epgd - course handouts

K L UniversityVaddeswaram, 522502B.Tech2nd Year/Semester-ICourse Handout 1. Course Name: Electrical Power Generation and Distribution2. Course Code: 11 EE 2033. Course Coordinator: Mr. D. Seshi Reddy4. Course Structure (LTP): 3 1 05. Credits: 46. Team Members: Dr. M. Uma Vani, Mr. K V GopalaChary7. Course DescriptionElectricity is modern societys most convenient and useful form of energy. The ever increasing use of electrical power for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes necessitates the generation of bulk electric power economically. This course offers an in-depth knowledge of various methods of electrical power generation along with its economical aspects. It also gives an insight into the various aspects of electrical power distribution to the end consumers with better quality of power. The course also describes the necessity and functioning of a substation in a power system.

8. Program OutcomesProgram Outcome

1Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the conceptualization of engineering models.Selected as power generation process and the concepts of economic aspects are addressed using the application of mathematics, science engineering fundamentals.

2Identify, formulate, research literature and solve complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics and engineering sciences.Selected as the power system economic aspects and distribution systems complexity is reduced by solving engineering problems.

3Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.Selected as the real time power engineering design problems with public constraints are addressed by the application of basic and fundamental concepts of the course.

4Conduct investigations of complex problems including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions. Selected as investigations for new era is carried with the interpretation of existing data and practical constraints.

5Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering tools, including prediction and modeling, to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations.Selected as distributor is designed for the uniform voltage supply at the consumer terminals.

6Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in multi-disciplinary settings.Not selected as this course will not allow the students to work in multidisciplinary activities.

7Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.Not selected as there are no special communication issues pursued by individual as per well defined procedures.

8Demonstrate understanding of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering practice.Selected as precautionary measures to be understood by the student while working in power stations, substations and etc.

9Understand and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering practice.Not selected since this course doesnt have any engineering practice at this level.

10Understand the impact of engineering solutions in a societal context and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development.Selected as there is a lot of development is required in existing power system to meet the future demand in economic manner.

11Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of management and business practices, such as risk and change management, and understand their limitations.Not selected as the activities related to this course do not involve addressing any issue related to management and business practice.

12Recognize the need for, and have the ability to engage in independent and life-long learning.Selected as concepts learned in this course may applied to various electrical engineering applications in future.

9. Cognitive Processes associated with the course

S. NoCognitive LevelSelected/ Not-SelectedExplanation for selection and non-selection based on the nature of the course and instructors preferences

1RememberSelectedStudents need to remember basic concepts and formulae for analysis.

2UnderstandSelectedStudents need to understand the power generation processes, economic aspects and voltage drop calculations.

3ApplySelectedStudents need to apply voltage, current division rules and other procedure to obtain the solutions.

4AnalyzeSelectedStudents need to analyze affects due to load and power generation fluctuations.

5EvaluateSelectedStudents need to evaluate different distribution systems with respect to voltage drop calculations and judge the best distribution system

6CreateSelectedStudent will create or modify the existing power network by applying previous knowledge.

10. Categories of Knowledge associated with Engineering Courses:

S. NoKnowledge CategorySelected/ Not-SelectedExplanation for selection and non-selection based on the nature of the course and instructors preferences

1FactualSelectedStudents acquire factual knowledge from the basic and fundamental concepts.

2ConceptualSelectedStudents acquire conceptual knowledge from the application of basic and fundamental principles.

3ProceduralSelectedStudents obtain this knowledge from the operational procedures of power stations, substations and also by solving problems.

4Fundamental Design ConceptsSelectedStudents acquire this knowledge from the constructional details of power plants and substations.

5Criteria and Specifications SelectedStudents acquire this knowledge by solving real time problems and from ratings of the various components used.

6Practical ConstraintsSelectedWhile Analyzing the design of power plants, substations and distribution networks, students were exposed to different practical constraints.

7Design InstrumentalitiesSelectedStudents obtain design concepts by analyzing distribution networks and substation layouts.

8Meta cognitiveNot selectedStudents will not learn any modeling concepts.

11. Taxonomy Table: Selected Cognitive Level Knowledge Matrix. Knowledge CategoriesCognitive Levels

RememberUnderstandApplyAnalyzeEvaluateCreate

FactualXXX

ConceptualXX

ProceduralXXX

Fundamental Design ConceptsXXXX

Criteria and SpecificationsXXXX

Practical ConstraintsXXXX

Design InstrumentalitiesXXXX

Meta-cognitiveXXXXXX

12. Competencies: At the end of the course the student should be able toCompetencyPOs Levels

C 1 Understand the process of electrical power generation using hydro, thermal, nuclear power plants and principles of operation of solar, wind and ocean wave energy power plants (12)PO1-3, PO3-2, PO12-2

C 2 Understand the factors influence the economic aspects of power generation (7)PO1-1, PO2-2, PO3-2, PO4-2, PO5-3, PO10-3, PO12-3

C 3 Apply various tariffs for calculation of the electricity bills paid by the consumer (5)PO1-1, PO2-1, PO3-3, PO4-3, PO5-3, PO12-3

C 4 Analyze the performance of distribution systems (10)PO1-1, PO2-2, PO4-1, PO5-2, PO12-3

C 5 Analyze outdoor substations, its functioning of various accessories and layouts (4)PO12-3

C 6 Analyze gas insulated substations, its functioning of various accessories and layouts (4)PO1-3, PO3-1, PO8-1, PO12-3

C 7 Create a distribution system with a uniform voltage supply for all consumers (3)PO1-1, PO2-1, PO4-1, PO5-1, PO10-2, PO12-1

13. Competencies in Taxonomy Table:Knowledge CategoriesCognitive Levels


FactualC1C1C1

ConceptualC1C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6C2,C3,C4C1,C2,C5C4

ProceduralC2C2,C3,C4,C7C2,C6C4

Fundamental Design ConceptsC1C1

Criteria and SpecificationsC7

Practical ConstraintsC1,C2,C3C1,C2,C6

Design InstrumentalitiesC5C7

Meta-cognitive

14. Competency Program Outcome Matrix CompetencyProgram outcomes

123456789101112

C1322

C21222333

C3113333

C412123

C53

C63113

C7111121

Note: 1-low;2-Moderate; 3-High15. Competencies, sub-competencies and Associated Taxonomy Table:CompetencyPOs-Levels

C 1Understand the process of power generation using hydro, thermal, nuclear power plants and principles of operation of solar, wind and ocean wave energy power plants (12)PO1-3, PO3-2, PO12-2

Sub-CompetencyCognitive levelKnowledge Categories

C1.1Analyze current power scenario in India(1)UnderstandAnalyzeFactual,Practical Constraints

C1.2Understand Layouts of various power plants and its functionaries(8)RememberUnderstandFactual,Conceptual,Fundamental design concepts

C1.3Understand the design constraints and analyze suitable locations to establish solar, wind and wave energy based power plants(1)UnderstandAnalyzeConceptual,Practical Constraints

C1.4Understand the concepts of power generation using wind, solar and wave energy(2)RememberUnderstandFactual,Conceptual

Taxonomy Table for Sub-competenciesKnowledge CategoriesCognitive Levels


FactualC1.2,C1.4C1.1,C1.2,C1.4C1.1

ConceptualC1.2,C1.4C1.2,C1.3,C1.4C1.3

Fundamental Design ConceptsC1.2C1.2

Practical ConstraintsC1.1,C1.3C1.1,C1,3

CompetencyPOs-Levels

C 2Understand the factors influence the economic aspects of power generation (7)PO1-1, PO2-2, PO3-2, PO4-2, PO5-3, PO10-3, PO12-3


C2.1Understand the classification of loads and load curves (1)UnderstandConceptual,Procedural

C2.2Understand the graphical representation (Load, Load duration and Integrated load duration curve) of loads which will helps to operation of the power plant (1) UnderstandAnalyzeConceptual,Procedural

C2.3Understand the concepts of various factors (Demand factor, load factor, Diversity factor etc.) and their significance in economical operation of power plant (4) UnderstandAnalyzeConceptual,Practical Constraints

C2.4Apply the depreciation methods to find the replacement cost of the equipment (generator, transformer etc) (1) ApplyConceptual,Procedural



ConceptualC2.1,C2.2,C2.3C2.4C2.2,C2.3

ProceduralC2.1,C2.2C2.4C2.2

Practical ConstraintsC2.3C2.3


C 3Apply various tariffs for calculation of the electricity bills paid by the consumer (5)PO1-1, PO2-1, PO3-3, PO4-3, PO5-3, PO12-3


C3.1Understand the economical constraints influencing tariffs (1)Understand

Conceptual,Practical Constraints

C3.2Understand the concepts of consumer based tariffs based on KWH, CMD, KW (1) Understand

Conceptual

C3.3Apply the concepts of tariffs to billing the consumer based on their consumption (3)ApplyConceptual,Procedural



ConceptualC3.1,C3.2C3.3

ProceduralC3.3

Practical ConstraintsC3.1


C 4Analyze the performance of distribution systems (10)PO1-1, PO2-2, PO4-1, PO5-2, PO12-3


C4.1Understand the concepts of distribution systems and their classification (1)UnderstandConceptual

C4.2Apply current and voltage division rules to estimate voltage drops in various DC distribution systems (with concentrating and non-concentrating loads) (7)ApplyConceptual,Procedural

C4.3Apply phasor analysis to estimate voltage drops in various AC distribution systems (with concentrating and non-concentrating loads) (2)ApplyEvaluateConceptual,Procedural



ConceptualC4.1C4.2,C4.3C4.3

ProceduralC4.2,C4.3C4.3


C 5Analyze outdoor substations, its functionaries and layouts (4)PO12-3


C5.1Understand outdoor substation layout (1)UnderstandConceptual

C5.2Understand the functioning of outdoor substation components (1)UnderstandConceptual

C5.3Analyze the significance of sequence of elements in the outdoor substation (1)AnalyzeConceptual,Design Instrumentalities

C5.4Analyze the bus bar arrangements for satisfactory operation of substation (2)AnalyzeDesign Instrumentalities



ConceptualC5.1,C5.2C5.3

Design InstrumentalitiesC5.3,C5.4


C 6Analyze gas insulated substations, its functionaries and layouts (4)PO1-3, PO3-1, PO8-1, PO12-3


C6.1Understand gas insulated substation layout (1)UnderstandConceptual

C6.2Understand the functioning of gas insulated substation components (1)UnderstandConceptual

C6.3Analyze the significance of sequence of elements in the gas insulated substation (1)AnalyzeProcedural

C6.4Analyze economical and environmental conditions for Gas Insulated Substation and Open Substation (1)AnalyzePractical Constraints



ConceptualC6.1,C6.2

ProceduralC6.3

Practical ConstraintsC6.4


C 7Create a distribution system with a uniform voltage supply (3)PO1-1, PO2-1, PO4-1, PO5-1, PO10-2, PO12-1


C7.1Collection of load information from various consumers in specific standard (1)AnalyzeCriteria and specifications

C7.2Apply the concepts of voltage drop calculation in specified distribution system (1)ApplyProcedural

C7.3Restructure the system to obtain the optimal voltage drops in distribution system (1)CreateDesign Instrumentalities



ProceduralC7.2

Criteria and SpecificationsC7.1

Design InstrumentalitiesC7.3

16. Time Table:

Days9:00-10:0010-00-10:2010:20-11:2011:20-12:20BREAK1:10-2:102:10-3:103:10-4:104:10-5:10

MondayBREAKEPGD

Tuesday

WednesdayEPGD(T)

Thursday

FridayEPGD

SaturdayEPGD

17. Syllabus:The growth of electrical power generation, transmission and distribution systems in India. Typical layout of power system.Hydro power stations: Layout of Hydro power stations-Brief description of Hydro power station components: reservoir, dam, spillways, penstock, surge tank, draft tube, governors. Different types of Hydraulic turbines, power calculations. Thermal Power Stations: Layout of Thermal power stations, Line diagram of thermal Power Station showing paths of coal, steam, water, air, ash and flue gasses.- Brief description of Thermal power station components: Economizers, Boilers, Super heaters, Turbines, Condensers, Chimney and Cooling towers.Nuclear Power Stations: Selection of site, nuclear Fission and chain reaction: Nuclear fuels.- Principle of operation of Nuclear reactor.-Reactor Components: Moderators, Control rods, Reflectors and Coolants.- Radiation hazards: Shielding and Safety precautions.- Types of Nuclear reactors and brief description of PWR, BWR and FBR. Principles of electric power generation using renewable energy resources solar, wind, ocean wave energy (qualitative treatment only). Economic Aspects of Power Generation: Load curve, load duration and integrated load duration curves-load factor, demand factor, diversity factor, capacity factor, utilization factor and plant use factor, depreciation methods. Tariff Methods: Cost of Generation and their division into Fixed, Semi-fixed and Running Costs. Flat Rate, Block-Rate, two-part, threepart, and power factor tariff methods. D.C. Distribution Systems: Classification of Distribution Systems- Comparison of DC vs AC Distribution Systems- Requirements and Design features of Distribution Systems- Voltage Drop Calculations in D.C Distributors - Radial and Ring Main Distributor. A.C. Distribution Systems: Voltage Drop Calculations in A.C. Distributors - Power Factors referred to receiving end, Power Factors with respect to load points.Substations: Classification of substations, Indoor & Outdoor substations: Substation layout showing the location of all the substation equipment. Bus bar arrangements in the substations: Simple arrangements like single bus bar, sectionalized single bus bar, main and transfer bus bar system with relevant diagrams. Introduction to Gas Insulated Substations (GIS).Text Books:1. Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution by S.N.Singh., PHI, 2010.2. Generation Distribution and Utilization of Electrical power by C.L. Wadhwa, Revised edition, New AgeInternational (P) LIMITED, Publishers 2006.Reference Books:1. Elements of Power Station design and practice by M.V. Deshpande, Wheeler Publishing,1999.2. Principles of Power Systems by V K Mehta and Rohit Mehta, 1st edn., S.CHAND & COMPANY LTD., New Delhi 2009.3. Gas Insulated Substations by M.S Naidu, International Publications Ltd., 2008.

18. Self Learning Topics:S.No.TopicSource

1Different types of Hydraulic turbinesR1

2Fast Breeder ReactorT1

3Power generation by ocean wave energyT2

4Three part and power factor tariff methodR2

5Ring main distributorT1

6Main and transfer busbar arrangementR2

7Gas Insulated SubstationR3

A.Y.: 2013 - 1411. 19. Session / Lesson Plan:S. No.SessionContent and SourceLearning ObjectiveTeaching MethodologyFaculty ApproachStudent ApproachLearning Outcome

11Know the current status of power sector in IndiaUnderstand Organization of power sector in IndiaPPTFacilitatesListenUnderstand

22Know about the generation methods of electrical powerUnderstand the methods of power generation both renewable and non-renewableChalk and talkLecturingListenRememberLinguistic

33Study the working principle and layout of a Hydro-power stationUnderstand Hydro power generationChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

44Study of reservoir, dam, spillways, penstockUnderstand the functioning of various components of Hydro-power stationChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

55Study of surge tank, draft tube, governorsUnderstand concepts related to components of Hydro-power stationChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

66Types of Hydraulic turbinesUnderstand the applications of Hydraulic turbinesPPTExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

77Study the working of Thermal power stationTo understand the layout and working of thermal power stationPPTExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

88(T)Problems(Tutorial)Solving power generation problemsObserver, Cross checkingMonitor, Resource personAnswering and applicationApplication

99Study of Economizers, Boilers, Super heaters,To understand the functioning of components in a Thermal power stationChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

1010Turbines, Condensers, Chimney and Cooling towersUnderstand concepts related to components of Thermal power station & QuizChalk and talkExplanationFacilitatorListen and ParticipateUnderstand, remember and Analyze

1111Study the working of a Nuclear power stationTo understand Nuclear power generationPPTExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

12


1313Selection of site for nuclear power plant, nuclear fission and chain reaction, Nuclear fuelsUnderstand the basic concepts of nuclear power plantChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

1414Study of Moderators, Control rods, Reflectors and CoolantsUnderstand the concepts and functioning of components in nuclear power stationChalk and talkExplanationListenUnderstand and Analyze

1515Radiation hazards: Shielding and Safety precautionsUnderstand the effects of radiation hazards and preventive actions to be takenChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand


1717Types of Nuclear reactors and brief description of PWR and BWRUnderstand classification of Nuclear reactorsPPTExplanationListenUnderstand and Analyze

1818Introduction to renewable energy sourcesUnderstand the available renewable energy sourcesOralExplanationListenRemember

1919Study of power generation from solar power plantUnderstand the working principle and operation of solar power plantPPTExplanationListenUnderstand and Analyze


2121Study of power generation from wind power plantUnderstand the principle of operation of wind power plantPPTExplanationListenUnderstand and Analyze

2222Introduction to economic aspects of power generationUnderstand the theory behind economics of power generationChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

2323Concepts of Load curveUnderstand the load patterns in power consumptionChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

2424(T)Problems(Tutorial)Solving problems on curvesObserver, Cross checkingMonitor, Resource personAnswering and applicationApplication

2525Concepts of load duration and integrated load duration curvesUnderstand the load patterns in power consumptionChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

2626Study the factors affecting economics of power generationUnderstand Demand factor, load factorChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

2727Study the factors affecting economics of power generationUnderstand diversity factor, plant capacity factorChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

28


2929Study the factors affecting economics of power generationUnderstand plant use factor and utilization factorChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

3030Depreciation methodsTo understand the methods of DepreciationPPTExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

3131Classification of Generation costsTo understand the various components of Generation costsChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze


3333Introduction to tariffUnderstand the power charging methodsOralFacilitatesListenUnderstand

3434Study of different types of tariffsUnderstand the power charging methods based on the type of consumerChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

3535Study of different types of tariffsEvaluation of two-part tariff methodChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze


3737Study of different types of tariffsEvaluation of power factor tariff methodsChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand and Analyze

3838Introduction to distribution system & its classificationUnderstand the concepts of distribution systemsChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

3939Comparison of DC vs AC Distribution Systems- Requirements of Distribution SystemsTo understand the classifications of distribution systemsChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

4040(T)Problems(Tutorial)Solving problems on tariff methodsObserver, Cross checkingMonitor, Resource personAnswering and applicationApplication

4141Design features of Distribution SystemsUnderstand design concepts of distribution systemsChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

4242Voltage Drop Calculations in radial D.C DistributorTo understand the factors affecting voltage regulation in radial distributer fed from one endChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstandand analyze

4343Voltage Drop Calculations in radial D.C Distributor fed at both endsTo understand the factors affecting voltage regulation in radial distributer fed at both endsChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

44

44(T)Problems(Tutorial)Solving problems on voltage drop calculations in DC distributorObserver, Cross checkingMonitor, Resource personAnswering and applicationApplication

4545Voltage Drop Calculations in ring main D.C DistributorTo understand the factors affecting voltage regulation in ring main distribution systemChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstandand analyze

4646Study of A.C. DistributorsTo understand practical distribution system systemsPPTExplanationListenUnderstandand analyze

4747Voltage Drop Calculations in A.C. Distributors - Power Factors referred to receiving endTo understand the factors affecting voltage regulation in radial distribution systemChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstandand analyze

48

48(T)Problems (Tutorial)Solving problems on voltage drops in distributorObserver, Cross checkingMonitor, Resource personAnswering and applicationApplication

4949Voltage Drop Calculations in A.C. Distributors - Power Factors with respect to load pointsTo understand the factors affecting voltage regulation in AC radial distribution systemChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstandand analyze

5050Introduction to SubstationsTo understand the need of a substation in a power systemChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

5151Classification of SubstationsTo understand the basis of classification of substationsChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstand

52

52(T)Problems (Tutorial)Solving problems on voltage drops in AC distributorObserver, Cross checkingMonitor, Resource personAnswering and applicationApplication

5353Description of Indoor & Outdoor substationsTo know about different types of substationsChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstandandanalyze

5454Symbolic representation of power system componentsTo understand basiccomponentsin a substationPPTExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstandandanalyze

5555Substation layout and Bus bar arrangement schemes in substationsTo understand the rrangement of components and busbar arrangement schemes in a substationPPTExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstandandanalyze

5656(T)Problems (Tutorial)Solving problems on voltage drops in AC distributorObserver, Cross checkingMonitor, Resource personAnswering and applicationApplication

5858Sectionalized single bus bar arrangementTo understand details about single bus bar arrangement scheme with sectionalizationChalk and talkExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstandandanalyze

5959Introduction to Gas Insulated Substations(GIS)To understand the need and layout of a GISPPTExplanationListen and PracticeUnderstandandanalyze

6060(T)Problems (Tutorial)Solving problems on voltage drops in distributorObserver, Cross checkingMonitor, Resource personAnswering and applicationApplication

20. Evaluation Scheme:

Nature of examinationMarks %Type of examination and mode of AssessmentScheme of examination

Theory4020Test 12 mid - exams each for 20 marks and for 1 1/2 hr duration are to be conducted. For a total of 20 marks, 75% of better of the two and 25% of the other are added and reported.

Test - 2

5Assignment Test6 Questions to be released in advance. 2 Questions allotted by Examiners choice to be answered. Duration 45 min.

5Home AssignmentsAverage of Home Assignments minimum 2 per subject

5Surprise QuizOne surprise quiz per subject

5Attendance5 marks are allotted for attendance.

60Semester end examination (external evaluation)This examination question paper in theory subjects will be for a maximum of 60 marks.

21. Chamber Consultation hours:

Informed in the class by respective instructors

22. Notices:a. Each student is required to attend all classes regularly and has to complete all the work assigned for the course. b. Instructors of courses are not obligated to provide make-up opportunities for students who are absent, unless the absence has been officially approved. An officially approved absence, however, merely gives the individual who missed the class an opportunity to make up the work and in no way excuses him from the work. c. Re-conduction of tests will not be entertained, whatever may be the reason. Submission of home assignments after the deadline will not be either accepted or awarded any marks. d. All students in the class must treat others with civility and respect and conduct themselves during class sessions in a way that does not unreasonably interfere with the opportunity of other students to learn. Failure to comply with this requirement may result in points being deducted from a students final numerical average / soft skills. e. The permissions (participation of Events) granted by the authority will be accepted with the prior intimation to the course instructor by submitting the permission requisition letter. f. The students who came late to the class will not be entertained for attendance under any kind circumstances.

23. Signature of the Course Coordinator:

24. Signature of the Group Head:

25. Signature of the HOD:

epgd - course handouts

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