environmental movement in tanzania, sisty basil massawe

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November 6 th , 2013 EVOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT IN TANZANIA By: Massawe, Sisty Basil

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Environmental movement in Tanzania from colonial rule to date

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Page 1: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

November 6th, 2013

EVOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT IN TANZANIA

By: Massawe, Sisty Basil

Page 2: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Geographical and physical setting of Tanzania.

Tanzania is located south of the equator in Tropical East Africa on the Indian

Ocean that lies between latitudes 1º-12º south and longitude 30º-40º East. It is

bordered by eight African countries: Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda,

Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia to the west; and

Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The total area of the country is 945,000

km2 including its three islands: Zanzibar, Mafia and Pemba.

One half of Lake Victoria (the second biggest freshwater body worldwide)

The glaciated peak of the Mount Kilimanjaro at 5,895 m

The protected area (PA) 40% of the total land

Serengeti a site with the largest terrestrial mammalian migrations

worldwide

Page 3: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Introduction

Environmental movement

Environmental movement can simply be defined as a social and political movement mainly concerning with the conservation of environment as well as improving the state of environment. It can also be said as green and conservation movement

Generally, environmentalists favor the sustainable management of natural resources as well as the protection of the environment via changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in ecosystems

Generally , the movement is

centered on ecology, health

and human rights.

(feelfriendly.com)

Definition

Page 4: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Concern for the impact on human life of problems such as air andwater pollution dates to at least Roman times

Pollution was associated with the spread of epidemic disease inEurope between the late 14th century and the mid 16th century, andsoil conservation was practiced in China, India, and Peru as early as2,000 years ago

In general, however, such concerns did not give rise to public

activism as most of them had no vivid negative effects

The contemporary environmental movement arose primarily from

concerns in the late 19th (1960s)

Eg. Chipko movement in India, which linked forest protection with

the rights of women

History of Environmental movement in world and Africa

Page 5: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

History continue

Modern

movements

In 1962 Rachel Carson‟s book Silent Spring

By the late 1980s

Birth Some environmental nongovernmental organizations(forexample Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, and the World

Wildlife Fund)

From 1972 multilateral international environmental agreements

Eg. Stockholm , Rio de Janeiro 1992, etc….

IN Africa:

Although most of the environmental movements in the worlds

originated in Europe and America, even. Before 19th

century, few activities of the same nature were seen in

African continent

Page 6: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

In Africa ………

Indigenous

knowledge

Coming of

colonialists

Settlers and

land conflict

There is also ample evidence that before the colonial encounter

with the African environment, African people had a rich

knowledge of their environment. In many cultures, land, water

and even forests were either deified or held in sacred trust (They

were symbolically insured against abuse or pillage)

Resistance to colonialism by African nationalist movements did

have strong environmental components

Mau-Mau Movement in Kenya in the struggle for freedom and

land

Maji maji (1904) in Tanzania (Against the Germans) on land

Pondoland revolt in South Africa in 1960 (Denial access to

Conserved forest).

Page 7: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Evolution of environmental movement in United Republic of Tanzania

During Colonial era (Before 1961)

Buffer Zonation and Establishment of a

National Park (German rule)

German Administration in the then Tanganyika

first introduced the approach.

The idea was to create a user zone around the

forest. The user zone (buffer zone) was

normally planted with fast growing Eucalyptus

species to provide wood materials to people

living around forest reserves.

slow down forest/game reserve encroachment.

to allow people to benefit from such zones,

especially in areas that have land problems

such as Saadani National park.Forestry and Beekeeping have also tried

to re-introduce buffer zonation

Page 8: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Evolution of environmental movement in United Republic of Tanzania

During Colonial era (Before 1961) Continues.......

Convention for the Preservation of Animals, Birds and Fish in Tanzania.

Europeans enacted Tanzania‟s first conservation measure in 1900. Game-hunters and adventure-

seekers had been coming to the area, then German East Africa

In order to conserve the continent‟s Nature, representatives from all seven European nations with African

colonies convened in London for the Convention for the Preservation of Animals, Birds..

laid the foundation for the top-down, preservationist style management that came to

characterize African conservation policies.

the representatives agreed to protect a few charismatic species like the giraffe, gorilla, and

chimpanzee. They restricted Maasai access to resources,

enforced their policies through colonial mandates and did not consider their affect

on the existing population

The Convention even encouraged colonists to kill large predators like lions and cheetahs

because they threatened settlers‟ livestock

Page 9: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Evolution of environmental movement in United Republic of Tanzania

British Rule :

Top-down, preservationist style management”of landscapes and wildlife continued

1929 established a “closed game reserve” inNgorongoro Crater

The British did not enforce their new regulation,however, largely because the government had fewresources to patrol the area

By 1934, there was enough tourist interest inthe region that the government built a roadalong the rim of the crater

Though foreigners came to Tanganyika to hunt,the Maasai were not allowed to do so” (Nelsonet al. 2007)

During Colonial era (Before 1961) Continues.......

Page 10: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Evolution of environmental movement in United Republic of Tanzania

Published books on Tanganyika (Tanzania) environmental movements/Initiatives:

Bernhard Grzimek‟s popular book NoRoom for Wild Animals, published in1956, and Serengeti Shall Not Diepublished in 1959 claimed that human(native African) population expansionwas threatening wildlife

He predicted that “the wild animals ofAfrica are doomed to die,” andrecommended that the governmentrelocate the tribes living within protectedareas (quoted in Bonner 175 cited inCited in Nelson et al. 2007)

The British were so concerned that theMaasai were damaging Nature that in1959 park officials removed the tribefrom the area they wanted to keep mostpristine

During Colonial era (Before 1961) Continues.......

An ordinance split the Serengeti GameReserve into Serengeti National Park andthe Ngorongoro Conservation Area(NCA).

Though they could not read it, parkofficials convinced tribal leaders to signthe ordinance, which stated that theMaasai “shall not be entitledhenceforth…to cross…the boundary ofthe new Serengeti National Park,” norwould they “be entitled to reside in or use

Page 11: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Environmental movements/Activities in Tanzania after Independence (After 1961)

As African nations began to achieve independence from European rule in the 1960s

Tanganyika, now Tanzania became independent in 1961

In 1967 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and

the WWF called together the new African leaders in Arusha , Region to discuss the “state of

emergency facing Africa‟s wildlife”

Julius Neyere, Tanzania‟s first prime minister, delivered the opening remarks, now commonly

referred to the Arusha Declaration. Much to environmentalists‟ pleasure.He stated that “the survival of our wildlife is a matter of grave concern to all of us in Africa

In accepting the trusteeship of our wildlife we solemnly declare that we will do everything in

our power to make sure that our children‟s grand-children will be able to enjoy this rich and

precious inheritance” (quoted in Bonner 64 cited in Nelson et al. 2007)

Nyerere “believed that after diamonds and sisal, wild animals will provide Tanganyika with

its greatest source of income” because “thousands of Americans and Europeans have a

strange urge to see these animals” (quoted in Nash 1982, 342, cited in Neumann and recited

in Ariana La Porte 2010)

Protecting the Environment Policy Formulation Agencies on the movements

Page 12: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Environmental movements/Activities in Tanzania after Independence (After 1961

Tanzanian government hoped that wildlife conservation would increase tourism revenue. Westerners continued to run the parks initially.

but in 1971, the government appointed the first Tanzanian national park director. This transfer of power did not take place until ten years after independence because conservationists first had to train Tanzanians on the proper values and methods of conservation.

At first they did so by sending individuals to the United States, but in 1963 the African Wildlife Foundation (AWLF) and the WWF founded the College of African Wildlife Management (CAWM) outside Arusha

The CAWM trained Tanzanians in “Western ideologies and practices of natural resources conservation.

Today CAWM is one of the best wildlife college in Africa and world

Protecting the Environment Policy Formulation Agencies on the movements

Page 13: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe
Page 14: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Environmental movements/Activities in Tanzania after Independence (After 1961)

Although Jane Goodall founded the Jane Goodall Institute

in 1977 its birth can be traced to the moment Jane stepped

out of a game warden‟s boat onto a pebbly beach at what

was then the Gombe Stream Game Reserve in Tanzania

Protection of Chimpanzees movenment: Jane had a daunting

assignment – find and get close to wild chimpanzees,

documenting their behavior to shed light on our own

evolutionary past

. Jane also observed chimps hunting bushpigs and other

animals, disproving the widely held belief that

chimpanzees were primarily vegetarians

It is from the JGI‟s movement and activities that the

government of United Republic of Tanzania decides to turn

the Gombe Stream Game Reserve into the National park,

mostly for the purpose of protecting the endangered

chimpanzees.

Jane Goodall Institute

Page 15: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Environmental movements/Activities in Tanzania after Independence (After 1961)

The idea for a working group on Tanzania's forests first came to light at the fourth East African

Wildlife Symposium in Arusha, 1978

The first seed was sown. Initial activities of a private membership 'Forest Working Group'

began. These were Spear-headed by TFCG's first interim committee members, Alan Rodgers,

John B. Hall and Kim Howell. It was not until December 1982 that the Tanzania Forest

Conservation Group (TFCG) was officially registered as a Tanzanian NGO with the aims of:

…promoting the rational utilization of natural forest habitat within Tanzania'. (The arc journal

Issue No 18 Nov., 2005)

TFCG has been able to establish programmes to support participatory forest management (for

the first time in Tanzania), research, advocacy and networking, communication and environmental

education and community development across the country covering more than ten regions. Its due

to this movement by TFCG that the government decided to enacted the Forest act No 14 of

2002 aiming at conserving the countries forest resources.

Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFG)

Page 16: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Environmental movements/Activities in Tanzania after Independence (After 1961

MJUMITA (The Community Forest Management Network of Tanzania

Endangered species

Galago

trees

Mpingo

Forest

PFM...

CBFM

VNRC

Agriculture

projects

Community

90 local area

networks

Ownership of

resources

Training

President Member

Page 17: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Tanzania Movement continue.......

Tanzania Youth Environmental Network (TAYEN) Movement

2007 UDSM

workshops, seminars

campaigns in and

outside the school‟s

premises

environmental clubs

TAYEN was established by three

students who were studying at

University of Dar es Salaam and

worked in various students Associations

in campus

Aims/goals :

conducts environmental education

programs in primary and secondary

schools as well as in colleges and

universities its interested in raising

awareness among Children and Youths

on environmental problems that are

facing the country and the globe.

conducts various environmental

education activities through trainings

as Essay Writing

competition among

students to raise

awareness on

various

environmental

problems that are

facing Tanzania

and the world

Page 18: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Tanzania Movement Continue......Mama Misitu a campaign to improve forest governance (2008)

response to TRAFFIC‟s, „Forestry,

Governance and National Development:

lessons learnt from a logging boom in

Southern Tanzania‟ TRAFFIC -The wildlife

trade monitoring network Mama

What is Mama Misitu??:

is a communications campaign

aiming to improve the governance of

Tanzania‟s forests and reduce illegal

forest harvesting, so that the people

of Tanzania can increasingly benefit

from sustainably managed forests

communities also learned about their

rights to forests and their ability to

benefit from the sustainable

management of their forests

Page 19: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Tanzania movenments continue......

Tanzania Natural Resources Forum (TNRF).

Since 2006,It become

NGO..

REDD ProjectEnv CinemaMaajabu FilmPastoralist and Drought

formed in 2001 as the

Wildlife Working Group

of people wishing to

promote a new rights-based

approach for addressing

critical natural resource

management issues in TZ

mainstreaming climate

change adaptation in dry

lands development

planning in Tanzania and

REDD

Page 20: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Tanzania Movement Continue Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative

works with about 14 villages , assisting

them to set aside Village Land Forest

Reserves under the provisions of

Tanzania’s 2002 Forest Act

MCDI, which is based in Kilwa, in

southeastern Tanzania, has been a pioneer in

PFM since it was founded under the name of

the Cambridge Mpingo Project, and began

with the Tanzanian Mpingo 96 student

expedition in 1995.

developed a rigorous procedure for

carrying out forest inventories with local

communities that assures timber harvests are

sustainable

certificate from the Forestry

Stewardship Council (FSC

which is the first of its kind to be

awarded for community forestry in

Africa and enables communities to

earn premium prices for their

harvested timber

MCDI recently received coverage from

Mongabay.com (January 2011) of the

expansion of its work facilitating

sustainable timber harvesting from

communities in coastal Tanzania

Page 21: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Legal Instruments and Mechanisms relating to environmental movement in Tanzania.

Article 9 of the

Constitution

requires the

Government to

ensure that

national

resources are

harnessed,

preserved and

applied toward

the common good

Constitution of Tanzania 1984

Constitutional provisions

Until recently environmental issues were the

responsibility of sectoral ministries. However, with the

growing awareness of the cross cutting and complex

nature of environmental issues, their importance and

severity, institutional structures and strategies are

changing towards cross-sectoral coordination: these can

be seen from various policies, laws, reforms, institutions

established by the government

fundamental objective and directive principles of the

state policy" provisions of the Constitution, it portrays

the commitment of the Government in ensuring

sustainable development and environmental

management

Page 22: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Specific national movements and programs towards environmental management

The growing awareness of the problem of desertification has led to a number of new district and regional based environmental management movement/ activities through the Ministry of Tourism and Natural Resources. These projects include: * Land Management Programme for Environment Conservation (LAMP) in Babati District; * Hifadhi Ardhi Dodoma (HADO) and Hifadhi Ardhi Shinyanga(HASHI), two soil and water conservation projects addressing forestry, land-use and livestock in an integrated fashion; * Hifadhi Mazingira (HIMA) a regional based soil and water conservation programme in Iringa region; * Soil Erosion Control and Agroforestry Programme (SECAP) in Lushoto, dealing with soil, land, and water conservation; * Soil Conservation and Agroforestry Programme (SCAPA)in Arumeru, dealing with soil, and water conservation.The problems of land degradation and desertification continue to be major threats to the environment and have been identified as priority problems in the National Environmental Policy, NCSSD, NEAP and TFAP.

Page 23: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

It is vividly that the efforts and environmental movements has raised the public awareness,

interests and actions as more than 159 Community Based Organisations (CBO) and non-

Governmental Organisations (NGOS) has been formed as well as private sector and

individuals joining the process

Conclusion

At this juncture one can say that, the evolution of environmental movement in

Tanzania as led to the current environmental management activities as well as

adaption of various environmental policies to the country

Page 24: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Ariana La Porte (2010) Developing

Wilderness Conservation and Nature

Tourism in Tanzania and Costa Rica

Adger, W. N., Huq, S., Brown, K.,

Conway, D., and Hulme, M. 2003.

Adaptation to climate change in the

developing world. Progress in

Development Studies 3, no. 3: 179-

196.

Adger, W.N. 2003. Social Capital,

Collective Action, and Adaptation to

Climate Change. Economic Geography

79, no. 4: 387-403.

Agrawala, S., Moehner, A., Hemp, A.,

Van, A.M., Smith, J., Meena, H.,

Mwakifamba, M., Hyera, T., and

Mwaipopo, O.U. 2003. Development

and Climate Change in Tanzania: Focus

on Mount Kilimanjaro. Paris:

Organisation for Economic Co-

operation and Development (OECD)..

Reference List

Page 25: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Barnett, R. and C. Patterson. 2006. Sport Hunting in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region: An Overview. TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa, Johannesburg

Beinart, W. 1999. African History, Environmental History and Race Relations. Inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Oxford, 6 May.

Borner, M. 1985. The increasing isolation of TarangireNational Park. Oryx 19(2): 91-96.

Cyril .O. 2015. Environmental Movement in Sub Sahara Africa. A Political Ecology of Power and Conflict. Civil society and social movement program paper number 15

Fred N, Rugemeleza N and Rodgers. W.A . 2007.The Evolution and Reform of Tanzanian Wildlife Management, Conservation and Society, Pages 232–261 Volume 5, No. 2.

Honey, M. 1999. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Island Press,

Washington, DC.

Nash, R.F. 1982. Wilderness and the American Mind. 3rd edn. Yale University Press, NH, USA.

Neumann, R.P. 1998. Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation

in Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, USA.

Tanzania forest Conservation Group. (2005) a brief history of the Tanzania forest conservation group Biannual Newsletter Issue No.18., ISSN 0856-8715

Tanzania National Website. History. [Online] Available at http://www.tanzania.go.tz/history.html. Accessed October 08 2013

The Tanzania Forest Working Group and Tanzania Natural Resource Forum (2011), Mama Misitu project Document presented to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland and the Royal Norwegian embassy in Tanzania

Raference List

Page 26: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

Websites:

http://www.paleycenter.org/away-we-go-green-silent-spring/ accessed on 27/9/2013 at 2133Hrs

www.mpingoconservation.org/mpingo_tree.htmln accessed on 12/10/2013 at 2340 Hrs

http://www.tnrf.org/about/history accessed on 11/10.2013 accessed at 1815Hrs

http://www.mjumita.org/operateFramework.html accessed on 9/10/2013 at 1854 Hrs

http://www.janegoodall.org/about-jgi accessed on 12/10/2013 accessed on 08/10/2013 at 1158Hrs

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/189205/environmentalism/224631/History-of-the-environmental-

movement) accessed on 06/10/2013 at 2014

Reference List

Page 27: Environmental movement in Tanzania, Sisty basil massawe

ASANTENI /THANK YOU

“In nature nothing exists alone.”

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring