environmental-pollution
TRANSCRIPT
Objectives Man is one of the species who inhabit the earth.he is
the only one who has interfered with various natural processes for use of both biological & physical resources to meet his multiple demands,man has polluted all the three realms of the earth-lithosphere,hydrosphere & atmosphere.it is essential for us to know about environment & its pollution.
In this presentation we will be able to know about-
•Environment
•Biosphere
•Ecosystem model
•Atmosphere
•Atmospheric pollution
•Primary & secondary pollutants
•Acid rain
•Ozone depletion
•Green house effect
•Noise pollution
That which surrounds, the total sum of the
condition of the surroundings within which an organism, or group, or an object,exists(including the natural as modified by human activity & the artificial).
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere Lithosphere
Biosphere
The entire part of earth's land, soil, water & atmosphere in which living organism are found is called biosphere
Or
The combined area lithosphere, hydrosphere of & atmosphere is known as biosphere.
Biosphere Model
Solar Radiation
Climate
Geology
Soil
Veg
eta
ti on A
nim
als
Biotic
Component
Abiotic Component
Sun provides energy for plant photosynthesis
Amount of solar radiation varies with latitude & hence effects climate. solar radiation also power weather systems
Soil [provides habitat including water & air for many invertebrates addition many animals have evolved specialist cope with different soils for example the feet of camel.
Volcanic activity ,mountain, ranges etc. can also affect climate
Climate interacts with geology in soil formation provides water for solar climate.
Plants provides food for animals
Dead plants & animals decomposes & return nutrients to the soil. Nutrients are also returned to the soil through animal excrement.
Vegetation gives off water vapour who helps to stabilize the climate of the earth.Climate restricts the type of plants & animals that can survive in a particular ecosystem. Water & temperature are two main climate controls.
Animals alter vegetation by browsing & grazing. Human have significantly altered vegetation patterns through modification for agriculture.
Soil provides water & nutrients for plants together with a physical base in which plants can root themselves.
• Our current atmosphere is a mixture of many different gases & suspended particles. It is almost same every where up to an altitude of 80 Kms.The atmosphere is divided in to 4 layers-
Name of sphere or layer
Height in Kms.
Temperature
ImportantChemical Species (Gas)
Troposphere 0-8 15 to 45 N2,O2,CO2,
H2
Stratosphere
8-50 -55 to 05 O3,O2
Mesosphere 50-80
-2 to -90 N2+O2
Ionosphere 80-400
O2,O+,NO+
Exosphere 400-1600
H2,He
Constituent Symbol Average concentration
Source Volume
Nitrogen N2 780900 Biotic 7.809× 101
Oxygen O2 209400 Biotic 2-094× 101
Argon Ar 9300 Radioactive 9.3× 10-1
Carbon dioxide CO2 318318 Biotic & industrial 3.18× 10-2
Neon Ne 18 Internal
helium He 5.2 Radioactive 5.2× 10-4
Methane CH4 1.3 Biotic 1.3× 10-4
Krypton Kr 1.0 Internal 1.0× 10-5
Hydrogen H2 0.5 Biotic & photochemical 5.0× 10-5
Water H2O 0.25 Physical 2.5× 10-5
Carbon monoxide CO 0.1 Photochemical & industrial 1.0× 10-5
Ozone O3 0.02 Photochemical 2.0× 10-6
Ammonia NH3 0-01 Photochemical 1.0× 10-6
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 0.001 Biotic & industrial 1.0× 10-7
Sulpher dioxide SO2 0.002 Photochemical 2.0× 10-8
Source Pollution
Transportation
42%
Fuel 21%
Industries 14%
Solid waste disposal
05%
Other 18%
42%
21%
Transportation
Fuel
Is an unwanted change in the quality of earth's earths atmosphere caused by emission of gases caused by emission of gases due to burning of fossil fuel,transportation,industrial institution etc.
Industries
waste Other
21%
14%
05%
18%
Different Pollutants1. Gaseous waste: Oxides of
nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog.2. Complex organic chemicals: Benzene, ether.3. Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3
4. Agrochemicals: fertilizers, pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides, rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc.
5. Fluorides6. Metals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc.7. Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc.8. Radioactive waste: Nuclear
reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion.9. Noise waste
Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions between two or more air components.
Formation of secondary pollutants
2SO2+O2 2SO3
2SO3+H2O H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)
Natural Pollutants: The pollution which comes out from natural sources such as forest fires volcanic eruption decomposition of organic matter & natural radioactivity. Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc.
Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants
Factory
Volcano
NO2,SO3,HNO3, H2SO4,H2O2,O3, PANs,MostNO3
-- & SO4-
2
CO,CO2,NO,Most Hydrocarbons, Most SPM
Solar radiation
Environmental challenges
• Green house effect: Increasing global temperature. Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase by 3-40C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase at the same pace.
• Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the upper
atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating different disease like cancer& eye problems.
• Photochemical smog: In 1952 London was covered by smog for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO2 plus NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the formation of this smog .Though deaths occurring at that time were not directly attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed that 6,000 more people.Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur.It
increases acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The majestic monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.
Acid Rain
SO2 & NOX
+water
SEASeaLakeFactories,
Transportation
Solar Radiation
H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)
HNO3 (Nitric Acid)
A
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Ozone
EarthEarth
Carbon Dioxide
50%
Methane 18%
Chlorofluorocarbons
14%
Ozone 12%
Nitrous oxide
06%Green house gases in natural condition insulates the earth against extreme of temperature by limiting both incoming solar radiation & escape of reradiated heat in to space.
This natural balance may be distorted by Green House Effect as gases such as carbon dioxide have built up in the atmosphere trapping more heat
sun
Infra-red radiation
Atmosphere
Surface Temperature normal
Some reradiated heat reflected back to earth
Atmosphere
sun
Surface Temperature increases
More reradiated heat reflected back to earth
Less reradiated heat escapes in to space
Some reradiated heat escapes in to space
sun
Contribution of different gases to cause green house effect
H2O Water
NO2 Nitrogen
dioxide
Hydrocarbons
O2
Molecular Oxygen
HNO3 Nitric Acid
PANs Peroxyacyl nitrates
Aldyhydes (e.g. Formaldehyde)
O3
Ozone
O Atomic Oxygen
NO Nitric Oxide
Ultraviolet Radiation
Photochemical Smog
Ultraviolet rays from Sun
The Ozone layer in stratosphere blocks these harmful UV rays
Chlorofluorocarbons are entering in to atmosphere releasing chlorine. The chlorine than break down the ozone
The chlorine released from CFCs break down the ozone molecule.
chlorine
ozone
More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.
Oxygen
Whole in Ozone layer
Noise pollution This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because
heavy industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop& Rock-n-Roll music in clubs
. Noise produces following health problems- 1)Auditory fatigue 2)Deafness or impaired vision 3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse rate 4)Headache 5)Nausea 6)Disturbed sleep 7)Emotional disturbances
Space vehicle launch
Loudspeaker
Jet take off
Very High above than
100db
Loud Conversation
Heavy Traffic
High Approximate 80db
Quit Conversation
Ticking Clock
Pleasant below than 80dB
Quit RainingSports car
Noise Source Noise Scale
Noise Source Noise Scale
Breathing 10db Traffic noise 60-90db
Winds in trees 20db Sports car 80-90db
Quit conversation
20-30db Heavy truck 90-100db
Ticking clock 10db Motor cycle 105db
House in quiet street
35db Thunder storm 110db
Radio music 50-60db Beat music (Electrically amplified)
120db
Loud conversation
60db Air craft noise 90-120db
Office noise 60db Jet take off 120db
Children play 60-80db Jet engine 140db
Lawn mower 60-80db Space vehicle launch (From a short distance)
140-170db
Vacuum cleaner 80db
ConclusionWe know that certain environmental conditions like air,water,& food are essential for man,s survival.apart from their availability their quality & quantity must be assured according to man,s natural & acquired capacity for sustenance progress in industrialization has brought environmental hazards such as air water & noise pollution.These have caused many health problems & diseases.
As it has been said-
we do not inherit the environment from our forefathers,we borrow it from future generation.
Stockholm conference of 1972 proclaims that:
The protection & improvement of human environment is a major issue which affects the well being of people & economic development throughout the world&it is duty of all governments & people to common efforts for the preservation & improvement of environment for the benefit of all people & their prosperity