environmental tobacco smoke purification machine · environmental tobacco smoke purification...

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Environmental tobacco smoke purification machine

Introduction

Chemical and Physical Proporties of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)ETS is produced by the release of smoke from the burning tip of the cigarettes and cigars between puffs (side stream smoke) and the smoke exhaled by the smoker (main stream). Other components are the mainstream smoke emitted by the mouth piece of cigarettes and the vapor compounds that diffuse through the wrapper.

Figure 1.

Tobacco smoke has more 4.700 chemicals, some in form of aerosol (solid and liquid particles) some in form of gas, many with known adverse health effects.

The chemicals in tobacco smoke can cause many adverse health reactions for both smokers and non-smokers who-breathe second hand smoke

The effects of these chemicals have been causally linked with: Eye and nasal irritation Coronary and ischemic heart disease Lung and nasal sinus cancer Stroke Infant Bronchitis and pneumonia dead Sudden infant Death syndrome



ETS contains several tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA´s). TSNA´s are one of the major cancer causing agents found in tobacco smoke. N-nitrosonornicotine(NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3,pyridyl)-1-butone (NNK) are believed to be the most potent carcinogens of this class.

ETS contains at least ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified as cancer causing contaminants.

In addition of serious health effects, environmental tobacco also has other side effects like tobacco odor and irritation.

Regardless of the health effects to smokers and non smokers alike, a large percentage of people find tobacco smoke and odor extremely objectionable

To put the health effects in perspective, tobacco is considered the first cause of dead, followed by alcohol and second-hand smoke.

The split of the reasons for dead in second hand tobacco smoke are:

89.6% Ischemic Heart disease 7.6% Lung cancer 2,6% Sudden infant dead syndrome 0.4% Infant bronchitis/ pneumonia



The following tables shows the split between Particulate and Gas contaminants with known health effects.



ObjectivesThe main objective is to asses the efficiency of the proposed solution in removing the different components ETS.

The study is done only with main stream tobacco smoke.

Similar chemical constituents have been found to be present in both mainstream smokeand side stream smoke (U.S. EPA, 1992). Differences in constituent quantities are due to variations in burning conditions, such as combustion temperature, differences in pH, and airflow rate. With few exceptions (e.g., hydrogen cyanide and organic acids), side stream smoke contains greater mass emissions as compared to mainstream smoke (Jenkins et al., 2000) on a per cigarette basis. For example, ammonia emission was measured at 40 to 170 times higher in side stream smoke than in mainstream smoke (NRC, 1986).



It will be used the test the performances of individual components as regards to: to choose the best combination of particulate filters, to test individuals pellets types, to test pellets combinations, to test pellet sizes. to find the best pellets autonomy.

A model with the amounts of side stream smoke and main stream smoke, and with the efficiencies found in the test, will be used to asses the theoretical amounts of the different tobacco components that we will find in practice.

We will use in the model the following 19 gases.

Main stream

Side stream Total

SMOKE CONSTITUENT NAME STANDARD

PUFFINGSTANDARD

PUFFINGside+main stream

ug/cig ug/cig ug/cig GasesCarbon Monoxide 10.600 61.550 72.150Ammonia 10 5.837 5.847Isoprene 247 2.152 2.400Acetaldehyde 531 1.718 2.249Nitric Oxide 55 1.290 1.345Acetone 262 956 1.218Toluene 69 649 718Acrolein 62 434 4961,3-butadiene 50 356 407Formaldehyde 26 377 402Benzene 47 336 383Phenol 20 332 352Methyl ethyl ketone 66 227 293Hydrogen Cyanide 95 135 230Propionaldehyde 43 156 199Crotonaldehyde 17 113 130Butyraldehyde (butanal) 29 96 125Styrene 8 109 117Acrylonitrile 8 106 114M + p-cresol 12 96 108o-cresol 5 37 42Pyridine 9 27 36Quinoline 0 13 13Nicotine 1.010 6.920 7.930

Atmospheric Persistence



The combustion of cigarettes includes at least three important types of reactions: pyrolisis, pyrosynthesis, and distillation.

The result of these reactions is the production of thousands of gaseous and particle constituents. This mixture undergoes additional chemical reactions as the mix is diluted with ambient air, yielding individual compounds with their own atmospheric lifetimes.

Gaseous chemicals that are present in ETS can react in the atmosphere with other pollutants and sunlight to form new chemical species. These changes include the conversion of nitric oxide to the more toxic nitrogen dioxide, and de vaporization of organic volatiles, reducing the median diameter of the smoke particles and making their removal with particle filter unreliable.

The ETS particles and particle-associated chemicals (those with low vapor pressure that deposit or chemically bind onto the particles) are subject to wet and dry deposition and atmospheric transformation of species adsorbed to the particles.

Nicotine, the principal alkaloid in tobacco is most commonly found in the gas phase in the environment. In the ambient air, nicotine may react with hydroxyl radicals to have a half-life of approximately one day.

Fig2. Cigarette diagram

ParticlesIn a chamber study, Morawska et al. (1997), studied a distribution of ETS articles in the range of 0.01 to 30µm.

The Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) were used to detect submicron particle level in the range of 0.01 to 0.9 µm and super micron level in the range of 0.5 to 30 µm, respectively.

Figure 3 shows the results of the study. Morawska et al. also found an increase in particle size at a higher humidity level (75 and 95% relative humidity) in the first 30 to 60 minutes after ETS generation. In contrast, a decrease in particle size also has been reported in the literature due to evaporation (Ogden and Jenkins, 1999).

Having a broad particle size range, the lifetime of ETS in the air depends strongly on the air exchange rate and other environmental factors.



Figure.3

For the Morawska study, the figure below shows the temporal effect on ETS particulate. As shown, ETS concentrations are still well above background levels even at 300 minutes after the initial ETS generation.

Figure4



Particles solutions

The choice of particulate filter is fairly straightforward- The higher the rated the efficiency of the filters, the better the air handling system will do against the particulate phase of ETS.

Because the cost differences of HEPA filters, in comparison with other, lower rated filters, it is so important (the relation between F7/HEPA13 is 1:4) to choose the best cost effective filter.

We have filtered the air through different papers used to build the following types of filters: HEPA H10 and F7.

In our test, we first filtered the smoke with HEPA H10 filter material (Dumas C357) and then with a 0.2 micron hydrophobic filter.

The C357 material, will retain between 50 and 65% of the particles in the range of 1-3 microns and more than 85% of the particles bigger than 3 to 10 microns

After filtering the smoke (of one cigarette), the C357 increased his weight in average by 29,9 mili grs. In addition, same the air passed through the 0.2 micron filter, had a gain per cigarette of 0,55 mili grs.

We can conclude that there is little added benefit in weight by using H13 filters (F7+0,2 micron filter) compared with H10.

From the size distribution from the Morawska study, it is clear that still it will be a lot particles in the air in the area of 0,3 to 0,1 microns; but higher class filters will not substantially improve efficiency in these area.(Absolute filters are rated only at 0,3 microns)

When we used the material of the F7, only 17,2 mili grams were retained. We consider it insufficient.

Further work is required to asses the performance with F8, and F9.

It is important to maintain high filtration efficiency because, benzene is the only carcinogen rated class A that is not particle.



GasOnce the air stream is free from of particles we have to find the filter efficacy with in relation with the different gases of the two types of pellets employed, isolated and working togetherTo achieve that target we built a test device as shown in the figure 5.

Materials1. Tobacco smoke Gas Bag2. Particulate filters3. Rotameter4. Sampling Micro pump5. Air pump6. Rotameter7. Bubbler8. Air purifier9. Media holder test tube10. Battery of gas detectors: VOC detector PID with 10,6V lamp, SO2, NO, CO, HCN, NO2, SH211. Contaminant filter

Figure5. General scheme of the installation



The VOC,s meter with the 10,6v lamp, will measure the following compounds: 1,3-Butadiene, Acetaldehyde(6), Acetone(1,1), Acrolein(3,9), Benzene(0,53), EthylBenzene(0,52), Hydrazine(4), Styrene(0,4) and Toluene(0,5). In brackets the conversion factor from ppm of VOC´s to ppm of the gas. Ae. 10 ppm of VOC´s will be equivalent to 60 of acetaldehyde.

We have tested activated carbon, potassium permanganate, phosphoric acid impregnated carbon, and various combinations of the three medias.

Activated carbon performs well with molecular weight gases above 65 and with polar molecules, potassium permanganate pellets have a wide spectrum with regards aldehydes, Nitric oxide and non saturated hydrocarbons, phosphoric acid impregnated carbon is very good with ammonia and amines.

The best combination with regards to autonomy is a combination of activated carbon with potassium permanganate pellets. One gram of the media combination will absorb the gases of three cigarettes

We have found the gas efficiencies shown in the table.



Scrubbingefficiency

CO 15%Nicotine 80%Acetaldehyde 90%Nitric oxide 90%Isoprene 80%Acetone 80%Toluene 70%Propionaldehyde 80%Crotonaldehyde 80%Butyraldehyde (butanal) 80%M + p-cresol 70%Ammonia 0%

We can introduce that information in the model together with a given room sample.

The legal requirement for fresh air in restaurants is 10 l/s, the introduction of the machine will introduce 4 l/s of additional fresh air.

Number of machines 1Flux per machine 1.000 m3/hourTotal Machine Flux 1.000 m3/hourVentilation Design occupancy 70 persons/100m2Design occupants 70Average smoking prevalence 25%Number of smoking persons 18 personsCigarette per smoker / hour 2 cig/hDesign fresh air per person 10 l/sTotal fresh air 2.520 m3/hourCamera dimensionsLength 10 mWide 10 mHigh 4 mVolume 400 m3Ventilation Air exchange rate 6,3 changes/hCleaning Air rate 2,5 changes/hTotal air exchange and cleaning rate 8,8 changes/hClean air supplied by the machine 4,0 l/sTotal new air supplied 14,0 l/s



From the different gases listed in the table only carbon monoxide will be out of the maximum exposure levels required by EPA due to tobacco smoke. When the ventilation with fresh air is working, all the gases will be below the required threshold.

The tobacco odor still will be present, but with the introduction of the air cleaning, most of the components of the tobacco smell will be below detectable limits

Usual Variables Emissions ScrubbingConcentration after 8h Mean

litres/h efficiency +filter&VE -filter+VE -filter&ve TWA odorCO 2,6 15% 0,97 3,99 54,84 25 none

Nicotine 0,063 80% 0,019 0,34 1,34Acetaldehyde 0,038 90% 0,01 0,22 0,80 25 0,012Nitric oxide 0,022 90% 0,006 0,128 0,47 25 noneIsoprene 0,096 80% 0,029 0,514 2,0 50 0,005Acetone 0,016 80% 0,005 0,092 0,34 750 62Toluene 0,013 70% 0,004 0,065 0,29 50 1,6Propionaldehyde 0,006 80% 0,002 0,030 0,13 20 0,0095Crotonaldehyde 0,003 80% 0,001 0,016 0,07 0,3 0,011Butyraldehyde 0,003 80% 0,001 0,015 0,07 25 0,0046M + p-cresol 0,002 70% 0,00056 0,009 0,04 5 0,0006Amonia 0,091 0% 0,036 0,036 1,9 25 17

BibliographyHealth effect exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: Final report; California Protection Agency, Office of the Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, September 1997Physicians for smoke free Canada. Second hand smoke. www.smoke-free .ca

environmental tobacco smoke purification machine · environmental tobacco smoke purification...

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