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99-G~. S. Schs., Fort Leavenworth-8-15-27-251M

ANNUAL REPORT

OF

LIEUTENANT COLON EL WV. P.B URNHAM

INFANTRY, UNITED STATES ARMY

ACTING COMMANDANT

THE ARMY SERVICE SCHOOLSFORT' LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS

1913

PRESS OF

ARMY SERVICE SCHOOLS

THE ARMY SERVICE SCHOOLSFORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS

August 31, 1913.

From: Acting Commandant, Army Service Schools.

To: The Adjutant General, U.. S. Army.

Subject: Annual Report for year ending August 31,1913.

The followi~ng report of the operations and ad-ministration of the: ACrmy Service Schools for theschool year ending August 15, 1913, is submitted. Incompliance withi instructions contained in ~paragraph24, Special Orders No. 195j, W~ar Department, August19, 1912, I reported at these schools on September 4,1912, and being the senior line officer on duty at theschools, assumed the d-uties of assistant comnman-dant, and director Army School of the Line and ArmyStaff College, relieving Major Farrand Sayre, Cav-alry, Senior Instructor, Department of Military Art,of those duties.

The Commandant, Brigadier Genreral R. D. Potts,U. S. A~rmy, being at the time on detached service,the duties of acting commandant also devolved uponme, which duties I am still per~forming. Upon as--suming my duties I found the following named offi-cers on duty as directors or instructors in the differ-ent departments, viz:

DEPARTMENT OF' MILITARY ART

Senior Instructor

Major Farrand Sayre, Cavalry

Intstructors

Major G. D. Moore, 18th InfantryCaptain R. H. Mo~Raster, 5th Field Artillery 5

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Captain H. B. Fiske, 28th InfantryCaptain C. E. Stodter, 9th CavalryCaptain Berkeley Enochs, 19th InfantryCaptain A. L. Conger, 29th InfantryCaptain C. A. Trott, 5th InfantryCaptain Laurence Haistead, 6th InfantryCaptain T. B. Taylor, 3d CavalryVeterinarian G. E. Griffin, 3d Field Artillery

DEPARTMENT OF LAW

Sertior iZnstructor·

·Lient. -Colonel J. B. Porter, J. A., G. Department

Instructor·

Catptain Edward Sige~rfoos, 5th Infantry

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES

Senior· Instructoor

Captain William Kelly, jr., 9th Cavalry

Instructors

Captain C. F. Martin, 3d CavalryCaptain _Rhees Jackson, 12th InfantryFirst Lieute nant~ Henry HOssf eld, 3d Infan try

THE ARMY FIELD SERVICE AND CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL FOR·

MEDICAL OFFICERS

Director

Major W. N. :Bispham, Medical Corpts

THE ARMY SIGNAL LSCHOOL

linstruetors

Capt~ain Parker Hit~t, Signal CorpsFirst Lieutenant J. 0. Mauborgne, 3d Infantry

FIELD ENGINEER SCHOOL AND DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

Director

Major M.. L. Walker, Corps of Engineers

~InstructorsCaptain G. R. Spaldingf, Corps of EngineersCaptain Douglas McArthur, Corps of EngineersFirst Lieutenant R. E. Beebe, 14th Infantryr

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LIBRARIAN

Lieut. Colonel E. B. Fuller, U. S. Army, retiredINSTRUCTOR IN EQUITATION

First Lieutenant Eben Swift, jr., 11th Cavalry

SECRETARYr AND DISBURSING: OFFICER

First Lieutenant D. W. Strong, 7th Infantry:,:performed the duties of secretary and disbursingofficer until August: 9, 1913, ;when, because o6f thedetached service law he was relieved per paragraph26, Special Orders No. 184, War Department,- Aug-:ust 8, 1913.

Because of the detached service law, which be-came effective December 15, :-1912, the followvingnamed officers were relieved and joined their organi-zations, viz:

Captain H. B. Fiske, 28th InfantryCaptain C. E. Stodter, 9th CavalryCaptain A. L. Conger, 29th InfantryCaptain C. A. Trott, 5th InfantryCaptain Laurence Haistead, 6th I~nfantryTCaptain T. B. Taylor, 3d CavalryCaptain William Kelly jr., 9th CavalryCaptain Charles F. Martin, 3d Cavalry:Captain Edward Sigerfoos, 5t~h I nfantfy·First Lieutenant Henry Hossfeld, 3d Infa~ntryFirst Lieutenant J. 0. M~auborgne, 3d InfantryFirsgt Lieutentant R. E. Beebe, 14th InfantryjFirs~=t Lieutenant -Ebe-n Swi'ft,: jr.:,· 11th C'avalry

Captain R. H. Mc~aster, :5th Field Ar~til-lery, wasrelieved at his own request :per Special -'Orders- ;No.284, War :Department,- De~cember 4,- 1912, :'and :left:schools December 11, 1912.

Captain Berkele~y Enochs, 19th Infantr~y, was de-·;'tailed; to the. General Sta~ff :Corps and left Majrch: 13,1913.

Captain Douglas MacArthur, Corps 'of Engineers,was relieved per Special Orders No. :261, War Depart-ment, series 1912, and left schools November 14, 1912.

·It will be noted that,of the instruictors,. Depart-

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ment of Military Art, eight (8) were relieved on orabout December 15, 1912, leaving that department ina badly crippled condition. Only the senior instruc-tor and three (3) instructors; (IMajors Moore, Smithand Bishop) were left to carry out the program of in-struction. Thie War Department took immediatesteps: to alleviate conditions and, in orders directedthe following named officers to report for duty, who,upon arrival were assigned to the Department ,ofMilit~ary- Art, viz:

MCajor N. F. McClure, 5th CavalryCaptain W. K. Naylor, 9th InfantryCaptain E. E. Haskell, Infantry

Captain Max C. Tyler, Corps of Engineers, re-ported for duty, under War Department; orders, onApril 15, 1913, as instructor, Department of Engi-neering.

In the Department of Law, the vacancy createdby the relief of Captain Edward Sigerfoos, 5th In-*fantry, has not been filled.

In the Department of Languages, 2d LieutenantThom Catron, 23d Infantry, upon reporting for duty',under War Department_ orders, on September 23,19t2, was assigned to duty in that department.

In the Army Signal School, which began thecourse without a director, Major L. D. Wildman,Signal Corps, upon reporting for duty under WarDepartment orders, on January 23, 1913, was assigned.to duty as director and 2d Lieutenant E. R. An-drews, 17th Infantry, as instructor.

I: This upheaval in the teaching force was at timesvery perplexing and discouraging. The chang'esoccurred mostly in the Departments of Military Artand Languages, and will be found very fully com-mented on in the reports of the senior instructorsof those departments.:. Every reasonable effort -was

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made to obtain instructors and to lighten the workof the few who remained. TPhe situation was madeplain to higher authority, and although at times itlooked as if our troubles were not duly appreciated,I am convinced that we fared as .well as the ex-igencies of the service permitted.

I believe the high standard of instruction of pastyears was maintained in all the schools. The De-partmen~t of Languages was more or less crippledduring the last six months of the year, it being im-possible for two instructors to accomplish as muchas four.

The prospects for the coming year are moreencouraging, as the staff of instructors haas beenrehabilitated, and all schools and departments willstart with almost a full complement of teachers.The loss of Major Sayre, Senior Instructor, Depart-ment of Military Art, will be sorely felt, and I takethis occasion to testify to his superior efficiency asan instructor, and to the able manner in which hehandled, under adverse and discouraging conditions,the very important Department of Military Art.This department will start next year with an entirelynew force of instructors, not a single officer beingleft who was here when I assumed the duties ofacting commandant last September.

The course and methods of instruction in thevarious schools and departments were practically thesame as during last year. For detailed informationregarding the same, reference should be made to thereports of directors and heads of departments heretoattached.

THE ARMY ~STAFF COLLEGE

The Army Staff College class commenced thecourse: on September 1, 1912, with twenty-four (24)members, as follows:

Major R. L. Bush, 26th InfantryMajor J. J. Bradley, 30t~h InfantryCaptain H. B. Black, 24th InfantryCaptain C. T. Boyd, 10th CavalryCaptain D. F. Craig, 4th Field ArtilleryCaptain H. A. Eaton, 23d InfantryCaptain C. S. Fries, 27th InfantryCaptain J. B. Gowen, 10th InfantryC~aptain A. J. Greer, 16th InfantryCaptain J. G. Hannah, 18th InfantryCaptain P. T. Hayne, jr., 12th CavalryCaptain W. A. Kent, 4th InfantryCaptain J. G. Langdon, 4th Field ArtilleryCaptain C. R. Lloyd, 6th Fiield ArtilleryCaptain F. L. Morrow, 27th InfantryCaptain W. H. MeCornack, 10th CavalryCaptain J. W. Furlong, 6th CavalryCaptain C. D. Roberts, 7th InfantryCaptain W. G. Sills, 1 st CavalryCaptain H. A. Smith, 3d InfantryCaptain M. C. Smit~h, 14th CavalryCaptain J. E. Stephens, 2d Field ArtilleryOaptain W. C. Sweeney, 21st InfantryCaptain Kirby Walker, 14th Cavalry

Because of the operation of the detached servicelaw, the following named officers were relieved fromduty on December 15, 1912, and ordered to proceedto join their organizations, viz:

Captain C. T. Boyd, 10th CavalryCaptain D. F. Craig, 4th Field ArtilleryCaptain H. A. Eaton, 23d InfantryCaptain C. S. Fries, 27th InfantryCaptain J. B. Gowen, 10th InfantryCaptain F. J Morrow, 27th InfantryCaptain Kirby WMalker, 14th Cavalry

Captain J. W. Furlong, 6th Cavalry, was re-lieved from duty at schools per paragraph 15, SpecialOrders No. 223, War Department, series 1912, andleft schools October 15, 1912.

Captain A~. J. Greer, 16th Infantry, was relievedfrom duty at schools per paragraph 15, Special

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Orders No. 223, War Department, series 1912, andleft schools November 2, 1912.

Captain H. B. Black, 24th Infantry, was relievedfrom duty at schools per paragraph 15, SpecialOrders No. 223, War Department, series of 1912, andleft schools November 14, 1912.

Captain C. 1R. Lloyd, 6th Field Artillery, wasrelieved from duty at schools, effective May 6, 1913,per paragraph 2, Special Orders No. 81, War Depart-ment, April 8, 1913.

Captain MV. C. Smith, 14th Cavalry, was relievedfrom duty at schools, effective May 27, 1913, perparagraph 3, Special Orders No. 107, War Depart-ment, dated May 8, 1913.

The following officers were graduated on June16, 1913, viz:

Major R. L. Bush, 26th InfantryMajor J. J. Bradley, 30th InfantryCaptain J. G. Hannah, 18th InfantryCaptain P. T. Hayne, Jr., 12th CavalryCaptain W. A. Kent, 4th InfantryCaptain J. G. Langdon, 4th Field ArtilleryCaptain C. R. Lloyd, 6th Field ArtilleryCaptain W. H. McCornack, 10th CavalryCaptain C. D. Roberts, 7th Infant~ryCaptain W. G. Sills, 1st CavalryCaptain H. A. Smith, 3d InfantryCaptain M. C. Smith, l4fh CavalryCaptain J. E. Stephens, 2d Field ArtilleryCaptain W. C. Sweeney, 21st Infantry

THE ARMY SCHOOL OF THE LINE

The following named officers constituted theLine Class at the beginning of the school year:

Captain W. H. Armstrong, Porto Rico InfantryCaptain T. M. Anderson, 7th InfantryCaptain W. C. Babcock, 13th CavalryCaptain W. E. Bennett, 25th InfantryCaptain W. S. Bowen, Coast Artillery CorpsCaptain Preston Brown, 17th Infantry

Captain W. S. Browning, 6th Field ArtilleryCaptain W. A. Carleton, 30th InfantryCaptain F. L. Case, 4tih CavalryCaptain A. U. Clarke, Coast Artillery CorpsCaptain C. W. Cole, 15th CavalryCaptain C. ~M. Condon, Coast Artillery CorpsCaptain W. D. Davis, 5th InfantryCaptain R. J. Fleming, 10th CavalryCaptain R. C. Foy, 1st CavalryCaptain J. De Camp Hall, 4th InfantryCaptain E. S. Hartshorn, 14th InfantryCaptain W. C. Johnson, 18th InfantryCaptain E. L. King, 2d CavalryCaptain F`. W. Lewis, 29th InfantryCaptain F. H. Lincoln, Coast Artillery CorpsCaptain W. J. Lutz, 28th InfantryMajor 0. B. Meyer, 14th CavalryCaptain E. A. Myer, 11th InfantryCaptain J. M. Morgan, 12th CavalryCaptain R. I. Rees, 3d InfantryCaptain C. A. Romreyn, 2d CavalryCaptain E. S. Sayer, jr., 21st InfantryCaptain W. B. Scales, 5th CavalryCaptain A. A. Starbird, 5th Field ArtilleryCaptain William Taylor, 10th InfantryCapt~ain Herschel Tupes, 1st InfantryCaptain I. C. Welborn, 9th InfantryCaptain Robert Whitfieldl, 22d InfantryCaptain J. S. Turrill, U. S. Marine CorpsCaptain A. S. Williams, U. S. Marine Corps

Because of the detached service law the officershereinafter named were'relieved from duty at schools,effective December 15, 1912, viz:

Captain W. H~. Armstrong, Porto Rico Infant~ryCaptain W.~V A. Carleton, 30th InfantryCaptain W. D. Davis, 5th InfantryCaptain R. J. Fleming, 10th CavalryCaptain R. C. Foy, 1st CavalryCaptain F. W. Lewis, 29th InfantryCaptain F. A. Lincoln, Coast Artillery CorpsCaptain W. J. Lutz, 28th InfantryCaptain J. M·. Morgan, 12th Cavalry

Captain E. A. MIyer, 11th Infantry was relieve'dfrom duty at schools per paragraph 20, Special OrdersNo. 275, War Department, November 22, 1912, and

~left schools December 3, 1912.Captain I. C. Welborn, 9th Infantry, was re-

lieved from duty at schools per paragraph 20, SpecialOrders No. 275, War Department, November 22,1912, and left schools December 9, 1912.

Captain Herschel Tupes, 1st Infantry, was re-lieved from duty at schools per paragraph 2, SpecialOrders No. 24, War Department, January 29, 1912,and left schools February 14, 1913.

The remaining officers completed the course and'were graduated June 16, 1913, as follows:

Honor G~raduzatesCaptain W. C. Johnson, 18th InfantryCaptaini Preston Brown, 17th InfantryCaptain W. S. Browningf, 6th Field. ArtilleryCaptain A. A. Starbird, 5th Field ArtilleryCaptain E. S. Hart~shorn, 14th Infantry

Distinguished GraduatesCaptain W. C. Babcock, 13th CavalryCaptain W. S. Bowen, Coast Artillery CorpsCaptain F. L. Case, 3d CavalryCaptain A. G. Clarke, Coast Artillery CorpsCaptain C. M. Condon, Coast Artillery CorpsCaptain J. De Camp Hall, 4th InfantryCaptain E. L. King, 2d CavalryCaptain R. I. Rees, 3d InfantryCaptain C. A. Romeyn, 2d CavalryCaptain W. B. Scales, 5th CavalryCaptain William Taylor, 10th InfantryCaptain Robert Whitfield, 22d Infantry

G3raduatesCaptain T. M. Anderson, 7th InfantryCaptain W. E. Bennett, InfantryCaptain C. W. Cole, 15th CavalryMajor 0. B. Meyer, 14th CavalryDaptain E. S. Sayer, jr., 21st Infantry

Captains J. S. Turrill and A. S. Williams, U. S. MarineCorps, were graduated and given diplomas.

THE ARMY SIGNAL SCHOOL

The following named officers coiistituted theSignal School Class, all of whom graduated except1st Lieutenant Jaime Nadal, Porto Rico Infantry,who was relieved from duty at school per paragraph20, Spec~ial Orders No. 275, War Department, No-vember 22, 1912, and left schools December 15, 1912,viz:

1st Lieuteinant F. F. Black, 11th Infantry1st Lieutenant V. W. Boiler, 2d Infantry1st Lieutenant W. A. Capron, 6th Field. Artillery1st Lieutenant C. A. Dougherty, Signal Corps1st Lieutenant M. E. Malloy, 29th Infantry1st Lieutenant Jaime Nadal, Porto Rico Infantry1st Lieut~ena'nt F. E. Overholser, 5th Infantry1st Lieutenant J. H. Van Horn, 11th Infantry1st Lieut~enant G. F. Waugh, 27th Infantry

THE ARMY FIELD ENGINEER SCHOOL

The following named officers constituted theArmy Field Engineer Class, pursued the course satis-factorily and were graduated June 16, 1913, viz:

Major M. J. MeDonough, Corps of EngineersCaptain P. 5. Bond, Corps of Engineers

SPECIAL CLASS FOR FIELD OFFICERS

Besides the above named regular classes therewas also detailed a special class of field officers whotook a course in tactics, especially prepared for them,beginning January 13, 1913, and terminating March19, 1913.

This class was composed of the following namedofficers, viz:

Colonel Abner Pickering, InfantryLient. Colonel G. H. Morgan, 11th CavalryLieut. Colonel D. C. Shanks, 9th InfantryLieut. Colonel C. W. Kennedy, 16th InfantryLieut. Colonel H. D. Styer, 17th InfantryMajor D. L. Tate, 3d Cavalry

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Major C. A. F. Flagler, Corps of EngineersMajor A. P. Bnfflngton, 21st InfantryMajor G. H. Cameron, 14th CavalryMajor W. S. G~uignard, 6th Field ArtilleryMajor Edward Anderson, 12th CavalryMajor E. M. Lewis, 19th InfantryMajor William Weigel, 23d InfantryMajor G. W. Read, 9th CavalryMajor C. B. Hagadorn, 23d InfantryCaptain C. W. Otwell, Corps of EngineersLieut. Colonel B. H. Fuller, U. S. Marine CorpsMajor C. G. Andresen, U. S. Marine Corps

All of the members of the class completed thecourse, except MIajor Tate, who was duly relieved byWar Department orders and left the schools February22, 1913. No diplomas or certificates were giventhese officers. Special report on the work accomp-lished was forwarded to the War Department, March20, 1913, as required by paragraph 70, General OrdersNo. 128, War Department, series of 1911.

THE ARMY FIELD SERVICE SCHOOL FOR MEDICALOFFICERS

The course of instruction in this school in formeryears covered a period of six (6) weeks. This year' scourse covered a period of eight (8) weeks, the WarDepartment having approved the extension of timein endorsement dated Adjutant General's Office,November 19, 1_912. The course commenced April 1,1913, and terminated Mlay 22, 1913.

The following named officers of the army andorganized militia composed the class, viz:

Major Henry Page, Medical CorpsMajor E. R. Schreiner, Medical CorpsMajor~W. W. Reno, Medical CorpsMajor H. D. Bloombergh, Medical CorpsMajor J. R. Shook, Medical CorpsMajor H; T. Lay, National Guard, AlabamaMajor S. A. Milliken, National G~uard, New Mexico

Captain F. A. Pittenger, National Guard, IdahoC~aptain J. E. Merrill, National Guard, MinnesotaCaptain J. F. Sharp, Na'tional Guard, UtahCaptain J. W. Frew, Nat~ional G~uard, Wisconsin

All o'f the above named officers completed thecourse and were given certificates.

CORRESPONDENCE COURSE FOR MEDICAL OFFICERS

The. following named medical officers of theregular army took the correspondence course formedical officers, viz:

Major W. H. Wilson, Medical CorpsMajor T. J. Kirkpatrick, Medical CorpsMajor Henry Page, Medical CorpsMajor B. K. ~Ashford, Medical CorpsMiajor W. P. Chamberlain, Medical CorpsMajor A. E. Truby, Medical CorpsMajor J. H. Ford, Medical CorpsMajor L. T`. Hess, Medical CorpsMajor C. C. Collins, Medical Cor-psMajor B. J. Edger, jr., Medical CorpsMajor S. M. Waterhouse, M~edical CorpsMajor E. H. Hartnett, Medical CorpsMajor C. E. Marrow, Medical CorpsMajor M. A. W. Shockley, Medical CorpsM~ajor S. H. Wadhams, Medical CorpsMajor C. P. Robbins, Medical CorpsMajor E. F. G~eddings, Medical CorpsMajor A. W. Morse, Medical CorpsMajor F. C. Baker, Medical CorpsMajor C1. R. Reynolds, Medical Corps.Major F. A. Dale, Medical CorpsMajor J. R. Shook, Medical CorpsMajor F. T. Woodbury, Medical CorpsMajor H. H. Rutherford, Medical CorpsMajor W. W. Reno, Medical CorpsMajor H. D. Bloombergh, Medical Corps

REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Marking System -With the concurrence of themajority of the academic board, upon assuming the

duties of acting commandant, I made rather a radicalchange in the system of giving out the marks in theLine Class. Various methods have been tried inpast years, and none have proved to have been en-tirely satisfactory. The competition for marks hasalways been great in that class, and the publicationof the marks from time to time has not been foundto be beneficial in all ways. There is little or nodanger of competition not being sufficiently sharp toanswer all purposes. The system in force at thetime of my arrival was to furnish every officer hisown marks confidentially, "and he was requested,not ordered, to so consider them."' The desired ·re-sult was not accomplished, the marks of all soonleaked out and the standing of each officer wasknown almost continuously. By the system in forceduring the present year no marks were published,and no student or instructor knew the standing ofany member of the- class until the close of the year.The marks are confidential, and .as the papers aremarked by number and not by name, instructors donot know the name of the writer of the paper theyare marking. The comments on the document whenreturned to him show the writer the general char-acter of his work. This method of handling themarks,: being regarded as an improvement, will,with slight modifications, be continued next year.The perfect harmony that existed throughout theschools during the year I attribute largely to thissystem of not publishing the marks. Every in-.structor, and with one or two exceptions it is be-lieved that every student officer, gave the best thatwas in him.

Absenzce of Troops from Garrison-Due to theabsence of all troops from the post except a squadronof cavalry, which, on account of increased post work,could not be utilized, all of the scheduled spring and

summer maneuvers with troops had to be omitted,and as the time could not well be used otherwise,with the approval of the War Department theschedules were changfed and the schools were closedJuane 16, instead of June 30.

Field Company A, Signal Corps, arrived fromFort Omaha by marching about M~ay 20, and re-mained until July 7, so that the practical work ofthe Signal School with a field company was, notmaterially hampered or shortened. If Field Com-pany D, Signal Corps, is not to return here bySeptember 1, special request will be made foranother company to take its place, as such an or-ganizatiori is needed here, especially in the fall andspring.

No material changes in the courses or methodsof instruction are recommended for next year.

Detail of First Lieutenants to Classes of 1913-14--Anticipating that in consequence of the detachedservice law it might be difficult to obtain the usualnumber of captains for the Line Class, the AcademicBoard recommended in due time that rather thanreduce the Line Class below forty members, first:lieutenants of more than ten years' commissionedservice be regarded as eligible for the next LineClass, provided they possessed the other requiredqualifications. This recommendation was approvedand fifteen first lieutenants have been designated.This should be regarded as an exceptional move, asit is believed that the time is not yet ripe to allowofficers below the grade of captain to take the course.There is to be one major in the next Line Class andit is not thought to ~be good polic~y to bring ~fi~eldofficers into direct competition with lieutenants.For the present the Line Class, in my opinion, shouldbe composed of captains only. For a similar reasonit was -recommended that second lieutenants with

over five years' commissioned service be allowed inthe Signal School for next year. This should nottake place, provided there are enough first lieuten-ants eligible and available.

Change in School Year-The War Departmentapproved the reccmmendation of the Academic Boardthat in future the school year begin September 5,instead of September 1, as heretofore. This is be-lieved to be a good change on account of the ex-cessive heat in this region during the latter part ofAugust and the early days of September. A stilllater date of opening was considered, but in viewof the practical out door work scheduled for the fallmonths, it was believed that the time could not bespared, as it could not be made up by closing theschools later than June 30-as the weather is equallydepressing at that period of the summer.

Special Class of Field Off~icers--With an untriedand much reduced force of instructors in the Depart-ment of Military Art, it was with considerable diffi-culty that the special course of instruction in tacticsfor field officers was carried to a successful conclusion.This course was designed for the benefit of the older-field officers who have never had an oppor'tunity topursue the work of The Army School of the Line.No officer with less than twenty years' commissionedservice should be allowed to take this course. Theidea that it is a short and easy way to reach the WarCollege should be strongly discouraged. Such classesbring our senior officers into closer touch with theservice schools, and give them a more extended andbetter knowledge of the work and object of theschools. The advice and comments of practicalofficers of long experience should help the institution.

Formulating questions and marking examinationpapers--The School Staff was called on during theyear to prepare several sets of examination ques-

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tions for enlisted and civilian candidates for appoint-ment to the grade of second lieutenant in the mobilearmy. The examination' papers themselves werethen sent here to be marked. At one time duringthe winter over a hundred sets of papers came in formarking, when on account of the shortage andchanging of instructors, and the arrival of a specialclass of field officers, for instruction, the teachingforce was taxed to the limit. The handling of theseexaminations is hard and exacting work, and mus~tbe done by men already fully occupied with regula~rschool duties. It is believed tha~t these examinationscan be greatly simplified. A special report on thesubject, together with a tentative order was for-warded to your office May 26th, and the early adop-tion of the~ same is urged. It is believed that themodified orders will make for simplicity, efficiencyand economy. The examination for enlisted men andcivilians covers practically the same ground, and if theexaminat~ions of both classes of candidates be held atthe same time, there is no reason why the same ex-amination questions should not answer for bothclasses. This would avoid the preparation of a num-ber of different sets of questions each year. For ex-ample the examination this summer for civilians com-menced July 14, and the enlisted candidates August1 (two weeks' later), thus necessitating the prepa-tion of two sets of questions. The task of' markingthe corresponding papers would also be easier.

Library- Next to additional officers quarters thethe most urgent need of the institution is a new li-brary building. The construction of such a separatebuilding has been commented upon in the annualreports of the commandants for the past five years.It was recommended by the inspector general in hislast report and a special report on the same was for-warded to your office June 3, 1913.

Equitation and Hippology--The new heating

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plant has been installed in the riding hall, so thatno difficulty resulted from the cold. The course inequitation has proved itself to be sufficiently valuableto make it compulsory for all first year students. 1stLieutenant Eben Swift, 11th Cavalry, was the in-structor until his relief December 15, by operation ofthe detached service law. Captain W. G. Sills, 1stCavalry, of the Staff Class, assisted by CaptainC. W. Cole, 15th Cavalry, of the Line Class tookLieutenant Swift's place, until the arrival of Lieuten-ant H. E. M~ann, 12th Cavalry, in March, when thelast named officer took over the duty of both of theseofficers. The course of instruction is based upon thatof the Mounted Service School, modified necessarilyto suit the conditions here. Besides giving the offi-cers the daily physical exercise required by War De-partment orders, the aim is to instruct them in thetraining of an officer's mount and to try in the lim-ited time devoted to this work, to give each officer agood seat, good hands, and to teach him to jumpwith ease the ordinary obstacles met with in the offi-cers Russian ride course. The regular course inequitation is supplemented by a thorough and veryinteresting course of lectures on hippology by theSchnool Veterinarian, Dr. G. E. Griffin, 3d Field Ar-tillery, which include talks on the methods of de-termining the ages of horses, diseases, conformation,stable management, care of animals, methods of re-mount depots, etc.

Co~nclusion--The most cordial relations have ex-isted between the post and the schools. Harmony,co-operation and an absence of friction has been ev-ident throughout the institution. It is a pleasure totestify to the cheerful and efficient manner in whichall instructors and student officers have performedtheir various duties. I am glad also of the opportu-nity to commend the services of the personnel of the

civil service in the various departments, and of thetwo enlisted detachments. They have done muchhard work, in a zealous and competent manner, andtheir continued services are essential to the efficiencyof the schools.

W. P. BURNHAM,Lieutenant-Colonel, In~fantry,

Actinzg Commandant.

THE ARMY SERVICE SCHOOLSFORT LEAVENWORTH, K(ANSAS

July 30, 1913.

From: The Secretary and Disbursing Officer,Army Service Schools.

T~o: The Secretary, Army Service Schools.Subject: Annual Report.

1.I submit the following report pertaining tothe office of the Secretary and Disbursing Officer forthe fiscal year ending June 30, 1913:

D~uring the period July 1, 1912, to June 30, 1913,the sum of $15,000.00 was allotted for the support ofthe Army Service Schools and expended as follows:

Furniture and stationery, office and library,apparatus and supplies, Department ofEngineering, Drafting Room and Map Mtak-ing De partm ent-$ S ,277.88

The Library, (Books and periodicals) _____2,125.88Book-Bindery-________________1,191.06Printing Office--_______________ 1,776,17Army Signal School-______ ______1,267.26Rental of Telephones-_____________265.60Transportation of person~s- ~_______ 96.15

$~15,000.00

2. The civil service detachment personnel ofemployees under my direction have all rendered mostarduous and satisfactory service throughout the year.Each man seemingly made the interests of theschools his own special interest,, with splendid resultsfor promptness apd efficiency in the dispatch of busi-ness. Such service is deserving of at least the slightreward of words of commendation where more com-mensurate reward can not now be made.

3. Over eigfhteen hundred (1800) officers of the

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regular army and five hundred officers of the organ-ized militia are now carried on the mailing list.These officers, besides others not on the mailing list,have secured many military books and maps, by bothAmerican and foreign authors, through the secre-tary's office.

4. The chief clerk's office, the book department;,book bindery, printing office, lithographic and map-making offices, college detachment, and college mespshave met every demand made upon them in the busi-ness spirit of prompt and efficient service.

D. W. STRONG,1st Lieutenant, 7th Infantry.

THE ARMY SERVICE SCHOOLSFORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS

July 1, 1-91,3.

From: The Librarian, Army Service Schools.To: The Acting Commandant, Army Service

Schools.Subject: Annual Report.

i. The number of books in the library on June30th, 1913 was 26,199, which are accounted for asfollows:On hand June 30, 1912-_____ ____- __24,974Accessions:

Public documents and school publications, 175G~tenerai staff translations --__ ______ 33From bindery (service periodicals)-____, 266By purchase --____ _____i______ 855By donation --__ ___;________ 88 1,417

Total-______________,26,391Dropped (obsolete manuals)-__, ______ 26Transferred to chief of eng~ineers -______ 166 192

On hand June 30, 1913 _______26,199Donations :

Lient. F. G. Best, Wisconsin National Guard -____10 vols.Mr. T. C. Clarey, Ph~iladelphia-________._:_2 Kansas State Board of Agriculture-______·_i4 "

Kansas State Historical Society-_____ __- 1 "

Lient. M. E. Malloy, U. S. Army-__________1 Colonel H. O.Perley,U.8. Army-_________15 "'

General R. D. Pti,QU S. Army-1________ 1"Major Farrand Sayre, U. S. Army-_________24 'Hon. William SulzTer, Governor, State of New York 24 "L

U. S. Cavalry Association-____-_------- 5 "L

General A. A. Woodhull, U. S. Army -_______1"

Total-________------- -- 88 L'Total number of books loaned out during year -___ 1,739

25

--26---

The unusually small number of books, over one-half less than for the preceding year, loaned out isaccounted for partly because of the fact that thegarrison of Fort Leavenworth has been away for alarge part of the year, and partly on account of thesmall size of the classes. However, the number ofbooks loaned out during the year is no criterion bywhich to judge of the use made of the library by theinstructors and student officers for whom it is pri-marily intended. Instructors taking a book outusually retain it during the entire year and studentofficers in pursuing their research work seldom take:books from the library but use them in the study:rooms where they remain on the tables as long as re-'quired.

There has been no change in the library assist-ants during the year and both of these have per-formed their work with their usual ability and faith-fulness. The work of Master Signal Electrician HarryBell has been unusually invaluable and it is to be re-gretted that, although he holds the highest non-com-missioned rank in the army, his services can not bemore suitably rewarded.

It would seem to be hardly necessary to again,.for the seventh time in an annual report, invite at-tention to the ever-growing necessity for a newlibrary building. However, we now have other rea-sons, in addition to those heretofore set forth, whythe construction of this much-needed building shouldbe no longer delayed. First, the addition of gasolinedynamos to the signal laboratory equipment, whichlaboratory is located immediately under the library,adds to the danger from fire and also the noise madeby them when running does away with the quietnessthat usually pervades and should be the characteris-tic of a library. Second, a radio station has been es-tablished next to the study rooms and this, when in

- 27-

operation, makes it impossible to use these roomswith any degree of comfort. The other reasons whichhave been so often repeated in the annual reports arethe lack of room for the increasing number of booksand the lack of protection from fire in a building·which is the reverse of being fire-proof.

EZR·A B. FULLER,Lieutenant Colonel, U. S. Army, retired.

THE ARtMY FIELD EN'GINEER SCHOOLFORT LEA;VENWORT'H, K(ANSAS

J~une 30, 1913.

From: Director, Army Field Engineer School.To: Secretary, Army Service Schools.Subject : Annual Report.

1. The purpose of the Army Field EngineerSchool, as set forth in paragraph 47, General Orders.No. 128, War Department, 1911, is two-fold:

(a) The instruction of officers of the Corps of Engineers,and of engineer officers of the Organized Militia, in their mili-tary duties.

(b) To furnishi such instruction in Military Engineering asthe schedules of the other schools comprising The ArmyService Schools may call for.

2. The course of study for engineer officers hasbeen successfully completed, during the term justclosed, by two students from the Corps of Engineers.No change has been made in the curriculum given inthe last~ annual report, with the exception thatgreater prominence has been assigned the subject ofbattle-field fortifications, a correct conception con-cerning which is believed to be most essential tothorough efficiency on the part of military engineers.Owing to the excellent tactical instruction impartedto engineer officers during the course in Military Artin The School of the Line, the p~eriod of attendanceat this school is eminently suited to the inculcationof sound ideas concerning battlefield fortifications inthe minds of the students.

3. Since the orgfanization of this school threeclasses have passed through, with a total combinedattendance of five officers of the Corps of Engineers.

-29 -

The new class just detailed for 1913-14 consists oftwo officers. It is to be regretted that greater ad-vantage is not taken of the facilities here affordedfor the extension of the military education of engi-neer officers. The plant is fully able to handle aclass of ten officers, --the maximum authorized byexisting War Department orders, - and any reductionin this number necessarily leads to a sacrifice ofeconomic efficiency.

4. The course of instruction in military engi-neering for The Army School of the Line comprised1'14 half days, devoted to military sketching and sur-veying, and to field fortifications. The object soughtin the handling of the first named subject is develop-ment on the part of every officer of a thorough com-prehension of the relation between maps and theground forms that they represent, in order that hemay make intelligent and ready use of the former.

Incidental to this instruction, ability to makemilitary sketches is acquired by all students in prc-portion to their natural adaptability for such work,great skill being acquired by a considerable percent-age of each class. The course in field fortificationshas been further developed along the lines inaugu-ratedl two years ago, the wisdom of the change in themethod of handling this subject having receivedfurther demonstration in the enthusiasm with whichofficers pursue the course owing to a realization ontheir part of the personal benefit derived therefrom.No radical change is contemplated in the near future,but only such minor variations from present and pastpractices as will keep the instruction imparted abreastof military progress.

5. The course in military engfineering for theStaff College comprised 61 half days, devoted tomilitary sketching, reconnaissance, and field fortifi-cations, the subjects being handled along more ad-

-30 -

vanced lines than in the Line Class course. The-Staff Class was used, as is customary during theearly portion of the term, to assist in the topograph-ical instruction of the Line Class. All work assignedthe Staff Class is of a practical nature, consisting ofproblems the solutions of which, -made usually inthe field -are designed to prepare officers for thesatisfactory discharge of general staff duties in thefield during actual operations. In addition ten lec-tures, devoted to field fortifications and kindred sub-jects, were delivered before the class.

6. A course of instruction in map reading, studyof ground forms, and military sketching, coveringtwenty half days, was given the class of The ArmySignal School. All work was practical and resultedin developing on the part of students possessingadaptability for such work sufficient skill in militaryske~tching to warrant their being considered qualifiedfor the performance of this duty.

7. In the Special Class for Field Officers, con-ducted during the year at The Army Service Schools,four half days are devoted to map reading, the in-struction being given by instructors from the FieldEngineer School.

8. A course in map reading and the elementsof military sketching, covering twelve half days, isgiven the officers attending The Army Field ServiceSchool for M~edical Officers.

9. In addition to instructional duty, the directorof The Army Field Engineer School is charged withgeneral supervision over the drafting, photographic,lithographic, and instrument plants and personnelconnected with The Army Service Schools. Fromrather small beginnings, the facilities here havebeen gradually developed until now practically anyreproduction of line work can be successfully ac-complished. During the past year mercury arc

--31-

lights and an enlarging camera have been ladded -tothe photographic equipment, materially benefittingthe quality and quantity of work that can be turnedout. No other addition has been made to planyt, butall equipment has been maintained in first class llcon-dition. While originally installed to meet merelythe needs of the Service Schools, much work is nowdone for the army at large and for the militia. Asconveying some idea of the operation of the~ plant,the following summary is submitted:

DRAFTING ROOM

Drawing and .tracings, various --__ _________ 138Blue and brown prints, various-_____________ 7 140

The remaining 49 sheets of the Leavenworth W~ar GameMap were completed, involving the collection of field dataandi its transfer to enlargements of the geological surveymap, tracing the resulting sheets, and making prinits forlithographic reproductions.

Considerable additions to the Gettysburg War Game Mapwere completed, all data.on hand being worked up.

An enlargement to war game size was made of the 2" mapof the Chickamauga Maneuver Grounds at the reqjuest of theCommanding Officer, Fort; Oglethorpe, Ga., the resulting mapbeing in 9 sheets, each 27"x35".

PHOTOGRAPRIC ROOM

Wet plates, various-_ _ _~___ ________450Dry plates, various ________- _~_ ____ _____390Lantern slides-500

Prints, up to 8"xlO" __________2,100Bromide enlargenient of maps______~______ 90

LITHOGRAPHIC ROOM

War game sheets, black impressions-__ _ _~__ _22,510War Game sheets, blue impressions-~__ _ _29,800Cuts for Army Signal School, black impressions -- -_ 1 1818General work for service schools, blaLck impressions 12 894General work for service schools, blue impressions -_ 4,849Brass War G~ame scales etched _____240

INSTRUMENT ROOM

Wooden Alidade scales-_ 10

-32-

Brass War G~ame scales-____-_____----- 250Sketching boards for Service Schools-____~_____ 50Sketching boards for book department ____- ___ 20

In addition the entire instrumental equipment used in thetopographical work of the schools has been kept in repair.

10. Lieut. Colonel Joseph E. Kuhn, Corps ofEngineers, was relieved from duty as director ofThe Airmy Field Engineer School on August 5, 1912,and the undersigned succeeded to the position.During the year 1st Lieutenant R. E. Beebe, In-fantry, was relieved from duty as instructor andCaptain M. C. Tyler, Corps of Engineers wasdetailed. It is a pleasure -t~o the director to put onrecord his appreciation of the faithful and loyal sup-port of the officers and enlisted men connected withthe Army Field Engineer School during the pastyear, any success attained being hargely due to theirefforts.

M. L. WALKER,Miajor, Co~rps of Engineers.

ARMY SCHOOL OF THE LINE AND ARMYSTAFF COLLEGE

DEPARTMIENT OF MIILITARY ART

Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, July 10, 1913.The Secretary,

~Army Service Schools.Sir:

The line officers who wrere instructors in this de-partment at the close of the active work of theschool year 1911_-12, and who were assigned work forthe year 1912-13, were:

Captain Oliver· Edtwards, InfantryCaptain R. H. Meil/aster, Field ArtilleryCaptain C. E. Stodter, CavalryCaptain Berkeley Enochs, InfantryCaptain Stuart Heintzleman, CavalryCaptain A. L. Congfer, InfantryCaptain C. A. Trott, InfantryCaptain- Laurence ilaistead, InfantryCaptain T. B. Taylor, Cavalry

None of these officers were on duty here at theend of the school year, an entire change of instruc-tors being made during the year.

Captain Heintzleman had applied to be relievedand his 'application was approved by authorities hereon the condition that he be replaced by another offi-cer; he was relieved just before the opening of theschools without being replaced. Captain Oliver Ed-wards was relieved without warning to me just be-fore the opening of the schools. Captains Edwardsand Heintzleman had been assigned a large part ofthe work for September and October for the reasonthat four of the other instructors were entirely newto their work and it was desired to give the new in-

--34 -

structors two months for study and preparation atthe beginning of their detail. The task of getting thework which had been assigned to Captains Edwardsand Heintzleman efficiently done was one of unusualdifficulty.

Although four of th6 other instructors were newto their work and required time for study and prepa-ration; it was necessary to call on them for some ofthe work that had been assigned to Captains Ed-wards and Heintzleman; they were also detailed on aboard for the examination of candidates for commis-sions. I made a protest in writing against instruc-tors' in this department bein~g detailed for any workexcept such as I assigned them; but my protest wasnot favorably acted on. The work of examiningthese candidates for commissions was very onerous;it covered matter entirely foreign to the subjectstaughlt: in this department, and seriously hamperedthese instructors in preparing for the work which Ihad assigned them in this department.

* f *f * *t * * *

Claptains Fiske, Stodter, Conger, Trott, Halsteadand Taylor were relieved in December in consequenceof the passage of the Act of Congress limiting de-tached service. An application had been made tohave these officers transferred to troopxs and com-panies stationed at this post, and the hope was enter-tained until the early part of December that this ap-plication would be favorably considered, since offi-cers stationed at the post were employed as instruc-tors here during the first fifteen years of the schools'existence.

* e *I *f *f *f * * *

Captain Rhees Jackson, Infantry, was detailedas an instructor here for the purpose of teachingSpanish in the Signal School from September to De-cember and acting as an instructor in the Depart-

-35-

ment of Military Art from January to June. Accord-ingfly I commenced to assign work to Captain Jacksonin January, but I found that Captain Jackson hadbeen directed by the assistant commandant to teachSpanish in the Staff College, a course which contin-ues throughout the year. Captain Jackson did somevaluable work as an instructor in the Department ofMilitary Art, both in the Staff College and the Schoolof the Line, but it was impossible for him to do thework assigned to him in the Department of Langua-ges, mark papers of candidates for commissions anddo any regular work in the Department of MilitaryArt, so I soon ceased assigning work to him.

* ~ ~ t *t *t *f *e * * *

The following instructors joined this departmentduring the year: Major C. D. Moore, Infantry, Sep-tember 14, 1'912; Major H. G. Bishop, Field Artillery,October 11, 1912; Major H. A. Smith, Infantry, Nov-ember 11, 1912; Captain W. K. Naylor, Infantry,December 26, 1912; Major N. F. McClure, Cavalry,February 1, 1913; Captain E. E. Haskell, Infantry,.March 27, 1913.

It is not to be supposed that these officers wereprepared to take up the work of instructors immedi-ately on their arrival here; and the number of instruc-tors present was at no time up to what has been consid-ered the proper quota for this department heretofore.

Captain Naylor was ordered to Cincinnati, Ohio,for duty in the relief of flood sufferers in March and:was absent about a month. I protested against hisbeing sent away, but without effect.

I was continually occupied duringf the year intrying to obtain new instructors to replace those or-dered away, but did not succeed at any time in bring-ing the number up to the minimum which I considernecessary for this department; and I was continuallyengaged in starting new instaructors.

-36 ---

So far as I was able I endeavored to preventhurtful changes and to protect instructors of thisdepartment form the imposition of work outside thedepartment which interfered with their work in it.

The courses of instruction in the School of theLine and Staff College were essentially the same asthose of the preceding year, previously reported onby my predecessor, Lieutenant Colonel J. F. Mlorrison;and these courses were completely and efficientlycarried out in spite of the disadvantages- enumeratedabove.

Among the factors which made success possiblewas the fact that the six instructors who were re-lieved in December (Captains Fiskee, Stodter, Conger,Trott, Halstead and Taylor) all continued to assistme voluntarily after they had been relieved byorders from the War Department. It gives mepleasure to subscribe to the devoted .loyalty of theseofficers, in the hope that it may be appreciated bythose of their comrades throughout the service whoare interested in the continued success of theseschools. As an instance in point, Captain Fiske, atmy request, after joining his regiment and while onduty with his company, made out and sent me sixproblems which I used as part of the practical courseof instruction in the School of the Line; these prob-lems were thought to be of such merit that theywere afterwards printed in pamphlet form and willbe used next year as a part of the theoretical course.

I was also fbrtunate in securing the detail ontemporary duty for three months of Major S. H.Elliott, 12th Cavalry. This talented office~r is wellknown by all who are interested in these schoolsthrough the efficient work which he performed hereduring the preceding four years; and I need only saythat his courses of instruction were more completeand more interesting this year than before.

-37-

Captain C. D. Roberts, Infantry, a student officerof the Staff College, was detailed to conduct a seriesof nine conferences on historical research and oneterrain exercise in the School of the Line in Apriland ~May, and this work was very efficiently p~er-formed.

During the past year four instructors of thisdepartment have applied to be relieved and threeothers have exchangfed thne detail here for otherdetails. I have corresponded throughout the yearwith officers thought suitable for detail as instructorshere and a number of them have requested me notto apply for them, as they did not desire the detail.A few years ago a detail as instructor in the Depart-ment of Military Art in these schools was regardedby many as the most desirable detail in the army.This is no longer the case, and, while it is true thatthe officers who are willing to accep~t this detail areoften the ones best qualified to perform efficientservice in it, the fact that many officers do not desirethe detail hampers the selection of officers for thisduty. A few years ago a number of books wereproduced by instructors here, and these books arebelieved to have been of service to the army. It isobserved that these schools are now~barren in theproduction of books.

The work of the instructors of this departmentis continuous from the first of September till the lastof June in both the Army Staff College and theArmy School of the Line; in July and August theseinstructors are usually sent to maneuver camps ordetailed as instructors of militia. Their work in theSchool of the Line and the Staff College is of such anature as to require their best efforts throughout theyear. It is not to be supposed that an officer, nomatter how talented he may be, can instruct otherofficers of his own age in their profession in such a

-35-

manner as to gain their confidence and hold theirattention without serious preparation. He cannotdo justice to himself or to his class unless he isgiven adequate time for preparation.

* * f * f * f * * *

FARRAND SAYRE,Major, Cavalry, Senior Instructor.

(Asterisks indicate matter omitted fromt this report by direction of theWar Department.)

THE ARMY STAFFi COLLEGEDEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES

Fiort Leave/nworth, Kansas, August 25, 1913.

The Secretary:

I have the honor to submit the following reportof the work of this department for 1912-13:

1. The time allotted to this department was 151half-days, but owing to the fact that the school closedearly, only 143 lessons were held. Instruction wasimparted by conference, recitation, practice in pro-nounciation, verb drill, and dictation. The confer-ences were at first of an hour and twenty-five minuteseach, but owing to the operation of the detached ser-vice law, and consequent reduction of the number ofinstructors it became necessary to consolidate thesections and even for a time to cut down the lengthof the conferences to an hour each. This materiallyreduced the amount of instruction that could be givenand interfered with the benefit to be derived fromt~he course. Ten members o-f the class ·were relievedfromn duty at th~e Staff College, and the number ofinstructors was cut down from five to two. As oneofE these instructors was required to work in the MIil-tary Art Department, in addition to his work in lan-guages, it proved extremely difficult to keep thework up to the proper standard.

The work started at the beginning of the aca-demic year with Captain William Kelly, Jr., 9th Cav-alry as senior instructor, and Captains C. F. Martin,3d Cavalry, and Rhees Jackson, 12th Infantry, and1_st Lieutenant Henry Hossfeld, 3d Infantry, instruc-tors. Second Lieutenant Thom Catron, 23d In-fantry,reported for duty on September 33, 1912. On Decem-

--40-

her 15, 1912, Captains Kelly and Mliartin and Lieuten-ant Hossfeld were relieved from duty at the schoolsby the operation of the detached service law. OnDecember 13, Major Charles Miller, 7th Infantry,was detailed by the commandant, General Potts, andassigned to this department, but was relieved on the20th of the same month. He was again detailed onJanuary 13, by War Department orders, in additionto his duties at the post of Fort Leavenworth, andon February 22, was again relieved to go with hisregiment to the border. He has again been detailedand has been in charge of the department sinceAugust 20.

2. The Course in Spanish.Instructors :

1st--Captain William Kelly, jr., 9th Cavalry2d-2d Lieutenant, Thorn Catron, 23d Infantry3d--Capt~ain Rhees Jackson, Infantry

Text bo~oks:"'Practical- Course in Spanish," Monsanto and Langue-

Ilier"'The Spanish Verh," Traub"'El Castellano Actual," Roman y Salamero"PYractical Spanish,"' Part I, De Arteaga

The progress of all those who.. completed thecourse, eight in number, was satisfactory, several ofthem showing considerable talent. Captain Kellytaught the section until the arrival of LieutenantCatron; Lieutenant Catron taught it until the de-parture of the instructors, relieved on account ofexcessive detached service, and Captain Jacksontaught it the rest of the year, except while MajorMiller was on duty at the schools during one shortperiod when Lieutenant Catron taught all three lan-guages.

3. The Course in German:ITnst~u ctors :

1st--Lieutenant Henry Hossfeld, 3d Infa~ntry2d--Major Charles Miller, 7th Infantry

3d-Lieuteenant Thorn Catron, 23d InfantryText Bookcs:

"Th~omas's Practical German Grammar."'"'Gluck Auf," by Muller and Wenckeback"'Thomas and Harvey's German Reader."'"'Der Kelene Deutsche," by Kron

Lieut. Hossfeld taught this section up to the timeof his relief from duty; Major Miller taught it whilehe was here, and Lieutenant Catron the rest of thetime.

The progress of those students who completedthe course, two in number, was satisfactory.

4. The Course in French.I~nstru~ctors:=

1st-Captain C. F. Martin, 3d Cavalry2d--Lieutenant Thorn Catron, 23d Infantry

Text BookCs:"'The French Verb," Martin"LElementary French," Aldrich & Foster"The Second Year in French," Syms"'Le Petit Parisien," Cron"The Third Year in French," Syms"Advanceed French Prose Composition," Francois"LFrench Cony. Lessons, I. C. S."' (For reference and in-

dividual practice with phonograph.)

Captain M~artin taught this section until his re-lief from duty here, and Lieutenant Catron the rest ofthe time.

The progress of those students who completedthe course, four in number, was satisfactory, two ofthem showing considerable aptitude.

5. The allotment of time to the Language De-partment for the past year was 151 half days. Ithas been increased to 165 half days for the ensuingyear. The extra time will be advantageous, as it canbe used to impart considerable extra instruction, andto increase conversational ability,

Credit should be given to Lieutenant Catron forthe work that he has done in this department. He

--42-

has taught two, and at times all three languages, atthe same time and deserves commendation for hisconscientious and painstaking work.

CHARLES MIILLER,Major 7th Infantry, Senior Instructor.

THE ARMY SIGNAL SCHOOLDEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES

Fort Leavenworth, Kansas,Aug~ust 25, 1913.

The Secretary:I have the honor to submit the following report

of the work of this department, 1912-13:1.Only Spanish was taught in the language

course of 'this school. Sixty-four half days wereall~otted to the course. Length of conferences, onehour and twenty-five minutes each.

Number of students, nine.The class was divided into two sections in order

to give more individual instruction.The instructor was Captain Rhees Jackson, In-

fantry.Text-books-"'A Practical Course in Spanish,"' Monsanto

and Languellier."LThe Spanish Verb,"~ Traub."El Cast~ellano Actiual," edition of 1911, Roman y Sala-

mero.

2. The progress of the class was, as a whole,satisfactory, considering the shortness of the course.Satisfactory results cannot be obtained from a courseof six~ty-four lessons:

It is recommended:(a) That detail to the Signal School be made

conditional upon a knowledge by applicant of theSpanish verbs, regular and irregular.

(b) That the time allotted to this course beincreased to 100 half days. 'While the importanceand value of reasonable proficiency in a foreignlanguagfe (Spanish in particular) to the signal officer

-44-

is fully appreciated, unless an improvement on thelines recommended can be effected, this departmentis forced to the conclusion that the time at presen~tdevoted to this study could be employed otherwiseto better advantage for the service and the studentofficer.

CHARLES MILLER,M~ajor, 7th Infa~ntry, Senior Instructor.

THE ARMIY SERVICE SCHOOLSFORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS

June 25, 1913.The Secretary:

I have the honor to submit a report on the De-partment of Law for the academic year 1912-13:

Forty-five (45) half days during the year wereassigned ~to the School of the Line for the study oflaw.

The time was divided, broadly, into three periodsduring which the Elements of Law, Criminal Law,and the Law of Evidence were studied.

The course in the Elements of Law, to whicheleven (11) half days were devoted, was somewhatmodified from the course followed in previous years,in order to introduce three (3) lectures on ArmyContracts and one (1) lecture each on Riot Duty andthe Laws of W~ar.

During the nine (9) half days devoted to Crimi-nal Law the same course was followed as in theprevious year, Clark's Criminal Law (2d edition)being the text book used.

Twenty-two (22) half days were devoted to theLaw of Evidence.

Three (3) half days were allotted to practicalexercises.

The text book used in the study of evidence wasM/cKelvey on Evidence (2d edition). In some re-spects this book was not found entirely satisfactoryand it is proposed to substitute for it during thenext academic year Hughes on Evidence.

Twenty-nine (29) half days were allowed for theStaff Class course in law. A departure was made inthe course, which of recent years has been con-

-46-

siderably shortened, and a series of lectures sub-stituted for the study of General Birkhimer's workand of Magoon's Reports.

Twelve (12) lectures on International Law, havingparticular reference to the laws of war and to themodern doctrine of military occupation, were deelivered, followed by four (4) lectures on MilitaryContracts, two (2) .lectures on "The Army in Aid ofEth~e Civil Authorities," and eleven (11) lectures onConstitutional Law. The lectures on Army Contractswere given to the Staff Class, as the latter had notstudied such contracts during its Line Class year.

The time for the Staff Class in law for theacademic year 1913-14 has been further reduced andwill consist of fifteen (15) half days only. It followst~hat the course must be reduced to twelve (12) lec-tures on international law, and three (3) lectures onthe relation of the arm~y to the civil authorities.

ifDuring the academic year lectures on the lawsof war were delivered by this department to theSpecial Class for Field Officers and to the FieldService School for· Medical Officers.

Every effort has been made to render the coursein law eminently practical and to devote the veryrestricted time allowed to such instruction as willprepare officers for the understanding of such ques-tions in law as may arise in their professional life.It is quite impossible to do more than this in thetime allowed.

*At the beginning of the course this de-partmenthad the benefit of the assistance of Captain Sigerfoos,5th Infantry. He, however, was forced in December,1912, under the operation of recent legislation, toret~urn to duty with his regiment. It is hoped thaton his promotion he may be allowed to return to:duty at the schools.

JNO. BIDDLE PORTER,Lieutenant Colonel, Judge Advocate,

Senior I/nstructor.

THE ARMY SERVICE SCHOOLSFORT LEAVENWORTHI, KANSAS

June 27, 191 3.From: The Director, Field Service School for

Medical Officers.To: The Commandant, Army Service Schools.Subject: Work completed during school year 1912-13.

I was detailed as director of this school and alsoinstructor in the Department of Care of TroopsAugust 15, 1912, and immediately took up the dutiesof the office. In this department I have given in-struction to five different classes which will be re-ported on separately:

ARMY SCHOO'LOF THE LINEThe sanitary work in this school has been co-

birdinated with that of the Department of M/ilitaryArt in the management of military organizations.

Field hygiene and the employment of the medi-cal department in th~e field have received the mostattention.

Lectures were given as follows:1. Organization of the Sanitary Service in War.2. Sanitary Sjervice With the Regiment.3. The Ambulance Company and Dressing Station.4. The Field Hospital.

5-6. Th'eSanitary Service of the Line of Commlunications.7. The March in Campaign.5. Clamp Sites and C'amps.9. Camp Sanitation.

10. Water Supplies in the Field.1.The Ration iu the Field.

12-13. Infectious Diseases of Camps.

There was also one problem in sanitary tacticsand one terrain exercise was given the class.

--48--

The class has paid the greatest attention to thiswork throughout the course and the majority retaina good working knowledge of the subjects coveredduring the year.

THE ARMY STAFF COLLEGE

The work of sanitary instruction with this classcomprised a series of lectures and conferences onthe larger questions of army sanitation and hygieneand consideration of the duties of the principal staffofficers of the medical department of a division inthe field.

The schedule of lectures and conferences was asfollows :

1. Seleetlon of Soldiers.2. Exercise, Training and Work in Relatio'n to the Mili-

tary Service.3. Water and Food Supply in Garrison.4. Military Equipment and. Clothing with Special Con-

sideration of Footwear.5. Barrack Construction and Ventilation.6. The Principles of Plumbing and Disposal of Sewage.7'. The Habits of the Soldier.5. Climatology in Relation to Military Health and Effi-

ciency.9. Sanitary Inspection in the Military Service.

10. The Prevention of Camp Diseases in Newly RaisedCommands.

11I. The Influence of Military Epidemics Upon the G~eo-graphical Expanskon, Political History and MilitaryPolicy of the United States.

12. The Civil Sanitary Function of the ·Army MedicalDepartment in Territory Under Military Control.

13. Army Medical Statistics in Relation to Epidemiologyand Geography of Diseases and Their Bearing onMilitary Purposes.

14. Military Absenteeism in War with Special Referenceto the Part Played by the Medical DepartmentTherein.

1.The Chief Surgeon.1;6. The Sanitary Service of the Line Qf Communications.

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One lecture not mentioned above was omitted onaccount of the unavoidable absence of the lecturer.

In addition to this the class was given three prob-lems covering the duties of the medical departmentin campaign.

From the interest shown and consideration ofthe solutions of problems this class has a very com-plete knowledge of the work and the position of themilitary department in the military hierarchy.

SPECIAL CLASS FOR FIELD OFFICERS

The schedule carried out by the department forthis class, though not very elaborate on account ofthe limitations presented by the time allowed, at leastgave these officers working knowledge of sanitaryservice in campaign.

The schedule followed was as follows:1. Medical Department Organization in War.2. Regimental Aid--The Slightly Wounded Station.3. Dressing Stations.4. Field Hospitals--Medical Supplies.5. Sanitary Service Line of Communications.6. Sanitary Service in War, with Map Problem.

MEDICAL OFFICER'S CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL

This was the third year in an outlined four-year'dcourse covering the subject of sanitary tactics.

Thirty officers were detailed for the course andtwenty-six completed the work outlined. The re-maining four were excused on account of sicknessand the exigencies of service.

Six problems were sent out covering the follow-ing subjects:

1. Sanitary Service in Attack.2. Disposal of Sick in Bivouac in the Presence of the

Enemy.3. Concentration.4. Location of Sanitary Units, Line of Communications

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and Routes of Evacuation for a Field Arimy.5. The Handling of Wounded by the Lines of Communi-

cations of a Division.6. Sanitary Service of a Fortified Position.

The solutions of the problems presented thisyear were as a whole superior to those of last yearshowing a much more thorough knowledge of thesubject and a~n appreciation of its importance.

This course is in my opinion performing a veryvalualble service for the medical department of thear my.~

THE ARMY FIELD SERVICE SCHOOL FOR MEDICALOFFICERS

This class this year consisted of seven regularofficers, two of whom did not report and six militiamedical officers, (one from each of the followingstates., Wisconsin, Minnesota, Alabama, Idaho, Utahand New 1Mexico).

All of these officers took a serious inter~est in thecourse and their work was extremly satisfactory.

The course this year was increased from six toeight weeks and this extra time permitted an exten-sion of the course to include several important sub-jects particularly in relation to the sanitary servicewith a field army and also a staff ride of four days.

The staff ride was the first ever arranged in thiscountry for medical officers alone, and was mostsuccessful in every way and the instruction obtainedwas very important.

The course outlined consisted of the followingexercises:

13 conferences on the sanitary service in campaign.14 conferences on Military Art.3 conferences on the laws of war.

12 half days on sketching and map reading.4 Map maneuvers.5 Field problems.

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5 Map problems.7 Terrain exercises.1. Stiaff Ride.

In connection with the course this year I wishto express my thanks to the instructors in the differ-ent departments of this school for their cheerful co-~iperation with me in the effort to make the work asucce ss.

In conclusion I would state that the close of theyear finds this school on a firm foundation and rapidlybecoming recognized as an important integral partin the military education of the Army.

W. N. BISPHAM,M~ajor, M~edical Corps.

THE ARMIY SIGNAL SCHOOL1912-13

To the Secretary:I submit the following report for the school year

of 1912-13:The following officers were regularly assigned to

duty with the Signal School by proper authority:Major L. D. Wildman, Director (Special Orders No. 139,

WV. D., dated June 13, 1912), reported for duty from sick re-port January 23, 1913. On duty for the remainder of the year.

Captain A. S. C3owan, Acting Director from September5, 1912, to February 26, 1913. (Reported for duty in accord-ance with paragraph 14, Special Orders No. 209, W. D., datedSeptember 5, 1912, and relieved from duty at; the Army SignalSchool, February 26, 1913, per paragraph 2, Special Orders No10, Army Service Schools, February 26, 1913.)

Captain Parker Hitt, Signal Corps, Instructor (paragraph15, Special Orders No. 139, dated June 13, 1912.)

1st Lieut. Joseph 0. Mauborgne, 3d Infantry, Instructorfrom previous year, relieved December 15, 1912, per paragraph20, Special Orders No. 275 W. D., dated November 22, 1912.

2d Lieut. Edmund R. Andrews, 17th Infantry, Instructor(reported for duty January 17, 1913, per paragraph 16, SpecialOrders No. 5, W. D., dated January 10, 1913.)

Special instruction in meter testing and postelectric light equipment was conducted by Mr. JuniorParrish, post electrician, as special instructor for thispurpose.

The enlisted personnel remains the same, withthe following exception:

Sergeant John C'. DePue, Signal Corps, discharged May17, 1913.

1st Class Sergeant Jacob R. Shettel, Signal Corps, reportedvice Sergeant DePue.

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES

All student officers in the Signal School were in-

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structed in Spanish for sixty-four half days. Asmany of these officers had no preliminary instruc-tion in Spanish, it was found impossible for tl'e in-structor to give the class sufficient proficiency ineither speaking or reading Spanish, to justify thecontinuance of the course as it stands. It was rec-om~mended to the Academic Board that the time al-lotted to the Department of M~odern Languages beincreased or abandoned altogether.

The director requested the Academic Board torecommend that Spanish be abandoned altogether,for the reason that the Signal School is piimarily atechnical school for the education of officers in orderto make them available for a detail of four years inthe Signal Corps with sufficient preliminary knowl-edge of elec~tricity and th~e work of the Signal Corpsto enable them to perform successfully the duties ofa signal officer. Sixty-four half days devoted toSpanish can scarcely give the student officer an ade-quate knowledge of the language, but that time, ifdevoted to radio telegraphy or some special branchof the Signal Corps, would be of immense value.

The Academic Board unanimously recommendedthat Spanish be abandoned and forwarded its conclu-sions to Washington. ?'1he director again urges thatsteps be taken to transfer the sixty-four half daysnow devoted to Spanish to the time allotted to theSignal Corps work.

DEPARTIMENT OF ENGIN\EERING

Instruction in topography was given to the stu-dent officers of the Signal School for twenty half-days.This time was devoted to the elements of militarysketching in accordance with the methods taug~ht inthe Army School of the Line. It is believed thatmilitary sketching might better be taught at someother place than the Army Signal School, as the time

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devoted to this is taken away from the time thatshould be devoted to purely technical instruction inthe Signal School. While every officer of the armyshould understand military sketching, as well asSpanish, it does not seem that the Army SignalSchool is the proper place to acquire either of them.It is, therefore, recommended that the time now de-voted to topography be transferred to the SignalSchool.

Student OfficersThe following student officers were graduated on

June 16, 1913:.~First Lieutenant Frederick F. Black, Signal CorpsFirst Lieutenant Vernon W. Boiler, 2d InfantryFirst Lieutenant Webster A. Capron, 6th Field ArtilleryFirst Lieutenant Clarence A. Dougherty, Si~gnal CorpsFirst Lieutenant Marvin E. Malloy, 29th InfantryFirst; Lieutenant Forrest E. Overholser, 5th InfantryFirst Lieutenant James H. Van Horn, Signal CorpsFirst Lieutenant George F. Waugh, 27th InfantryFirst Lieutenant Jaime Nadal, Porto Rico Regiment, de-

tailed to enter the Signal School in accordance with paragraph30, Special Orders No. 183, W. D., dated August 5, 1912, wasrelieved from duty as a student officer December 15, 1912, inaccordance with paragraph 20, Special Orders No. 275, W. D.,dated November 22, 1912.

Captain Edwin A. Hickman, Signal Corps, was detailedfor a special course in Signal Engineering at the Signal Schoolpursuant to paragraph 20, Special Order No. 50, W. D., datedApril 7, 1913. He remained until June 23, 1913, being verballyassigned during the last two weeks of that period to opnA, Signal. Corps.oCmpn

Field Company D, attached to the Signal Schoolfor instruction purposes was relieved from duty onFebruary 22, 1913. The following officers were onduty with it:

Captain A. S. Cowan, Signal CorpsCaptain George E. Kumpe, Signal CorpsFirst Lieutenant Irving M. Madison, Signal Corps

As the schedule for the year contemplated in-

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struction with the field company in field work andproblems, the director requested that Field CompanyA, from For-t Omaha, proceed to Fort Leavenworthfor duty. It arrived in accordance with paragraph2, Special Orders No. 35, Central Department, datedApril 28, 1912. The following officers were on dutywith Field Company A:

Captain Holland Rubottom, Signal CorpsFirst Lieutenant Wilber A. Blain, Signal Corps

andCaptain William M. Fasset, Signal CorpsCaptain Edwin A. Hickman, Signal Corps

were attached for duty and instruction.DEPARTMENT OF SIGNAL ENGINEERIN~G

This course included instruction in:(a) Electricity(b) Units and Electrical Measurements(c) Signal Engineering(d) Batteries, primary and secondary(e) Submarine Cables(f) Telegraphy(g) Radio Telegraphy(h) Telephony(i) Visual Signaling(j) Military Lines of Information(k) Gas and Oil Engines(1) Photography(in1) Map Reproduction Under Field Conditions--Map

Reading and Sketching.(n) Practical Operation and Repair of Signal Corps In-

strume nts(o) Line Construction(p) Codes and Ciph~erseq) Signal Corps Manuals(r) Logistics as Applied to Signal TroopsTheoretical-The method of instruction in the

technical work of the school is a combination of theconference and quiz methods, supplemented by fre-quent written problems and lectures. The directornow believes that much time may be saved in the

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coming year by adding to the conference and quiz oneach day's work a problem involving the use of in-struments and apparatus, and the course has been sochanged that this method will be followed if foundsatisfactory by trial. This will enable the class as awhole to solve the simpler problems in electricalmeasurements which have here~tofore been carried onin the laboratory by each individual. As notebookson these problems will be required, each student offi-cer will therefore retain the complete diagram of theinstruments and connections, and will have workedout several problems independently, the data beingfurnished by the instructor from actual measure-ments made in the presence of the class as a whole,and verified on the instruments by each individual.While this will considerably increase the time occu-pied by the class in theoretical instruction, it will en-able the student officers as individuals t~o devotemuch more time in the laboratory to special work onSignal Corps instruments and practical measurementsof faults in cables and telegraph lines.

The standard text-books used during the yearwere as follows:

Principles of wireless Telegraphy--PierceLessons in Practical Electricity--SwoopePrimary Batteries- I. C. S. Pam~phletStorage Batteries--I. C. S. PamphletManagement of Military Telegraph Lines- Signal Corps

Manual No. 2Electrical instruments and Telephones of the U. S. Sig-

nal Corps - Signal Corps Manual No. 3Visual Signaling--Signal Corps ManualPropert~y and Disbursing Regulations of the 11. 5. Signal

Corps-Signal Corps M~anual No. 7Pamphlet on Static Elect~ricityPrinciples of Gas Engines--I. C. S. PamphletCaarburetters-I. C. S. PamphletElectric Ignition Devices--I. C. S. PamphletTroubles and Remedies--I. C). Si. PamphletAlternating Currents--I. C. S. Pamphlets

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Alternators--I. C. S. PamphletsAlternating Current Apparatus--I. C. S. Pamphlets

In the course in theoretical instruction severalproblems necessitating research have been includedin which the student officers were required to studycarefully the organization and equipment of the dif-ferent Signal Corp~s units as laid down in the variousorders and manuals, as well as to consider the subjectof transportation and the assignment of special dutiesto signal troops accompanying armies in the field. Inthese problems the general subject matter is handedto the student officer and he is required to do the re-search work in time not allotted to other studies.

Map problems in which the reel carts of thefield companies are represented by filled spools repre-sentingf to scale the amount of wire carried on thefield carts, were introduced during this year, andwill be carried on to a much greater extent in thecoming year. These problems are considered to beof special value in that they involve the use of writ-ten orders in accordance with the forms required bythe School of the Line, and necessitate a generalstudy of the tactical situations presented.

Practical- In visual signaling each student officer,before being considered proficient, was required toactually send and receive in the general service codefive words per minute with the flag, the heliograph,and the acetylene lantern. In the ·past year it wasfound impossible for many reasons to give the stu-dent officers much practice in long distance work.The course has been arranged for next year, how-ever, with a view to giving several days to this sub-ject, during which the student officers will representtwo columns marching at divergent directions, andwill be required to keep these columns in touch withvisual signals. This problem will involve the more

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difficult situations with which student officers as arule have little practice.

In telegraphy it was found best to increase thestandard of proficiency and each· graduate of thisyear's class lias satisfactorily sent and received fif-teen words per minute using the field buzzer, withboth the Continental and Mlorse codes. In all thepractice work of the students, both visual and tele-graphic, sending has been from message forms filedwith the student officer, and the office marks, count,numerals, etc., wer~e required to be checked andentered on the blanks as in ordinary commercialpractice.

In the laboratory, the problems were made asp~ractical as possible, and as soon as the studentofficers had become familiar with the various instru-ments of precision with which they were required towork, they were thrown upon their own responsi-bility, the instructor being there simply for the pur-pose of giving such assistance as might be necessaryin order that the student officer might not waste toomuch tirhie by wrong methods. In each problem itwas assumed that a report was to be made concern-ing the subject in hand, which was to be written upand handed to the instructor. These reports, if cor-rect, were handed to the studenf foP; flee in his ownnotebook, and if incorrect, were returned for furtherwork. In preparing these reports and working theproblems, student officers were not only permitted,but encouraged, to consult the reference books in thelibrary of the laboratory, and the previous notes intheir own notebooks. It is not considered desirablefor signal officers to memorize electrical formulae.

The technical equipment of the laboratory is ex-cellent and as complete as can be desired. The fol-lowing apparatus has been received since January 1,1913:

1 Duddell Thermo-Galvanometer, with 4, 100, 1000, ohmheaters.

1 Type 1-P-76 Receiving set, 1913 Model, W. S. A, Co.I Motor-generator set, i~ k. w., Telephone1 Automatic transmitter, complete with one vibrophone.1 Chuck, Sweetland, comb., 6", 4 jaws, reversible, fitted

to 14" American tool-room lathe.Fabricated at Army Signal School Laboratory:

1 Anderson-Fleming bridge.1 Local battery Switchboard, two-line.

Furnished by Army Service Schools:1 2 k. w. Rotary-quenched spark radio transmitting set.1 Milling machine1 Drill press.1 Grinder, drill.

PHOTOGRAPHY

The instruction in photography was entirelypractical, the student officers being given cameraswith both films and plates, and required to develop, en-large and copy. After the first instruction, thiswork was entirely independent until the studentofficer olbtained sufficient practice to do satisfactorywork.

PRACTICAL FIELD WVORK

The latter part of the course for this year asscheduled contained a number of days of work withthe field company. As Company D was removed toTexas, Company A from Fort Omaha was substitu-ted. Less practice than usual, however, was giventhe student officers on accouznt of the fact that grad-uation was set forward to June 16, instead of July 1.This shortening of the course made it also necessaryto omit, the subject of aviation altogether. As thereappears to be no probability of Company D being re-turned to the school in the immediate future, the di-rector has r'equested that Company A be assigned forinstruction purposes until Company D actually re-turns. Too much stress cannot be laid upon the ne-

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cessity for the field company in practical work and fordemonstrations in connection with the map problemsto be carried on in the coming year. The director,therefore, urges the necessity for some action to gainthis end before September.

INSTRUCTORS

The instruction in theoretical work for the pastyear has been in charge of Captain Hitt. LieutenantAndrews has been in charge of the laboratory work.In both of these departments the instructors haveworked hard, faithfully, and continuously.

The contemplated alteration of the course fornext year (along more practical lines requiring morework by the instructors) has made it necessary toask to have an additional instructor detailed. Tothis end, application has been made for the detail ofFirst Lieutenant F. E. Overholser, 5th Infantry.With Lieutenant Overholser added* to the teachingstaff, it is believed that an increase in efficiency maybe obtained from the fact that he has had practicalexperience in electricity along lines with whichneither the present director nor the instructors are-familiar.

Two criticisms have always been made of thegraduates of the Signal School. First, they are notcompetent operators when detailed with field com-panies; second, that they are deficient in initiativeand self-confidence. It is absolutely impossible toput eleven men into one class in telegraphy underone instructor for practice and have that instructionefficient. Within a short time the better men willhave to go too slowly or the poorer men will not beable to keep up. This is one of the reasons for anadditional instructor. The subject of initiative andself-reliance is a hard one, but it is believed that thesystem as outlined for next year will tend to better

development, for each man will be pushed as an in-dividual along the lines in which he shows thegreatest aptitude. This also necessitates individualinstruction, and, therefore, more instructors. It isurgently recommended that Lieutenant Overholserbe detailed for the coming year.

PREPARATION

The school has always labored under the handi-cap of being obliged to teach a number of men whohave had little or no preparation for the school, butwho are, of necessity, placed in the same classeswith men who are already familiar with a part ofthe work. It is believed that it would be advanta-geous in the future to select officers for the comingyear as far back as January. This would enable theofficers themselves to study for nine months. Inthis connection it is believed that a correspondenceschool for this preliminary work could be carriedon in connection with the regular school. It istherefore recommended that details for the SignalSchool be made in January instead of June, asheretofore.

RADIO STATION

The radio station attached to the Signal Schoolhas operated continuously with as satisfactory re-sults as could be expected. This station and thestation at Fort Omaha were the only means of com-munication from Omaha to the outside world for aconsiderable period after the tornado. The stations,however, were not satisfactory in this respect, andrecom~yiendations have been made for an increase inpower, as well as a different type.

The following named enlisted men were assignedto duty as students at the radio station under Ser-geant Raymond A. Grantham:

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First Class Private Charles G~. ClarkFirst Class Private J. WV. BoonePrivate J. E. GilroyPrivate J. E. Pegues

These men, with the exception of Private Clark,left this post for Alaskan stations. Private Clarkwas retained and placed in charge of the radiostation.

The following enlisted men of the Signal Corpsreported as students on the dates given:

Corporal J. Cr. Rowan, May' 25First Class Private Samuel F. Meece, May 21Private Myron Rippberger, May 29Private M. M. Barrere, May 21

They have been placed directly under the in-structor in laboratory work for practice instead ofbeing under the direct supervision of the senioroperator at the station. It is believed that betterresults may be obtained by this method.

Planls have been submitted from the director foran additional building at the radio station to ac-commodate a new set of instruments of improvedtype actuated by an independent source of power.

AVIATION

The single aeroplane attached to the school hasnot been used on account of the fact that no aviatorwas available. It was, however, of slight service indemonstrating to the student officers the particulartype of internal explosion engine with which it isequipped. It is recommended that, in view of theunfavorable location of Fort Leavenworth in regardto climatic conditions, no attempt be made to keepthis aeroplane and hangar for use as a part ofthe instruction apparatus of the school. As aviationis an entirely separate branch of the Signal Corpswork and cannot be taught through text-books, the

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director considers it advisable to make no attemptat teaching even the principles at the Signal School.It will, therefore, be omitted from the next year'scourse unless otherwise directed. One lecture, how-ever, will be delivered giving a general view of thestate of the art to as late a date as possible. It isintended that this lecture shall be printed and con-tain as an appendix as much scientific data as can beobtained in order that it may form a text for refer-ence on the general subject. This appendix will alsocontain data concerning the chemistry, manufacture,storage, and use of hydrogen in connection with bal-loon operation.

RADIO EXAMIINER

In accordance with the recent law in regard tolicenses for radio operators, the director of the Sig-nal School has been appointed examining officer forradio licenses in this district for both commercial andamateur grades. The examinations for licenses areheld at Fort Leavenwor~th, and as a large numberof the applicants are civilians, it has been foundnecessary to hold the examinations quite frequently.This has necessitated extra labor on the part of theinstructors not contemplated when the school wasestablished. While there is no objection to this, it;would seem to be another reason for an extra in-structor.

The number of licenses issued since the directorwas appointed is as follows:

Commercial First-grade -____ __3Gommerical Second-grade -3~~____Amateur First-grade-___ ____10A mateur Se cond -grad e -______________4

A number of applicants have failed and nolicenses were issued. While the director has no su-pervision over radio stations themselves, offendingf

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amateurs have been listed and attempts made to lo-cate the disturbing stations. In a number of casesthe owners and operators of these stations have beenfound and warning given. Lieutenant Andrews andLieutenant Mlauborgne have qualified and obtainedfirst-grade commercial licenses during the year.

L. D. WiILDMAN,M~ajor, Signal Corps, Director.