
s in
dica
te s
ever
e sh
ock.
•B
right
yel
low
gum
s ar
e lin
ked
to li
ver p
robl
ems.
prob
lem
than
the
abse
nce
of s
ound
s.
List
enin
g to
gut
sou
nds
shou
ld b
e ab
le to
det
erm
ine
if th
e gu
rglin
g, g
aseo
us s
ound
s ar
e no
rmal
, in
–41
–
PAR
ASI
TES
The
fact
is th
at a
lmos
t all h
orse
s ha
ve in
tern
al p
aras
ites.
If le
ft un
treat
ed, b
ots
and
wor
ms
can
rob
a ho
rse
of p
reci
ous
bloo
d nu
trien
ts a
nd e
nerg
y. A
par
asite
-rid
den
hors
e ca
n su
ffer p
erm
anen
t dam
age
to b
lood
ves
sels
and
inte
stin
es th
at
can
caus
e m
alnu
tritio
n, c
olic
, chr
onic
dig
estiv
e pr
oble
ms
and
unde
rmin
e at
hlet
ic
pote
ntia
l. A
hors
e th
at is
not
dew
orm
ed re
gula
rly a
nd e
ffect
ivel
y of
ten
has
a du
ll ha
ir co
at, d
ull a
ttitu
de, p
otbe
lly, p
ersi
sten
t win
ter c
oat,
mor
e fre
quen
t epi
sode
s of
co
lic a
nd p
oor p
erfo
rman
ce.
whi
ch a
ccou
nt fo
r 95%
of t
he e
ggs
seen
in e
quin
e m
anur
e.
It is
reco
mm
ende
d th
at a
feca
l egg
cou
nt
be d
one
two
wee
ks b
efor
e th
e da
te y
ou p
lan
to d
ewor
m, s
o th
at th
e ap
prop
riate
de
wor
mer
or a
ntih
elm
inth
can
be
used
onc
e re
sults
are
ava
ilabl
e.
to b
e an
y re
sist
ance
(if t
he h
orse
has
bee
n de
wor
med
four
tim
es a
nd s
till h
as a
hi
gh fe
cal e
gg c
ount
ther
e m
ay b
e so
me
resi
stan
t wor
ms
on th
e fa
rm).
If yo
u ha
ve
any
ques
tions
con
cern
ing
a pa
rticu
lar
wor
m o
r dr
ug, c
onsu
lt yo
ur v
eter
inar
ian.
P
aras
ite fe
cal c
heck
s by
a v
eter
inar
ian
are
alw
ays
a go
od id
ea.
You
may
wis
h to
do
a po
st-tr
eatm
ent f
ecal
che
ck to
see
if th
e de
wor
mer
s yo
u
not n
orm
ally
cov
ered
by
thes
e de
wor
mer
s.D
ewor
min
g pr
oduc
ts c
ome
in p
aste
, liq
uid,
pel
let
and
pow
der
form
s. T
he
easi
est o
f the
se to
adm
inis
ter i
s th
e pa
ste.
The
dire
ctio
ns a
re e
asy
to fo
llow
and
sa
fe w
hen
used
as
dire
cted
. It i
s th
e ch
emic
al in
gred
ient
in a
dew
orm
er w
hich
de
term
ines
wha
t pro
duct
you
pur
chas
e.
wor
ks a
littl
e di
ffere
ntly
in th
e ho
rse
to d
estro
y in
tern
al p
aras
ites,
and
eac
h pl
ays
a di
ffere
nt ro
le in
a ro
tatio
nal d
ewor
min
g pr
ogra
m.
Iver
mec
tinTr
ade
nam
es in
clud
e E
qval
an,
Zim
ecte
rin,
Rot
atio
n 1
and
othe
rs. A
t th
e ap
prov
ed d
ose,
Iver
mec
tin is
effe
ctiv
e ag
ains
t:•
Larg
e st
rong
yles
: S
tron
gylu
s ed
enta
tus,
Str
ongy
lus
equi
nes
and
Stro
ngyl
us v
ulga
ris (a
dult
and
mig
ratin
g)•
Sm
all s
trong
yles
or c
yath
asto
mes
(adu
lts o
nly)
•S
tom
ach
wor
ms:
Tric
host
rong
ylus
axe
i, H
abro
nem
a sp
p.
–28
–
Iver
mec
tin, c
ont.
• A
dult
Asc
arid
s: P
aras
caris
equ
orum
• B
ots
(Ora
l and
Gas
tric
Sta
ges)
: Gas
tero
philu
s sp
p.
Mox
idec
tin
• La
rge
stro
ngyl
es: S
trong
ylus
ede
ntat
es (a
dults
and
mig
ratin
g)•
Stro
ngyl
us e
quin
es a
nd S
trong
ylus
vul
garis
(adu
lt an
d
mig
ratin
g)•
Sm
all s
trong
yles
or c
yath
asto
mes
(adu
lt an
d L4
)
• A
dult
and
imm
atur
e as
carid
s: P
aras
caris
equ
orum
• B
ots
(2nd
and
3rd
inst
ars)
: Gas
tero
philu
s sp
p.
Fenb
enda
zole
• La
rge
stro
ngyl
es:
stro
ngyl
us e
dent
ates
, S
trong
ylus
equ
ines
and
S
trong
ylus
vul
garis
• S
mal
l stro
ngyl
es o
r cya
thas
tom
es
• A
scar
ids:
Par
asca
ris e
quor
um
Pyra
ntel
Pam
oate
Trad
e na
me:
Stro
ngid
. At t
he a
ppro
ved
dose
Pyr
ante
l Pam
oate
is e
ffect
ive
agai
nst:
• La
rge
stro
ngyl
es:
Stro
ngyl
us e
dent
ates
, S
trong
ylus
equ
ines
and
S
trong
ylus
vul
garis
• S
mal
l stro
ngyl
es o
r cya
thas
tom
es
• A
scar
ids
(Lar
ge ro
undw
orm
s): P
aras
caris
equ
orum
In a
dditi
on, p
yran
tel i
s so
mew
hat e
ffect
ive
on s
mal
l stro
ngyl
es r
esis
tant
Praz
iqua
ntel
*
– 29
–
Resp
iratio
nTh
e av
erag
e re
spira
tion
rate
of a
n ad
ult h
orse
at r
est i
s 8
to 2
0 br
eath
s
hors
es w
hich
are
use
d in
com
petit
ions
will
som
etim
es h
ave
this
occ
ur, b
ut th
ey
will
soo
n re
cove
r bac
k to
nor
mal
.
How
to m
easu
re a
hor
se’s
resp
iratio
n
Wat
ch h
is ri
b ar
ea fo
r one
min
ute
and
coun
t eve
ry ti
me
he b
reat
hes
in a
nd
if he
is re
stin
g. Y
ou w
ill h
ave
to b
ecom
e pr
actic
ed to
get
an
accu
rate
read
ing
whe
n he
is re
stin
g.
Not
ing
how
long
it t
akes
for
blo
od t
o re
turn
to
blan
ched
tis
sues
is t
he
CR
T, a
sig
n of
gen
eral
circ
ulat
ion.
Nor
mal
is o
ne to
two
seco
nds.
If th
e C
RT
is
prol
onge
d, th
e ho
rse
is s
how
ing
circ
ulat
ory
impa
irmen
t and
may
be
in s
hock
. Th
is is
ofte
n in
dica
tive
of a
hor
se th
at h
as c
olic
.
Mea
surin
g th
e C
RT
the
bloo
d in
the
capi
llarie
s to
be
push
ed o
ut o
f the
tiss
ues,
leav
ing
a w
hite
spo
t
to re
turn
to th
at s
pot.
Lung
sou
nds
Liste
ning
to
the
lung
s
in th
e ar
ea y
our l
eg w
ould
be
if yo
u w
ere
ridin
g.
– 40
–
Pulse Th
e av
erag
e pu
lse
rate
of a
n ad
ult h
orse
at r
est i
s ab
out 3
0 to
40
beat
s
high
er th
an n
orm
al.
How
to ta
ke a
hor
se’s
pul
seov
er th
e ar
tery
(if y
ou u
se y
our t
hum
b,
you
risk
getti
ng y
our o
wn
read
ing
conf
used
with
the
hors
e’s)
. Onc
e yo
u ha
ve
loca
ted
the
arte
ry, m
ake
sure
you
can
feel
the
puls
e cl
early
and
then
cou
nt th
e
Pul
se ra
tes
can
be ta
ken
anyw
here
an
arte
ry li
es c
lose
to th
e su
rface
of
the
skin
. Jus
t abo
ve th
e fe
tlock
or o
n th
e in
side
of t
he h
orse
’s ja
wbo
ne. Y
ou
can
also
use
a s
teth
osco
pe a
t the
hor
se’s
girt
h ar
ea ju
st b
ehin
d th
e po
int o
f th
e el
bow
. Cou
nt e
ach
lub-
dub
as o
ne b
eat.
– 39
–
CO
MM
ON
HEA
LTH
PRO
BLEM
S ar
e av
aila
ble
to h
elp
cont
rol a
nd re
pel t
hese
pes
ts. A
lso,
goo
d ho
rse
keep
ing
prac
tices
, suc
h a
man
ure
rem
oval
and
gro
omin
g ar
e he
lpfu
l.
Li
ce: b
lood
suck
ing
para
site
s w
hich
are
ver
y irr
itatin
g; c
an d
ebilit
ate
a ho
rse
from
blo
od lo
ss. T
hey
are
mos
t act
ive
in s
prin
g.
U
mbi
lical
Her
nia:
Usu
ally
pre
sent
at b
irth
or a
ppea
rs w
ithin
a fe
w w
eeks
. C
onsi
dere
d to
be
inhe
rited
, can
als
o be
cau
sed
by th
e um
bilic
al c
ord
brea
king
off
foal
dia
rrhea
. Suc
cess
fully
trea
ted
whe
n fo
und
early
. Con
sult
your
vet
erin
aria
n.
: a fu
ngus
muc
h lik
e at
hlet
e’s
foot
. It i
nvol
ves
the
frog,
cle
fts a
nd
Left
untre
ated
, can
dev
elop
into
a m
ajor
pro
blem
.
: ca
used
by
bact
eria
. U
sual
ly f
ound
on
unsh
elte
red
anim
als
with
ant
ibac
teria
l sha
mpo
os a
nd o
intm
ents
, and
inje
ctib
le a
ntib
iotic
s ar
e so
me
reco
mm
ende
d tre
atm
ents
.
Col
ic: A
ny p
ain
or d
isco
mfo
rt ar
isin
g fro
m th
e ga
stro
inte
stin
al tr
act.
Col
ic
is th
e #1
kill
er o
f hor
ses.
Sin
ce a
hor
se c
anno
t vom
it, g
reat
pre
ssur
e is
pla
ced
on th
e st
omac
h w
hen
prob
lem
s ar
ise.
Tr
ue c
olic
, inv
olvi
ng th
e in
test
ines
or
stom
ach,
can
be
caus
ed b
y m
any
diffe
rent
thin
gs:
1.
Gas
dis
tens
ion.
2.
la
wn
clip
ping
s, s
and,
etc
.) 3.
D
ispl
aced
bow
el (t
wis
ts)
4.
Infe
ctio
us a
gent
s (S
alm
onel
la)
5.
Par
asite
s (s
mal
l and
larg
e S
trong
yles
) - T
his
is th
e #1
cau
se o
f
colic
in a
foal
6.
A
nyth
ing
that
com
prom
ises
the
bloo
d su
pply
to th
e in
test
ines
7.
Tu
mor
s in
an
old
anim
al
8.
Ulc
ers
9.
San
d
– 30
–
Ris
k Fa
ctor
s: M
any
times
it is
not
kno
wn
why
an
anim
al c
olic
s. H
ere
are
a fe
w p
ossi
bilit
ies:
1.
Cha
nges
in e
nviro
nmen
t or f
eed.
2.
C
hang
es in
wea
ther
. 3.
C
hang
es in
man
agem
ent o
r hou
sing
. 4.
A
nyth
ing
that
cau
ses
the
hors
e to
sto
p dr
inki
ng.
Clin
ical
Sig
ns: (
One
or a
ll of
thes
e si
gns
can
be p
rese
nt.)
The
hors
e m
ay a
ct
unco
mfo
rtabl
e or
une
asy
and
play
with
the
feed
or w
ater
buc
ket.
The
hors
e of
ten
swea
ts, r
olls
, paw
s, a
nd e
ven
kick
s at
its
abdo
men
. Cur
ling
of th
e lip
s, tu
rnin
g
seve
re s
igns
incl
ude
getti
ng u
p an
d do
wn
aggr
essi
vely,
rol
ling
to t
he p
oint
of
inju
ry, a
nd s
ever
e le
thar
gy. I
f one
or m
ore
of th
e sy
mpt
oms
is p
rese
nt, c
all y
our
vete
rinar
ian
imm
edia
tely.
1.
Info
rmat
ion
to k
now
whe
n ca
lling
the
vete
rinar
ian:
It is
impo
rtant
to b
egin
the
seve
rity
of th
e pa
in.
Eva
luat
e th
e ho
rse’
s vi
tal s
igns
and
com
pare
with
them
“nor
mal
vita
l sig
ns” a
re w
hen
they
are
hea
lthy,
so
that
you
can
eas
ily c
ompa
re s
igns
w
hen
sick
or i
njur
ed. H
ave
on h
and
your
hea
lth re
cord
s w
ith a
goo
d hi
stor
y of
pas
t de
-wor
min
g an
d pr
evio
us tr
eatm
ents
, as
wel
l as
whe
n th
e ho
rse
last
def
ecat
ed.
The
follo
win
g ar
e so
me
thin
gs th
at c
an b
e do
ne b
efor
e th
e ve
terin
aria
n ar
rives
: 2.
K
eep
the
hors
e fro
m c
onsu
min
g an
y m
ore
feed
. 3.
A
llow
the
hors
e to
do
som
e lig
ht w
alki
ng, p
artic
ular
ly if
the
an
imal
is ro
lling
and
is li
kely
to in
jure
itse
lf.
Pre
vent
ion:
Ofte
n it
is im
poss
ible
to p
reve
nt e
very
inci
dent
of c
olic
. How
ever
, be
ing
a co
nsci
entio
us a
nd re
spon
sibl
e ow
ner c
an g
o a
long
way
in p
reve
ntin
g th
is
prob
lem
. Goo
d m
anag
emen
t and
dis
ease
pre
vent
ion
prac
tices
are
ess
entia
l. G
ood
nutri
tion,
goo
d w
ater
, and
con
sist
ent d
e-w
orm
ing
are
high
ly re
com
men
ded.
Whe
n a
hors
e is
thou
ght t
o ha
ve c
olic
, qui
ck a
nd a
ppro
pria
te a
ctio
n on
the
owne
r’s p
art
can
resu
lt in
a m
ore
succ
essf
ul o
utco
me.
CO
MM
ON
PRO
CED
URES
: sur
gica
l rem
oval
of t
he te
stic
les.
Onl
y th
e be
st h
orse
s, m
eani
ng
mal
e ho
rses
are
cas
trate
d be
twee
n th
e ag
es o
f one
and
two
year
s. T
his
proc
edur
e re
nder
s an
imal
inca
pabl
e of
repr
oduc
tion,
impr
oves
ani
mal
s’ di
spos
ition
, dec
reas
es
popu
latio
n an
d co
oler
wea
ther
.
– 31
–
VITA
L SI
GN
SVi
tal s
igns
giv
e an
indi
catio
n of
ove
rall
stat
e of
hea
lth. T
he r
esul
ts y
ou
obta
in w
hen
you
susp
ect a
hor
se is
ill w
ill be
muc
h m
ore
usef
ul if
you
com
pare
on th
e fo
llow
ing
page
.
Nor
mal
vita
l sig
ns o
f the
Hor
se•
Tem
pera
ture
bet
wee
n 98
.5 –
101
.0F
• H
eart
rate
36-
48 b
pm•
Res
pira
tion
rate
8-1
6 bp
m•
Nor
mal
man
ure
outp
ut 8
-10
pile
s da
ily•
Muc
ous
mem
bran
es s
houl
d be
pin
k an
d m
oist
• H
orse
sho
uld
cons
ume
norm
al a
mou
nt o
f foo
d an
d w
ater
Not
e
Tem
pera
ture
Th
e av
erag
e te
mpe
ratu
re o
f an
adu
lt ho
rse
at r
est
is a
bout
100
deg
rees
Fa
hren
heit.
The
nor
mal
ran
ge is
abo
ut 9
9 to
101
deg
rees
F,
but
an in
crea
se
in t
empe
ratu
re,
by it
self,
is n
ot c
ause
for
ala
rm.
Ofte
n a
2 de
gree
incr
ease
is
not
a pr
oble
m b
ut 4
deg
rees
abo
ve a
hor
se’s
nor
mal
is c
ause
for
con
cern
. Yo
unge
r hor
ses
ofte
n ha
ve h
ighe
r tem
pera
ture
than
mat
ure
hors
es in
the
sam
e
in p
ain,
dis
ease
d, o
r is
in a
hot
, hum
id c
limat
e. Ho
w to
take
a h
orse
’s te
mpe
ratu
re
The
hors
e sh
ould
be
tied
or h
eld
by a
n as
sist
ant.
Use
a 6
inch
vet
erin
ary
ther
mom
eter
with
a 2
foot
stri
ng ti
ed to
it w
ith a
clip
on
the
end
(use
d to
atta
ch to
th
e ta
il). S
hake
the
ther
mom
eter
unt
il the
mer
cury
is a
t 95
degr
ees
F. L
ubric
ate
the
tip o
f the
ther
mom
eter
with
room
tem
pera
ture
pe
trole
um je
lly o
r a d
rop
of s
aliv
a. S
tand
on
the
side
of t
he h
orse
, not
dire
ctly
beh
ind
him
. M
ove
the
tail t
o th
e si
de b
y gr
aspi
ng th
e bo
ne,
not
the
tail
hairs
. In
sert
the
ther
mom
eter
ge
ntly
into
the
rect
um a
t an
angl
e ab
out 1
5
the
tail
hairs
so
if th
e ho
rse
defe
cate
s, th
e th
erm
omet
er w
on’t
fall t
o th
e gr
ound
. Rem
ove
the
ther
mom
eter
afte
r tw
o or
thre
e m
inut
es
and
take
the
read
ing.
Cle
an th
e th
erm
omet
er
befo
re re
turn
ing
it to
its
case
.
– 38
–
Man
ure
W
hat d
oes
his
man
ure
look
like?
It s
houl
d be
wel
l for
med
yet
the
feca
l bal
ls
shou
ld e
asily
bre
ak in
hal
f.•
If th
e fe
cal b
alls
are
ver
y dr
y an
d ha
rd (a
nd e
spec
ially
if y
ou n
otic
e th
eho
rse
stra
ins
whe
n de
feca
ting)
he
is n
ot d
rinki
ng e
noug
h w
ater
.•
Loos
e, s
lopp
y pi
les
(mor
e lik
e co
w m
anur
e) te
ll yo
u th
at y
our h
orse
’sfe
ed is
eith
er to
o ric
h (to
o m
uch
grai
n, p
astu
re o
r al
falfa
hay
), or
he
is e
atin
g to
o m
uch
salt
and
wat
er, h
e ha
s an
irrit
atio
n in
his
dig
estiv
etra
ct a
nd h
as d
iarr
hea,
or h
e is
ver
y ne
rvou
s.•
If yo
u se
e sl
ime
or m
ucou
s on
his
man
ure,
he
has
an ir
ritat
ed g
ut.
it m
eans
the
hors
e is
eith
er g
obbl
ing
his
feed
with
out c
hew
ing,
that
th
e fe
ed is
pas
sing
thro
ugh
his
body
too
fast
, or t
hat h
e ha
s a
dent
al
prob
lem
and
can
’t ch
ew h
is fe
ed th
orou
ghly.
•If
you
see
wor
ms
in h
is m
anur
e, it
is w
ay p
ast t
ime
for y
ou to
dew
orm
him
.
Livin
g Q
uarte
rs
Look
at h
is s
tall
or p
en a
nd h
is b
ody
for s
igns
of d
istre
ss: r
ubbi
ng, r
ollin
g or
paw
ing.
•Is
he
cove
red
with
dirt
or m
anur
e?•
Is h
e sw
eaty
or h
as h
e sw
eate
d an
d dr
ied?
•A
re th
ere
new
hol
es in
his
sta
ll fro
m p
awin
g?•
If yo
u ha
ve re
ason
to s
uspe
ct th
ere
mig
ht b
e a
prob
lem
suc
h as
col
ic,
you
shou
ld im
med
iate
ly c
heck
his
vita
l sig
ns.
Limbs
of a
hor
se’s
legs
. Whe
n th
e ho
rse
mov
es, d
oes
he p
lace
wei
ght o
n al
l fou
r leg
s eq
ually
or d
oes
he li
mp,
bob
his
hea
d, s
kip
or b
uckl
e ov
er a
t the
hoo
f or t
ake
shor
t, st
iff s
teps
? Th
ese
sign
s ca
n in
dica
te a
lam
enes
s pr
oble
m a
nd y
ou n
eed
to c
onsu
lt w
ith y
our v
eter
inar
ian.
–37
–
DEN
TAL
CA
RE
Hor
se’s
teet
h ar
e of
ten
negl
ecte
d an
d do
not
rece
ive
prop
er d
enta
l car
e. It
This
can
be
done
by
your
vet
erin
aria
n or
by
an e
quin
e de
ntis
t.Th
ere
are
seve
ral f
acto
rs w
hich
mak
e an
ann
ual c
heck
up
nece
ssar
y.•
Hor
se’s
teet
h gr
ow th
roug
hout
thei
r ent
ire li
fe.
•H
orse
’s c
hew
fro
m s
ide
to s
ide,
cau
sing
wea
r an
d sh
arp
edge
s to
appe
ar.
•H
orse
’s a
ge.
The
follo
win
g di
agra
ms
illus
trate
a h
orse
’s te
eth.
With
con
tinuo
us g
row
th a
nd c
hew
ing,
roug
h/sh
arp
edge
s de
velo
p ca
usin
g gu
m ir
ritat
ion.
Als
o pr
ojec
tions
, ca
lled
hook
s, c
an d
evel
op c
ausi
ng c
uts
in
the
chee
k an
d to
ngue
. The
se p
robl
ems
can
be tr
eate
d or
eve
n pr
even
ted
by
toot
h gr
owth
var
ies
with
age
. You
ng h
orse
s sh
ould
be
chec
ked
at o
ne y
ear o
f ag
e. T
his
is th
e tim
e m
any
pote
ntia
l pro
blem
s ca
n be
spo
tted
and
prev
ente
d.
–32
–
A co
mm
on p
robl
em in
you
ng h
orse
s is
wol
f tee
th. W
olf t
eeth
are
sm
all r
ound
te
eth
that
gro
w b
etw
een
the
cani
ne t
eeth
and
the
pre
mol
ars
(che
ek t
eeth
). S
ome
hors
es d
o no
t get
wol
f tee
th. I
t is
impo
rtant
to c
heck
you
r hor
se b
efor
e yo
u st
art t
rain
ing.
The
wol
f tee
th a
re lo
cate
d rig
ht w
here
the
bit w
ill s
et in
you
r
prof
essi
onal
bef
ore
a bi
t is
intro
duce
d in
to a
hor
se’s
trai
ning
. Con
tact
with
the
bit w
ill c
ause
irrit
atio
n an
d m
ake
your
hor
se u
ncom
forta
ble.
• D
ropp
ing
feed
whi
le c
hew
ing.
• C
hew
ing
with
an
outs
tretc
hed
neck
or c
hew
ing
whe
n no
food
is p
rese
nt.
• H
ead
toss
ing
or re
sist
ing
the
bit.
• W
eigh
t los
s.•
Col
ic
A
fter i
t has
bee
n de
term
ined
that
the
teet
h m
ay b
e a
prob
lem
, pro
fess
iona
l
then
pro
vide
ade
quat
e tre
atm
ent.
Ther
e ar
e di
ffere
nt t
ypes
of
serv
ices
and
sk
ills
that
can
be
foun
d in
the
equ
ine
indu
stry
. C
urre
ntly
, th
ere
are
man
y ve
terin
aria
ns th
at d
o no
thin
g bu
t equ
ine
dent
istry
. Man
y of
thes
e pr
actit
ione
rs
thor
ough
ly. M
any
vete
rinar
ians
als
o us
e se
datio
n to
hel
p m
ake
the
proc
edur
e
30-4
5 m
inut
es o
r mor
e to
com
plet
e.
– 33
–
IS M
Y HO
RSE
SIC
K?
Bef
ore
an e
mer
genc
y: A
long
with
a li
st o
f em
erge
ncy
tele
phon
e nu
mbe
rs,
so e
very
one,
eve
n a
visi
tor,
can
call f
or h
elp
and
prov
ide
info
rmat
ion
to e
mer
genc
y pe
rson
nel.
Wha
t doe
s a
hors
e’s
body
lang
uage
tell
you
abou
t its
ove
rall
heal
th?
Som
e fa
ctor
s to
con
side
r bef
ore
cont
actin
g yo
ur v
eter
inar
ian:
Post
ure
Rea
d yo
ur h
orse
’s b
ody
lang
uage
.
feel
ing
sick
.•
Is h
e ho
ldin
g on
e le
g up
? If
it is
a h
ind
leg,
he
mig
ht b
e re
stin
g w
hile
he
is s
leep
ing
or it
mig
ht b
e la
me,
if it
is a
fron
t leg
, it i
s pr
obab
ly la
me.
• If
he is
not
sta
ndin
g, h
ow is
he
layi
ng d
own?
Is h
e in
a n
orm
al, p
eace
ful
Expr
essio
nW
hat d
o hi
s ey
es a
nd e
ars
tell
you?
• Is
he
aler
t with
ear
s fo
rwar
d an
d ey
es b
right
? If
his
head
is d
own
and
his
eyes
are
dul
l and
he
does
not
look
up
whe
n yo
u ap
proa
ch, y
ou s
houl
d be
con
cern
ed.
• D
o hi
s ey
es lo
ok p
eace
ful a
nd c
onte
nt o
r do
they
look
tens
e an
d al
arm
ed?
App
etite
A go
od a
ppet
ite is
one
of t
he s
igns
of g
ood
heal
th.
him
?
– 36
–
WA
LL: T
he p
art w
e se
e w
hen
the
hors
e ha
s its
’ foot
on
the
grou
nd. T
his
prot
ects
and
bree
d of
the
hors
e. In
the
front
feet
, it i
s th
e th
icke
st a
t the
toe.
The
re is
lit
tle d
iffer
ence
in w
all t
hick
ness
in th
e hi
nd h
oove
s.
SOLE
: w
hich
is
abou
t th
e sa
me
thic
knes
s as
the
wal
l, it
cove
rs t
he s
oft
unde
rsur
face
of
the
foot
. Th
e so
le s
houl
d ar
ch u
pwar
d or
be
conc
ave,
the
su
rface
roug
h an
d un
even
.
FRO
G: T
he fr
og is
V-s
hape
d. W
hen
touc
hed,
it s
houl
d fe
el s
prin
gy o
r ela
stic
, lik
e gu
m ru
bber
. It g
row
s fro
m th
e ba
ck o
r hee
l tow
ard
the
front
like
a w
edge
. Th
e fro
g ac
ts li
ke a
sho
ck a
bsor
ber a
nd s
houl
d to
uch
the
grou
nd e
ven
whe
n th
e ho
rse
is s
hod.
To m
aint
ain
heal
thy
hoov
es, r
outin
e tri
mm
ing
and
shoe
ing
is n
eces
sary
. Yo
ur fa
rrie
r can
hel
p yo
u se
t up
the
right
sch
edul
e fo
r you
r hor
se. T
his
is
usua
lly e
very
6-8
wee
ks. O
f cou
rse,
this
dep
ends
on
your
hor
se, h
ow o
ften
it is
wor
ked,
the
type
of s
urfa
ce it
is w
orke
d on
and
the
time
of y
ear.
A cl
ean,
w
ell s
hod
hors
e no
t onl
y lo
oks
good
, but
mak
es b
oth
the
hors
e an
d ow
ner
feel
goo
d.
–35
–
FOO
T CA
RE
The
hors
e’s
hoof
is g
row
n fro
m th
e co
rona
ry b
and
(whe
re h
oof a
nd s
kin
mee
t) do
wn
to th
e gr
ound
. Thi
s is
a c
onst
ant p
roce
ss th
at v
arie
s in
rat
e de
pend
ing
on
Goo
d nu
tritio
n an
d w
arm
, moi
st c
ondi
tions
gen
erat
e th
e m
ost g
row
th, w
hile
poo
r nu
tritio
n an
d co
ld w
eath
er s
low
gro
wth
dow
n.In
the
wild
, hor
ses
use
the
grou
nd th
ey tr
avel
on
to c
ontro
l the
rat
e of
hoo
f gr
owth
. Tod
ay, m
ost h
orse
s do
not
hav
e a
choi
ce o
f the
gro
und
they
hav
e av
aila
ble
to th
em. S
o, th
e an
imal
mus
t dep
end
on h
is o
wne
r to
prov
ide
good
hoo
f car
e.Fo
r the
you
ng h
orse
, pro
per h
oof c
are
star
ts s
oon
afte
r the
ani
mal
is b
orn.
You
sh
ould
beg
in to
han
dle
your
foal
’s fe
et, w
orki
ng y
our w
ay u
p to
act
ually
bei
ng a
ble
to p
ick
its’ f
oot u
p an
d ho
ld it
. Thi
s pr
oces
s ta
kes
time
and
cann
ot b
e ac
com
plis
hed
in o
ne d
ay.
Whe
n yo
u ca
n pi
ck u
p al
l fou
r fe
et a
nd y
our
anim
al is
com
forta
ble
with
this
pr
oces
s, it
is a
goo
d id
ea to
hav
e a
farr
ier
insp
ect i
ts’ f
eet.
This
is u
sual
ly d
one
at a
bout
two
mon
ths
of a
ge a
nd a
t thi
s tim
e co
rrec
tive
trim
min
g ca
n be
sta
rted
if ne
eded
. Rem
embe
r, it
is n
ot th
e fa
rrier
’s jo
b to
trai
n yo
ur h
orse
to s
tand
and
bec
ome
com
forta
ble
with
the
proc
ess
of s
omeo
ne h
andl
ing
thei
r fee
t. Fo
r all
hors
es, g
ood
hoof
car
e st
arts
with
cle
anin
g ou
t the
foot
with
a h
oof p
ick
on a
reg
ular
bas
is. T
his
is d
one
to r
emov
e an
y ac
cum
ulat
ed d
ebris
, suc
h as
old
be
ddin
g, s
tone
s or
stic
ks. T
his
is a
goo
d tim
e to
insp
ect f
or in
jury
or i
nfec
tion
and
to d
eter
min
e if
the
hoof
nee
ds tr
imm
ing
or s
hoei
ng.
The
hoof
is d
ivid
ed in
to th
ree
mai
n pa
rts: t
he w
all,
sole
and
frog
.
–34
–