environmental, social and economic sustainability of european eel … by... · 2019. 12. 17. ·...
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19/02/2019 1PECH Workshop – Eel Management – Reinhold Hanel
Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Germany
Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Germany
Profundo, Netherlands
AZTI Tecnalia, Spain
EPTB Vilaine, France
Fisheries Research Institute, Greece
Environmental, social and economic
sustainability of European eel management
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The European eel life cycle
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- North Sea 2.1%
- Elsewhere Europe 10.1%
EIFAAC/ICES/GFCM WGEEL, 2018
Recruitment collapse
Glass eel recruitment in % of the mean of the years 1960 to 1979
(46 time series)
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European Council Regulation for the recovery of the
eel stock (2007)
Measures against the Decline
• Reduction of effort or catches by at least 50% in coastal
waters
• Eel Management Plans on river basin level
-» escapement of 40% of the silver eel biomass relative to B0,
the estimate without anthropogenic influences
• 60% of eels <12 cm reserved for restocking
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• Since 2009: European eel listed under CITES Appendix II
(species that are not necessarily now threatened with
extinction, but that may become so unless trade is closely
controlled); together with Polar bear, Asian cobras, …
• Since 2010: Import and export ban at EU external borders
„Trade Restrictions“
Measures against the Decline
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Current map of
Eel Management Units (EMUs)
EIFAAC/ICES/GFCM WGEEL,
2018
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Advice of the International Council of the Exploration of
the Sea (ICES, 2018)
Precautionary Approach
- All anthropogenic impacts (fisheries at all stages,
hydropower, pollution) decreasing silver eel escapement be
reduced to zero
- Assess the net benefit of stocking (in terms of silver eel
escapement) prior to any stocking activities
ICES, November 2018
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Why is the advice based on the precautionary
approach?
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Reported commercial landings(Yellow and Silver eels combined)
2017
2.224 t
EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL, 2017
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Reported commercial landings(Yellow and Silver eels combined)
2017
2.224 t
EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL, 2017
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Countries reporting commercial yellow and silver eel
landings to EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL
EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL, 2018
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2017/2018:
Commercial: 58.6 t
Recreational: 2 t
EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL, 2018
Reported glass eel landings
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The European Glass Eel Market
EIFAAC/ICES, 2011
Stocking
Aquaculture
Unknown Fate
193 mln. glass eels caught annually
(compared to 6.1 mln. yellow and silver eels (2015 – 2017)
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Eel Stocking as a Measure for Stock Recovery?
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Management Problems
- Total landings and effort data incomplete (high level of IUU fishing)
- Inconsistencies in reporting and assessment by, and between, countries
- EC Regulation never evaluated for its conformity with the
precautionary approach
- Progress Reports of the EU Member States 2015 and 2018 not yet post-
evaluated
- Ongoing scientific debate of the value of eel stocking as a management
tool for stock recovery
- Lack of information (turbine mortality, habitat loss effects,
contaminants, climate change effect, illegal fishery and trade, economic
data… )
Why is eel management and assessment so
complicated - the Spanish case
Dra Estibaliz Díaz
AZTI. SPAIN
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1. The numerous threats to the eel
in Spain
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• Habitat loss and degradation
• Hydropower mortality
• Overexploitation
• Illegal fisheries and trade
• Contaminants
• Parasites and diseases
Habitat loss
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All the eel stages are exploited: Commercial
fishery
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Glass eel
Glass eel + Yellow & Silver
Yellow & Silver
Only for Aquaculture
All the eel stages are exploitet: Recreational
fishery
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Glass eel
Yellow & Silver
Glass eel illegal fishery and trade
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Spanish glass eel fate: lack of traceability
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Year EMU_code Catch (kg) Stocking (kg)Direct consumption
(kg)
Aquaculture
(kg)
2017 Es_MIño 1211 NC NC NC
2017 ES_Astu 3717 0.0 NC NC
2017 ES_Cant 325 0.0 NC NC
2017 ES_Basq 1511 0 1511 0
2017 ES_Cata 5270 NC NC NC
2017 ES_Vale 566 25 NC NC
Table 6. Destine of the cached glass eels (kg) per EMU. NC: Not compiled. NR: not reported.
NC: Not compiled
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2. The many different assessment
methods and gaps of knowledge
Spanish Eel Management Units
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ES_Nava
ES_Cast
ES_Inner
ES_Bale
ES_Cata
ES_Vale
ES_Gali
ES_Murc
ES_CantES_AstuES_Basq
ES_Gali
Miño international
Assesment methods for the escapement
estimation
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No current population
Average eletrofishing productivity values
extrapolated to the whole basin
Old fishing yield data. Not updated
Reference values from the Rhone river
Feed the models!
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Models are hungry, but….
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What´s the problem?Table 12. Entrainment at water intakes mortality quantity SEE (kg) and rate in the
Spanish EMUs according to the 2018 post evaluation report.
pre-EMP 2011 2014 2017
EMU SEE ΣH SEE ΣH SEE ΣH SEE ΣH
ES_Anda ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ES_Astu ND ND ND ND 49 0.001 57 0.002
ES_Bale 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000
ES_Basq ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ES_Cant ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ES_Cast NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP
ES_Cata ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ES_Gali 807 0.027 NC NC 705 0.019 705 0.054
ES_Inne 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000
ES_Murc 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000
ES_Nava ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ES_Vale ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
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3. The many different management
levels and actors involved
European eel
management
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Many threats, many european regulations
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Threat Related Directives and Convections
River connectivity Water Framework Directive, Renewable Energies
Directive,
Habitat quality and
contaminants
Water Framework Directive, Marine Strategy
Framework Directive, Directive of natural habitats and of
wild fauna and flora
Unsuistainable fishery Common Fisheries Policy
Illegal trade CITES, EU Action Plan against Wildlife Trafficking
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Threat National Competent authority Regional Competent authority
River
connectivity
Hydrographic Confederations
(Ministry for Ecological
Transition)
Water related regional authorities
Habitat quality
and
contaminants
Hydrographic Confederations
biodiversity managers (Ministry
for Ecological Transition)
Water related regional
authorities, biodiversity and
hábitat related regional
authorities
Suistainable
fishery
Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture
and Food,
Regional fishery managers,
regional fishery control forces
Illegal trade Internal Affairs Ministry
(SEPRONA), Ministry of Industry,
Trade and Tourism
(CITES administrative), (Ministry
for Ecological Transition (CITES
Scientific)
Regional fishery control forces
Eel management in Spain:
Many threats, many competent authorities
Very complex management
STAKEHOLDERS
MANAGERS
REGULATIONS
We need to improve coordination and
strengthen cooperation!
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Economic analysis of eel fisheries and
management – first assessments and
challenges
Dr. Ralf Döring
Thuenen Institute of Sea Fisheries
Bremerhaven, Germany
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Introduction and Background
• Environmental, social and economic impact assessment (IA) is a
standard instrument to inform decision makers for every new of
revised regulation
• There was no impact assessment for eel regulation(s) so far
• In this report we have collected available data for four countries
and analyse impacts of management measures as far as
possible
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Introduction and Background
• Two main problems for IAs regarding eel fisheries and
management:
No information on feedback between management
measures and stock development => gains of restricted
fishing/reduced mortality in installations not known
Very limited and heterogenous economic data for small
scale coastal fisheries and freshwater fisheries
• Todays presentation includes results of the limited first
assessment and challenges for IAs
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Assessments of economic impacts – some
general remarks
• Problem: Due to the unknown feedback between measures and stock
development we could not assess mid- to long-term gains or losses
• For the report we have identified available data and what data would
be needed – especially cost data is lacking
• In the report available data was used to partly assess impacts of
measures for installations and the loss of revenues in fisheries
• Analysis of adaptation strategies requires substantial effort for
interviews/focus groups
Comprehensive IA would help to assess cost-effective way to achieve
objective(s)
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Assessments of economic impacts – fisheries
scenarios
Remark: Scenarios not based on biological information and in a way
extreme cases to detect consequences of measures
• Scenario 1: Total closure of yellow and silver eel fisheries, while a
limited glass eel fishery remains open to supply aquaculture and
processing facilities.
• Scenario 2: Total closure of the glass eel fishery and (as a
consequence) also cessation of restocking activities.
• Scenario 3: Total closure of eel fisheries for 5 years and
compensation of fishers.
• Scenario 4: Closure of recreational fisheries
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Assessments of economic impacts –
installations scenarios
• Scenario 5: Part-time closure during migration period
• Scenario 6: Installation of fish ladders and bypasses
• Scenario 7: Trap and Truck
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Assessments of economic impacts – Example
fisheries scenario
• Economic data requirements for IA for total closures:
• Loss of revenues for eel fisheries in Europe about 50 mln. €
assuming an average price of 10 €/kg (ICES landings data)
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Necessarydataforassessment AvailabilityforGermany AvailabilityforSpain
MarineandFresh
water
Fisheries
Catches/officiallandingsEU/specificcountries ICESWGEELreport ICESWGEELreport
EarningsdataAvailablewithaveragepricesforeel
landings
Availablewithownestimationofaveragepricesandin
generalterms,notbyindividualfisher.
CostdataNotavailableoronlyinveryfew
cases
Onlydatathatwereobtainedinasurveydoneinthis
project.Onlyforoneregion.Nopublicstatistics.
EmploymentLimitedavailability(estimations
fromnumberoflicensespossible)Canbeestimatedfromthelicenses.ItisnotaFTE.
Glasseelfishery Catches/officialandunofficial
landingsn.a.
ICESWGEELreportofficiallandings.Unofficiallandings
arenotavailable.
Earningsdata n.a. Availableifaveragepricesarecalculated.
Costdata n.a.Noofficialdata.Therearesomedatafromthesurvey
doneinthisproject.
Employment n.a. Canbeestimatedfromthelicenses.NotdataofFTE.
Assessments of economic impacts – Example
part-time closure of installations
• More data available for installations – example for France:
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Closure of turbines during migration (yearly)
Estimated range of costs for
bypasses up- and downstream
1,052 to 3,110 million €
126,7190,1
253,5316,9
380,2443,6
507,0570,4
633,7
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
TW
h
EU
R (
mln
)
Weeks
Revenue
4,0 5,97,9
9,911,9
13,815,8
17,819,8
1,52,3
3,13,8
4,65,4
6,16,9
7,7
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
20
30
40
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Profit Power generation
Assessments of economic impacts – Example
for indirect effects of total closure of eel fishery
• Aquaculture
Eel aquaculture totally dependent on glass eel fishery
Closure of glass eel fishery would basically shut down all
specialised farms or at least increase costs substantially
Revenues in 2017 were 37 mln. € in the EU
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Challenges for economic impact assessments
of eel management measures
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Phase 1: Definition of
objectives and
specification of
options
Phase 2: Economic
data collection esp.
small scale fisheries
(marine/fresh water)
Scoping phase with strong
stakeholder involvement
Phase 3: Analysis with
likely economic
impacts => feedback
with stakeholders
Phase 4: Presentation
of the results
Time needed: Approximately 18 Months
Conclusions and Outlook
• In this study we have identified what data is available and
would be needed for an impact assessment
• With available data limited assessment of the scenario of
total closure of fishery and installations scenarios
• Report discusses IA methodology and lists data collection
requirements especially for fisheries
• In France, for example, installing upstream and downstream
migration equipment could be cost-effective after two to five
years
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Conclusions and Outlook
• Regional assessment would allow to identify the most
impacting dams for equipment with bypasses
• Strong stakeholder involvement necessary for e.g.
discussion of measures and assessment of impacts
=> Comprehensive IA may help to identify cost-effective
way to achieve objective(s) (measures for
fisheries and installations)
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Prof. Dr. Reinhold Hanel
Thuenen Institute of Fisheries Ecology
Bremerhaven, Germany
Conclusions and Ways Forward
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Conclusions
PECH Workshop – Eel Management – Reinhold Hanel
• Implementation of management actions
• Coordination among different management levels
• Proper assessment of the effectiveness of management actions
• Scientific guidance, proper monitoring and ex-post-evaluation of
mitigation measures.
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Conclusions
PECH Workshop – Eel Management – Reinhold Hanel
• Impact of industrial river installations
• Proper assessment of eel mortality at hydropower plants according to
the individual characteristics of installations.
• Assessment of the efficiency of mitigation measures at barriers.
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Conclusions
PECH Workshop – Eel Management – Reinhold Hanel
• Stocking
• Critical evaluation of the value of stocking as a management action
• Stocking only where survival to silver eel escapement is high.
• Bypasses and trap-and-transport are beneficial, but should not justify
the continuation of eel stocking programmes upstream.
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Conclusions
PECH Workshop – Eel Management – Reinhold Hanel
• Economic data from fisheries
• Collection of economic data for companies involved in eel fisheries
• Economic impact assessment of all management actions (incl.
fisheries, aquaculture, fish processing and trading companies).
• However, a cost-benefit analysis is not possible because impacts of
management actions on the stock level are unknown.
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Conclusions
PECH Workshop – Eel Management – Reinhold Hanel
• Illegal fisheries
• Implementation of an international traceability system for glass eels to
follow the fate of catches.
• Improvement of the control of illegal eel fisheries by regional and
national enforcement agencies.
• Promotion of coordinated actions between the Member States’
enforcement agencies.
54
Ways Forward
• Revision of the EU Eel Regulation - mortality target instead of
the current 40% regional level escapement targets
• River continuity restoration (according to WFD)
• Reduction of fisheries related mortality (commercial and
recreational fisheries)
• Cessation of stocking upstream of hydropower plants
• Evaluation of stocking as an effective management action
Mortality Reduction of Eels in ALL Life Stages!
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Thank you!