environmental impacts of building materials for minarets of historical mosques
TRANSCRIPT
Environmental Impacts of Building Materials for Minarets of Historical Mosques
Hafedh Abed Yahya, and Muna Hanim Abdul Samad
POST GRADUATE CONFERENCE IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2014 [PGCBE 2014]
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Introduction
Methodology
Preparing for Implementation
Results and Discussion
Environmental Impacts of Building Materials for Minarets of Historical Mosques2
Introduction
1. 2. 3.
Energy Consumption
3
Depletion of Natural
Resources
Building materials are affecting on ecological environment in terms of
Emissions
Use
Environmental impacts are generated
Introduction
Mining
Manufacturing
Construction
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2
3
4
Demolition 5
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Introduction
1. 2. 3.
Enhancing construction techniques
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Developing methodologies and
techniques for evaluating environmental impacts
Choosing environmental–
friendly materials
To minimize environmental impacts of buildings by different parties in various ways including
Introduction
The concept of environment in Islamic perception means
more than a simple enumeration of its
components of the ecological system;
it transcends this to establish a link between these
components and human. Thus, built environment in
Islamic World was a reflection of Muslims view of the
environment as a living entity
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Introduction7
The architecture of Mosul was an example of the
architecture of Islamic cities
As well as the mosque is a representative building for Islamic
architecture
Introduction
The functional and behavioural attributes of minaret can be
neutralised, therefore the minaret can be studied apart from the mosque’s other components.
Function
The minaret is an extremely distinguished architectural element of
mosques.
Form
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The reasons for choosing minarets as a subject to investigating the environmental impact of building materials can be attributed to:
1. 2.
Introduction
The minaret is an expression basically based on the Arabic
word indicating "sign" or "marker". It is the principal
vertical feature of most mosques which “provides a
local landmark as well as allowing the voice of the
muezzin (the man appointed to call for prayer) to carry over a
considerable distance when calling for prayer”
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Introduction
In Mesopotamia, minarets initially emerged in the twelfth century and the cylindrical
shaft was distinguished in early forms
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Methodology
Quantitative data collected for 10 Minarets about the building materials for each Minaret referring to
construction date, structural and finishing materials, the dimensions and quantities of the materials.
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MethodologyAccording to the ISO 14044 standard details the selection
of system boundary of the study will be cradle to grave.
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MethodologyBy the aid of GaBi 6.0 Education software the task is to build (plan-model) for each material which represent the system with its boundaries.
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A plan-model is the manner the system becoming investigated is described in the software. According to the survey, two plan-models must be built.
Methodology14
The plan-model made up of processes representing the actual processes taking place.
Methodology15
Each process consists of input and output flows which represent all the material and energy flows passing between the processes and to end from the system.
Methodology
The methodology is presented within four basic steps;
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Methodology17
Five impact categories were assessed
2Acidification
AP
4Eutrophication
EP
1Global Warming
GWP
3Ozone Depletion
ODP
5Human Toxicity
HTP
Preparing for implementation18
Table 1, Building materials survey for the minarets
Results and Discussion
Results of environmental impact of Minarets used clay brick
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Results and Discussion
Results of environmental impact of Minarets used Limestone
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Results and Discussion
The results of this study show that clay brick was essential material used in construction
of historical minarets as structural and finishing material. The environmental
impacts of using clay brick are much higher than for minarets which constructed with
limestone.
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Results and DiscussionAlthough clay brick was not popular in other historical building
in Mosul but it used widely for three reasons;
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1st. Light weight of clay brick make it possible to used it in higher parts so it was used in minarets, arches,
and domes.
2nd. The ability of moulding in exact form and size.
3rd.The ability to carving made clay brick perfect finishing material for
inscriptions and calligraphy
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Thank you
POST GRADUATE CONFERENCE IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2014 [PGCBE 2014]
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