environmental impacts of transportation spring 2015 dr. michael rodgers, deputy director national...
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATIONSpring 2015
Dr. Michael Rodgers, Deputy Director
National Center for Transportation Systems Productivity and Management
&
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
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Environmental Impacts• Impacts in all elements of transportation
• Vehicle Cycle• Fuel Cycle• Infrastructure Cycle
• Both direct and indirect impacts• Direct
• Directly associated with construction or usage of transportation
• Indirect• Impacts on the operation or structure of other natural and built systems
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Fuel and Vehicle Cycles
Argonne National Laboratory GREET Model
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Direct Impacts• Atmosphere
• Emissions of toxics and criteria pollutants
• Hydrosphere• Drainage and Flooding• Runoff
• Geosphere• Consumptive land use• Erosion
• Biosphere• Wildlife impacts• Exotic and invasive species
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Indirect Impacts• Atmosphere
• Emissions of Radiatively Important Trace Substances (RITS)… Climatic Impacts
• Weather modification
• Hydrosphere• Oceanic Pollution
• Geosphere• Impacts on Geomorphology
• Biosphere• Habitat Impacts• Clearing and mowing
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Impacts on Drainage
• Reduction of overland flow relative to channelized flow
• Impacts of damming due to raised roadbeds
• Increase in impervious surface associated with transportation infrastructure
Commons.wikipedia
Florida DOT
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Zebra Mussels• Dreissena polymorpha• Native to Russia • Introduced through ballast water in the early 1980’s
• Can colonize virtually any substrate
R. Peplowski, Detroit Edison
Nationalatlas.gov
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Zebra Mussel Distribution
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Urban Heat Island
• The built environment typically has lower albedo than vegetated surfaces
• Transportation infrastructure and rooftops are the most important contributors
Heatisland.lbl.gov
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Atlanta Heat Island
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Atlanta Heat Island
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Atlanta Heat Island
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Atlanta Heat Island
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Atlanta Downtown Thermal Image
Nasa.gov
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Common Pollutants• Ozone (NAAQS and NSPS)
• VOC• Nitrogen Oxides
• Sulfur Dioxide• Carbon Monoxide• Particulate Matter
• Total Suspended Particulates• PM10• PM2.5
• Nitrogen Dioxide• Lead• HAPS (NESHAP)
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Types of Pollutants• Primary Pollutants
• Emitted into the Atmosphere • Always diminish in concentration with distance from the source• Examples: lead, HAPS
• Secondary Pollutants• Formed within the Atmosphere• Normally reach maximum concentration at some distance from the
source• Examples: ozone, pm
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Mobile Emissions• On Road
• Passenger Vehicles• Cars• Vans• Light Duty Trucks and SUVs
• Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks• Motorcycles
• Non-Road
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Mobile Emissions• On Road• Non-Road
• Marine Vessels• Inland Marine• Maritime Vessels
• Locomotives• Aircraft• Off-Road Vehicles
• Agricultural• Lawn and Garden• Construction• Recreation Equipment (e.g. ATV, snowmobiles, dirt bikes, etc.)
• Industrial (e.g. forklifts, generators, compressors, etc.)
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Types of Mobile Emissions• Direct
• Combustion Exhaust• Evaporative
• Diurnal• Running Losses
• Refueling
• Indirect• Thermal • Wear
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Full Cycle Emissions
Psehealthyenergy.org
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Criteria Emissions
Fhwa.dot.gov
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Criteria Emissions
Epa.gov
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North American Criteria Pollutant Emissions(2012)
EPA and Environment Canada
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HAPS Emissions• Half from Mobile Sources
• 27% on road• 23% non-road
• Major Sources Account for 9%• Area Sources Account for 41%
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Port Emissions
Nrdc.org
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Criteria Pollutants
Nrdc.org
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector
Fhwa.dot.gov
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U.S. Energy Flow 2012
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Intellectualtakeout.org
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Energy Consumption
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Energy Consumption by Sector and Source (EERE)
1982 73.1 quads 2012 95.1 quads
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Transportation and Energy• Transportation is about Movement
• People• Goods• Services
• To Initiate and Maintain Movement Requires Energy Inputs• Replace Losses to Maintain Momentum
• Dissipative Losses (e.g. Friction, Aerodynamic Resistance, etc.)• Gravitational Potential Energy
• Any Required Accelerations
• Energy Supplied Through• Tractive Power• Thrust
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U.S. Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode (2011)
C2es.org
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Modal Efficiency Comparison
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Mechanical Work• Mechanical Work is a Form of Energy
• Mass Dependent• Path Dependent• Distance Dependent• Speed Dependent (Resistive Loads are a Function of Speed)
• Design of Transportation Systems• Average Power Demands
• Required Load• Power Losses
• Peak Power Demand• Speed/Acceleration• Overcoming Grades/Surface Resistance
• Fuel Storage/Range
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Tractive Power Requirements
(Engine Tractive Power) = (Mass) x[ (acceleration) + (aerodynamic load) + (grade load) + (rolling resistance) + (auxiliary loads) + (drive train losses)]
(Engine Tractive Power) = (Fuel Consumption) x (Energy Density of Fuel) x (Thermal Efficiency of Engine)
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Carbon Dioxide Emissions
(Direct CO2 Emissions) = (Fuel Consumption) x (Carbon Content of Fuel) x (44/12)
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Total CO2 Emissions
(Total CO2 Emissions) = (Direct Emissions) + (Indirect Fuel Cycle Emissions) + (Vehicle Cycle Emissions) + (Infrastructure Cycle Emissions) +(Net Impact on Other Systems)
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How Do We Reduce Transportation CO2 Emissions?• Reduce Direct Emissions
• Engine Technologies• Improve Thermal Efficiency of Engine• Alternative Fuels with Lower Carbon Content
• Vehicle Technologies• Improve Drive Train Efficiencies• Improve Aerodynamics• Reduce Rolling Resistance• Energy Recovery/Hybrid Drivetrains• Lighten Vehicle
• Reduce Travel Demand• Reduce Mileage• Reduce Total Tonnage (e.g. Packaging)• Modal Shifts
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How Do We Reduce Transportation CO2 Emissions?• Reduce Indirect Emissions
• Improve Recyclability • Infrastructure• Vehicles
• Extend Lifetime• Infrastructure• Vehicles• Goods
• Design/Construction of Low Impact Infrastructure
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Passenger Energy Efficiency
Templetons.com
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Comparison of Fuel Technologies
Argonne National Labs