environmental management rev1
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Management of Environment
Definition of Environment The surroundings in which an organisation
operates including air, water, land, natural
resources, flora, fauna, humans and theirinterrelation
"environment" includes water, air and land
and the inter- relationship which existsamong and between water, air and land, andhuman beings, other living creatures, plants,
micro-organism and property
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Sustainable development Meeting the needs of the present
generation without compromising theability of future generations to meettheir own needs
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Global Environmental issues
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Disappearance of tropical forests
Dwindling varieties of wildlife
Marine Pollution
Transboundary movement of Hazardous Waste
Desertification
Acid Rain
Environmental Pollution in economically developingcountries
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Global warming
Global warming is a process in which the surfacetemperature of the Earth rises because of the"greenhouse effect." The greenhouse effect is
caused by an increase in greenhouse gases (carbondioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, etc.), whichwe produce as we go about our daily life.
The results of global warming are predicted to behigher sea levels, as the seawater expands from theheat, and harsh climatic changes. These changesare expected to exert a big effect on agriculture and
ecosystems.
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Management of Environment Ozone Layer Depletion Ozone is a natural gas that exists in large quantities in the
stratosphere, which is one of the upper layers of the Earth'satmosphere. There, ozone works to protect life on earth byabsorbing ultraviolet rays and other harmful rays from thesun. This ozone layer is steadily being destroyed bychlorofluorocarbons, halons and other ozone-depletingsubstances in the atmosphere.
As the ozone layer is destroyed, more harmful ultraviolet rays
reach the Earth's surface. This causes skin cancer, cataractsand other health problems and may exert dangerous effectson plankton, agricultural products and all kinds of plants andanimals.
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Management of Environment Acid Rain Since the industrial revolution, we have been using large
quantities of oil, coal and other fossil fuels. The combustion(burning) of fossil fuels generates large amounts of sulfuroxides and nitrogen oxides. Acid rain is rain (or mist) that haspicked up these oxides, which have been released into theatmosphere, and deposits them on the ground.
In Europe and North America, acid rain and acidification of thesoil is promoting the disappearance of forests and the
deterioration of historical ruins and other structures. Theacidification of lakes and marshes there is causing theextinction of certain fishes and having other ill effects.
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Management of Environment Disappearance of tropical forests Tropical forests are an important source of lumber. At the
same time, tropical forests serve the vital role of being wildlifehabitats and of absorbing and storing carbon dioxide, which isthe main cause of global warming. It is estimated that about1,540 hectares of tropical forest disappear each year, becauseof large-scale, slash-and-burn agricultural practices andlogging for commercial purposes.
The disappearance of tropical forests is raising concerns about
the large-scale extinction of certain species of wild life, thedestruction of ecosystems, and effects on global warming.
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Dwindling variety of wildlife There are about 1.75 million species of wild
life on this planet that have been verifiedscientifically. The actual number of species
could be 10 million or maybe even morethan 100 million! But the destruction ofwildlife habitats by human activity and the
indiscriminate catching and killing of wildlifeis causing a sharp decline in the number ofwild plants and animals on this planet. Thistrend is causing concern regarding the loss
of precious gene pools and changes inecosystems.
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Marine Pollution Pollution of the Earth's oceans and seas is
getting worse. Pollutants are flushed down
rivers and streams, and oil spills into thewater when tankers and other ships collideand through off-shore drilling and other
marine resource development. This pollutionexerts harmful effects on fish and birds, andthe resultant "red tides" cause problems forfisheries.
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Transboundary movement of Hazardous Waste
Expanded human activity has brought with it anincrease in the volume of waste generated. Thecost for handling this waste has also skyrocketed.
This has led industrialized nations to take some oftheir waste, including recyclable waste, todeveloping countries. But this waste also containstoxic substances. When the waste is not properlytreated, it pollutes the rivers, groundwater and soilof these economically developing countries andbecomes an international problem.
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Management of Environment Desertification Desertification (the changing of productive land into
barren land) occurs for various reasons: Whenregions dry out because of a decrease in rainfallcaused by climatic changes; when land is over-cultivated, overgrazed or too many trees are takenfor firewood, because of increasing populations ineconomically developing countries; when land is notgiven enough time to rest between plantings andbecomes barren; and other reasons.Today, desertification effects about one-fourth ofthe Earth's land surface and about one-sixth of itshuman population (or 900 million people).
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Environmental Pollution in developing countries
In economically developing countries, transportationfacilities, sewers, waste treatment facilities and
other parts of the basic infrastructure cannot keeppace with the rapid increase in population and thetremendous influx of people into cities. Also, anti-pollution measures at factories and other places areoften insufficient, resulting in a deterioration of thegeneral hygiene and a worsening of air, water andother forms of pollution.
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Major environmental issues in India
Intensive agricultural practices
Degradation of soils due to overuse ofchemicals, fertilizers, mono culture
degradation of groundwater quality increase in the use of pesticides leading
to health hazards, and decline in cropdiversity.
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Major environmental issues in India
Population explosion The failure to realize the link between
poverty and environmental sustenance All these factors have snowballed into major
environmental problems such as decline in
forest cover, increased soil erosion, silting ofreservoirs and lakes, decline in biodiversityetc.,
Problems related to industrialization andurbanization
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Major environmental issues in India
Lopsided development policies have resulted
in degraded soils, depletion of water tables,increased floods, desertification, waterlogging and salinity, pollution of water and
air and loss of biodiversity. Adoption of less environment friendly
technologies
Unchecked growth of the informalmanufacturing sector
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International Treaties/Conventions Stockholm Conference (1972)
Montreal Protocol (1987) Basel Convention (1989)
Rio Summit (1992) Kyoto Protocol (1997)
Johannesburg Summit (2002)
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Environmental Governance MOEF
CPCB MPCB
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National Environmental Policy
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Management of Environment Environmental Legislation in India The Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 (1988) The Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Cess Act, 1977(1992, 2003) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981 (1987) The Environment Protection Act, 1986 (1991) The Environment Protection Rules, 1986
(1998,99,2001,02,03,04,06)
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Environmental Legislation in India (contd) Coastal Regulation Zone (30 notifications)
Delegation of powers (16 notifications)
Eco-mark scheme (2 notifications)
Eco-sensitive Zone (10 notifications)
Environmental Clearance (1994, 2006 Environmental Labs (1 amendment)
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Management of Environment Environmental Legislation in India (contd) Hazardous Substances Management The batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,
2000 The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
(2003) Prohibition on the handling of Azodyes (1997) The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness
and Response) Rules, 1996
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Environmental Legislation in India (contd) Hazardous Substances Management
The Rules for Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage ofHazardous microorganisms, genetically engineered organisms orcells (1989)
MSIHC Rules, 1989 (2000)
The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
(2000, 2003, 2008, 2009) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
(2003)
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Environmental Legislation in India(contd)
Noise Pollution (Regulation and
Control), 2000 (2000, 2002) ODS (Regulation and Control) Rules,
2000 2T Oil (Regulation of Supply and
Distribution) order
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Management of Environment Environmental Legislation in India (contd) PLI Act, 1991 (1993) and rules (and 5
notifications) The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,
1960 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (1993,
2002) The Indian Forest Act, 1927 The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (1988) The Biodiversity Act, 2002
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Book Environmental Management by Dr
Balakrishnamoorthy
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Websites www.unep.org
www.envfor.nic.in
www.cpcb.nic.in www.worldbank.org/nipr/india
www.teriin.org
www.narmada.org www.sanctuaryasia.com
www.undp.org
www.iema.net
http://www.unep.org/http://www.envfor.nic.in/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/indiahttp://www.teriin.org/http://www.narmada.org/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/http://www.undp.org/http://www.iema.net/http://www.iema.net/http://www.undp.org/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/http://www.narmada.org/http://www.teriin.org/http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/indiahttp://www.cpcb.nic.in/http://www.envfor.nic.in/http://www.unep.org/