EOCT Review

Questions

Question 1

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

State the problem. Make a hypothesis.

Experiment/ observations. Record or collect data.

Analyze results. Make a conclusion.

Question 1

What are the controls? What are Independent and Dependent

Variables?•Control - stays the same.

•Independent variable - is what you change.

•Dependent variable - is what the results are because of what you changed.

Question 2

What is the total magnification of a microscope when the objective lens

is 40X and the eyepiece is 10x?

400x

Question 3

Which elements are found in all living cells?

• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus

Question 4

Why is water essential to life? What are some properties of

water?

Water is necessary for the survival of living things. Water is a polar molecule with a bent shape which dissolves other polar

compounds. Water is cohesive as it sticks together. Water is adhesive because it bonds

to other molecules.

Question 5

What are the components of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

and nucleic acids?

Carbohydrates – C,H,O – made of monosaccharides

Proteins – C, H, O and N – and sometimes S

Made of Amino acids

Question 5

What are the components of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

and nucleic acids?

Lipids – C, H, O – made of

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Nucleic acids – C, H, O, N, P

Made of nucleotides

Question 5

What are the basic jobs of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

and nucleic acids?

Carbohydrates give fast energy.

Proteins are the building blocks of living things.

Question 5

What are the basic jobs of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

and nucleic acids?

Lipids are reserve energy sources.

Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are the blueprints of heredity and

proteins for the cell.

Question 7

What type of molecule is an enzyme? What is the function of

an enzyme?

An enzyme is a protein. An enzyme speeds up and helps a

reaction to start.

Question 7

How do they affect activation energy? How are they affected by

temperature?

An enzyme lowers the activation energy for a reaction. This is the energy required for a reaction to occur. Enzymes work better at certain temperatures and pH.

Question 8

Explain what is occurring when the enzyme is added to the reaction.

• Activation energy is lowered and the reaction occurs more quickly.

Question 9

What does the lock and key model explain?

This model explains that an enzyme only works on one

substrate just as one key opens one lock.

Question 10

How does homeostasis help an organism?

Homeostasis is the method by which an organism maintains a balance internally necessary for

survival.

Question 11

If you came upon a remote island, how would you determine living

from non-living organisms?

Characteristics of living things -able to reproduce, -some can move, -able to grow, -made of cells,- uses energy, -adaptations

Question 12

How do you determine if a cell is a prokaryote or a eukaryote?

An eukaryote has a true nucleus and membrane

bound organelles.

Question 13

Describe the function of the following organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes,

and golgi body.

Nucleus – control center of the cell.

Mitochondria – power house of the cell.

ER – canal system of the cell which transports materials(intracellular highway).

Question 13

Describe the function of the following organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes,

and golgi body.

Ribosomes – organelle where proteins are made.

Golgi Body – packaging center for the cell.

Question 14

What organelle controls what goes in and out of a cell?

The cell membrane is the gate keeper for the cell.

Question 15

Which features distinguish a plant cell from an animal cell?**

Plant cell- larger vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplasts.

Animal cell- does not have a cell wall or chloroplasts and contains centrioles and lysosomes.

Question 18

What is osmosis? What is diffusion? Active transport?

Osmosis is the diffusion of water.

Diffusion is the movement of materials from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration.

Active transport requires extra energy and moves materials from lesser concentration to greater concentration.

Question 19

What happens when you put a carrot in a glass of salt water?

Explain in detail.

The carrot shrinks because water moves out of the carrot. Salt water is a hypertonic solution and plasmolysis occurs.

Question 20

What is the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph?**

An autotroph is a producer that makes its own food.

A heterotroph is a consumer that cannot make its own food and must eat to survive.

Question 21

What is ATP? What is it used for? Where?

• Adenosine Tri-phosphate

• Used for energy in all cells.

• It is made in the mitochondria

Question 22

How are photosynthesis/ respiration, and plants/animals

related?

Photosynthesis occurs in plants. Respiration occurs in plants and animals. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration.

Question 23

What are stomata? What do they do?

Stomata are pores on the bottom of a plant leaf which take in CO2 and release O2. Water evaporates and is called transpiration.

Question 24

What occurs in each step in the process of mitosis?

Prophase - Nuclear membrane fades and doubled chromosomes appear.

Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase - Chromosomes split and move to the poles of the cell.

Telophase - 2 new cells are formed (cytokinesis).

Question 25

How does cytokinesis differ in plants and animals?

In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the pinching in of the cell membrane.

In plant cells, a cell plate is formed.

Question 26

Explain binary fission

Binary fission is how bacteria reproduce. They form a circular

DNA, double it, and split the cytoplasm.

Question 27

What is produced by the process of meiosis? What is produced by

mitosis?

Meiosis produces 4 sex cells.

Mitosis produces 2 body cells.

• Mitosis- is used for growth and repair

• Meiosis- is used to make gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 28

Why is Mitosis important? Why is Meiosis important?

Question 29

Fragile X Syndrome is a genetic condition in which the DNA code CGG

is repeated multiple times on the X chromosome. How did this genetic

condition MOST likely happen?

A mutation occurred on the X chromosome.

Question 30

What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?

It can occur very quickly and produces identical offspring.

Question 31

What are 2 advantages of sexual reproduction?

1. With 2 different parents, this leads to more variety among offspring.

2. Sexual reproduction helps to accumulate more beneficial

mutations.

Question 32

Why is sexual reproduction BEST in a changing environment?

Sexual reproduction gives you more variety among offspring-being different from parental organisms. The organism

that can adapt and make changes to a changing environment will be better

equipped to survive.

Question 33

What is the shape of DNA? What is DNA made of ? What is a nucleotide?

Double helix

DNA is made of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and nitrogen bases-Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.

A nucleotide consists of sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base.

Question 34What are the codons and amino acids transcribed

by mRNA from the following DNA sequence: AAGTACCGT? Where does this take place?

Question 34

What is transcribed by mRNA from the following DNA sequence:

AAGTACCGT?Where does this take place?

mRNA- UUCAUGGCA

Amino Acids- Phe-Met-Ala

In the nucleus of the cell.

Question 35

Which process involves both DNA and RNA?

Transcription

Question 36

How do the following terms differ?

Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses

4 squares 16 squares

Genotype and Phenotype

Tt Tall

Question 36

How do the following terms differ?

Homozygous and Heterozygous

TT, tt Tt

Law of Independent Assortment

- Random distribution of Alleles

Law of Segregation

-2 alleles for each trait separate

Question 37

What causes Down Syndrome?

Nondisjunction of number 21 chromosomes which results in three #21 chromosomes (called trisomy)

Question 38

What would be the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of a cross

between a heterozygous tall plant and a homozygous recessive plant? Do a Punnett Square

T t Genotype: t 50% Tt, 50% tt t Phenotype:

50% tall, 50% short

Tt tt

Tt tt

Question 39

As parents, you do not have the genetic disorder of color blindness,

but your son does. How is this possible?

Color blindness is a sex-linked trait. A male only has one X and will inherit the

disease from his mother. The mother would not be color blind.

Question 40

How has genetic engineering (biotechnology) improved agriculture and medicine?

Plants become more disease resistant when plants are

cross-bred.

Question 41Explain how a weed becomes

resistant to herbicides (evolutionary –wise).

Some weeds are not killed by the herbicide and next, they mutate. The mutation enables the weed to pass the trait onto the next generation.

Question 42What do homologous structures

indicate?

Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function.

This proves that the two species have a common ancestor. Example:

human arm and bat wing

Question 43What is natural selection and how is

the environment involved?

“Survival of the fittest”

Organisms that adapt to changes in their environment live long enough to reproduce and pass their traits to their offspring.

Question 44Poison ivy has an irritating oily coating on its leaves. How does this adaptation

help the plant survive?

The coating keeps herbivores from eating the poison ivy.

Question 45The fur on an arctic fox is brown in the

summer and white in the winter. What is the MOST likely reason for this change

in fur color?

The color change was a mutation that helped them

camouflage in their environment.

Question 46Why does great genetic diversity

decrease the likelihood of extinction?

There is more genetic variety. Therefore, organisms will have

many different traits and can survive changes in their

environment.

Question 47 What is the theory of

endosymbiosis?

This is the theory of how the first eukaryote cell was made by one cell ingesting another cell. The proof is

that the DNA, mitochondria, and chloroplast are like a prokaryote

cell.

Question 48 In the diagram on your page, what

trait does a chimp have that the others do not?

Fur and mammary glands

Question 49 In the following phylogenic tree,

which species is most closely related to Drosophila melanogaster?

Drosophila willstoni

Question 50

What are the seven levels of classification used in Linnaean

nomenclature?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

Question 51

Mushrooms were once classified as plants that did not photosynthesize.

Today they are classified in the Kingdom

Fungi. Why did this change occur?

The invention of the microscope allowed the discovery that

chloroplast were not in fungi.

Question 52A scientist discovers a new organism that absorbs nutrients directly into its body to obtain energy. Microscopy shows that the organism contains many cells. In

which kingdom is the organism classified?

Kingdom Fungi

Question 48

How could you set up a simple dichotomous key to classify several

tree leaves?

A dichotomous key gives you two choices for each characteristic.

Next, you choose which characteristic is true and follow the

instructions.

Question 53

What characteristics are shared by fungi and plants?

Both fungi and plants have cell walls. Both are multicellular and

both are eukaryotes.

Question 54How can you tell a bacteria and a protist

apart?

Bacteria is a prokaryote (no nucleus).

A protist is an eukaryote (has a nucleus).

Question 55How do viruses reproduce?

Viruses reproduce by injecting its DNA into another cell. Next, the DNA tells the cell to make more

viruses.

Question 56How are bacteria helpful to

humans and our environment?

Bacteria help us digest food in our intestines and are also used in treating

waste in a sewage treatment center.

Some foods are made with bacteria, including many cheeses, yogurt, sour

cream, and saurkraut.

Question 57What are examples of animal-like

protists?Amoeba – move with pseudopods

Paramecium – move with cilia

Trypanosoma – move with a flagella.

Question 58What is the adaptive value of

being an evergreen tree, such as spruce tree, instead of a

deciduous tree, like a maple or oak?

To be able to photosynthesize year round and to survive in harsher climates.

Question 59

What are endotherms and ectotherms? List examples of each.

Endotherms are animals that maintain an internal temperature. Examples: human,

birds, mammals

Ectotherms are animals that change temperatures with their surroundings. Examples: fish, reptiles, amphibians

Question 60

What structures are found only in mammals?

Mammary glands and fur

Question 61

What are the differences between internal and external

fertilization?Internal fertilization fertilizes a small

number at a time and has a greater chance of survival.

External fertilization fertilizes many at a time but there is smaller chance of

survival.

Question 62

What are examples of abiotic and biotic factors?

Abiotic: (non-living)Air, water, soil, rocks

Biotic: (living)Ducks, plants, bacteria, frogs, fish

Question 63

What are the major causes of acid rain? What are some effects?

Acid rain is caused by air pollution, mainly due to the excessive use of

fossil fuels.

Effects include damage to trees and fish populations, along with acid

erosion.

Question 64

What are the limiting factors to plant growth in the biomes?

The main limiting factors in any

biome are temperature and precipitation.

Question 65What are the different biomes? List

examples of plants and animals in each.

Tundra – short grasses;

polar bears, trout, caribou

Taiga– spruce and fir trees, deciduous trees;

birds, beaver, deer, mountain lions

Temperate forest – oaks, maples, shrubs;

Squirrels, rabbits, foxes, birds and deer.

Question 65What are the different biomes? List

examples of plants and animals in each.

Temperate grassland –grasses and herbs;

gazelles, bison, horses, lions, deer, and mice

Desert – cacti, Joshua trees, and succulents

lizards, bobcats, birds, tortoises, and toads

Question 65What are the different biomes? List

examples of plants and animals in each.

Tropical savanna – grasses and trees

lions, hyenas, cheetahs, elephants, giraffes, zebras, birds, and insects

Tropical rain forest – evergreens, bamboo and sugar cane; chimpanzees, Bengal tigers, elephants, orangutans, bats, toucans, sloth and snakes

Question 66Draw and label and energy pyramid,

using examples.

Question 67How would you differentiate between

populations and communities?

A pond community consists of several populations such as

mallard duck population, frog population, trout population.

Question 68

What is the difference between niche and habitat?

A niche is an organisms job or function.

Habitat is where an organism lives.

Question 69

Draw a food chain with at least 4 organisms.

Grass --> rabbit--> snake --> eagle

Question 70

How would removing the first consumer in the food chain affect the

flow of energy?

Grass--> rabbit--> fox

The fox will starve and the grass will grow more.

Question 71

What type of environment shows primary succession? Secondary

succession?

•An environment that had no previous living things will show primary succession. The first organisms

to appear are bacteria, fungus and lichens.•Secondary succession occurs after a flood, fire, etc.

on an area where living things existed before.

Question 72

How could we reduce the use of pesticides in the US?

In place of pesticides, certain bacteria could be used to attack

the insects/pests that are destroying plants and crops, or

natural predators can be introduced.

Question 73In the carbon cycle, which processes return

carbon to the atmosphere?

• Carbon is returned to the atmosphere by cellular respiration and the burning of fossil fuels.

Question 75

What are the possible effects of global warming?

Global warming is a slight increase of the average temperature. This

increase in temperature leads to the melting of ice caps. This may lead

to more floods and the change in the water amount in some climates.

Question 76Why does a plant gravitate towards sunlight?

It will move towards the sunlight due to phototropism.

What is the type of succession that is illustrated below?

• The type of succession is primary succession, in which an environment forms in a new area for the first time. If it is secondary succession, the natural environment re-takes what has been changed by man.

Question 79Using the dichotomous key, what family does

the plant belong to?

The plant is a Virginia bluebell.

Question 80

What type of relationship does the hare and fox have? What would the chart look

like if the fox was not present?

They have a predator/prey relationship. The two populations are equal at the intersecting points. It is a direct correlation between the two populations. If the fox was not present, the hare population would increase, then level off.

Good Luck !