environmental issues and business

8/2/2019 Environmental Issues and Business

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BY:Gurpreet singh sandhuRoll no.- 2106


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Ozone layer depletion

Global warming

Loss of biodiversity

Desertification

Deforestation
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Ozone layer in stratosphere (10 to 50 kms area from earthssurface) protects earth from harmful UVB rays.

Ozone is highly reactive and easily broken down by man-madechlorine and bromine compounds. These compounds are found to

be most responsible for most of ozone layer depletion. These elements are found in certain stable organic compounds,

especially CFCs, which may find their way tothe stratosphere without being destroyed in the troposphere due totheir low reactivity.

An increase of UV radiation would be expected to affect crops. Anumber of economically important species of plants, such as rice,depend on cyanobacteria residing on their roots for the retentionof nitrogen. Cyanobacteria are sensitive to UV light and would beaffected by its increase.
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Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's

atmosphere and oceans, which began to increase in the late 19th centuryand is projected to continue rising.

Two major anthropogenic sources: the combustion of fossil fuels and

changes in land use. Net releases of carbon dioxide from these two

sources are believed to be contributing to the rapid rise in atmospheric

concentrations since Industrial Revolution. Effects: sea level rise, glaciers meltdown in arctic, extreme wheather

events, droughts, changes in crop yields etc.
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Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on earth, and its biologicaldiversity. The number of species of plants, animals, microorganisms, the enormous diversity of genes in these species, thedifferent ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests andcoral reefs are all a part of a biologically diverse earth.

Over the past 150 years, deforestation has contributed an estimated30 percent of the atmospheric build-up of CO2. It is also asignificant driving force behind the loss of genes, species, andcritical ecosystem services.

Major problems with biodiversity conservation:

Low priority for conservation of living natural resources.

Exploitation of living natural resources for monetary gain.

Values and knowledge about the species and ecosysteminadequately known.

Unplanned urbanization and uncontrolled industrialization.


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Desertification, resulting in part from deforestation, is a significant

Threat to the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions of the World

which account for 40 per cent of the Earths land surface.

Even though Indias land area is only 2.4 percent of the worlds total land

area, it supports 16.67 percent of theworlds

population and 18percent of its livestock. These pressures alone play a major role in

promoting desertification.

Half the land in India is now affected by desertification and this impairs

the ability of land to support life. It is particularly devastating because of

its self-reinforcing nature.

The causes of desertification are extensive cultivation of one crop, use of

chemical fertilizers and pesticides, shifting cultivation without adequate

period of recovery, industrial and mining activities, overgrazing, logging

and illegal felling, forest fires and unsustainable water management.


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More than 110 million hectares of forest, about 11 million Hectares a

year, disappeared during the 1990s. Most of this loss Was in developing

countries. About 45 per cent of the worlds original Forests are gone.

Approximately half of the wood harvested in the world is Used as fuel

wood and charcoal, mostly in developing countries. In developed

countries the main uses are for industrial products.

The removal of trees decreases the ability of the soils to absorb And

retain water; thus contributing to the depletion of the Groundwater

aquifers, which supply about one-third of the worlds Population.


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The main greenhouse gases are:

Water vapor

Carbon dioxide

Methane Nitrous oxide

ozone
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World's top ten emitters of GHGs for 2005.The figure is the

country's or region's emissions as a percentage of the global total : China 17%

United States 16%

European Union 11%

Indonesia 6% India 5%

Russia 5%

Brazil 4%

Japan 3% Canada 2%

Mexico 2%


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The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate Change (UNFCCC ), aimed at fighting global warming. The

UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving the

"stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that

would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, andentered into force on 16 February 2005.

Till September 2011, 191 states have signed and ratified the protocol. The only

remaining signatory not to have ratified the protocol is the United States.

Other United Nations member states which did not ratify the protocol are

Afghanistan, Andorra and South Sudan. In December 2011, Canada denounced

the Protocol.

Annex I countries (including the US) collectively agreed to reduce their

greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% on average for the period 2008-2012. This

reduction is relative to their annual emissions in a base year, usually 1990. Since

the US has not ratified the treaty, the collective emissions reduction of Annex I

Kyoto countries falls from 5.2% to 4.2% below base year.


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The Protocol allows for several "flexible mechanisms", suchas emissions trading, the clean development mechanism(CDM)

and joint implementation to allow Annex I countries to meet theirGHG emission limitations by purchasing GHG emissionreductions credits from elsewhere, through financial exchanges,projects that reduce emissions in non-Annex I countries, fromother Annex I countries, or from annex I countries with excess

allowances. Each Annex I country is required to submit an annual report of

inventories of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions fromsources and removals from sinks under UNFCCC and the KyotoProtocol.

Virtually all of the non-Annex I countries have also established adesignated national authority to manage its Kyoto obligations,specifically the "CDM process" that determines which GHGprojects they wish to propose for accreditation by the CDMExecutive Board.


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You have to decide whether development means affluence orwhether development means peace, prosperity and happiness.


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A carbon footprint has historically been defined as "the total set

of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an organization, event,

product or person.

A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)

and methane (CH4

) emissions of a defined population, system or activity,

considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage within the spatial and

temporal boundary of the population, system or activity of interest.

Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).

Greenhouse gases can be emitted through transport, land clearance, and

the production and consumption of food, fuels, manufactured goods,

materials, wood, roads, buildings, and services.


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An individual's, nation's, or organizations carbon footprint can be

measured by undertaking a GHG emissions assessment. Once the

size of a carbon footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to

reduce it.

The main influences on carbon footprints include population,

economic output, and energy and carbon intensity of the economy.These factors are the main targets of individuals and businesses in

order to decrease carbon footprints.

Scholars suggest the most effective way to decrease a carbon

footprint is to either decrease the amount of energy needed for

production or to decrease the dependence on carbon emitting fuels.


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Environmental management system (EMS) refers to the management of

an organization's environmental programs in a comprehensive,

systematic, planned and documented manner.

The term can also refer to software systems for organizational

environmental management.

It is statutory requirement and the firms want to avoid prosecution. In

case of non-compliance(NC), not only the company has to pay penalties

but also would invite adverse publicity. It would depend how far a

company is committed , concerned or even proactive in regard to

environment issues.


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PLAN: Establish objectives and processes required.

DO: Implement the process.

CHECK: Measure and monitor the processes and report result.

ACT: Take action to improve performance.


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ISO 14000 refers to a family of voluntary standards and guidance documents tohelp organizations address environmental issues. Included in the family arestandards for Environmental Management Systems, environmental and EMSauditing, environmental labeling, performance evaluation and life-cycleassessment.

In 1992,SAGEs

recommendations created a new technical committee, T.C 207,for international environmental management standards.

India is a member of T.C 207, BIS ( bureau of Indian standards) represents Indiain this committee

The ISO 14000 series emerged primarily as a result of Uruguay round of theGATT (general agreement on trade and tariff) negotiations and the RIO summitheld on environment held in 1992.

While GATT concentrates on the need to reduce non tariff barriers to trade. TheRIO summit generates a commitment to protection of the environment across theworld.


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Before ISO 14000 the bureau of Indian standards (BIS), formerly

known as Indian standard institution, developed some sort of

standard but did not implement it because it become known that

ISO is creating an international standard for EMS.

Likewise a south African standard for EMS, based on BS 7750,was developed in 1993, before ISO 14000.

ISO 14000 became operative in 1996.

ISO14001 is the dominant environmental management system in

the world


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The ISO 14000 standards reflect different aspects of environmental

management. The following list outlines the broad coverage of each:

Environmental Management Systems:

14001-2004, 14002, 14004

Environmental Auditing:

14011

Environmental Labeling:

14020, 14021, 14022, 14023, 14024, 14025

Life Cycle Assessment:

14040, 14041, 14042, 14043


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DQS(delhi quality services) Certification Indiaappoints a competent & suitable auditor or team ofauditors to audit the organization against the standard& scope requested by the clients.

Client has to file an application seeking standard forwhich to be certified. Gap analysis may be performedfirst to check readiness for the auditee organizationwhich help organization to improve upon.

Routine surveillance audits are carried out to evaluate

continual improvement in the validity period. Arecertification audit is performed after every three yearsto maintain continuity of the certification.


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