epidemiology_cholera
TRANSCRIPT
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BY:
Nurul Ain Bt. Rosli
Nur Azimah Bt. Azman
Raja Nur Rahifah Inani Bt. Raja Abdul Rahman
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DEFINITION..
• An acute diarrheal illness
• Caused by infection of the intestine
• By bacteria Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae)
• Through ingestion of food or water contaminated with V. cholerae
• Can be endemic, epidemic, pandemic
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Infectious agent : Vibrio cholerae
• A gram-negative bacteria
• Comma-shaped
• 1-3 mm (length), 0.5-0.8 mm (diameter)
• Non-spore forming
• Single, polar flagellum
• Oxidase positive
• Multiply freely in water
• Has 2 major biotypes:
– Classical
– El Tor
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EPIDEMIOLOGY: WORLDWIDE
• 7 cholera pandemics since 1817.
• The first 6 (from 1817-1923) - caused by V.cholerae.
• Originated in Asia with subsequent spread to other continents.
• The 7th pandemic:
– Began in Indonesia (1961)
– Affected more countries and continents
– Caused by V.cholerae El Tor
• October 1992:
– Cholera epidemic emerged from Madras, India
– Caused by a new serogroup 0139 (Bengal)
• Then, spread throughout Bangladesh, India, and the neighboring countries in Asia.
• In United States and other developed countries, cholera is not a major threat (rare).
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Epidemiology: Malaysia
• 11th May 1996:
– First case of cholera was confirmed
– Caused by Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor
• Since then, total of 607 cases have been confirmed in the whole country, 476 of them were in Penang
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SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
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Pathophysiology Of Cholera Disease
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TRANSMISSIONSDrinking contaminated water
Eating raw oysters
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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Isolation and identification of Vibrio cholerae
• Dark field or phase contrast microscopy.
• Culture of stool specimen on selective thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar plate.
• Yellow colonies is formed.
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PCR- detect genetic material of cholera
Rapid immunochromatographic dipstick testing- areas where cholera is endemic
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TREATMENTSOral Rehydration Salt (ORS)
• To replace the fluid loss in the body
• Rehydration
Intravenous Fluid
• For severe cases.
Antibiotics
• Doxycycline
• Azithromycin
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CONTROLS
• Set up treatment centers for rapid treatment.
• Food safety and animal health measures.
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PREVENTIONS• Drink only safe water!
• Avoid raw meat. Eg : sushi.
• Eat food that's completely cooked and hot.
• Wash hands with soap and water frequently.
• Stick to fruits and vegetables that you can peel yourself.
• Be wary of dairy foods, including ice cream.
• Go get vaccine!
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ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES
“For Allah loves those who turn to Him constantly and He loves those who
keep pure and clean”
(Al-Baqarah 2:222)
Prophet Muhammad PBUH said “purification is half of faith”
(Hadith Muslim)
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