EOC PRACTICE QUESTIONS #5EOC PRACTICE QUESTIONS #5

Bio.2.1.1 Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter (water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) through ecosystems relating the significance of each to maintaining the health and sustainability of an ecosystem.

Bio.2.1.3 Explain various ways organisms interact with each other (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism) and with their environments resulting in stability within ecosystems.

Organisms that can mate an Organisms that can mate an produce fertile offspringproduce fertile offspring

• species

Group of the same organisms in an Group of the same organisms in an areaarea

• population

All interacting populations in an All interacting populations in an areaarea

• communitycommunity

All biotic and abiotic factors in an All biotic and abiotic factors in an areaarea

• ecosystem

Place in order from smallest to Place in order from smallest to largest: ecosystem, species, largest: ecosystem, species, community, populationcommunity, population

• Species

• Population

• Community

• Ecosystem

Permanent relationship between 2 Permanent relationship between 2 organismsorganisms

• symbiotic relationship

One organism is helped and the One organism is helped and the other is hurtother is hurt

• parasitism

• Examples:

• Tapeworms

• Ticks

• Fleas

• Viruses

One organism is helped and one is One organism is helped and one is unaffectedunaffected• commensalism

• Examples

• orchids on trees

• barnacles on a whale

• Cyanobacteria on a polar bear

Both are helpedBoth are helped

• Mutualism

• Examples

• Lichens – algae and fungi

• sea anemone and clownfish

• Cleaner shrimp and sharks

Bio.2.1.4 Explain why ecosystems can be relatively stable over hundreds or thousands of years, even though populations may fluctuate (emphasizing availability of food, availability of shelter, number of predators and disease).

Which does the ecosystem have to have Which does the ecosystem have to have more of at first? _____ What happens to more of at first? _____ What happens to the prey population as predators the prey population as predators increase? ______increase? ______

PreyPreyPrey would decreasePrey would decrease

Non-living factors in environmentNon-living factors in environment

• abiotic factors• Examples• Temperature• acidity of soil• Soil• Water• Oxygen• nutrients

Living factors in the environmentLiving factors in the environment

• biotic factors

• Examples

• Animals

• Plants

• Bacteria

• Fungi

• Protists

The total number of species a population The total number of species a population can support is the _____. It is reached can support is the _____. It is reached because of ______. because of ______.

• carrying capacity

• limiting factors

Resources, Disease, Predator/Prey Resources, Disease, Predator/Prey are _______ limiting factors.are _______ limiting factors.

• density-dependent

Extreme temperature changes, Extreme temperature changes, natural disasters, destruction of natural disasters, destruction of a habitat are ___limiting factora habitat are ___limiting factor

• density-independent

Increased birthrate and decreased death Increased birthrate and decreased death rate cause a population to ______.rate cause a population to ______.

• increase

Which age bracket has the largest Which age bracket has the largest percentage of people? percentage of people?

• 40-50 (baby boomers) This is a fairly stable population

Which sex in living longest? Which sex in living longest?

femalesfemales

Predictable changes in a community Predictable changes in a community overtime is called ______. It will overtime is called ______. It will continue until a ____is reached.continue until a ____is reached.

• Succession

• Climax community

Succession on rock like after a Succession on rock like after a volcanic eruption of after a glacier volcanic eruption of after a glacier recedes is called _________.recedes is called _________.

• primary succession

The first organisms to grow are called The first organisms to grow are called the______. An example on rock is the______. An example on rock is a ______.a ______. • pioneer species

• lichen

Succession on soil is called ______. Succession on soil is called ______. First organisms to grow are ___.First organisms to grow are ___.

• secondary succession

• grasses and weeds

The three parts of a stable The three parts of a stable ecosystem are ____________.ecosystem are ____________.

• Producers

• Consumers

• Decomposers

Organisms with the most energy in Organisms with the most energy in a food web are the ____. They a food web are the ____. They have the greatest impact on the have the greatest impact on the ecosystem because without ecosystem because without them there would not be food them there would not be food and energy for the others.and energy for the others.

• Producers (autotrophs)

Producers primarily make their Producers primarily make their own food by the process ofown food by the process of

• photosynthesis

Producers take in the atmospheric gas Producers take in the atmospheric gas _____ and produce _____ an organic _____ and produce _____ an organic compound and _____ which is compound and _____ which is released into the atmosphere. released into the atmosphere.

• carbon dioxide

• Glucose

• oxygen

All organisms take in the atmospheric All organisms take in the atmospheric gas ____and use it to break down gas ____and use it to break down ______ in the process called ______ in the process called _________which releases ______._________which releases ______.

• Oxygen

• Glucose

• cellular respiration

• carbon dioxide

Decomposers like ____ and ______ Decomposers like ____ and ______ breakdown organic matter and put breakdown organic matter and put the nutrients back into the soil.the nutrients back into the soil.

• Bacteria

• Fungi

Oxygen is necessary for ____, Oxygen is necessary for ____, _____, and _______. _____, and _______.

• Respiration

• Combustion

• Decomposition

Carbon dioxide is necessary for Carbon dioxide is necessary for ___________.___________.

• photosynthesis

The most abundant gas in the air you The most abundant gas in the air you breathe is _____ but your body breathe is _____ but your body cannot process it to make ____ and cannot process it to make ____ and _______. _______.

• Nitrogen

• Proteins

• nucleic acids

_____ in the soil convert nitrogen gas into _____ in the soil convert nitrogen gas into the usable form of ammonia, nitrates, the usable form of ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites so plants can use it. We and nitrites so plants can use it. We get the correct form of nitrogen we get the correct form of nitrogen we need from the plants or animals that need from the plants or animals that have eaten plants.have eaten plants.

• Bacteria

Water gets into the atmosphere by Water gets into the atmosphere by ____, _____, and ______.____, _____, and ______.

• Evaporation

• Transpiration

• Respiration

Who are the herbivores? Who are the herbivores?

WormWormSnailSnailrabbitrabbit

Who are the carnivores?Who are the carnivores?

LizardLizardeagleeagle

Who are the producers? Who are the producers?

grassgrass

Who are the primary consumers? Who are the primary consumers?

WormWormSnailSnailRabbitRabbitbird (when eating grass)bird (when eating grass)

Who are the secondary consumers? Who are the secondary consumers?

bird (when eating the worm)bird (when eating the worm)LizardLizardeagle (when eating rabbit)eagle (when eating rabbit)

Who are the tertiary consumers? Who are the tertiary consumers?

eagleeagle

What happens if the bird population What happens if the bird population is reduced? is reduced?

Eagles eat more lizards and rabbits making them decreaseEagles eat more lizards and rabbits making them decrease

Snail population increasesSnail population increases

What trophic level does the lizard What trophic level does the lizard belong to? belong to?

Third (count auto and heterotrophs)Third (count auto and heterotrophs)

Which organism has the most Which organism has the most energy? energy?

grassesgrasses

Which organism has the least energy? Which organism has the least energy?

eagleseagles

Which organism would have the most Which organism would have the most biomass? biomass?

grassesgrasses

If a toxin were introduced to the If a toxin were introduced to the food web, which organism food web, which organism would it show up most in? would it show up most in?

eagleeagle

Who are the autotrophs? Who are the autotrophs?

grassesgrasses

Which component was left out of Which component was left out of the food web? the food web?

decomposers decomposers (if it was there, all arrows would point toward it)(if it was there, all arrows would point toward it)

Bio.2.2.1 Infer how human activities (including population growth, pollution, global warming, burning of fossil fuels, habitat destruction and introduction of nonnative species) may impact the environment.

Bio.2.2.2 Explain how the use, protection and conservation of natural resources by humans impact the environment from one generation to the next.

______ impact the environment the most ______ impact the environment the most due to alterations in environments due to alterations in environments and use of natural resources.and use of natural resources.

• Humans

Harmful substances released into the soil, Harmful substances released into the soil, water, and air is called _______ which water, and air is called _______ which threatens all organisms.threatens all organisms.

• pollution

Agricultural or sewage runs off into the Agricultural or sewage runs off into the freshwater ecosystem and can cause freshwater ecosystem and can cause rapid growth of an algal bloom and rapid growth of an algal bloom and eventually oxygen depletion. This is eventually oxygen depletion. This is called ______ and will eventually cause called ______ and will eventually cause the body of water to fill in.the body of water to fill in.

• eutrophication

Building cities takes away organisms’ Building cities takes away organisms’ habitats causing them to move or die. habitats causing them to move or die. Overhunting and overfishing can also Overhunting and overfishing can also lead to a decrease in ________.lead to a decrease in ________.

• biodiversity

_______ will cause the oxygen and _______ will cause the oxygen and water levels in the atmosphere to water levels in the atmosphere to decrease and the carbon dioxide decrease and the carbon dioxide levels to increase. It also takes levels to increase. It also takes away an organisms’ habitat.away an organisms’ habitat.

• Deforestation

Sustaining resources is important Sustaining resources is important because some natural resources because some natural resources are _______________.are _______________.

• nonrenewable

The ______helps to control and stabilize the The ______helps to control and stabilize the temperature of Earth by trapping infrared temperature of Earth by trapping infrared radiation. The burning of _____ has radiation. The burning of _____ has increased the amount of _________in the increased the amount of _________in the atmosphere causing global warming. atmosphere causing global warming.

• greenhouse effect• fossil fuels• carbon dioxide

Burning of fossil fuels also releases sulfur Burning of fossil fuels also releases sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides in the dioxides and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. When these mix with atmosphere. When these mix with precipitation, ____ is formed which precipitation, ____ is formed which affects the forest and the freshwater affects the forest and the freshwater ecosystem.ecosystem.

• acid rain

The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet rays The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet rays from the sun. _____ have caused from the sun. _____ have caused ozone depletion increasing skin ozone depletion increasing skin cancer and mutations.cancer and mutations.

• Chlorofluorocarbons

Soil erosion, overuse of farmlands, Soil erosion, overuse of farmlands, and pesticides threaten the ____.and pesticides threaten the ____.

• food supply

Items put in landfills should be ____ or able to be Items put in landfills should be ____ or able to be broken down by decomposers. Otherwise we broken down by decomposers. Otherwise we should ____, _____, and _______. Conserving should ____, _____, and _______. Conserving fuel and electricity reduce your carbon fuel and electricity reduce your carbon footprint.footprint.

• Biodegradable• Reduce• Reuse• Recycle