eoi review pictures biology eoi next week!. section 2.2 summary – pages 46 - 57 illustrates that...
TRANSCRIPT
EOI Review Pictures
Biology EOI next week!
• Illustrates that the amount of available energy _______ at each succeeding trophic level.
Pyramid of Energy
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
0.1% Consumers
1% Consumers
10%
Consumers
100% Producers
Parasites, scavengers, and
decomposers feed at each
level.
decreases
1
• Shows that population sizes ________ at each higher trophic level.
Pyramid of Numbers
Fox (1)
Birds (25)
Grasshoppers
(250)
Grasses
(3000)
decreases
2
• The total weight of living matter at each trophic level. It represents the total weight of living material available at each trophic level.
Pyramid of Biomass
1 kilogram of human tissue
10 kilograms of beef
100 kilograms of grain
3
The nitrogen cycleNitrogen in the atmosphere
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the
nodules on roots of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen.
Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria
Some excess nitrogen evaporates from soil.
Nitrogen compounds
released into soils and acted
upon by soil bacteria
Released to the atmosphere
Assimilated by plants
Urine from animals
Dead plant matter
Decomposing organisms
Decomposers—bacteria and fungi—break down tissues and wastes and nitrogen-
containing compounds are released.
Converted to other nitrogen compounds
by soil bacteria
4
Chihuahuan raven Honey mesquite (pods eaten by beetles)
Pronghorn antelope
Gambel quail
JackrabbitDesert tortoise
Prickly pear cactus
Long-tail weasel
Coyote (top carnivore)
Roadrunner
Kangaroo rat (seed eater)
ants
Texas horned lizard
Red spotted toad Mexican
whiptail lizard
Mojave rattlesnake
Food Web5
Precipitation
Evaporation
Runoff
Groundwater
TranspirationEvaporationCondensation
Oceans
Water Cycle
6
• Two hydrogen atoms can
combine with each other
by sharing their electrons.
Covalent bondCovalent bond
• Each atom becomes stable
by _______ its electron with the other atom.
Hydrogen molecule
sharing
7
• a mixture in which one or more substances (______) are distributed evenly in another substance (______).
SolutionSolution
• Sugar molecules in a powdered drink mix dissolve easily
in water.
solutessolvent
8
The results of diffusion
• When a cell is in _________
___________ with its environment, materials move into and out of the cell at equal rates. As a result, there is no net change in concentration
inside or outside the cell.
Material moving out of cell equals material moving into cell
dynamic equilibrium
9
• Who chose to use the _________ in his experiments for several reasons?
• Garden pea plants reproduce sexually, which means that they produce male and female sex cells, called ________.gametes
garden pea
Mendel10
The rule of dominanceThe rule of dominance
• An uppercase letter is used for the dominant allele and a lowercase letter for the recessive allele.
• The dominant allele is always written first…rule of ?
T T
T
T
t t
t
tAll tall plants
F1
Tall plant Short plant
11
• A Punnett square for this cross is two boxes tall and two boxes wide because each parent can produce two kinds of gametes for this trait.
Monohybrid crossesMonohybrid crosses
Heterozygous tall parent
T t
T t
T t
T
t
Heterozygous tall parent
T t
T
t
TT Tt
Tt tt
12
• four boxes on each side for a total of 16 boxes.
Dihybrid crossDihybrid crossGametes from RrYy parent
RY Ry rY ry
Gam
etes
fro
m R
rYy
pare
nt
RY
Ry
rY
ry
RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
RRYy RRYy RrYy Rryy
RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
13
• This pattern of reproduction, involving the production and subsequent fusion of haploid sex cells, is called
________________.
Sperm Cell
Egg Cell
Haploid gametes(n=23)
Fertilization
Diploid zygote(2n=46)
Multicellulardiploid adults
(2n=46)
meiosismeiosis
sexual reproduction
14
The two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell are called this. Each has genes for the same traits.
Homologous Chromosome
a A
Terminal Axial
InflatedD
Constrictedd
Tall
T
Short
t
15
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Lynx
Lynx rufus
Lynx canadensis
Bobcat Lynx
16
CladisticsCladistics
Theropods
Allosaurus
Sinornis
Velociraptor
Archaeopteryx
Robin
Light bones 3-toed foot; wishbone
Down feathers
Feathers withshaft, veins,and barbs
Flight feathers;arms as long
as legs
17
Life History PatternsLife History Patterns• Biologists study the factor that determines population
growth—an organism’s reproductive pattern, also called its ???
Rapid growth Slow growthUnpredictable environment Stable environment
Small body size Large body size
Mature rapidly Mature slowly
Reproduce early Reproduce late
Short life span Long-lived
Ex: Bacteria Ex: human, tree
18
• Limiting factors, such as availability of food, disease, predators, or lack of space, will cause population growth to slow.
• Under these pressures, the population may stabilize in an S-shaped growth curve.
• The number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely is its ???
carrying capacity
19
• The graph of a growing population starts out slowly, then begins to resemble a J-shaped curve.
Population Growth of Houseflies
Pop
ula
tion
siz
e
One year
• Illustrates _______________ population growth, meaning that as a population gets larger, it also grows at a faster rate.
exponential
20
Active transport
• A) Process that requires energy in which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient
• B)
21
Endocytosis
• A) Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell’s plasma membrane
• B)
22
Exocytosis
• A) Active transport process by which materials are expelled from a cell
• B)
23
Facilitated diffusion
• A) Passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins in the plasma membrane
• B)
24
Hypertonic solution
• A) In cells, solution which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell…more water inside and less water outside…water leaves the cell, causing the cell to shrink
25
Hypotonic solution
• A) In cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell…more water outside and less water inside…water enters the cell, causing the cell to swell
26
Isotonic solution
• A) In cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell.
27
Osmosis
• A) Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
• B)
28
Passive transport
• A) Movement of particles across a cell membrane by diffusion or osmosis; the cell uses no energy to move the particles
• B)
29
Anaphase
• A) 3rd phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules
• B)
30
Cell cycle
• A) Continuous sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell
• B)
31
Centriole
• A) In animal cells, a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase
• B)
32
Centromere
• A) Cell structure that joins 2 sister chromatids of a chromosome
• B)
33
Chromatin
• A) Long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes
• B)
34
Chromosome
• A) Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells
• B)
35
Cytokinesis
• A) Cell process following mitosis or meiosis in which the cell’s cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells.
• B)
36
Metaphase
• A) 2nd phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber.
• B)
37
Mitosis
• A) Period of nuclear cell division in which 2 daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.
• B)
38
Prophase
• A) 1st and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes.
• B)
39
Sister chromatid
• A) Identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis; the halves are held together by a centromere.
• B)Sister
chromatids
40
Spindle
• A) Cell structures composed of microtubules; forms between the centrioles during prophase and shorten during anaphase, pulling apart sister chromatids.
• B)
41
Telophase
• A) Final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent existence.
• B)
42
Gene
• A) Segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle.
• B)
43
• Incomplete Dominance• appearance of a 3rd
phenotype.
• Example: A homozygous red-flowered plant (RR) is crossed with a homozygous white-flowered plant (R’R’), all of the F1 generation offspring will have PINK flowers (RR’).
RR’ RR’
RR’ RR’
R R
R’
R’
44
• Codominance • Expression of both
alleles
• Example: Black (BB) rooster crossed with a white (WW) hen = checkered (BW) black and white. (Incomplete dominance would have been gray!)
45
• Traits controlled by more than 2 alleles have this…
• multiple alleles
• Example: Pigeons have 3 alleles that control feather color.
• BA = ash red • B = blue • b = chocolate
46
• The 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans are ___ ____________and determine the sex of the offspring.
XX = female
XY = male
47
sex chromosomes
• Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes
• sex-linked traits
48
• Polygenic inheritance
• pattern of a trait that is controlled by 2 or more genes.
• Example: eye color, skin color, height (AaBbCc…)
49
• Pedigree• graphic of genetic inheritance
= Male
= Female
= affected Male
= affected Female
= Mating
= Parents
= Siblings
= known heterozygous “carriers”
= Death
50
________ on HMS Beagle________ on HMS BeagleDarwin51
• ____________, an adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings.
• Because of this, organisms are not easily found by predators and they survive to reproduce.
camouflage
52
• Structural features with a common evolutionary origin are called ____________________.
• can be similar in arrangement, in function, or in both.
Whale forelimb
Crocodileforelimb
Birdwing
homologous structures
53
• The body parts of organisms that DO NOT have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function are called ___________________.analogous structures
54
• such as pelvic bones in the baleen whale, are evidence of evolution because they show ________ change over time.
structural
Vestigial structures
55
• _________________ is a natural selection that favors average individuals in a population.
Selection for average size spiders
Normal variation
Stabilizing selection
56
• _________________ occurs when natural selection favors one of the
extreme variations of a trait.
Normal variation
Selection for longer beaks
Directional selection
57
• In ________________, individuals with either extreme of a trait’s variation are selected for.
Selection for light limpets
Normal variation
Selection for dark limpets
disruptive selection
58
Light-Dependent ReactionsLight-Dependent Reactions Sun
Chlorophyll passes energy down through the electron transport
chain.
for the use in light-independent reactions
bonds P to ADPforming
ATPoxygenreleased
splitsH2O
H+
NADP+
NADPH
Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.
Energized electrons provide energy that
• At each step along the transport chain, the electrons lose energy…this energy may be used to make ATP or to hum hydrogen ions into the thylakoid disc. (2)
• Electrons are re-energized in a 2nd photosystem and passed down a 2nd electron transport chain.
59
GlycolysisGlycolysis• A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell
that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound.
• The source of energy for the first step comes from the conversion of 2 molecules of ATP to 2 molecules of ADP. (1)
Glucose
2ATP2ADP
2PGAL
4ADP + 4P
2NAD+
2NADH + 2H+
4ATP
2 Pyruvic acid
60
• The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell when the ________________________.
Adenosine
Adenosine
P P P
P
P
P P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Forming and Breaking Down ATPForming and Breaking Down ATP61
bonds are broken down
1. Make Observations
2. Identify a Problem
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Results/Data
6. Conclusions/Findings
This is the SCIENTIFIC METHOD…6
steps…you should really learn it
62
_____________ Datainformation expressed in numbers
25 students
20 eggs
15 g.
137.2 Km.
8ml.
63
Quantitative