eq what are the 4 biomolecules and their monomers? · 2018. 10. 13. · • biomolecules – large,...
TRANSCRIPT
• EQ – What are the 4 biomolecules and their monomers?
Monomers:
Fatty Acids Nucleotides
Amino acids Monosaccharides
Drawings
Chemistry of Life Chapter 3
Biomolecules Chapter 3 Section 3
Build
ing
Blo
cks o
f C
ells
• Biomolecules – large, complex molecules
that make up the parts of a cell
• Four major classes of Organic Compounds
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
Carb
ohyd
rate
s • Carbohydrates – molecules made of
sugars
• Elements – carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and
oxygen (O)
• Monomers – monosaccharides (single
sugars)
Fu
nctio
ns o
f C
arb
s • Major source of energy
– Plants store the sun’s energy in glucose
– All organisms break down the sugar to release the
stored energy
• Structural support
– Chitin – shells of lobsters and crabs
– Cellulose – plant cell walls
• Cell recognition
– Cells recognize one another using
sugars attached to the cell membrane.
• Examples:
– Glucose
– Sucrose
– Starch
– Cellulose
– Chitin
– Glycogen
Carb
ohyd
rate
s
Lip
ids
• Lipids – AKA fats
• Elements – carbon (C), oxygen (O) and
hydrogen (H)
• Monomers – fatty acids
Fu
nctio
ns o
f L
ipid
s
• Main purpose is to store
energy
– Some animals only eat a
few months of the year and
rely on stored energy for
the rest of the year.
(whales)
– Hibernation
– Plants store fat as oil
(peanut and corn oil)
• Build membranes (cell
and organelle)
Lip
ids
• Examples
– Fats
– Phospholipids (cell membrane)
– Steroids
– Waxes
Pro
tein
s
• Protein – worker molecules of the cell
– Structure determines function
• Elements – C, O, H, nitrogen (N), and
sometimes others like sulfur (S)
• Monomers – amino acids
Fu
nctio
ns o
f P
rote
ins
• Provide structure and
support
• Enable movement
• Aid in communication
and transportation
• Help carry out
important chemical
reactions (enzymes)
Pro
tein
s
• Enzymes
• Transporters
• Membrane Proteins
• Microtubules and
Microfilaments
Nucle
ic A
cid
s
• Nucleic Acids – genes
• Elements – C, O, H, N, and Phosphorus (P)
• Monomers – nucleotides
Fu
nctio
ns o
f N
ucle
ic A
cid
s
• Contains the
genetic information
for an organism
• Energy source for
cells
– ATP – a single
nucleotide
• Examples
– DNA and RNA
1-21-11 • BR – Copy and answer the question.
– Which combination of macromolecule and function is
correct?
a) Carbohydrate: forms membranes
b) Lipid: speed up chemical reactions
c) Nucleic acid: stores genetic information
d) Protein: store energy
• SWP – hydro/aqua-?
• EQ – How do hydrogen bonds give water its unique
properties?
water
Study for your
Quiz!!!
Quic
k R
evie
w
What are the four biomolecules?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids Nucleic Acids
Biomolecules Carbon
1.
contain
Carbohydrates
5.
6.
7.
Can be
2.
8.
Function is to
3.
Amino Acids
Are made of
4.
Store genetic information in the
form of
9. 10.
Water Chapter 3 Section 2
Pola
rity
• Shared electrons are attracted more to
one atom than the other (oxygen in water)
– Uneven sharing
– Tug-of-war
• Polar molecules have partial charges on
opposite ends or poles
Solu
bili
ty
• Like dissolves like
– Polar dissolves polar
– Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar
• What happens when you mix oil and water?
Hydro
ge
n B
onds
• Hydrogen has a partial positive charge
when bonded to
– Oxygen (O)
– Nitrogen (N)
– Fluorine (F)
• This is a very strong attraction not a true
bond.
• Hydrogen bonds are important in many
molecules that make up our cells.
– The strands of DNA are held together by H-
bonds
Pro
pert
ies o
f W
ate
r • Density = Ice Floats
– Life can exist under ice
in lakes
• Heat capacity = water
absorbs and retains
heat
– Helps organisms
maintain a constant
internal temperature
(homeostasis)
Pro
pert
ies o
f W
ate
r • Cohesion = water
molecules stick to each
other
– Surface tension
• Adhesion = water
molecules stick to other
substances
• Cohesion and adhesion
cause capillary action which
allows water molecules to
move upward through the
stem of a plant
Brazilian Pygmy Gecko
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6UsKJUmq2A
Pro
pert
ies o
f W
ate
r Lab
• Answer every question completely.
• Work smart!!!
– What you do not finish counts against you.
• Stay at your lab station!!!
• Do NOT distract other students during
lab!
Copy onto your lab data sheet!
• No playing during lab.
• Do not eat/drink any lab supplies.
• Wear goggles when using hot liquids.
• Follow all other lab safety procedures.
Pro
pert
ies o
f W
ate
r Lab
– Which type of molecule provides building blocks for
tissues, transports other molecules, and helps
regulate certain reactions in cells?
a) Lipid
b) Fat
c) Carbohydrate
d) Protein
• EQ – How do enzymes lower the activation energy
of reactions?
Energy & Metabolism Chapter 3 Sections 4
Quic
k R
evie
w
What are the four biomolecules?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids Nucleic Acids
Ma
cro
mole
cule
s • Macromolecules – large biomolecules
– Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids
• Monomer – small units that make up large
molecules
– Protein
– Carbohydrate
– Lipid
– Nucleic Acid
Amino acid
Monosaccharide
Fatty acid
Nucleotide
En
erg
y • What is energy?
• Energy – the ability to move or change
matter
• Energy exists in many forms.
– Light
– Heat
– Chemical energy
– Mechanical energy
– Electrical energy
• Energy can be converted from one form
to another.
Ch
em
ica
l R
eactions
• Reactant – a substance that is changed in
a chemical reaction
– Goes on the left of the arrow
• Product – a substance that is formed
– Goes on the right of the arrow
Reactants (What you start with)
Products (What you end with)
2H202 H20 + O2
Re
ve
rsib
le R
ea
ctio
ns
• Double arrow means the reaction may go
in either direction
• Depends on the conditions at the time.
Activa
tion E
nerg
y
• Activation Energy – the minimum amount
of energy required to start a chemical
reaction
Hom
eosta
sis
• Organisms carry out many chemical
reactions that help maintain a stable
internal environment.
• Most of these reactions require large
amounts of energy to get started.
• Enzymes help organisms maintain
homeostasis by lowering the amount of
energy required.
En
zym
e • Enzyme – a protein that increases the
speed of biochemical reactions (catalyst)
• Hold molecules together and in correct
orientation
• Enzymes fit with reactants like a lock fits a
key.
En
zym
e V
ideo C
lip
• http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/cha
pter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
En
zym
e C
onditio
ns
• What affects enzymes?
– Temperature
– pH
– Amount of substrates
Ro
le o
f E
nzym
es
• Lower the activation energy by holding the
substrates together and in the correct
orientation.
• Without enzymes, most reactions would not
occur fast enough to sustain life.
Me
tabo
lism
• THINK BACK: What is metabolism?
– Build up and break down
• We get the energy we need for metabolism
from the food we eat.
• Two main processes
– Photosynthesis
– Cellular Respiration
Liver Lab
Substance tested Amount of H2O2 Reaction intensity
based on scale
solid liver 20 drops
ground liver 20 drops
boiled liver 20 drops
iced liver 20 drops
HCl-soaked liver 20 drops
NaOH-soaked liver 20 drops
Lab Safety Rules:
1. Wear goggles at all times.
2. No playing in the lab.
3. Follow all other lab procedures.
Foam Scale
0=no foam
1=very little foam
2=some foam
3=half foam/half liquid
4=mostly foam
5=all foam
– What does A represent?
a) Energy of the products
b) Reaction progress
c) Activation energy
without a catalyst
d) Activation energy with
catalyst
•EQ – How are macromolecules used in our cells?
En
erg
y
Reaction Time
R
P
A
B
Copy and answer the questions.
1. The unequal sharing of electrons causes
____________ or partial charges at
opposite ends of the molecule.
2. A monosaccharide is a __________ sugar
molecule.
3. All biomolecules contain ____________.
4. The main purpose of lipids is to _________
_________.