epa works approval application laverton north residual … · 2019-07-31 · resulted in the...

EPA WORKS APPROVAL APPLICATION

Laverton North Residual Municipal Solid Waste

Gasification to Energy June

2019

Works Approval Application Recovered Energy Australia Laverton WtE Project June 2019

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The following Works Approval Application has been compiled by the Hatlar Group Pty Ltd. It relies on information supplied by REA, the Technology Provider and the EPC contractor. It has utilised the following information:

• Data, information and observations collected on two fact finding trips to China. These trips resulted in the compilation of a Report “Technology Review - Eco-Waste Gasification Technology for the treatment of Municipal Solid Waste” which informed the Works Approval Application;

• Information supplied by Recovered Energy Australia on their assessment of thermal treatment options and on the development of the proposal for Laverton;

• Data supplied by Recovered Energy Australia via the Technology Supplier, Zhejiang Eco-Waste Technology Co. Ltd. which included emissions data from reference plants in China and Iran;

• Data supplied by Recovered Energy Australia via Sedin Engineering Co., Ltd. the Engineering Procurement and Construction Contractor on the preliminary design of the proposed facility;

• Reports provided by various consultants on Planning, Traffic, MSW residual waste characterisation, Emissions from Landfills in Melbourne, Laboratory Analysis of Solid Waste Streams, Air Emission Modelling, Noise Modelling and Health Impact Assessment.


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Table of Contents Table of Contents................................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... 9

1.2 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ 13

1.3 List of Plates .......................................................................................................................... 16

1. Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 17

1. General Information ..................................................................................................................... 36

1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 36

1.2 Primary Information .............................................................................................................. 39

1.2.1 Company Legal Entity .................................................................................................... 39

1.2.2 Contact Details .............................................................................................................. 39

1.3 Introduction to the Project ................................................................................................... 39

1.3.1 Scope and Purpose of Works Approval ......................................................................... 39

1.3.2 Rationale for the Project ............................................................................................... 39

1.3.3 Project Benefits ............................................................................................................. 41

1.3.4 Choice of Technology .................................................................................................... 42

1.3.5 General Description of the WtE Project ........................................................................ 46

1.3.6 Location of Proposed WtE Facility ................................................................................ 53

2. Land Use ........................................................................................................................................ 55

2.1 Planning Approvals ............................................................................................................... 55

2.2 Other Approvals .................................................................................................................... 56

2.3 Choice of Location of New Premises ..................................................................................... 56

2.4 Project Implementation Time Frame .................................................................................... 57

3. Track Record ................................................................................................................................. 58

3.1 Technical due diligence – Third Party Review ....................................................................... 65

4. Community Engagement .............................................................................................................. 67

4.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 67

4.2 Stakeholder Identification..................................................................................................... 68

4.2.1 Neighbours .................................................................................................................... 71

4.3 Community Engagement Plan (CEP) ..................................................................................... 73

4.3.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 73

4.3.2 Development and Implementation of Tools and Methods .......................................... 80

4.4 Engagement Undertaken to Date ......................................................................................... 83

4.4.1 Community .................................................................................................................... 88

4.4.2 State Government ......................................................................................................... 89

4.4.3 Local Government ......................................................................................................... 90

4.4.4 Statutory Authorities, Regulatory Agencies and Non-Regulatory Agencies ................. 91


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4.4.5 Media ............................................................................................................................ 91

4.5 Summary of Issues Raised by Stakeholders .......................................................................... 92

4.6 Advertising ............................................................................................................................ 95

4.7 Ongoing Engagement ............................................................................................................ 96

5. Environmental Risk Assessment ................................................................................................... 97

5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 97

5.2 EPA Requirements ................................................................................................................ 97

5.3 Risk Assessment Methodology ............................................................................................. 97

5.4 Risk Assessment Approach ................................................................................................... 98

5.4.1 Risk Assessment Criteria ............................................................................................... 98

5.4.2 Determination of Risk Categories ................................................................................. 99

5.4.3 Risk Assessment Outcomes ........................................................................................... 99

6. Process and Integrated Environmental Assessment................................................................... 104

6.1 Description of the Proposal ................................................................................................ 104

6.1.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 104

6.1.2 Proposed Operations .................................................................................................. 104

6.1.3 Proposed Layout ......................................................................................................... 105

6.1.4 Separation Distance .................................................................................................... 108

6.1.5 Hours of Operation ..................................................................................................... 108

6.2 Source of Residual Waste Supply and Compositional Analysis .......................................... 109

6.2.1 Source of Raw Materials ............................................................................................. 109

6.2.2 Composition of Residual Waste .................................................................................. 109

6.2.3 High Level Evaluation of the Economics of Separating Recyclables from the Residual Waste Prior to WtE Processing ................................................................................................... 122

6.2.4 Impact of Increasing Source Separation at the Household ........................................ 127

6.2.5 Waste Acceptance Criteria .......................................................................................... 128

6.3 Detailed Description of Process and Technology ............................................................... 130

6.3.1 Overview of Process .................................................................................................... 130

6.3.2 Waste Reception, Arrivals Hall, Waste Pit and MSW Feed System ............................ 148

6.3.3 Gasification System ..................................................................................................... 155

6.3.4 Syngas Combustion ..................................................................................................... 158

6.3.5 Waste Heat Recovery .................................................................................................. 158

6.3.6 Steam Turbine and Steam Condensing System .......................................................... 159

6.3.7 Air Emission Controls - Managing the Composition of Flue Gases ............................. 159

6.3.8 Air Emission Controls -Flue Gas Treatment Systems .................................................. 164

6.3.9 Process Control ........................................................................................................... 166

7. Environmental Best Practice ....................................................................................................... 171

7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 171


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7.2 Legislative Requirements .................................................................................................... 171

7.3 Best Practice Assessment Methodology ............................................................................. 171

7.3.1 Risk Assessment .......................................................................................................... 172

7.3.2 Scope of Best Practice Assessment ............................................................................. 172

7.4 Best Practice Analysis .......................................................................................................... 172

7.4.1 Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 172

7.4.2 Benchmarking ............................................................................................................. 173

7.4.3 Alignment with the Environment Protection Principles ............................................. 177

7.5 Best Practice Assessment .................................................................................................... 182

7.5.1 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 182

7.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 185

7.7 Choice of Process and Technology ...................................................................................... 185

7.7.1 Merits of the Selected Technology ............................................................................. 187

7.7.2 Technology Supplier Considerations ........................................................................... 190

8. Energy Use and GHG Emissions .................................................................................................. 191

8.1 General Information ........................................................................................................... 191

8.2 Detailed Information - Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions .................................. 191

8.2.1 Scope and Boundary of Assessment ........................................................................... 191

8.2.2 Sources of Emissions ................................................................................................... 191

8.2.3 Emissions Factors ........................................................................................................ 191

8.2.4 Construction ................................................................................................................ 193

8.2.5 Operation .................................................................................................................... 193

8.2.6 Start up ........................................................................................................................ 193

8.2.7 Operation – Facility Emissions .................................................................................... 194

8.2.8 Operation - Waste Transport ...................................................................................... 194

8.2.9 Non-Energy Related GHG emissions ........................................................................... 196

8.2.10 Total GHG emissions generated by construction and operation of the facility.......... 196

8.2.11 Impact of proposal on total GHG emissions ............................................................... 196

8.2.12 Best Practise Energy and GHG Management .............................................................. 198

8.3 Climate Change – Impacts and Adaption ............................................................................ 199

8.3.1 Climate Change Projections ........................................................................................ 199

8.3.2 Aspects of the WtE Facility Potentially Impacted by the Projected Changes in Climate. 200

8.3.3 Climate Change Risk Assessment for the WtE Project ................................................ 200

9. Water Resource Use ................................................................................................................... 206

9.1 Water Management ............................................................................................................ 206

9.2 Best Practice ........................................................................................................................ 209

9.2.1 Benchmarking Water Use ........................................................................................... 209


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10. Air Emissions ........................................................................................................................... 210

10.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 210

10.2 The Study Area .................................................................................................................... 210

10.3 Brief Project Description ..................................................................................................... 210

10.4 Emissions Data – the Basis for Modelling ........................................................................... 212

10.4.1 Emissions from the Stack ............................................................................................ 212

10.4.2 Odour Emissions ......................................................................................................... 215

10.5 Legislation and Policy Guidelines ........................................................................................ 216

10.5.1 State Environment Protection Policy – Ambient Air Quality ...................................... 216

10.5.2 State Environment Protection Policy - Air Quality Management ............................... 216

10.5.3 Other Guidelines ......................................................................................................... 217

10.6 Air Quality Assessment ....................................................................................................... 218

10.6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 218

10.6.2 Air emission sources ................................................................................................... 219

10.6.3 Air Emission Modelling................................................................................................ 219

10.6.4 Air Quality Modelling Methodology ........................................................................... 220

10.6.5 WtE Facility Stack Characteristics ............................................................................... 222

10.6.6 Air Modelling Results .................................................................................................. 223

10.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 233

10.7.1 Stack emissions (NOx, SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, F, Pb, HCl, Dioxins and Furans) ............ 233

10.7.2 Odour .......................................................................................................................... 234

10.7.3 Emissions monitoring .................................................................................................. 235

11. Noise Emissions ....................................................................................................................... 236

11.1 Project Description Summary ............................................................................................. 236

11.2 Project Location .................................................................................................................. 237

11.3 Purpose of the Assessment ................................................................................................. 238

11.4 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines ................................................................................. 239

11.5 Noise Sources ...................................................................................................................... 239

11.6 Noise Assessment Inputs .................................................................................................... 240

11.6.1 Assessment Criteria..................................................................................................... 240

11.6.2 Determination of Critical assessment Locations ......................................................... 241

11.6.3 Determination of Ambient Background Noise Levels ................................................. 242

11.7 Noise Modelling .................................................................................................................. 244

11.7.1 Noise Prediction Methodology ................................................................................... 244

11.7.2 Predicted Noise Levels in Noise Sensitive Areas ......................................................... 244

11.8 Conclusion of Noise Modelling Results ............................................................................... 245

12. Surface Water ......................................................................................................................... 246

12.1 Storm Water Management ................................................................................................. 246


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12.1.1 Storm Water Management during Construction ........................................................ 246

12.1.2 Storm Water Management during Operation ............................................................ 246

13. Land and Groundwater ........................................................................................................... 248

14. Waste ...................................................................................................................................... 251

14.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 251

14.2 Legislative Requirements .................................................................................................... 251

14.3 Industrial Waste Generation ............................................................................................... 254

14.3.1 General Information ................................................................................................... 254

14.3.2 Construction Waste .................................................................................................... 254

14.3.3 Waste Generated during Operations .......................................................................... 254

15. Environmental Management .................................................................................................. 276

15.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 276

15.2 EPA Requirements .............................................................................................................. 276

15.3 Non-Routine Operations and Emergency Management .................................................... 276

15.3.1 Risk Assessment of Non-Routine Operations ............................................................. 276

15.4 Hazard Analysis ................................................................................................................... 280

15.4.1 Preliminary Hazards Analysis ...................................................................................... 280

15.5 Environmental Management System ................................................................................. 282

15.6 Construction Impact Management ..................................................................................... 282

16. Health Risk Assessment .......................................................................................................... 285

16.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 285

16.2 Legislation, Policy Guidelines and Other Guidance ............................................................ 285

16.3 Project Description .............................................................................................................. 285

16.4 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 286

16.5 Community Profile .............................................................................................................. 287

16.5.1 Population ................................................................................................................... 287

16.5.2 Population Health ....................................................................................................... 287

16.6 Community Engagement .................................................................................................... 287

16.7 Assessment of Health Impacts – Air Emissions ................................................................... 287

16.7.1 Emissions Modelling ................................................................................................... 287

16.7.2 Conceptual Site Model ................................................................................................ 288

16.7.1 Summary of HIA Outcomes Related to Air Emissions ................................................. 295

16.8 Assessment of Health Impacts – Noise ............................................................................... 295

16.9 Health impact assessment: Water, Economics, Transport, Hazardous Waste, Community and Social Aspects ........................................................................................................................... 296

16.9.1 Waste Water ............................................................................................................... 296

16.9.2 Economics ................................................................................................................... 296

16.9.3 Transport ..................................................................................................................... 297


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16.9.4 Discovery and Disposal of Hazardous Waste .............................................................. 297

16.9.5 Other Hazards ............................................................................................................. 297

16.9.6 Community and Social Aspects ................................................................................... 297

16.1 Summary of the Health Impact Assessment Outcomes ..................................................... 298

References .......................................................................................................................................... 301


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1.1 List of Tables Table 1-1: EcoWaste Gasification Facilities under Construction……………………………………………………….46

Table 1-2: Summary of Operational Steps in the WtE Process…………………………………………………….48-53

Table 2-1: Other Approvals that will be required……………………………………………………………………………..56

Table 3-1: Reference List of Eco-Waste MSW Gasification Projects………………………………………………….61

Table 3-2: Summary of the Main Characteristics of Reference Facilities……………………………………..62-63

Table 4-1: Stakeholder Register………………………………………………………………………………………………….69-71

Table 4-2: Response to Key Actions……………………………………………………………………………………………73-74

Table 4-3: IAP2 Spectrum of Public Participation…………………………………………………………………………….74

Table 4-4: Community Engagement Plan…………………………………………………………………………………….75-80

Table 4-5: Engagement Undertaken by REA to Date……………………………………………………………………83-88

Table 4-6: Summary of Issues Raised………………………………………………………………………………………….92-94

Table 5-1: Descriptions used to classify Likelihood…………………………………………………………………………..98

Table 5-2: Descriptions used to classify Consequence……………………………………………………………………..99

Table 5-3: Significant Residual Risks……………………………………………………………………………………………….102

Table 6-1: Overall ‘as received’ % Variances and Standard Deviations of MSW chemical components for Melbourne Metropolitan region with seasonal variations ……………………………………………………….114

Table 6-2: Overall ‘as received’ % Variances and standard deviations of MSW chemical components for Melbourne Metropolitan region with Council variations …………………………………………………………114

Table 6-3: Comparison of overall ‘as received’ standard deviations and % variance of MSW chemical components for Melbourne Residual MSW with seasonal variations, with FOGO applied ……………115

Table 6-4: Reference Site data chemical component average, maximum value, and minimum value on a ‘dry ash free basis’………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….116

Table 6-5: Estimate of Recyclables Contained in Residual Bin Waste and Projected Contamination Rates……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..123

Table 6-6: Prices Paid for Clean Recyclables…………………………………………………………………………………..124

Table 6-7: High Level Assessment of Potential Income from a “Dirty MRF” Operated Prior to WtE Facility…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..126

Table 6-8: High Level Economic Assessment of the Viability of Separating Recyclables Contained in the Residual Bin Waste Prior to Gasification………………………………………………………………………………….126

Table 6-9: Summary of Mechanisms to Improve Recovery of Recyclables from Household MSW….127

Table 6-10: Generalised Mass Balance for WtE Project………………………………………………………………….135

Table 6-11: Energy Inputs on Start-up……………………………………………………………………………………………138


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Table 6-12: Generalised Water Balance for the Project………………………………………………………………….139

Table 6-13: Chemical Water Treatment Reagents………………………………………………………………………….141

Table 6-14: Waste Input and Output Mass Balance……………………………………………………………………….141

Table 6-15: Comparison of Levels Modelled at Discrete Receptors with the SEPP Limits for the worst case year 2014……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….144

Table 6-16: IED Emission Limits………………………………………………………………………………………………………144

Table 6-17: Twelve Months Historical Average Daily Emissions data Collected from On-line Measurement for Reference Facility 1 Processing MSW Compared to IED Limits at the stack……….145

Table 6-18: Twelve Months Historical Average Daily Emissions data Collected from On-line Measurement for Reference Facility 2 Processing MSW Compared to IED Limits at the stack……….145

Table 6-19: Emissions Data Collected from Reference Facilities with Gasifiers Identical to the REA Facility, Sampling Flue Gas followed by Laboratory Analysis Compared to IED Limits at the Stack…146

Table 6-20: Dioxin/Furan Emissions Data Collected from Reference Facilities with Gasifiers Identical to the REA Facility by sampling Flue Gas followed by Laboratory Analysis……………………………………..146

Table 6-21: Operational Testing Data of Syngas at the Exit of the Primary Gasifier………………………..155

Table 6-22: Operational Data on Ignition Loss (residual carbon) of REA Gasifier Slag…………………….157

Table 6-23: Speciation of Chlorine in the Combustion Process with Temperature………………………….160

Table 7-1: Comparison of REA Gasifier System with Best Available Techniques……………………………..174

Table 7-2: General Comparison of Gasification and Incineration…………………………………………………..185

Table 8-1: Emission Factors for fuel combustion on site………………………………………………………………..188

Table 8-2: Emission factor for electricity consumption…………………………………………………………………..188

Table 8-3: Emission factor for waste sent to landfill in Municipal Melbourne………………………………..188

Table 8-4: Emission factors for Site Office power consumption.......................................................188

Table 8-5: Emission Factors for embedded emissions in construction materials……………………………189

Table 8-6: Truck Fuel Consumption………………………………………………………………………………………………..189

Table 8-7: GHG emissions generated during construction phase……………………………………………………189

Table 8-8: Energy required and GHG emissions released as a result of start-up of the proposed facility……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………190

Table 8-9: Summary of energy consumption and GHG emissions from operation………………………….190

Table 8-10: Impact on waste transport emissions from operation of the facility……………………………191

Table 8-11: GHG emissions resulting from the transport of PIW to suitable disposal location……….191

Table 8-12: Total Annual GHG emissions (scope 1, 2 & 3)………………………………………………………………192


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Table 8-13: GHG emissions avoided through operation of the REA facility…………………………………….193

Table 8-14: GHG emissions avoided through diversion of waste from landfill………………………………..193

Table 8-15: Gross annual GHG emissions avoided, operation of the ERA proposal over BAU…………194

Table 8-16: Nett Annual Emissions Reduction over Business as Usual……………………………………………194

Table 8-17: Projected Changes in Climate Parameters by 2070……………………………………………………..196

Table 8-18: Identified Risks from Climate Change & Proposed Mechanisms to Minimise Impact…..201

Table 9-1: Summarised Water Balance for the Proposed WtE Project…………………………………………...202

Table 9-2: Range of BAT Techniques for Reducing Water Consumption…………………………………………205

Table 10-1: Maximum Emission Measurements for EcoWaste WtE Reference Plants Processing MSW used in Modelling………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…211

Table 10-2: Design Assessment Criteria………………………………………………………………………………………….213

Table 10-3: IED Air Emission Limits for Waste Incineration Plants………………………………………………….214

Table 10-4: Maximum predicted impact by year……………………………………………………………………………215

Table 10-5: Average yearly background concentrations…………………………………………………………………216

Table 10-6: Closest Sensitive Receptors…………………………………………………………………………………………217

Table 10-7: Source Characteristics (used for NOx, SO2, CO, PM10, Fluorine, Lead, HCl, Dioxins and Furans modelling)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….219

Table 10-8: Comparison of Levels Modelled at Discrete Receptors with the SEPP Limits for the worst case year 2014……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….220

Table 10-9: Odour Source Characteristics………………………………………………………………………………………228

Table 10-10: Predicted Odour Levels at Sensitive Receptors………………………………………………………….229

Table 10-11: Odour impacts at site boundaries……………………………………………………………………………..229

Table 11-1: Measured Noise Levels of Council Garbage Collection Trucks……………………………………..236

Table 11-2: Typical Noise Emissions for various Plant Components……………………………………………….237

Table 11-3: SEPP N-1 day, evening, and night assessment periods…………………………………………………238

Table 11-4: Locations of Residential Receivers from the Site based on SEPP N-1 Assessment Criteria…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..239

Table 11-5: Background Noise Levels……………………………………………………………………………………………..240

Table 11-6: Adopted Noise Limits in Accordance with SEPP N-1…………………………………………………….240

Table 11-7: Standard Assessment Methodology (EPA Night Period Assessment)…………………………..241

Table 11-8: Standard Assessment Methodology (EPA Evening Period Assessment)……………………….241


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Table 13-1: Details of Bore Holes……………………………………………………………………………………………………246

Table 14-1: Management Options for Each Hazard Category…………………………………………………………250

Table 14-2: Solid Wastes Generated during Operation of the WtE Facility…………………………………….252

Table 14-3: Typical Amounts of Residues Produced per Tonne of MSW Incinerated/Gasified………..253

Table 14-4: Results of Total Inorganic Contaminant and Leaching Tests for Slag from Eco-Waste Reference Facilities………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..256

Table 14-5: Results of Total Organic Content Analysis of Gasifier Slag from Reference Facilities……257

Table 14-6: Impact of 50% Adoption of FOGO on Ash Yield……………………………………………………………258

Table 14-7: Carbon Content of Gasifier Slag from Reference Plants……………………………………………….258

Table 14-8: Inorganic Chemical Characteristics of Boiler Ash………………………………………………………….261

Table 14-9: Organic Chemical Characteristics of Boiler Ash……………………………………………………………262

Table 14-10: Predicted Quantity of Waste Categorised as PIW……………………………………………………..263

Table 14-11: Approximate Composition of Flue Gas Treatment Residue from Reference Sites………263

Table 14-12: Inorganic Chemical Characteristics of Flue Gas Treatment Residue from Reference Plants…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….265

Table 14-13: Organic Chemical Characteristics of FGTR from Reference Facility 3………………………….266



Table 14-16: Dioxin/Furan Concentrations in FGTR from Reference Plants…………………………………….268

Table 15-1: Risk Assessment for Non-Routine and Emergency Stoppage……………………………………….276

Table 15-2: Preliminary Hazard Analysis – Risks Greater than Medium Delineated………………………..278

Table 15-3: Risk Assessment for the Construction Phase of the Project…………………………………………282


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1.2 List of Figures Figure 1-1: Map Showing the General Location of the Proposed REA Municipal Waste to Energy Facility……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38

Figure 1-2: Waste to Energy Project Evaluation Flow Sheet……………………………………………………………..43

Figure1-3: Technology Choice Score Card………………………………………………………………………………………..44

Figure1-4: Simplified Process Flow Sheet for the WtE Facility………………………………………………………….47

Figure 1-5: Map Showing the Location of the Proposed WtE Facility in Laverton North…………………..54

Figure 2-1: Project Location and Planning Zone – Wyndham Planning Scheme..………………………………55

Figure 4-1: Location; Proposed WtE Facility……………………………………………………………………………………..71

Figure 4-2: Distance to Neighbours………………………………………………………………………………………………….72

Figure 5-1: Risk Assessment Matrix………………………………………………………………………………………………..100

Table 5-2: Significant Residual Risks………………………………………………………………………………………..101-103

Figure 6-1: Proposed Layout for WtE Facility, Laverton North………………………………………………………..106

Figure 6-2: Layout of Gasifier Trains and General Building Arrangement……………………………………….107

Figure 6-3: Proposed Location of Project, Planning Zones and Separation Distances from Residential Areas…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….108

Figure 6-4: Comparison of Percentage of Hydrogen in Ecowaste Reference Facility feed and Melbourne Residual MSW (dry ash free basis)……………………………………………………………………………….116

Figure 6-5: Comparison of Percentage of Oxygen in Ecowaste Reference Facility feed and Melbourne Residual MSW (dry ash free basis)…………………………………………………………………………………………………117

Figure 6-6: Comparison of Percentage of Carbon in Ecowaste Reference Facility feed and Melbourne Residual MSW (dry ash free basis)…………………………………………………………………………………………………117

Figure 6-7: Comparison of Percentage of Nitrogen in Ecowaste Reference Facility feed and Melbourne Residual MSW (dry ash free basis)……………………………………………………………………………….118

Figure 6-8: Comparison of Percentage of Chlorine in Ecowaste Reference Facility feed and Melbourne Residual MSW (dry ash free basis)……………………………………………………………………………….119

Figure 6-9: Comparison of Percentage of Sulphur in Ecowaste Gasifier feed and Melbourne Residual MSW (dry ash free basis)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….120

Figure 6-10: Comparison of Percentage of Carbon in Ecowaste Reference Facility feed and Melbourne Residual MSW with 50% FOGO Applied (dry ash free basis)………………………………………..121

Figure 6-11: Comparison of Percentage of Chlorine in Ecowaste Reference Facility feed and Melbourne Residual MSW with 50% FOGO Applied (dry ash free basis)………………………………………..122

Figure 6-12: Comparison of Percentage of Sulphur in Ecowaste Reference Facility feed and Melbourne Residual MSW with 50% FOGO Applied (dry ash free basis)………………………………………..122


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Figure 6-13: Heat Load Chart and Gasification Envelope for a 100t/day Single Gasifier…………………128

Figure 6-14: Overview of a Typical Gasifier System Treating MSW…………………………………………………132

Figure 6-15: Waste to Energy Process Flow Sheet………………………………………………………………………….133

Figure 6-16: Generalised Mass Balance for the WtE Facility…………………………………………………………..137

Figure 6-17: Particulate removal efficiency of various flue gas cleaning devices as a function of particle size……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………147

Figure 6-18: Swept Path Analysis (A) for Vehicles up to 12.5m in length entering the Site……………..149

Figure 6-19: Swept Path Analysis (B) for Vehicles up to 12.5m in length entering the Site……………..150

Figure 6-20: Location of Site Access Boom Gate and Card Reader………………………………………………….151

Figure 6-21: Summary of Most Important Gasification Reactions…………………………………………………..155

Figure 6-22: Schematic Diagram of Temperature Profile in Gasifier……………………………………………….156

Figure 6-23: Summary of Main Chemical Reactions in the Syngas Combustion Chamber……………….158

Figure 6-24: Diagram of NOx Formation during Combustion of Fuel………………………………………………160

Figure 6-25: Schematic Diagram of Flue Gas Treatment System…………………………………………………….164

Figure 7-1: The Wastes Hierarchy…………………………………………………………………………………………………..178

Figure 7-2: Projected Quantity of Waste Directed to Landfill in Victoria…………………………………………179

Figure 7-3: Prediction of CO2-e generation per household per annum with various strategies for MSW Management………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..180

Figure 7-4: Percentages of MSW Recycled, Landfilled and Used in WtE…………………………………………185

Figure 7-5: Comparison of Advanced Waste Treatment Processes…………………………………………………188

Figure 9-1: Schematic Flow Chart of Water Management on REA Project Site……………………………….206

Figure 10-1: Outline of Study Area for Air Emissions Impact Modelling………………………………………….208

Figure 10-2: Location of Proposed WtE Facility………………………………………………………………………………209

Figure 10-3: WtE Facility Process Flow Sheet…………………………………………………………………………………210

Figure 10-4: Location of Sensitive Receptors………………………………………………………………………………….220

Figure 10-5: Location of Boundary Receptor Points for Air Emissions Modelling……………………………220

Figure 10-6: Spatial Distribution of NOx…………………………………………………………………………………………223

Figure 10-7: Spatial Distribution of CO……………………………………………………………………………………………223

Figure 10-8: Spatial Distribution of SO2………………………………………………………………………………………….224

Figure 10-9: Spatial Distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 ……………………………………………………………………….224

Figure 10-10: Spatial Distribution of Fluorine…………………………………………………………………………………225


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Figure 10-11: Spatial Distribution of HCl………………………………………………………………………………………..225

Figure 10-12: Spatial Distribution of Lead………………………………………………………………………………………226

Figure 10-13: Spatial Distribution of Mercury…………………………………………………………………………………226

Figure 10-14: Spatial Distribution of Dioxins & Furans……………………………………………………………………227

Figure 10-15: Spatial Distribution of NOx under Upset Conditions…………………………………………………228

Figure 10-16: Spatial Distribution of Arsenic under Upset Conditions……………………………………………229

Figure 10-17: Spatial Distribution of Odour Relative to the Site Boundary in worst metrological Year……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….232

Figure 10-18: Contribution of background and modelled concentrations towards EPA limits………..233

Figure 11-1: Location of Proposed REA WtE Facility……………………………………………………………………….235

Figure 11-2: Planning Zones Surrounding the Proposed WtE Facility……………………………………………..236

Figure 11-3: Sensitive Receivers in the Area Surrounding the Proposed WtE Facility……………………..238

Figure 13-1: Location of Groundwater Bores near REA Site……………………………………………………………248

Figure 14-1: Layout of Gasifiers, Slag Collection Conveyer and Slag Silo…………………………………………257

Figure 14-2: Generalised Flow Sheet for Stabilisation of Flue Gas Treatment Residue……………………273

Figure 14-3: Layout of Flue Gas Treatment Area and Direction of Movement of Waste…………………274


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1.3 List of Plates Plate1-1: Source Separated Household Municipal Waste………………………………………………………………..36

Plate 3-1: Ecowaste Factory and Office, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, China………………………………………….60

Plate 3-2: Eco-Waste Ningbo Engineering Factory……………………………………………………………………………60

Plate 3-3: Tradesman at Work on New Gasifier……………………………………………………………………………….60

Plate 3-4: Zejiang Shengsi MSW Treatment Facility…………………………………………………………………….…..64

Plate 3-5: Shandong Jinan MSW Treatment Facility…………………………………………………………………………64

Plate 3-6: Iran Teheran MSW Treatment Facility……………………………………………………………………………..64

Plate 3-7: Hunan Army MSW Treatment Facility……………………………………………………………………………..64

Plate 6-1: Typical Composition of MSW Treated in EcoWaste Reference WtE Facilities…………………130

Plate 6-2: Grab Operating on Unprocessed MSW to Gasifier Feed Hopper…………………………………….154

Plate 6-3: Reference Facility 1 Gasifier ………………………………………………………………………………………….156

Plate 6-4: Reference Facility 2 Gasifier…………………………………………………………………………………………..156

Plate 6-5: Reference Facility 2 Acid Gas Neutralisation Tower and Baghouse…………………………………165

Plate 6-6: Central Control Room Reference Site 2 MSW Gasifier……………………………………………………167

Plate 11-1: Schematic View of WtE Facility with Access Ramp Viewed from the South………………….237

Plate 13-1: Aerial View of Project Site……………………………………………………………………………………………247

Plate 13-2: View across Site – High Threat Weed Species Dominant……………………………………………..247

Plate 14-1: Detail of Gasifier Bottom Slag (large pieces porcelain, glass bottle bases, steel and aluminium cans)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………256

epa works approval application laverton north residual … · 2019-07-31 · resulted in the...

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