episode 3 plans

8/13/2019 Episode 3 Plans

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the fuselage of the Enola Gay, the aircraft that dropped the first bomb,for its museum on the National Mall. That exhibit would place theinvention of atomic weapons and the decision to use them against civiliantargets in the context of World War II and the Cold War, provokingbroader questions about the morality of strategic bombing and nuclear

arms in general.

The ongoing struggle to present the history of theatomic bombings in a balanced and accurate manner is

an interesting story in its own right. . ..

The design for the exhibit quickly triggered an avalanche of controversy.Critics charged that it offered a too-sympathetic portrayal of the Japanese

enemy, and that its focus on the children and elderly victims of thebombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki encouraged visitors to question thenecessity and morality of the weapons. As originally written, those criticsalleged, the exhibit forwarded an anti-American interpretation of eventssurrounding the bombs use. That such a message was to appear in anational museum amplified the frustrations of critics (especially veteransgroups), who believed that the exhibit should not lead museumgoers toquestion the decision to drop the bomb or to portray the Pacific war inmorally neutral terms.

In place of the original exhibit, veterans organizations offered a

replacement exhibit with a very different message. Their proposed exhibitportrayed the development of the atomic weapons as a triumph ofAmerican technical ingenuity, and the use of both bombs as an act thatsaved livesthe lives of American soldiers who would otherwise havehad to invade the Japanese home islands, and the lives of thousands ofJapanese who would, it was assumed, have fought and died with fanaticdetermination opposing such an invasion. The revised exhibit removedthe questioning tone of the original, replacing it with more certainty: theuse of the bombs, it argued, was both necessary and justified.

When the controversy died down, the Smithsonianelected not to stage any exhibit of the aircraft fuselage.

The historians who produced the original exhibit stood accused ofhistorical revisionism by their critics, of needlessly complicating patrioticconsensus with moral concerns. The fallout from the controversy led to


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bomb to bring an end to the war? Truman did not hesitate. On July 25,1945, he ordered the military to make final plans for dropping twoatomic bombs on Japan. The paragraph on the decision concludes with acompelling quote from the President himself: Let there be no mistakeabout it. I regarded the bomb as a military weapon and never had any

doubt it should be used.

Other recent textbooks have labored to present this often-contentioustopic in a more nuanced manner. The 2007 textbook American Anthemdescribes the decision-making process as an involved one, observingTruman formed a group to advise him about using the bomb. This groupdebated where the bomb should be used and whether the Japaneseshould be warned. After carefully considering all the options, Trumandecided to drop the bomb on a Japanese city. There would be nowarning." The carefully written passage does not suggest that thequestion of whetherto use the bomb against civilian targets was part of

the debate; it describes the inquiry as focused on whereto drop thebomb and whether a warning would precede its use.

More recent textbooks often offer viewpoints from other perspectivesincluding Japanese civilians, who suffered the legacy of atomic fallout fordecades after the original explosionfrom a morally neutral stance,inviting (or directly asking) readers to make their own judgments. Besidesoffering a description of Trumans decision-making process, theAmerican Anthemtextbook includes a passage of equivalent length thatdescribes the destruction on the ground, anchored by a quote from a

survivor of the Hiroshima bomb. It also features a Counterpointssection that contrasts a quote from Secretary of War Henry Stimsonsupporting the bombs use with one from Leo Szilard, an atomicphysicist, characterizing the use of the bombs against Japan as one ofthe greatest blunders of history.

What the Documents RevealA discussion that focuses primarily on the need to employ the bomb inorder to save livesthe lives of Japanese civilians as well as those ofAmerican soldiersis incomplete. In fact, as the documentary recordshows, there was a good deal of debate over the use of the weapons

during the summer of 1945, much of which focused on more complexissues than the lives that would be saved or lost in ending the war.

A discussion that focuses primarily on the need toemploy the bomb in order to save livesthe lives of

Japanese civilians as well as those of American


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soldiersis incomplete.

Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces inEurope and one of the architects of the successful campaign againstGermany, was one of the dissenters. After the war, Eisenhower recalledhis position in 1945, asserting that Japan was defeated and droppingthe bomb was completely unnecessary. Eisenhowers objection was, inpart, a moral one; as he noted, I thought our country should avoidshocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was, Ithought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives. It wasmy belief that Japan was, at that very moment, seeking some way tosurrender with a minimum loss of 'face.'" Eisenhower recalled that hisobjection found an unreceptive audience with Secretary of War HenryStimson. In Eisenhower's own words, Stimson was deeply perturbed by

my attitude, almost angrily refuting the reasons I gave for my quickconclusions. (In a separate document, Stimson himself concurred withEisenhowers conclusion that there was little active American attempt torespond to Japans peace feelers to prevent the use of the atomicweapons: No effort was made, and none was seriously considered, toachieve surrender merely in order not to have to use the bomb.)

The year after the Japanese surrender, the U.S. government released itsown Strategic Bombing Survey, an effort to assess the effectiveness ofdropping bombs on civilian populations, including the firebombs used inEurope and the Pacific, and the atomic weapons detonated over

Hiroshima and Tokyo (see Primary Source U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey[1946]). Its findings suggested that the bombs were largely superfluous,and that Japans surrender was all but guaranteed even without thethreat of invasion. Based on a detailed investigation of all the facts, theSBS concluded, and supported by the testimony of the survivingJapanese leaders involved, it is the Survey's opinion that . . . Japan wouldhave surrendered even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped, evenif Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had beenplanned or contemplated. Though firm in its assertions, the SBS receivedwidespread criticism from many quarters for drawing conclusions farbeyond the available evidence. (Many critics noted, rightly, that the SBS

was itself hardly a disinterested document, since it was produced by anorganization with an interest in emphasizing the effectiveness ofconventional airpower.)

The compromises 21st-century textbooks have struck


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appear understandable if not necessary.

The Strategic Bombing Surveys conclusions highlight another importantfactor in the decision to employ the bombs against Japan: the messagesuch a display would send to Josef Stalin. Uneasy allies in the war againstGermany, Russian forces joined the war in Japan in August 1945.Contemporary observers noted that the demonstration of the deadly newweapons considerable might had the additional effect of warning Stalinthat the U.S. would exercise considerable power in the postwar period.Furthermore, dropping two bombs only days apart had the added benefitof convincing the Russians that the U.S. possessed a formidable supply ofthe new weapons; when in fact, the U.S. nuclear arsenal was entirelydepleted after the two attacks on Japan.

A survey of primary sources from the summer of 1945 and the monthsafterward reveals a variety of opinions, arguments, and justificationsregarding the use of atomic weapons. Embracing the variety of opinionswhile also presenting a narrative that depicts the decision and its effectsfrom multiple perspectives is a near-impossible task. Given howcontroversial the story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has proved to be, thecompromises 21st-century textbooks have struck appear understandableif not necessary.


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