environmental impact of rameshwara lift

Soil Aspects

Department of Environmental Science, BUB 8

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED

SRI RAMESHWARA LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME

VOLUME I

October 2007

Soil Aspects


ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED

SRI RAMESHWARA LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME

VOLUME II

October 2007

Soil Aspects


Chapter No. Content Page No. I QUESTIONAIRE i to xix II Executive Summary I to XIV

Chapter III - Salient Features

Paragraph No. Content Page No. 3.0 Introduction 1 3.1 Location and Accessibility 1 3.2 Topography 1-2 3.3 Drainage 2 3.4 Climate and Rainfall 2 3.5 Geology and Soils 2-3 3.6 Population 3 3.7 Land use and Socio-economic Aspects 4 3.8 Cropping pattern 4 3.9 Hydrological aspects 4

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Content Page No. 3.1 SRLIS Gross Command Area Details 3 3.2 Population as per 2001 census 3

3.3 Summarized Salient Features of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme 5-7

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Content 3.1 Location map of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme 3.2 Location map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift

Irrigation Scheme 3.3 SOI topomap of command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift

Irrigation Scheme 3.4 Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme

Soil Aspects


Chapter IV - Soil Quality Assessment

Paragraph No. Content Page No. 4.0 Introduction 8 4.1 Soil Water A Dynamic Solution 8-9 4.2 Soil Management and Micronutrient Needs 9 4.3 Changes in Soil Acidity 9-10 4.4 Soil Moisture 10 4.5 Fertilizer Applications 10-11 4.6 Scope of Study 11-12

4.7

Study Area 4.7.1 Location and Accessibility 4.7.2 Physiography and Drainage 4.7.3 Climate, Rainfall and Hydrological Aspects 4.7.4 Geology 4.7.5 Soil Types 4.7.6 Land Use Pattern 4.7.7 Cropping Pattern

12-16

4.8 Objectives 16 4.9 Materials and Methods 16

4.10

Soil Analysis 4.10.1 pH and conductivity 4.10.2 Soil Colour 4.10.3 Organic Carbon 4.10.4 Exchangeable Potassium and Sodium 4.10.5 Exchangeable Calcium and Magnesium 4.10.6 Available Phosphorus 4.10.7 Chloride 4.10.8 Cation Exchange Capacity 4.10.9 Calcium Carbonate 4.10.10 Exchangeable Sodium percentage 4.10.11 Particle Size Distribution 4.10.12 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) 4.10.13 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 4.10.14 Salinity

16-24

4.11

Results 4.11.1 Soil pH 4.11.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 4.11.3 Salinity 4.11.4 Colour of the Soil 4.11.5 Exchangeable Calcium 4.11.6Exchangeable Magnesium 4.11.7 Percent Organic Carbon 4.11.8 Exchangeable Sodium 4.11.9 Exchangeable Potassium 4.11.10 Percent Chlorides 4.11.11 Available Nitrogen (%N) 4.11.12 Available Phosphorous 4.11.13 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)

24-27

Soil Aspects


4.12

Discussion 4.12.1 pH 4.12.2 Electrical Conductivity 4.12.3 Soil Colour 4.12.4 Organic Carbon 4.12.5 Available Phosphorus 4.12.6 Exchangeable Sodium 4.12.7 Exchangeable Potassium 4.12.8 Available Nitrogen

28-34

4.13 Particle Size Distribution 34 4.14 Textural Class 35 4.15 Water Holding Capacity (WHC) 35 4.16 Salinity 4.16.1 Salinity Causing Factors 35-38 4.17 Fertility Status of the Soils 38-39 4.18 Nutrient index 39-40

4.19

Estimation of Soil Loss 4.19.1 Erosion Index (EI30) Values on Storm Basis 4.19.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) 4.19.3 Nomograph Method 4.19.4 Determination of LS 4.19.5 Evaluation of Cropping Management Factor (C) 4.19.6 Evaluation of Support Practice Factor (P) 4.19.7 Soil Erosion 4.19.8 Soil Conservation Practices 4.19.9 Soil Conservation Practices for Catchment Area Treatment

40-47

4.20 Soil and Water Conservation Measures for Rameshwara Catchment Area 4.20.1 Gully plugging

48-49

4.21 Soil Conservation Practices for the Ghataprabha River at Rameshwara Catchment Area 50-55

Soil Aspects


LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Content Page No. 4.1 Quality Problems Related to Agricultural Activities 16 4.2 Details of Soil Sampling Sites at Command Area 21-22 4.3 Analytical Methods Used for Physico Chemical Analysis of Soil 23

4.4 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil at Command Area 24

4.5 Rate of Infiltration under different land use pattern in the Ghataprabha River Basin 40 4.6 Estimation of Soil Loss in Watersheds of the RLIS 44 4.7 Erodibility Index 45 4.8 Suggested Erosion Reduction Percentages for Various Mitigation Measures 47 4.9 Specifications for Gully Plugs 48

4.10 Soil conservation Measures and Practices Recommended for the Ghataprabha River at Rameshwara Catchment Area

50

4.11 Micro-Watershed of Rameshwara Catchment Area and Treatment Plan 51-54 4.12 Cost Estimates as per Soil Treatment Methods 55 4.13 Area and Cost Estimate for Catchment Area Treatment 55

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Content 4.1 Soil sampling points of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation

Scheme 4.2 Seismic map of India as per IS 1893-2002 4.3 Seismic Zoning map of India 4.4 Seismic zones of India

Soil Aspects


Chapter V - Water quality Assessment

Paragraph No. Content Page No. 5.0 Introduction 56-57 5.1 Water Requirement for Irrigation 57-59 5.2 Surface Irrigation 59 5.3 Ground Water Management 59-60 5.4 Management Measures for Irrigation Water 60 5.5 Pollutant Transport from Irrigated Lands 61 5.6 Fertilizer Contamination of Water 61-62 5.7 Irrigation Methods and System Designs 62 5.8 Changes in River Hydrology 63 5.9 Water Application and Drainage 63 5.10 Objectives 64 5.11 Scope of the Study 64-65

5.12

Study Area 5.12.1 Location and Accessibility 5.12.2 Physiography and Drainage 5.12.3 Climate, Rainfall and Hydrological Aspects 5.12.4 Geology

65-67

5.13

Materials and Methods 5.13.1 pH 5.13.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 5.13.3 Turbidity 5.13.4 Alkalinity 5.13.5 Total Hardness 5.13.6 Calcium Hardness 5.13.7 Magnesium Hardness 5.13.8 Chloride 5.13.9 Sulphate 5.13.10 Phosphate 5.13.11 Nitrate 5.13.12 Fluoride 5.13.13 Sodium and Potassium 5.13.14 SAR, RSC and Percent Sodium

67-73

5.14 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 74-76

5.15

Ground Water 5.15.1 pH 5.15.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 5.15.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 5.15.4 Total Hardness 5.15.5 Calcium Hardness 5.15.6 Fluorides 5.15.7 Chlorides 5.15.8 Sodium 5.15.9 Potassium 5.15.10 Sulphates

77-88

Soil Aspects


5.15.11 Phosphates 5.15.12 Nitrates 5.15.13 Turbidity 5.15.14 Colour 5.15.15 Alkalinity 5.15.16 Salinity 5.15.17 Percent Sodium 5.15.18 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) 5.15.19 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)

5.16

Surface Water 5.16.1 pH 5.16.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 5.16.3 Total dissolved solids (TDS) 5.16.4 Hardness 5.16.5 Fluorides 5.16.6 Chlorides 5.16.7 Sodium 5.16.8 Potassium 5.16.9 Sulphates 5.16.10 Phosphates 5.16.11 Nitrates 5.16.12 Turbidity 5.16.13 Colour 5.16.14 Alkalinity 5.16.15 Dissolved oxygen (DO) 5.16.16 Percent Sodium SAR and RSC 5.16.17 Salinity

88-95

5.17 Conclusion 96-97

5.18 Hydrogeological Conditions 5.18.1 Granites, Gneisses and Schists 5.18.2 Deccan Traps 5.18.3 Laterites and Alluvium

97-98

5.19

Ground Water Resource Status 5.19.1 Groundwater Condition 5.19.2 Ground Water Estimation 5.19.3 Ground Water Resource Estimation Methodology-1997 5.19.4 Assessment of Non-Command Area

98-101

5.20 Assessment of Command Area 101 5.21 Categorization of Watersheds 102

5.22

Assessment of Ground Water Potential 5.22.1 Ground Water Potential 5.22.2 Ground Water Recharge 5.22.3 Water Table Fluctuation Method (WTF) 5.22.4 Water Level Fluctuation 5.22.5 Specific Yield 5.22.6 Aquifer Area 5.22.7 Normalization of Monsoon Rainfall Recharge 5.22.8 Recharge Assessment based on

102-109

Soil Aspects


Rainfall Infiltration (RIF) Method 5.22.9 Rainfall Infiltration Factor 5.22.10 Recharge from other sources 5.22.11 Return flow from Ground Water Irrigation 5.22.12 Return Flow from Surface Water Irrigation 5.22.13 Seepage from Canal 5.22.14 Seepage from Tank/ Pond/ Reservoirs 5.22.15 Seepage from Water Conservations Structure 5.22.16 Allocation for Domestic & Industrial Purposes 5.22.17 Computation of Unaccounted Natural Discharge

5.23 Ground Water Resource Categorization 5.23.1 Belgaum District 109-115

5.24 Categorization of Areas based on the level of Ground Water Development 5.24.1 Belgaum District

116-117

5.25

Hydrological Characteristics 5.25.1 Transmissivity (T) 5.25.2 Specific Yield (Sy) 5.25.3 Specific capacity (C) 5.25.4 Infiltration Rate and Hydraulic Conductivity 5.25.5 Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity

118-125

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Content Page No. 5.1 Analytical Methods Used For Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground and Surface Water Samples 70-71

5.2 Details of Ground Water Sampling Sites at Command Area 72

5.3 Details of Surface Water Sampling Sites at Command Area 73

5.4 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water at Command Area 74

5.5 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Water at Command Area 75

5.6 Standards for Physical and Chemical Parameters in Drinking Water 76 5.7 Salinity in Ground Water 86 5.8 Irrigation Water Quality Parameters of Ground Water 88

5.9 Irrigation Water Quality Parameters of Surface Water 92 5.10 Classification of Salinity of Water 93-94

Soil Aspects


5.11 Salinity in Surface Water 94 5.12 Comparative Assessment with Standards Prescribed by BIS for Drinking Water 95 5.13 Number of Villages / Watershed Code 109 5.14 General Description of Ground Water Assessment Units of Belgaum District 112

5.15 Groundwater Resource Potential of Belgaum District as on 31.03.04 112

5.16 Stage of Ground Water Development of Belgaum District as on 31.03.04 113

5.17 Categorization for Ground Water Development of Belgaum District as on 31.03.04 114

5.18 Taluk Wise Ground Water Resources Categorization of Belgaum District as on 31.03.04

114

5.19 Status of Ground water in Belgaum District as on 31.12.1999 as Per GWEC Methodology, 1997

115

5.20 Categorization for Ground Water Development of Belgaum District (as on 1999) 117

5.21 Aquifer Parameters for different wells in Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Area 119

5.22 Hydraulic Properties of Soils in selected locations of the study area 122

5.23 Preliminary Yield Test (PYT) and Aquifer Performance Test (APT) Results 123-125

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Content 5.1 Water sampling points of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation

Scheme 5.2 Status of Groundwater utilization of Belgaum District 5.3

Status of Groundwater utilization of Gokak, Ramdurg and Soudatti taluks of Belgaum District

Soil Aspects


Chapter VI Ambient Air quality and Noise Levels assessment

Paragraph No. Content Page No. 6.0 Introduction 126-127 6.1 Sensory Recognition 127 6.2 Physical Measurement 127 6.3 Impact on Plants, Animals and Buildings 127-128

6.4

Natural Contaminants 6.4.1 Aerosols 6.4.2 Dust 6.4.3 Smoke 6.4.4 Mists 6.4.5 Fog 6.4.6 Fumes

128-130

6.5 Materials and Methods 6.5.1 Criteria Used For Selection of Ambient Air Quality Stations

131

6.6

Ambient Air Quality Studies 6.6.1 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) 6.6.2 Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) or (PM10) 6.6.3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 6.6.4 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

131-135

6.7

Noise and its Measurements 6.7.1 Noise Pollution Hazards 6.7.2 Noise Pollution Rules 2000 6.7.3 Decibel 6.7.4 Sound Pressure level 6.7.5 Weighted Decibels 6.7.6 Measurement of Noise Levels

135-140

6.8 Results and Discussion 6.8.1 Ambient Air Quality Status 6.8.2 Noise Level Survey

140-143

6.9 Recommendations 144

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Content Page No. 6.1 Sources of Atmospheric Dust 130 6.2 Sampling Stations for Air and Noise Quality Studies 135 6.3 Results of Ambient Air Quality Studies 142 6.4 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

and WHO Recommendations 142

6.5 Noise levels (dB) at Pumping Station and Canal site 143

Soil Aspects


Chapter VII - Biodiversity & Ecological Assessment

Paragraph No. Content Page No. 7.0 Background 145 7.1 The Ghataprabha River 145 7.2 Location and land use 145-146 7.3 Climate 146 7.4 Topography 146 7.5 Flora 146-148 7.6 Trees found in Agricultural and Horticultural gardens 148-149 7.7 Exotic Flora 149

7.8 Fauna 7.8.1 Domestic animals 7.8.2 Wild animals

149-154

7.9 Approach and Methodology 154 7.10 Approach 154 7.11 Methodology 154

7.12

Phyto-sociological Survey of the Study Area 7.12.1 Qualitative observations 7.12.2 Quantitative survey 7.12.3 Screening literature for species status 7.12.4 Faunal diversity in the region

154-156

7.13

Observation and discussion 7.13.1 Overview of Forests resource of the Study Area 7.13.2 Composition and the condition of the forest 7.13.3 Natural regeneration of the forest of the region

156-158

7.14 Key features of the study area 159

7.15

Bio-diversity Aspects of Flora in the Study Area 7.15.1 Plant species richness 7.15.2 Overall Species density and diversity 7.15.3 Shrubs, Herbs and climbers 7.15.4 Conservation status of plants

159-161

7.16 Biodiversity Aspects of Fauna in the Study Area 161-165

Soil Aspects


LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Content Page No. 7.1 Key feature of sampled locations of the project

area 159

7.2 Tree species density and diversity in proposed project area 160

7.3 List of plant species as under IUCN/Red Data Book category in the study area 161

7.4 Mammals species recorded for the proposed project area 162

7.5 Birds species recorded for the proposed project region 163 7.6 Butterflies recorded for the project area 164 7.7 Reptiles, Amphibians and Fishes recorded for the region 164-165

Soil Aspects


Chapter VIII - Remote sensing

Paragraph NO. Content Page No. 8.0 Introduction 166 8.1 Location and Extent 166-167 8.2 Land Use / Land Cover 167-168

8.3

Description of different land use / land cover classes 8.3.1 Built-up Land 8.3.2 Agriculture Land 8.3.3 Wasteland 8.3.4 Water Bodies

168-171

8.4 Slope Characteristics 171-172

8.5

Hydrogeomorphology 8.5.1 Linear Ridge 8.5.2 Pediment 8.5.3 Valley 8.5.4 Pediplain Shallow Weathered 8.5.5 Pediplain Moderate Dissected 8.5.6 Channel Island 8.5.7 Plateau Slightly Dissected 8.5.8 Valley Fill

172-174

8.6 Ground Water Prospects 175 8.7 Lithology 176 8.8 Drainage and Watershed 176-178

LIST OF TABLES

Table NO. Content Page No. 8.1 Land use / Land cover of Sri Rameshwara Nala Command Area 168

8.2 Categories of slopes and corresponding contour spacing on 1:50,000 scale 171-172

8.3 Hydrogeomorphological units of Sri Rameshwara Nala Command Area 173

8.4 Ground Water Prospects of Sri Rameshwara Nala Command Area 175

8.5 Lithology of Sri Rameshwara Nala Command Area 176

8.6 Watershed Details (up to Watershed) of Sri Rameshwara Nala Command Area 177 8.7 Watershed code of Sri Rameshwara Nala Command Area 178

8.8 Sub-watersheds of Sri Rameshwara Nala Command Area 178

Soil Aspects


LIST OF TABLES

Table NO. Content 8.1 FCC of Peninsular India 8.2 FCC of the Project site 8.3 FCC of the project site 8.4 Location map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation scheme 8.5 SOI topomap of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation scheme 8.6 Base map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation

scheme 8.7 Land use/Land cover map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation scheme 8.8 Slope map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation scheme 8.9 Hydrogeomorphology map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation scheme 8.10 Groundwater prospects map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation scheme 8.11 Lithology map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation scheme 8.12 Drainage map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation scheme 8.13 Sub-watershed map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation scheme 8.14 Micro-watershed map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation scheme

Soil Aspects


Chapter IX Socioeconomics

Paragraph No. Content Page No. 9.0 The Settings 179-180 9.1 The study location 180 9.2 Salient features of the site 180-181 9.3 Submersion details of the project 181-184 9.4 Socio-Economic appraisal of the project area 184

9.5

General profile of the villages 9.5.1 Geo-political features of the villages

9.5.1a Aralimatti 9.5.1b Venkatapur 9.5.1c Kuligod 9.5.1d Kowjaligi 9.5.1e Kulguddi 9.5.1f Mannekeri

9.5.2 Demographic and household composition 9.5.3 Transportation facilities existing in the project area 9.5.4 Educational facilities in the project area 9.5.5 Health facilities in the villages of the project area 9.5.6 Basic amenities in the villages of project area 9.5.7 Communication facilities in the villages of project area 9.5.7a Post and telegraph facilities 9.5.7b Telephone connections 9.5.8 Trade and commerce scenario in the villages of the project area 9.5.8a Existence of commercial banks 9.5.9 Land use pattern and cropping pattern in the villages of project area 9.5.10 Livestock possession in villages of project area

184-197

9.6

Farmer profile and perception on Rehabilitation and Resettlement programme in the Project area 9.6.1 Farmers profile of the project area: classified by religion and caste 9.6.2 Farmers profile in the project area: Occupation Pattern 9.6.3 Farmers profile of the villages in the project area: income level 9.6.4 Farmers having access to PDS facilities in the Project area 9.6.5 Farmers in the Project Area: Type of family and Age pattern 9.6.6 Farmers in the project area: Gender composition 9.6.7 Farmers in the project area: Education status

197-206

Soil Aspects


9.6.8 Land holding details of farmers in the project area 9.6.9 Land submersion details of the farmers in the project area 9.6.10 Livestock owned by the farmers in the project area

9.7

Perception of the farmers towards Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R and R) policy in the project area 9.7.1 Sources of information of awareness about proposed project among households 9.7.2 Extent of information among the farmers towards land affected under proposed project

207-209

9.8

Nature of complaints forwarded by the farmers in the project area 9.8.1 Response from the agencies towards complaints received from farmers 9.8.2 Apprehensions of farmers towards proposed project 9.8.3 Area proposed for R and R programme in the project area 9.8.4 Awareness about legal acquisition of properties among farmers in the project area 9.8.5 Satisfaction of families towards R and R policy implementation in the project area 9.8.6 Some suggestive measures expressed by farmers in the project area 9.8.7 Agency preferred for implementation of R and R policy 9.8.8 Benefits expected and problems expressed by families in the project area

209-214

9.9 Issues emerging from the perception of the farmers during survey 215-217 9.10 Socio-economic analysis of R and R policy 217-218

9.11

The broad contours of the proposed rehabilitation scheme - The concept 9.11.1 The problems 9.11.2 The strategy 9.11.3 Resettlement centres 9.11.4 Pattern of settlement 9.11.5 Civic amenities 9.11.6 Other facilities 9.11.7 Transport assistance 9.11.8 Concession of stamp duty 9.11.9 Construction of houses 9.11.10 Rehabilitation 9.11.11 Action plan 9.11.12 House sites and proposed land layout 9.11.13 The basis

219-232

Soil Aspects


LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Content Page No. 9.1 Salient features of the Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme 181

9.2 Villages benefited from the scheme: estimated area and population 182-183

9.3 Land and residential sites affected under Shri Rameshwar Lift Irrigation Scheme 183

9.3.1 Proposed canal network and its estimated length (in km) 183-184 9.4 Population and Housing composition in the

villages of project area 187

9.4.1 SC/ST Population in the villages of project area

189

9.5 Transportation facilities existing in the villages of project area 191

9.6 Educational facilities existing in the villages of project area 192

9.7 Health facilities existing in the villages of project area 194

9.8 Basic amenities existing in the villages of project area 195

9.9 Livestock possession existing in the villages of project area 197

9.10 Population and sample farmers covered in the project area 198

9.11 Farmers classified by religion and caste in villages of project area 199

9.12 Occupation Profile of farmers in the project area

200

9.13 Farmers classified by income groups in the villages of project area 201

9.14 Farmers having access to PDS 202 9.15 Farmers in the project area: type of family and

age pattern 203

9.16.1 Farmers in the Project area: Gender composition 203

9.16.2 Farmers in project area: Education status 204 9.17 Land holding details of the families in the project area 205

9.18 Land submersion details of the farmers in the project area 206

9.19 Live Stock possession among farmers in the project area 206

9.20 Sources of information about project awareness among farmers 207

9.21.1 Extent of information among the farmers in the project area 208

Soil Aspects


9.21.2 Nature of ambiguity about proposed project among the farmers in the project area 209

9.22 Nature of complaints forwarded from the families in the project area 209

9.23.1 Response from the agencies towards household complaints 210

9.23.2 Apprehension of the farmers in the project area

210

9.24 Agencies opted for R and R implementation among the families in project area 213

9.25 Perceptions and problems expressed by the farmers in project area 214

9.26 Prevailing market prices for land and house in the project area (in rupees) 218 9.27 Estimation of area and cost for rising main in the project area 218

9.27a Estimation of area and cost for Pump house and Canal Network in the project area 218-219

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Content Page No. 9.1 Gender Composition in project villages 188 9.2 Average family size among project village 188 9.3 Literacy Level - Total, Male and Female

population among Project village 193

Soil Aspects


Chapter X - Environmental Management Plan Paragraph No. Content Page No.

10.0 Safeguarding Health of the Labour groups in the Construction Site 233 10.1 Ground Water Sources 233-234 10.2 Estimated cost for medical facilities 234-235 10.3 Surface Water Sources 236-239 10.4 Solid Waste Management 240-241 10.5 Management Plan 241

10.6

Command Area Development plan 10.6.1 Bio-Drainage to Mitigate Water Logging 10.6.2 Bio-Drainage to Mitigate Salinity 10.6.3 Conjunctive use of surface and ground water to multiple cropping and proper utilization of available area resources 10.6.4 Cost of Command Area Development

242-245

10.7

Catchment Area Treatment Plan 10.7.1 Area for treatment 10.7.2 Habitat development works in Catchment area 10.7.3 Regeneration model for biodiversity conservation 10.7.4 Natural Forests eco-restoration 10.7.5 Species choice for Reforestation 10.7.6 Measures to rehabilitate the endangered species in the region 10.7.7 Terrestrial weed management

245-248

10.8 Canal bank Afforestation 249-250

10.9 Restoration and Landscaping of Jack well Sites 10.9.1 Landscaping

250-251

10.10

Agro-forestry 10.10.1 Silvi-Pasture 10.10.2 Natural Regeneration 10.10.3 Cost estimates for implementing agro-forestry plan for project affected villages

251-253

LIST OF TABLES Table No. Content Page No.

10.1 Estimated cost for setting up medical facilities 234 10.2 Estimated waste water and solid waste generation in a

labour camps 238 10.3 Cost estimates for solid waste management* 241 10.4 The details of Erosion control Measures for sites under

catchment Area of Project 246 10.5 Proposed canal network and its estimated length (in km) 249 10.6 Species for compensatory afforestation 250 10.7 Overall cost for implementing Biodiversity and

Ecosystem restoration plans 253

Soil Aspects


Chapter XI - Environmental Monitoring Programme Para No. Content Page No.

11.0 Water Resource Monitoring Programme 254 11.1 Surface and ground water quality monitoring 254 11.2 Types of monitoring programme 254 11.3 Significance of key monitoring parameters 254-255 11.4 Objectives of monitoring of surface and ground water status 255 11.5 Establishment of optimal network for ground water monitoring 255 11.6 Sampling scheme for ground water monitoring 255-256 11.7 Sampling sites for the purpose of monitoring surface and ground water quality during and after the project period 257-260

11.8 Soil Resource monitoring programme 11.8.1 Soil Resource Monitoring Scheme 261-263

11.9 Flora and Fauna Monitoring programme 11.9.1 Objectives of Flora and Fauna monitoring programme 11.9.2 Initiatives in RET species conservation 11.9.3 Field data collection format

264-267

11.10 Monitoring Air and Noise parameters 11.10.1 The sampling frequency of Air and Noise parameters 11.10.2 Details of sampling sites

268-271

11.11 Overall Cost Estimates for Implementing Environmental Management Plan 271-272

LIST OF TABLES Table No. Content Page No.

11.1 Details of Sampling Sites at Command Area (Ground Water) 256 11.2 Details of Sampling Sites at Command Area (Surface Water) 256 11.3 Details of Soil Sampling Sites at Command Area 257 11.4 Analytical Methodology to be adopted for Water Parameters 257

11.5 Report format for Analytical Results of water Sample parameters 260 11.6 Soil resource monitoring locations 261 11.7 Analytical Methods for soil Analysis 262 11.8 Details of In-situ and ex-situ sites for the purpose

of monitoring Biodiversity 266 11.9 In-situ information sheet related to RET species 267

11.10 Ex-situ information sheet related to RET species conserved in Field Gene bank 267

11.11 Location for air and noise monitoring 268 11.12 Parameters and methods used for air and noise

monitoring 269

11.13 Item wise budget for the Environmental monitoring programme 272

Soil Aspects


Chapter XII Annexure and Appendix

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure No. Content Page No.

I Overall species Density and Diversity of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation 273-274

II Tree species Density and Diversity of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation project 274

III Species Density and Diversity of project site Sri Rameswara Lift Irrigation project 275

IV Species Density and Diversity of Riparian vegetation of Sri Rameswara Lift Irrigation project 275

V Plant Species scientific & common name, family and habitat of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Project area 276-278

LIST OF APPENDI X

Appendix No. Content Page No.

1.1 Aralimatti - Land affected under proposed project: survey number hissa number, extent of area in acres and name of Khathedar/s

279

1.2 Venkatapur - Land affected under proposed project: suvey number, Hissa number, Extent of area in acres and Name of Khathedar/s

280-281

1.3 Mannikere: Land affected under proposed project: survey number, hissa number, extent of area in acres and name of Khathedar/s

282-284

1.4 Kalliguddi: Land affected under proposed project: survey number, hissa number, extent of area in acres and name of Khathedar/s

284

1.5 Koujalgi: Land affected under proposed project: survey number, hissa number, extent of area in acres and name of Khathedar/s

285-291

1.6 Kulgod: Land affected under proposed project: survey number, hissa number, extent of area in acres and name of Khathedar/s

292-294

Soil Aspects


QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SITE ASSESSMENT OF RIVER VALLEY AND HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS

I. General Information

A. Site Information

1. Existing project / Proposed Project/ Expansion project/ modernization project:

Proposed Project Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme, Near Aralimatti Village, Gokak Taluk, Belgaum District

2. If existing/Expansion/Modernization Project, whether environmental clearance has been obtained.

NA

B. Geographical Location

Village/s District/s Tehsil/s State/s Aralimatti Village Belgaum Gokak Karnataka

C. Latitude

D. Longitude

E. Elevation above Mean Sea Level

F. i. Total Area proposed for the project (in ha.)

ii. Forest area (in ha.), if any

G. Nature of Terrain i) Catchment area undulating terrain ii) Command area undulating terrain

160 19 30 N

750 04 15 E

539 m

13800

Nil

Black Cotton

Black Cotton

Soil Aspects


H. Technical Classification of soil: (Loam, Sandy etc., / aerial extent (ha))

II. Existing land usage of the proposed project site area (ha)

Main structure Submergence

Canal network

Township

Resettlement Others Total

(i) Agriculture a. Irrigated b. Un-irrigated

5.0 --- 378.0 --- ---- --- 383.0

(ii) Homestead ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

----

(iii) Forest ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

----

(iv) Grazing ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

----

(v) Fallow ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

----

(vi) Water Bodies ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

----

(vii) Marshes ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

----

(viii) Others (pl specify) ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

----

(ix) Government land ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

----

Total 5.0 --- 378.0 --- ---- --- 383.0

III. Alternate sites considered from the environment angle Aralimatti is the alternate sites considered for the proposed project based

on environmental angle.

IV. Reason for selecting the proposed site from the environment angle Site is suitable for Jack well construction near Aralimatti Village.

V. Details of site

A. Seismicity

1. Whether the proposed dam site fall in seismically active area

If yes (As per IS 1893 part I 2002)

2. What is the estimate of seismic hazard? ---- NA

NO

Soil Aspects


3. What models used for estimate? ---- NA

(a) Determistic seismotictonic approach ---- NA (b) Combined seismotictonic probabilistic approach ---- NA

4. Result of prediction ---- NA

B. Landslide Prone zone:

1. Is the proposed project in the landslide prone zone

2. If Yes

(a) Geomorphological condition: NA

(b) Degree of Susceptibility to mass movement: ---- NA

3. Whether any major landslide occurred in the past : ---- NO

4. If yes,

(a) Frequency of occurrence / decade : ---- NA (b) Area affected (ha) : ---- NA (c) Population affected (Nos.) : ---- NA

C. Flood / Cyclone / Droughts

1. Is the area prone to flash flood?

2. If yes

(a) Frequency of occurrence / decade : ---- NA (b) Area affected (ha) : ---- NA (c) Population affected (Nos) : ---- NA

3. Is the area prone to cyclone?

4. If yes (a) Frequency of occurrence / decade : ---- NA (b) Area affected (ha) : ---- NA (c) Population affected (Nos) : ---- NA

NO

NO

NO

Soil Aspects


5. Whether there is any relation between cyclone occurrence and flash flood?

6. If yes, provide details : NA

7. Is the area prone to droughts?

8. If yes (a) Frequency of occurrence / decade : 5 - 6 years (b) Area affected (ha) : ----- (c) Population affected (Nos.) : -----

Sites likely to be sub-merged:

1. Mineral bearing

Sl. No. Name of the mineral Reserves (million tonnes) Indicated Proven 1 No Mineral deposits -- --

2. Archaeological sites / monuments

Sl. No. Sites/monuments Antiquity 1 Nil ----

3. Place of worship Local deity: Non-permanent structure

Sl. No. Place Period of construction

1. Nil

2.

3.

4. Agricultural land

5. Population likely to be affected

VI. Objective of the project

NO

Yes

Nil

65

Soil Aspects


A. Irrigation (ha) B. Power generation (MW) C. Drinking water supply (cum) D. Industrial water supply (cum/day) E. Flood control (area to be protected, in ha)

F. Other (pl. specify)

VII. Project profile

A. Height of Dam / Reservoir in Mts. NA- Above mean sea level

From existing ground level From deepest foundation level

B. Gross storage capacity (M cum) C. Catchment area (sq. km) D. Submergence area (Ha) E. Command area (Ha) F. Number of turbines

G. Capacity of each turbine (MW) H. Length of Main canal (Km)

Lined

Unlined

I. Length of distributaries (Km) Lined

Unlined

J. Cropping Pattern 1. Existing Cropping Pattern

13800

NA 1.0

Nil

----

----

----

----

----

NA

------

-----

13800 ha

----

69

NA

102

----

Yes

---

Soil Aspects


Sl. No. Crop Existing area (Ha) Productivity (Tonnes/Ha)

1 Khariff Hybrid Jowar 10000 ha 1 1.3 2 Groundnut 3800 ha 3 3.5

2. Proposed pattern

Sl. No. Crop

Addl. Area proposed to be brought under cultivation (Ha)

Productivity (Tonnes/Ha)

Production (Tonnes)

Water requirement

Mcum

1 Khariff Hybrid Jowar

10000 6 6.3 63000 62.29

2 Groundnut 3800 2 2.5 9500

K. Rationale for adopting the projected crop pattern

L. Irrigation intensity (%)

M. Water logging (Ha)

1. Area already under water log

2. Area expected to be under water logging after the completion of the project.

3. Cropping area likely to be affected by water logging due to the project

a. With in the project area.

b. Out side the project area

4. Infiltration rate (cm/hour) (At least for two locations in each of the major soil groups identified)

Major soil group Laterite Alluvial Infilteration Rate

(cm/hr) 6.8 2.3 18.5 8.6

5. Saturated hydraulic conductivity for major soil groups (m/day) using in-situ auger hole/inverse auger hole method depending on depth of water table from the ground level within 2 meter or above 2 meters:

No

Soil is suitable for growing Jowar, Maize, Wheat, Sunflower and cotton

100

Nil

Nil

Nil

0.0073 to 0.2543 m/day

Soil Aspects


N. Sedimentation (hectare meter/sq.km/year): -

1. Present rate

2. Rate expected after catchment after treatment

3. Empirical estimates

4. Historical observations.

O. Length of river course which is likely to dry up due to impoundment (km)

P. In case of project where flow of water will be reduced due to withdrawal of Water in between head tunnel and tail race tunnel

1. Length (meter) 2. Flow rate in river (cumecs)

VIII Please indicate the area earmarked of the following (in Ha) A. Dam Structure

B. Pen Stocks Fore bay/Surge shaft

C. Power/Pump House and Rising Main

D. Town Ship (Ha) E. Submergence (Ha) F. Main canals (ha)) G. Distributary canal

H. Approach Road (ha) I. Green Belt

J. Recreational facility for tourist activities

K. Botanical garden for conservation of rare and endangered spices of flora

L. Others (Please specify) Total (Ha)

-----

NA

NA

NA

----

22.5

----

-----

207.0

153.0

20.24

---

Nil

Nil

-----

402.74

NA

-----

NA

-----

Soil Aspects


IX. Whether any of the following exist within 7 Km. of the project site. If so, please indicate aerial distance from the periphery of submergence of the site and the name of the site

Sl. No. Particulars Name

Aerial Distance (in Km)

1 National Park Nil Nil 2 Sanctuary/Tiger reserve/Elephant Reserve Nil Nil

3 Core Zone & Buffer Zone of Biosphere Reserve Nil Nil 4 Habitat for migratory birds Nil Nil 5 Lakes/reservoir/Dams Nil 6 Stream/Rivers Nil Nil 7 Estuary/Sea Nil Nil 8 Mountains/Hills Nil Nil 9 Archaeological sites Nil Nil

10 Archaeological sites listed in notification Within submergence area Nil Nil

11 Defence Installation Nil Nil 12 Industries/Thermal power Plants Nil Nil

13 Municipal Corporation/Municipal Council/Nagar panchayat (by whatever name it is known in the state)

Nil Nil

14 Mangroves Nil Nil 15 Airports Nil Nil 16 Railway lines Nil Nil 17 National Highways Nil Nil

X. Description of the vegetation (a) within project site (b) within 7 Km from the peripheral of project site under following headings

(a) Within project site (b) within 7 Km A. Agricultural crops : Jowar, Maize, Wheat & Sugarcane

B. Commercial crops : Cotton, Sunflower Cotton, groundnut C. Plantation : Coconut garden Grapes

D. Natural Vegetation : Scrub/ open forest Scrub/ open forest /Forest Type

Soil Aspects


E. Grass lands ----- -----

F. Endangered species ----- 4 G. Endemic species ----- ----- H. Other (Please specify) ---- ----

XI. Description of fauna within 7 km under following headings A. Rare and endangered species : Nil B. Species which require management : Nil C. Species of economic significance : Nil

D. Species of special interest to local population or tourists : Nil E. Aquatic fauna of commercial/recreational value and migratory : Nil

fish Species along with their spawning ground:

XII. Raw materials used during construction

Sl No.

List of construction

materials to be used at all stages of construction

Quantity (Tones/months)

Source of material

Means of transportation

(source to storage site) with justification

Peak Average Gokak and Muduvalu By Lorries & Tractors (Temporary Sheds)

1 Cement 4.0 3.5 2 Stone 15000 13000

3 Sand 12000 10000 4 Others (Pl. Specify) ---- ----- -----

XIII In case of stone quarries details of site & surroundings be provided Stone quarry Nil

XIV Meteorological Data (annual average to be obtained from IMD) (Seasonal ---- Monitored Data) A. Temperature (in o C)

1. Maximum: 42oC 2. Minimum: 15o C 3. Mean: 25o C

B. Mean Rainfall (in mm): Min: 503 and average 50 rainy days C. Wind Speed (Km/Hr)

Soil Aspects


1. Maximum: 10 2. Minimum: 0.5 3. Mean: 5.25

D. Humidity less 20% during summer and 85% during monsoon.

E. Cloud Cover (i) All Clouds --- (ii) Low Clouds ---

XV Water Balance

A. Lean season flow (Cumec) 1. At the dam / Reservoir site 2. At the periphery of sub mergence

(Major streams only) 3. 1 Km Down stream of dam/ reservoir hydel project

B. Water required (Cumec) 1. Power Generation

2. Irrigation (M) 3. Drinking water (cum) 4. Industrial water

5. Others (Pl specify)

C. Ground Water potential in command area: - Details of Groundwater potential is given in the water quality report by Department of Environmental Sciences, Bangalore University, Bangalore.

D. Ground Water Quality Refer Ground water studies report by Department of Environmental Sciences, Bangalore University, Bangalore.

(Water samples were taken 10 minutes after the starting of pumping for the tube wells in each of the soil groups).

NA

NA

NA

Nil

62.29

Nil

1.0

----

Soil Aspects


Soil Aspects


Parameters 1. Electrical conductivity (conductivity meter): 95-3150 mhos/cm 2. pH --- 6.52 to 8.55

3. Residual Sodium Carbonate (meq/l) -- (-117) to (-6.8) 4. Heavy metals (only if industrial effluent is discharged in project

area) - NA E. Groundwater withdrawal rate/recharge rate 0.004 to 0.028 m3/s

F. Provide the average value of the following based on analysis of

pumping test (at least two tests for each of identified litho logical zone) 1. Transmissivity (Sq. Meter/day) - 56.716 2. Storage coefficient --

3. Lithology of the testing site: See detailed report

XVI competing water use downstream (Cum /day)

Sl. No

Usage Present

consumption Addition proposed Total

Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground

1 Irrigation ----- ----- 62.29 M ----- 62.29 M -----

2 Industry ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

3 Drinking ----- ----- 1.0 ----- 1.0 -----

4 Others (please specify) ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

Total ----- ----- 63.29 M ----- 63.29 M -----

XVII Physico Chemical analysis of raw water to be used at project town ship at intake point

Refer: Detailed report in chapters by Dept. of Environmental Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore.

Soil Aspects


XVIII Physico Chemical analysis of treated water to be used in project township --- NA

XIX Waste water management: A. Waste water Treatment plan: - Primary Treatment B. Composition / Characteristics of discharge before & after

treatment

Items Units Composition

1. Septic tank & Soak pit

Before After

Domestic wastewater

Removal efficiency of Suspended solids will be 50% and small amount of BOD

2. Chlorination --- Removal of Pathogens

C. Daily discharge (cum/day) from different sources:

1 Domestic 12.0 2 Other 2.4 3 Total 14.4

D. Quantity of Recycled Nil

(In %) ----- (In Cum/ day) -----

E. Details of recycling mechanism ---- Nil

F. Mode of Final Discharge / exposal Septic tank and Soak pit

Sl No. Mode length (in M) Quantity (in Cum / day) 1 Open channel Nil 2 Pipe line Nil 3 Others (pl Specify) Septic tank and Soak Pit (2.4 cum/day)

TOTAL 14.40

a. Point of final discharge:

Sl. No

Final Point Quantity discharged (in Cum / day)

1. Agriculture land ----- 2. Fallow land 12.0

Soil Aspects


3. Forest land ----- 4. River ----- 5. Lake ----- 6. Estuary ----- 7. Sea -----

Total 12.0

Lean season flow rate in case of river / stream:

Cum / Sec

b. Down Stream users of water:

1 Human Gokak Ramdurg &

Soudatti

2 Irrigation 3 Industry 4 Others (pl. specify)

TOTAL G. Analysis of river water 100 mts up stream of discharge point and 100

mts downstream of discharge point:

XX Solid waste: Quantity A. Debris (tonnes) arising out of construction 1.50 Lakhs Tonnes Excavated

materials is reused B. Sewage (tonnes) 0.1 tonnes /month C. What are the possibilities of recovery and

recycling of waste ----- D. Possible uses of solid waste 1. Excavated earth

is used for casing in embankment

H. Method of disposal of solid waste: Quantity (TPM)

1. Landfill ------ 2. Recovery ------ 3. Downstream users ------

XXI Noise level during construction

A Source Jack well site B Level at source 81.6 dB(A) C Level at project boundary (dB) 71.8 dB(A) D If the source is within forest area /

sanctuary etc NA

NA

Soil Aspects


E Impact of noise on wild life habitat NA

F Abatement measures The workers at the

construction site are provided with ear plugs

XXII. Pollution sources

Source Around the periphery

of sub mergence

At a distance of 7 Km from the periphery of

sub mergence Zone

In the catchment

area

Within 7 Km in the stretch in which the river is likely

to dry 1. Industry Nil Nil Nil Nil 2. Municipal waste/

sewage Nil Nil Nil Nil 3. Mining Nil Nil Nil Nil 4. Beneficiation

plants Nil Nil Nil Nil 5. Tail pond dams Nil Nil Nil Nil 6. Run off from

as ponds Nil Nil Nil Nil 7. Others (please

specify) Nil Nil Nil Nil

XXIII Atmospheric emissions incase of DG sets A. Flue gas characteristic

Sl. No Gas Characteristics (in g/m 3) 1 SPM 83.3 2 SO2 2.0 3

NO2 1.7 4 CO ----

XXIV Storage (of inflammable / explosive / hazardous/ toxic substances)

Sl No Name

No. of Storage Ht

Dia mtr

Physical & Chemical

composition

Consumption (in TPD)

Maximum Qty at any

point of time (TPD)

Source of

Supply

Means of Transport

ation

NA

Soil Aspects


XXV Occupational Health

A What are the major occupational health & safety hazards anticipated

Respiratory problems, giddiness due to inhalation of dust and particulate matter.

B What provisions have been made/ proposed to be made to conform to health / safety requirements

Primary health centres are available in the near by village. Periodic health checkup should be conducted and proper treatment should be given.

C Details of personal protective equipment provided / to be provided to the workers

Helmets, Gum boots, Hand gloves, Dust mask, Dresses etc., should be provided

D Is the area prone to diseases like malaria/ Filaria etc NO

XXVI Catchment Area

A. Total Catchment area (ha): B. Monuments in the catchment area

C. Sites of Cultural importance in the catchment area ---- Nil

D. Sites of religious importance in the catchment area (Major) 1. 2.

E. Other river valley projects in the catchment area ------ Nil

F. Major development projects located in the catchment area

1. Industry - Nil 2. Mining - Nil 3. Roads - Nil 4. Railways - Nil 5. Thermal power plant - Nil 6. Others (Pl Specify) - Nil

NA

Soil Aspects


G. Catchment area treatment plan :-

Sl. No. Years

Area to be treated (ha) Outlay

(Rs. Lakh) High Erodability Direct Indirect Very high Erodability Direct Indirect

1 2006 Erodability

Soil Aspects


C. Details of site and area where migrated labourers will be temporarily settled Majority of the labourers are local people. For migratory labourers temporary sheds are build near the construction site.

D. What provision has been made for the sewage treatment for the construction workers?

To prevent health hazards due to open disposal of waste, soak pit will be constructed and DDT is applied to avoid mosquito breeding.

E. How the fuel (kerosene / wood, etc.,) requirement of labour force will be met to avoid cutting of trees from the adjoining areas.

Kerosene is distributed by public ration depots.

F. Measures of health care with emphasis on protection from endemic diseases. Public Health Centers at Koujalgi will be informed and health checkup camps can be arranged for periodical health checkup of the labourers at the worksite.

XXIX. Human Settlement

Aerial distance from the periphery of the reservoir

5000m to 10000m

Up to 2000m from periphery of the

Reservoir

2000m to 5000m from periphery of the

reservoir

5000m to 10000m from the periphery

of the reservoir Population ----- ----- ----- Number of

Houses ----- ----- ----

Present occupational

pattern -----

----- -----

Rehabilitation & Resettlement Plan

A. Village(s) affected by the project: a) Fully submerged ---- Nil.

Soil Aspects


b) Partially submerged ---- ---.

Sl. No.

Villages Population Occupation Average

Income per annum

Tribal Mixed Others Tribal Others Tribal Others Tribal Others

1 Nil Nil Nil Nil 20 --- Farmers ---- 15000-30000 (BPL)

B. Population to be displaced

Sl. No.

Name of Village

Families Land oustees

only Homestead

oustees only Land and Homestead

only Tribal Others Tribal Others Tribal Others

1 At Pump House (Near Aralimatti)

Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 3 Families

C. Rehabilitation Plan for oustees:

D. Details of site where the people are proposed to be resettled:

E. Compensation package with full details: No tribal population (tribals and others, separately)

F. Agency / Authority responsible for their resettlement:

Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd

G. Whether the cost of Rehabilitation measure is included in the project cost?

Yes No

1 Aralimatti No resettlements since

settlements are not going to be affected

2 Venkatapura 3 Kalliguddi 4 Mannikeri 5 Kuligod 6 Kowjaligi

R & R process is initiated as per resolution of National Policy, 2003

Soil Aspects


H. If not, how the expenditure on rehabilitation measure is to be met?

I. Expenditure on Environmental Measures

A. Capital cost of the project (as proposed to the funding agency/financial Institutions)

(Rs. Crores) 226.20 (As per KNNL)

B. Cost of environmental protection measures (in Rs.)

Sl. No. Environmental Segments

Recurring Cost per annum

Capital Cost (Rs. in Lakhs)

1 Catchment area treatment ---- 100.00 2 Restoration of project site ---- 10.00 3 Restoration of canal site ---- 122.40

4 Cost of rehabilitation including land acquisition ---- 1035.20

5 Health delivery system ---- 16.00 6 Conservation of flora & fauna ---- 15.00 7 Drainage ---- ---- 8 Environmental Monitoring (Soil, Water, Air and Noise)

---- 90.00 9 Solid Waste Management ---- 27.35 10 Compensatory afforestation ---- 4.60 11 Marking of submersion area boundary

----

----

12 Others (Green belt & Agro-forestry management) ---- 168.95

13 R and R package for affected families ---- 5.00

Total ---- 1594.50

Soil Aspects


Chapter II

Executive Summary

2.0 Introduction Sri Rameshwar Lift Irrigation scheme is proposed at Aralimatti village in Gokak taluk of Belgaum district in Karnataka state. The Government of Karnataka proposed the project during 2002, in response to the representations made by the people of the villages from Ramdurga, Gokak and Saudatti taluks of the Belgaum district. In order to explore the possibilities of providing protective irrigation and drinking water to these chronically drought affected villages, the Government of Karnataka considered recommendations of the Sri B C Angadi committee for implementation of Sri Rameshwar lift irrigation scheme by allocating 2.2 TMC of water from the Ghataprabha river, a tributary of Krishna river basin.

The proposed project is expected to benefit more than 30 villages, spread over three taluks of Gokak, Ramdurga and Saudatti of Belgaum district. The gross command area of the project is 18,022.73 hectares, with net irrigated area accounting for 13,800 hectares, to achieve an 100% cropping intensity during Khariff season. The total estimated cost of the project is Rs. 226.20 crores.

The proposed irrigation scheme utilizes 2.2 TMC of water, which is inclusive of 0.30 TMC for drinking purposes from the Ghataprabha river to create gross command area of around 18,000 ha. This command area forms a part of Ghataprabha sub-catchment in the main Krishna river, above the confluence of Bhima catchment of Krishna basin.

In General, the area covered under Sri Rameshwar Lift Irrigation scheme presents a gently undulating landscape with a linear belt of hills, running in almost east-west direction dividing the region into two parts. The region has gentle easterly slope forming largely a plain interspersed with isolated low hills. The irrigation scheme is located at 522 meters above MSL, and the mean rainfall of the area is around 503 mm with 50 rainy days in a year. The region is

Soil Aspects


characterized by general dryness except during monsoon season. The summer between March and May is driest period of this region, dusty and very hot, with maximum temperature going up to 42OC, and during winter temperature falls to 18o C. Further, humidity varies from 20% during summer to 85% during monsoon period.

The project envisages the construction of concrete Jack well along with main canal, distributaries, besides lateral and field channels.

2.1 Land Use Pattern

Land use pattern has a significant influence on the quality and quantity of runoff available from it. It plays an important role in determining the various hydrological phenomena like Infilteration rate, overland flow, evaporation and interception. There are four different types of land uses in the Ghataprabha river basin.

Agricultural land covers about 42.8% of the total catchment area. Generally, the type of land use is governed by social and socio-economic factors besides characteristics of the soil. In this case, except in the western part of the basin, other parts are known for agricultural production. A part of the catchment area remains as barren/fallow land. This is due to the lack of water supply either by rainfall or irrigation. Fallow lands can be brought under irrigation by providing small irrigation tanks or by exploring the ground water availability in the region. Shrubs species such as Canthium parviflorum, Cassia auriculata, Toddalia aculata, Calotropis gigantia, etc., which are characteristics of scrub forests, are widely distributed in Belgaum and Gokak taluks of the proposed project. This class of land is used intensively through establishment of reseeded and high yielding pastures. Its most important features are relatively shallow nature of soil with less than 30% gravels and slopes not exceeding 25-30%. The forest cover of the catchment is 13.8%. The wet deciduous forest occurs in the west zone of the Kolhapur and Sindhudurg districts of Maharashtra. The main tree species observed in the catchment area are Tectona grandis, Dalburgia latifolia, Artocarpus heterophyllus and many species of Bamboo. Most

Soil Aspects


of the notified forests have been degraded partly due to anthropogenic pressure, irregular rainfall and climate aberrations.

2.2 Water Quality From the detailed analysis of ground and surface water samples in Rameshwara Lift Irrigation site, it is concluded that, the water quality of the samples analysed is exceeding the BIS limits prescribed in some cases. From the results obtained, it is observed that, the various parameters such as total hardness, Calcium hardness, Sodium, Fluoride and Sulphates are at higher concentrations than the BIS permissible limits, which has the potential to affect human health adversely.

The quality of water (surface and ground water) for irrigation is quite suitable. The ground water quality in the command area varies from place to place and with depth of water table. In general the ground water of the region is safe for irrigation purpose. The quality of irrigation water primarily depended on its silt and salt content.

On the basis of water quality analysis, it can be concluded that both surface water as well as ground water quality in the command area is generally satisfactory except in some samples and both the types of water can be used for irrigation without resulting in any type of adverse impacts on the soil, as well as on the ground water quality of the area.

The command area lies in Belgaum district around Ghataprabha river covering parts of Gokak, Ramdurg and Saudatti Taluka. The irrigated patches in the command area by well irrigation are to be about 3 to 5% covering nearly 100 acres. It may be seen that the ground water potential is limited. The ground water table is regularly under observation in the command area of Ghataprabha river, and it is noticed that the water table varies from 6m to 12m.

After extensive studies of flow pattern, quality of water and rainfall pattern of surrounding area, provision of irrigation facility during Rabi to Gokak Taluka and Khariff to drought prone Ramdurga and Soudatti Taluka. The present project appears to be ideally suited to overcome the problem. The Ghataprabha river

Soil Aspects


water contains high chloride and sodium. As per the studies and field investigations the necessity of fertilizers will be less, when the Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Project is put into use.

2.3 Soil Quality The major soil groups found in the catchment area are Laterite soils (coarse shallow soil, 22.3%, and medium deep soil, 21.40%), Coarse shallow black soil, (10.70%) and Medium black soil (45.80%).

Laterite soils include both coarse shallow soil and medium deep soil. These deep soils are found on undulating rolling plains to gently sloping topography occupying areas, in parts of Belgaum district coming under the dry agro-climatic region. The laterites are found under heavy rainfall and high temperature conditions, resulting in intensive weathering, leaching of bases and silica. They are acidic in reaction and low in cation exchange capacity. The rate of infiltration for this type of soil is found to vary between 9 cm/hr and 12.6 cm/hr, depending upon the land use pattern. The crops grown in these soils are jowar, groundnut, pulses, sunflower, linseed and other millets. Under irrigation, the crops grown are paddy, sugarcane, chilly, turmeric and vegetables.

Coarse Shallow black soils are found on undulating ridges in the Deccan hard rock region occupying areas in the north and northwest parts of Belgaum and Kolhapur districts. They are shallow with depths less than 23 cm, dark grayish brown, and dark brown to dark reddish brown in colour and calcareous, with gravels, clay loam to clay in texture. This soil is neutral to weakly alkaline and have moderate to high water holding capacity with high cation exchange capacity. The infiltration capacity of the soils range from 1.2 cm/hr to 10.8 cm/hr and they are very susceptible to erosion. The crops grown under rainfed conditions in these soils are jowar, bajra, millet and pulses. However, crop yield is poor owing to shallow rooting depths and scanty rainfall.

Medium black soils occur usually on very gently sloping midlands of the Deccan traps and on the schist, limestone and shale regions of the Belgaum district. They are moderately well drained with low permeability. The infiltration rate

Soil Aspects


observed for this type of soil varies from 0.6 cm/hr to 4.2cm/hr, the composition of the clayey soils is mainly, montmorillonite. Because of this, indiscriminate use of water may lead to the development of salinity and water logging problems. The crops grown in these soils under rain fed conditions are jowar, wheat, millet, cotton, sunflower, tobacco, groundnut, ginger, linseed, chilly, grams and other pulses.

2.4 Noise and Air Quality Regular monitoring of ambient levels of air pollutants essentially requires well designed sampling sites. Besides regular and frequent sampling is also necessary for realistic and precise measurement, for the evaluation of the air quality. Regular ambient air quality monitoring helps not only in evaluating status of air quality in the area but also in evaluating the responses of flora, fauna and humans to the prevailed levels of pollutants. During the present impact assessment study, Respirable Dust Sampler was activated in the selected areas to derive pollutant concentrations encountered at ambient level. Monitoring at each location was carried out continuously for 8 hours, for estimating the primary parameters such as Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx).

The results obtained in the study were compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for both annual and 24 hours sampling. The results also agree well with those published by the Central Pollution Control Board under the National Ambient Air Monitoring Programme. In the canal area also, the level of pollution is not significant. From the study, it can be concluded that there will be no such adverse effects on the human beings and other living organisms due to the construction activities at the pumping stations and at canal site. However, the workers at site should be protected from the source of air pollution, by undertaking appropriate health and safety measures once the construction work begins.

Soil Aspects


The presence of SPM and RSPM in the water growing point gives an indication of the prevailing background concentration in this tropical climatic region. The levels of SO2 and NOx are also within the permissible limits. The results of analysis clearly indicate that at most of the points sampled, the levels of pollutants comparatively are not significantly higher except at the Jack well site.

It was noticed that the sound is basically generated due to various construction activities. In the proposed pumping station and canal areas the values are within in the limits. In general, the noise levels obtained as of now are less and well within the stipulated standards.

2.5 Bio-diversity aspects of Flora There were a total 101 plant species recorded all along the river, project site, catchment and command area of proposed irrigation project. Of these, 43 were trees, 19 shrubs, 31 herbs and 7 are climbers. The trees and herbs contribute a very high percentage to floral density. The survey team has come across more tree species than other life form such as herbs, shrubs.

The dominant tree species were Azadirictha indica, Acacia nilotica, Chloroxylon switinia, Pongamia pinnata, Terminalia sp., Tamarindus indica, Mangifera indica etc., in the proposed project area. The dominant herb species recorded belong to Anclographis, Amaranthus, Croton, Tephlrosia, Oxalis, Hemidesmus, Evolvolus, Tridax, etc. The species richness indicates the deep concern among farming community to maintain tree species. The sampled area also harbors few rare and threatened species such as Santalum album and Gloriosa superba.

The observations along the river and catchment area revealed that a number of factors such as fuel wood and fodder extraction, overgrazing, successive fire incidences, encroachment of river stretch, are substantially contributing to the degradation of the ecosystem, leading to endangering native flora and fauna in the region.

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2.5.1 Biodiversity aspects of Fauna The population sizes of the faunal species observed is limited in number and most often only a few individuals belonging to deer, rat, wild dog were seen during the survey. However, faunal species such as birds were visually observed and their individuals were counted and recorded during the survey programme, which were further crosschecked with the available literature for the region. Although there are no specific studies for the region under survey, we have scrutinized the Belgaum Forest Division Working Plan for the faunal diversity of the Reserve Forests of the region.

A few animals observed and recorded during the survey work have commonality in respect of their occurrence in similar ecosystems of the region. However with the anticipated increase in water spread area following the commissioning of the project, the existing animals in the forests will not be tempted to migrate to other areas, but rather tend to congregate around within the remaining catchment and the newly created command area to make their lively hood. This is because of the water and food availability. Further it is evident that the avi-faunal diversity and density will increase with the spread of the river water at the catchment area. On the whole, the possible loss of a few animals if any, is insignificant because the size of the wildlife population residing here is rather small and their mobility is only towards water source from the catchment area. Probably there is possibility of increase in population as plenty of water is available. The most commonly found reptiles are, species of Geckos and garden and monitor lizard. The river stretch studied presented a freshwater condition, soft and alkaline in nature with poor nutrient status and is essentially free from pollution.

The damage mitigation measures such as compensatory afforestation plan, Biodiversity Management plan, Canal bank afforestation Catchment area treatment plan, Command Area Development Plan and Restoration and landscaping of Jack well site area have been outlined in the report. For every issue dealt with, cost estimates and implementing agencies have been mentioned. Optimal integration of the project can be met by manageable links for funding, training, operation, and monitoring.

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2.6 Socio-Economic assessment The population data for selected villages in the project area shows that Koujalgi is the biggest village with a population of 9227, followed by Kuligod with more than 5000 population. Other four villages have moderate population ranging from 1123 in Kalliguddi to 1790 in Mannikeri. The demographic pressure in the study area indicates that all six villages are thinly populated and density of population varied from 2.95 persons per ha of land in Aralimatti, to almost one person per ha of land in the rest of villages.

The sex ratio between female and male population among six villages shows that in each village it is distinctly different e.g., gender composition in Aralimatti and Kalliguddi indicates that female population is higher than male population (i.e., there are 1099 female for 1000 males in Kalliguddi and it is 1050 in Aralimatti). It is also observed that female population in the other four villages is also quite significant as it ranges from 951 females per 1000 males in Koujalgi, to 995 in Venkatapura village.

The total extent of land to be acquired for construction of delivery chamber, pump house and jack well is 5 ha, while for raising main 17.50 ha is required. For the construction of main canal, 207.0 ha land is required, whereas for distributaries and laterals, 153.0 ha is required. Together 383 ha of land has to be acquired. Under the proposed project, the land and households situated in six villages such as Aralimatti, Venkatapura, Kalliguddi, Mannikere, Kuligod and Koujalgi are affected on account of construction of rising main, whereas the land required for other purposes belongs to several villages.

Provision for Rs. 9.50 Crores has been made payment of compensation to land losers as per the prevailing market value. Also, for the construction of 10 cross roads that are likely to be affected on account of project work, provision for Rs. 50.0 Lakhs has been made.

Among six villages, the farmers losing dry land vary from 61% in Koujalgi to 42% in Mannikere. This is followed by extent of wet land affected due to proposed

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project, which varied from 41% in Venkatapura to 30% in Koujalgi and Kalliguddi. The garden lands affected by project accounts for as high as 18% in Mannikere to 9% in Koujalgi and Kalliguddi. To conclude, Koujalgi and Aralimatti are the two villages losing maximum area.

Altogether, about 13 families are going to be affected by the present project and the extent of houses and sites they lose is 13 and 11 respectively. Provision for compensation towards the acquisition of houses and sites has been made taking into consideration the prevailing market value, which works out to around Rs. 36.0 Lakhs. Besides a provision for Rs. 5.0 Lakhs has been made towards R and R to the 13 affected families.

Therefore, the total amount to be reserved for the purpose of affected land losers and affected families is around Rs. 10.50 Crores.

The income level of the respondents in project area has been classified into six groups and the income is generated from four major occupations, such as farming, wage labour, business and service sector, and various combinations of these major occupations. The farmers in the project area have been classified into six income groups such as Below Poverty Line (BPL) (less than Rs.10,000 per year), slightly higher than BPL (between Rs. 10,000 and 25,000); medium income level (between Rs.25,000 to 50,000); slightly higher than medium income level (between Rs.50,000 to 1.0 lakh); higher income group (between Rs.1.0 lakh to 2.0 lakhs) and slightly higher income group (more than Rs. 2.0 lakhs). Based on these six income group farmers have been classified into three class income level such as, low income level (BPL and slightly higher than BPL), middle income level (by considering two medium income groups) and high income level by clubbing higher income groups.

In Aralimatti, 17% of farmers belong to below poverty income, and farmers in this group are occupied with wage labour, followed by 14% who are slightly above poverty line of income, and 37% of farmers are in middle income group and around 16% of farmers in high income group (Rs. 1 lakh to 2 lakhs, and more than Rs. 2 lakhs of income per annum).

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In Venkatapura, the income pattern among sampled farmers is similar to Aralimatti, as 34% of farmers belong to low income group, followed by 36% having middle income and 30% farmers belonging to high income group.

The income level of farmers in Kalliguddi village indicates that more than 75% of the farmers are in the income group of low and middle, with a few farmers belonging to high income group.

In Mannikere, distribution of farmers across income group is very specific, as more than 60% are in high income group, followed by 25%, in slightly middle income group and very few are in low income group.

In Kuligod, more than 40% of farmers are in middle income group, and more than 30% are in low income group.

In Koujalgi, farmers distribution across six income groups is significant, and around 30% of farmers belong to low, middle and high income groups respectively.

The land required for canal network is distributed in a number of villages and as such exact demarcation of land losers has not been attempted in this case. However, the necessary compensation to be provided to the affected land losers in these villages has been worked out.

Most of the farmers in the project area have offered suggestions to speed up acquisition of land and completion of various works under the project. More than 80% of the farmers in all the six villages have expressed that for those loosing small extent of land under the proposed project compensation in terms of cash returns must be given. They do not appear to be satisfied with the status of work and its progress in the project area, as they are looking for quick completion of irrigation project, as this was planned, long ago. But, few farmers are however aware that area taken for drawing pipeline and service road will not be given back and compensation will be provided for the extent of land affected. Apart from this, local people have also suggested local leaders to organize a meeting with Revenue Authorities and Irrigation Department to decide on the compensation package for loosing agricultural land and a few residential sites.

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It is significant that very few families have opted for political leaders, Panchayat and private agencies to take up compensatory programme. In Koujalgi, most of the farmers preferred irrigation department to be involved in implementation of compensation package.

Various problems expressed amongst sampled farmers in the project area towards compensatory package implementation, socio-economic and other problems are of personal nature. Some of the common problems expressed uniformly across six villages are slow implementation of project, providing irrigation benefit to all farmers in these six villages, adequate compensation package for agricultural lands etc. Most of the farmers however, have expressed their concern over the inadequacy of compensation package for agricultural lands, and more importantly on the re-investing problems of such amounts received as compensation. Some of the benefits anticipated by the farmers in the project area are; effective implementation of compensation programme, followed by employment generation, income generating activities, infrastructure facilities, institutional, technical advancement and socio-economic development. However many farmers have opted for more than one benefit, accruing from the proposed project.

2.7 Environmental Management Plan Although agriculture is usually associated with its positive impacts on human life, irrigation practices may be associated with adverse impacts on environmental conditions, which may eventually curtail the sustainability of irrigation projects. For this reason, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been recognized as an integral part of the early planning studies of irrigation projects in order to identify any expected negative impacts and suggest the necessary mitigation plans to curb these impacts. We have prepared mitigation plan for Command and Catchment area treatment plan, Canal afforestation plan and restoration plan of water diversion site, etc.

The project area exhibits a varied ecosystem ranging from lakes, semi-arid agro-ecosystems to scrub forest types. Sufficient field data have been collected and analyzed to outline the management strategy as a part of

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EMP issues to safeguard the project environs. The management plan of action includes issues regarding soil, water, air and noise quality, flora and faunal management and rehabilitation aspects. The action plan for the execution of environmental management and monitoring plan have also been drawn up.

Generally environment management needs to pursue both short and long term goals for the recognition of problems and solutions through evaluation and analysis. The management strategy of the project proposed to be follow is area specific and small in size and very favorable for paying attention to the issues connected to canal afforestation, command area and catchment area treatment, etc. In this regard, enough prerequisite data has been collected and analyzed for the wellbeing of the affected people, and at the same time to protect the environs of the project area. Important maps related to the project area have been prepared to organize the collection of field data and physical parameters of the project area.

2.7.1 Strategies to be adopted for Eco-enhancement of the Project It is suggested that consultants/experts should be involved in the monitoring of environmental components, at least once in three months during the construction stage. The consultants should be drawn from reputed organisations with sound knowledge of the subject. They should work in co-ordination with the Government departments such as Forests, Agriculture, Watershed, etc. The KNNL has been requested to prepare a bar chart indicating the activities envisaged and provide them to the experts, and concerned Government agencies to ensure that the habitat disturbed on account of construction activities is protected from further degradation.

Nursery of native plants for canal bank afforestation should start concurrently along with the construction activities or even before, for better results. The carrying capacity of the catchment area needs to be worked out with due attention to eco-enhancement and efforts to protect the same from any natural/man-made disturbances should be undertaken.

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Any Development activity beyond the proposed construction target in the project environs should be permitted on a moderate scale, with due care to safeguard the natural beauty of the area. Temporary roads for the movement of vehicle is to be kept ready only during the construction phase and this must be followed by asphalted roads with proper drainage facilities before the completion of construction phase. The aim of the afforestation programme should be to protect and enhance the biodiversity of the area. Only native plants of the catchment area should be preferred over exotic plantation, with a view to protect and propagate the local fauna.

Finally, the various stake holders involved in the entire project involving Government departments and consultants/experts should work together in complete coordination to execute plans to improve the aesthetic atmosphere of the project at every stage of the project development.

Monitoring programmes have been suggested to keep a constant examination on all the water and soil quality parameters which are well known to have adverse impact on water and soil quality besides agriculture productivity. Thus, we have provided detailed monitoring plan for the proposed project.

The overall cost for implementation of project under Environmental Management and Monitoring Programme as envisaged in this report works out to Rs. 554.30 lakhs. The total cost towards the compensatory package programme is Rs. 1040.20 lakhs.

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Chapter III Salient Features of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme

3.0 Introduction In response to the representations made by the people of the villages viz., Hulkund, Kalliguddi and Chippalkatti, etc., of Ramdurg taluk in Belgaum district, the Government of Karnataka decided to explore the possibilities of providing protective irrigation to these chronically drought affected villages. Later, Government of Karnataka having realized the felt needs of the people of the region, planned for the only possible alternative, i.e., irrigation by drawing water from Ghataprabha river by means of a lift scheme. Accordingly, the Committee headed by Shri B.C. Angadi considered the necessity and proposed Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme by allocating water of 2.2 TMC as part of Revised Scheme A Master Plan in 2002. Since it is proposed to pump water from Jack well, there will be no submergence or displacement of either the structures of any kind or the habitations of any size and hence, no relocation or rehabilitation required. Also, the area under consideration is constantly under drought threat, no other alternative than the proposed scheme exists, land / soil is very fertile, people are diligent and aware of efficient use of water, the Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation is bound to boost the agricultural scenario and would add to the State / National economy.

3.1 Location and Accessibility Aralimatti, a small village in Gokak Taluk, Belgaum District is the intake structure, which is located towards north of Koujalgi in Gokak Taluk and its command area has been distributed in Ramdurg and Saudatti Taluks of the Belgaum district. The nearest town and nearest railway station are Gokak and Ghataprabha respectably which come within reach of residents throughout the year.

3.2 Topography The area covered under Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme presents a gently undulating landscape with a linear belt of hills running in almost east-west

Soil Aspects


direction dividing the region into two parts. The region has gentle easterly slope forming largely a plain interspersed with isolated low hills. The river Ghataprabha flowing in E-W direction forms the major valley flanked on either side by plains resulting in shallow broad valley. The conspicuous rocky hills near Hulkund form a chain and the highest point is 723 m above MSL about 1.5 km SSE of Mannikeri village. This chain of hills is dissected by Hulkund halla about 0.5 km SW of Hulkund village. The elevation of river bank at Aralimatti is 522 m.

3.3 Drainage The drainage pattern is parallel to sub-parallel draining into Ghataprabha river. This command area forms a part of Ghataprabha sub-catchment in main Krishna above the confluence of Bhima catchment of Krishna basin. Ghataprabha river is originating in Sundergad of Western Ghats. Major tributaries joining it are Temraparani near Shedihal, Hiranyakeshi in Chikodi taluk and Markandeya near Gokak town.

3.4 Climate and Rainfall The climatic condition is healthy, agreeable and characterized by general dryness excepting during monsoon season. The summer season between March and May is dry, dusty and very hot with humidity of less than 20 %. maximum temperature falls to 180 C. Generally, humidity is normally higher (up to 85%) during monsoon period from June to September. Most of the rainfall is received during southwest monsoon period with August being the wettest month. As per the records of gauging station at Kuligod, the average annual rainfall is 503 mm. On an average, there are about 50 rainy days in a year.

The winds are generally light with slight increase in the force observed during late summer and monsoon season. The area comes under northern dry zone of ten fold Agro-climatic zone of Karnataka.

3.5 Geology and Soils The geological formations found in the area are the rocks belonging to Kaladgi series of Pre-cambium age over laid by the Deccan traps. The oldest member of the series, the Quartzite/Sandstone is seen occupying the hills near Hulkund.

Soil Aspects


These form the ridges because of their compaction and resistance to weathering. They are horizontally bedded, highly joined and crumbled mass is seen strewn along the flanks of the hills. Occurring next in succession are the dolomites and variegated limestones with intercalations of shale spread out in the eastern part. These rocks are almost horizontally bedded with very low dip angles, soft, friable and susceptible to weathering and hence have been eroded away forming the plains. They are overlaid by the basaltic rocks of Deccan Traps. The basalts are usually resting horizontally, fine grained and highly jointed. Excepting the top portion, which is sometimes amygdaloidal with vesicles being filled up with secondary mineralization, the basalt is massive, hard, compact and fine-grained.

Major part of the command area is covered by medium black soils popularly known as Black Cotton soil. They are moderately well drained,

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