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-PI A 0 W A I d rl"M7uuma; P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L w ~ ~ ~ T ~ ? ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q~ii~~lu~lqtbsu~dd A I d

~zI~did~ruidnkffu~~uiiwiaiibmaa"6&a~niad3tuim a urn~ua~uuuimsgiudi

n i i d i ~ ~ u j i u i ~ d d ~ : B n ~ n i w ~ ~ n i i d i s J ' ~ u ~ i u

3. Unbiasness H:Q fi77UIi~gUSlQ a n d 4 a w A

oi?nnmuqnrnuumun; qrddi~$ucinni.r~~qnbLqduodKaaeiidfuL0uhibiuan'u6i d d

wi3i~bana" biu IU~MW 7 Vb~bibb~mdni3bbPnbb?d91a9 R b b 6 l t E ( Z ) = p = diL~auundd3r"6in3 d r n i ~ ~ ~ u n i d 3 r u i m r i i d Iailiiuaa Iuunr t~8uar~~ Qinni.iuonbbqduoJ p qriidira~u na

c - 8 : E ( ~ I = a = Cmdauuo~d~:ain.r = w i 3 i D ~ m a 3 mduu Q ~ ~ 9 u $ a d 3 ~ u i ~ d i d l d ~ t f l 9 ~ ~

A f i ? l % 1 f i ~ l ~ L f i Q ~ ~ ~ D S ~ l ~ d 4 ~ % 1 l ~ d l ( Error of Estimation )

~ . r i n . i i u i i ~ & a ~ b i ~ ~ ~ d ~ r u i n r d i w i ~ i ~ ~ m ~ a " ~ i u 1% i d~;uimdi p dau

kd z 1tlaiIiriniu2Cu p naiuumniidif~iunii ~ ? i u ~ a i ~ u ~ o u s i n r i ? a e i i ~ ~ b ~ v l i a

sampling error ~~~miunp~mii%~'Ui$daun6119 ~ ~ i n ~ i u i i ~ ~ a u ~ i ( ~ ~ ~ e i i ~ ' b m w a i d ~$ni~mn~m~'bmud3ruinrbbuu'b6ddnG aaridi~adu E( n) = p ~~srnaiunsim~naauuim3pu

d 8: d oY= o / ~ & u t a 0- x ~ r i i ~ i ~ ~ " n s ~ ~ d o ~ d u " u u i ~ ~ a a e i i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n 8.1 ~ u u wauuinhaeii.s

'bmwonuna~ ni-iuanuaauod a dauIvlaJ ( 99.73%) P L O ~ ~ L M ~ I J 3 vliau V Q J ~ ~ I U ~ R I ~

~nlouu1m3~iuoinununm ((ii~atu) k p d 8.2

ili-

% O ~ I U 2 61 20% v a a ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ a i ~ ~ ~ u i ~ ~ m n i w ~ i n d i u i m a ~ i u 6 i h n l 3 ~ 3 ? s f ~ w dcr i?u& loo 5h w u h & q ~ w d i n i i a ~ ~ m ~ 15 $u aad~tmmrinciauuoa~un~~1uqmw61

niiuimsziu u~r~inaiun~inrndouuo~niad3tuim61 71 E~LI p

d d &rim i io p ,- LLL v k(ni31j~:uimcii p j i O ~ ~ : a n n m q ~ j ~ a i i n ' a ~ f i ~ ~ a u n m ~ d d ~ ~ ~ ~ n i 3 n,

8: w a ' d w o . dY n d 3 mub~udid~tui~bbuu~ad'~od p ~ d ~ ) r o ~ u i ~ ! m n d u

baiU%fiL 68 R U b b f i t ~ 3 7 ~ < 7 o = 4.25 d d d w a

(n) ~1~niciid~ruinu~vuia~di~a1ufi,iil:b3u 68.3% W ~ ~ L R ~ ~ Y R ~ U ~ I L ~ R U ~ L L W J T J

f l l~56 lUd?Uld~h (Confidence Interval)

~ a ~ n i d i d ~ t u i ~ ~ ~ v v i a s l n u l $ d ~ u , 2 0 LLA: 3 0 Iduan~G1~t.a:6~voan LL~~ILT-I & d

1Onmi31~ z i lrwvii Liie z = 1.64 i l : Y i ~ l ~ ~ n B ~ w ~ n m ~ ~ n a ~ d s : n i ~ d a n f 1.64 = 90% a" d Z d 01

wun 9546 n~smiio?n t. 1.96 LLfirvcun 99% D ~ ~ L M ~ I J ? R + 2.58 RjCu i i i~si i i inun

dina iu~ i~n i lunav~n 'v ( i~d~tu im~~vv ia~ L3irrrf uniliadL%nku &dn? 3m~vunaiudn A

kuw"~uu~$iiiod 91 3 41 f io go%, 95% LLR:. 99% ad~~dstu~~id innd1ba~~b8u 1.64 0%

A ' 1.96 uP LLRL 2.58 0 % R I U ~ ~ ~ L ~ u X 1 . 9 6 u R A O ~ ~ J L ~ O U I U 95%

r( - 1 . 9 6 ~ ~ ~~O~R~I?%~IJ (lower limit) A 4

R + 1 . 9 6 ~ ~ ROYPIOI~Y~UU (upper l~rn i t i 6 I

95% ~L$UR~I%JL%~~M (Confidence level)

J~:Q nisu~nbnabuu t ~iluwa~iuvo~ W.S. Gossett % ~ ~ i l u w ~ n ~ i u I ~ ~ i u n k u ~ ~ u ~ u ~ f i o ~ A' 6uu8u !oa"b~nu6 lu3ia6un?wm~ma33~ 1900 ~~i!$~fiu~wa~1uunie~~6uiudinni

d "Student" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ " U O ~ ~ I ~ Q I ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ W ~ ~ ' ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ I ~ I ~ ~ I & ~ B ~ nixmnLb'adn

a d l ~"UI~UWEI ~d lJ "4041 nl3Lb5lnbb8dLbUU t "UQd Student ~ 7 0 Student 's t distribution ?:l#n13

J p J i i ~ u o ~ t senkioib z tobiluJd~:&nii nummmununai~ffa p , o !hods.-niir

w llri9k t q:ii3diiulJduuudaq~iu degree of freedom I v I L ~ Q n !~uiaImw~na~~a a p l u z l

d.rrmru 30 YU!~ 164 t LIIR:: z s:$oun'uwaa RUUU 1.n4.mid1uo~ z ~i!oii a in 1 sinnir

n =; 50, j? = 4,800 YIM, S = 950 Y I M

Irinaiurii 0, im7 CR = s f i - 9501 +EE P w

LLriLi;~dllnM~l¶J N - 700 (finite population) l d 1 0 d d i ~ C i 1 Gy 674~ ,,/=

w u ' d kudo nt i i~hunaiuLSoh 90% 41 aiu!~lna~0~udoSdona'a~5ou~o~61~noK;1ni1a0~ atM7hd 4,587.50 fid 5,012.50 UlYl

w u 4

8.26 ~ ~ ~ ~ i T i i ~ i n m s i ~ t ~ I Y I ~ U R ~ ~ J ~ - ~ J L ~ O U L U I ~ U ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ Q ~ ~ R I Y I ~ J P ; /

n) n = 5; 99% 3) n = 16 ; 95%

%) n = 18; 99% 9) n = 18; 95%

fl) n = 27; 95% $2) n = 14, 90% A '

8.27 TP~IYIU~"UI~K-~O~/~~ ~ ~ t x d i ~ i n ~ i s i ~ t ~ ~ ~ i ~ : 6 u ~ - a i u ~ ~ a C u

n) n = 20, t = f 1.729

"U) n = 12, t = + 2.201

fl) n = 7, t = + 3.707

8.28 w~nJiunisdu~1?~njnn~~bJnisds:ui11-a~iC/~%~i~?~~~un~n~ufiu~~i~uui

24 G ~ Q w u j i s:~:~?~i~jun~~i~Imu$ia~~iu~a 27.3 j~ LLR: s = 1.9 9 ~ R i i J i - a J L B a d w a Cu 98% " U O S S : U ~ L - ~ ~ I L ~ U ~ L ~ ~ ~ L L W B S S (26.33 < p ~28.27)

8.29 Ig n = 8 GVYO~R&J<

12.1 11.9 12.4 12.3 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.1 A '

QJR~IJ 90% i - a ~ a ~ a C u " ~ a ~ p

(1 2.02 p 41 2.28)

d Iuund 7 IGnindi-aZ~ p = ~ i i~ j l l i lu t l ( i ids tu~m"~a~ V, bun x Gnis~~an~~-aou.uu

A

r = p = x l n

8.30 %uniawouwCn~ium 400 nu wuii 84 au GKnwm: "n6~dC%iabo~" w w f i ~ 99% d l ' d w n

4as~.no3u°~o~Cmd~unbbn~s~ (I 1.5 - 20.6%) w dun L!

8.31 w ~ n i s [ i i s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n n i ~ g ~ ~ u ! d d ~ n ~ i u 120 s iu m n u r l s u n 1,200 s i u w u i i i i o i

72% ~o~~uRJ~I?: " ! ~ ? l d l l ! r rt d w n) p t a f i ~ 95% ~ ? J L ~ D ~ u u o J ( ~ F ~ [ ~ ? u n!??idd&" uocds:alns

(.64 < Zf < .80)

46 d W U) ~ n i 95% d ~ J ~ ~ o h ~ o ~ i i u ~ u ~ n ~ i w!??i~%-a!ff' (768 - 960 nu)

8: 8.32 % ~ n l % [ i l ~ ~ 5 l l l M l 64 Lbdd F)ITlWJHU61 1,200 LbdJ % ~ b d ~ d ~ d d ~ ~ < l 45% 910d?l~

oi~issi7odi~dsrwum~:snm~u~~si: t l i~Q~n~~~~~mm o w i 95% d ? ~ ~ ~ o k u q a ~ i h - d w n

dauwbbw3as (.33 < d < .57)

8.33 9 i n Q 8.33 wni 95% ~o~i iu?u~iu6~mni~f iwwaim (396 - 684 flu)

h$qmn iiildhsiudi 0 a~r~~nudnimmaodwinoufldnsiudi 0 a r ~ d i d s r u i m l

In aria's dsruim o fldi ~wsirCi'!d~n;junioii~ i i i & ~ i u u i m K a i fiolq

~.iruinmiia 7 16 ~ i u i i i~ l ins iu i i a = 1,500 setm~riurorrii~alu muyiiiinu I 3 d IMiqm~~arg~rjneil~n'umiu 5,ooo uin ~s ins iu i i wun 99.7% oism41~ ~r * 30

d P ~ L L ~ ~ ~ ~ w R Q N p URL q P L u I ~ Y I ~ @ ~ L u o I $ p = .5, q = 5

njtu ~in l t in . s iur i i I Ida' a = .5 n i o

uuufln$mwuwau w d l

8.37 6i~wail~a$au~~yuwquui 49 fu ;D 2.45 uiw doiu ~~~:oinnirftnwiriuwuii d d w n

= .TO uiw s~~ i i~h~~8obu 'bmu1ps"naaun~ud1b~~uwb~w~a 99.7% VOJ~IW?W 8: 8: n a s w s ~ u m (2.1 5 c p ~2.75)

8.38 ~ ~ m n i a ~ u i m a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ w u i i ~ d 1 n ~ ~ ~ w a ' ~ 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ l j l u ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ $ i a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a i ~ 1 d w n

nil 1,000 uiw ~uini.ri~~:Wsim~u nii~rio~niaw.riu8qdauw~~w~a~~o~GyBfiu X daa cra W I d w n

din i,ooo uiwuuld ~uio:&~~uuiwuryas~~:~~niwbbw~.r~o~mu~u 2 -04 hun2iu

L S 0 h 95% (601

8.39 61 95% "1109 P 6~ 84 f!9 116

75% "1109 b ;0 90.96, 109.04 b w d pl A ' A'

qs^aqiam~am-~auuo~ia9~a~Cu 2 Cuu 8.40 ~ i n n i ~ ~ u n ~ ~ i u u i 81 nuqin 2!200 nu I u ~ ~ J . s I u ~ o $ ~ wuji G ~ W Y I ~ ~ ~ ~ C I U L Q ~ L I I ~ D U

d l d a: 3.2 YU u.s:uFnwu~~uwiw.r~~u = 0.9 iu o ~ ~ ~ i d h . x 4 o b u 95% u a a i i u m i u ~ q ~ ~

~ O ~ U ~ ~ L $ O U ( 3.004 < p 43.396) A'

8.41 ~IMUCII$ R = 96, 0 4.8, n = 36 P J M I ~ L ~ ~ ~ ? I U L ~ O ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ O ~ U ~ D I ~ ~

6. n i s d s r u i c u r i i u a c i i u ~ ~ q i i ~ ~ ~ e ~ 2 nqu i e i o u n f d i ~ s i i i ~ ~ n i 3 ~ d $ u u b ~ u u ~ ~ d 2 n e / i ~ L ~ U ~ d ~ u u ~ ~ u u ~ ~ ~ ~ m a : ~ d i ~ n i a I ~

qu (n) UR: (TI) L ~ ? u u ~ ~ u Q I ~ ~ I ~ ~ . ~ " ~ u T I Q ~ H ~ Q ~ ! ~ 2 $a ~ d ~ u ~ C i ~ u m i u ~ u ~ : ~ ~ i ~ % u K i A'

2 ~ P G I ~5wiiu I w n i ~ i u u ~ C i u u ~ z p 9 ~ 1 ~ ~ 0 ~ 2 nquw ~ ~ i ~ ~ b i ~ ~ ~ f i u ~ ~ ~ ~ i n K a o e i i ~ ~ u

u l RIJ#U h i & ~ R l l f l k ~ d l d ( i ~ 2 nqu si?fJTIula nl LR: n2 RIU~!I~U fil!8L3l!g61ilR8z w u 4 1 gd w d

I UR: r2 ~31%.siu!anunai K a w i ~ ~ i j ~ m o s n n o ~ n ~ a d a : ~ i ~ ~ e i i ~ o pl u~:: p2 arl -1 r ~ i ~ n l i i u n d ? u u ~ ~ ~ u n " u ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ d i ~ Wa (pl - p2) ~~dhi~inniodi~l juuuia nl uRe

8: X W W d l

n2 ~ i n d 3 ~ g i n 3 2 nduuu r i i l R ~ i i pl = LLRL p2 = &j' aifinsiu!nnun-n IX w A' a -4

~ ~ w I ~ I c L ~ Q ~ ~ I ~ I ~ u ~ ~ ~ T : : B J I ~ ~ I W Q g1 - a, 1u~uo.sm~u ~endian~aad.i:uiari1 A u d y , - n'ow u d n ' o u " o ~ o d n ~ i u n ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ ~ u p 9 u d adw

Y o i n , ~~a :a~ tduP i~~adu~ in~a~e i i~d~du~w;r~n 'u 2 n i u d i i ~ u i m ~ i ? o e i i q

u 8: RJUU a,, -

1 - x 2 - - - = .I07

L v 4. I U Q U O ~ F I ~ ~ U U I 2 n+.h.iduiias:nir M % L ~ ~ U & ) ? R U U U ~ U ~ (Matched Samples M?Q Paired Observat~ons)

2 2 n3d6ar~~u1sdiu0~ ul, u2 din3im90!.d uridniiifn!dn3iu iwsirqrldjla' 2 2 Z d Y . 4 d l D l , u2 nduLuodsin X, Y (LLW XI, x 2 ) I J L B U E R T L ~ ~ ~~t!naiu[iUv?u$Tu~~ud 7

s a d & n d Wo (XI , y,), (XZ, yz) ....( X , y,,) % ~ ? u n d i h ~ ~ ~ u u i u d ~ n ~ ~ b u u u d ~ n ~ ~ u s i n

nliaunn~o~oi~Gua5uIujd riou-~$4 ni3nnRoa njzu seiio~afi~C~ud3tf ~(uC~IM~W"I,DU

d %o$7u uilinnR1~~a~'n~sasuauwCn~~~1t.neJa~un~a~~n ~ d n o m ~ ' n ~ a a ~ ~ o u n l u

wrins7u~duu7r~unioh loo nu d 50 nu fknaiuwo2suiuh.s uando~iYi?aiiGba~u d A niuwrinsw?!rjuuiiin i oo nu a i n l i n u i l i n ~ u s a s W i ~ K n ~ a a ~ u a ~ ~ ~ n d i a '. iiwCn-

A ' siu 40 nu # ~ n a i u w ~ k u i u ~ i s s ~ ~ j i s 95% d a s ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ a ~ n a i ~ ~ a n ~ i s " u ~ s ~ ~ d a u n a 7 ~ ~

w02ou7eJ4'1s

8.56 61 41% warldRu~(7d~dini(o:'bd~qqa 6 6 [ l : ~ l ~ ~ 6 i ) O ~ ~ . s ~ u i l d j ~ U 3 ~ ~ M d l n ' ~ I ~ ~ d I I J i i q a ~ a d 437 d ~ q n C / l j ~ 1,000 d QJR%J 98% ~ ~ ~ L ~ O ~ ~ J L U ~ I O J L ~ Q ~ L ~ U ~ ~ H ~ ~ R W M ~ I

, 6uInuIridqm (.4o1 < .IC < .473)

8.57 i ~ n j a 8.56 ! t i i j n 1 3 ~ u 6 a i ? 0 d 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ d 1 n " u 1 ~ ~ r 1 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ t i i u -~u 800 j WU~I

ii 346 d !d$l).5&uni(

n) OJRTIJ 95% i a d L & k w 1 1 0 ~ a, - g2 (-.0412, .0502)

U) OI~~~JLB~ULUIUVYO (n) ~ ~ ~ n r l i i k a i n i s ~ h % r l ' b n e ~ ' b ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ a r l 2 GadInf i b&dn"Pd%M~?

d B w o

8.58 huaurindnwin~u~innmt~~~ia~aiiasll~~"~ini~isa~u~~au~iu~~~!~ 2 5 ~mrojnc CI M . = - a dpua~iuogi ~nui iuwnn~u=i-&diyqi u n d u

(-8.22, 4.22)

TI) ~ i n ~ a a ~ ~ o i ? u l u ~ o (n) J i i ~ n n q i u u ~ a a i i n i n i u u i u o a ~ ~ n 2 ndu Jnaiuuan ~1~0d l~Los"~~6.a"~ i i f~ !d?