environmental impact assessment for expansion...

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FOR EXPANSION OF SARDAR BRIDGE

OVER TAPI ESTUARY BETWEEN ATHWA

AND ADAJAN, SURAT, GUJARAT

PROJECT PROPONENT:

SURAT MUNICIPAL CORPORATION (SMC)

June, 2018

en-VISIOn ENVIRO TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.

3rd

FLOOR, SHRI RAM COMPLEX, ABIVE BANK OF INDIA, NEAR KARGIL CHOWK, SURAT-DUMAS ROAD, PIPLOD, SURAT-395007 GUJARAT.

Phone No.: (0261) 2223003, 2224004 Email Add.: [email protected] Website: www.en-vision.in Accreditation by QCI / NABET Certificate No. 1417/IA 003

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PROJECT PROPONENT M/s. Surat Municipal Corporation

PROJECT TITLE Environmental Impact Assessment for expansion of Sardar

Bridge over Tapi Estuary between Athwa and Adajan, Surat,

Gujarat

PROJECT NO.: 117062 DATE: 19.06.2018

FUNCTIONAL AREA EXPERTS INVOLVED IN STUDIES

PROJECT DIRECTOR: Mr. Nihar Doctor

PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR: Dr. Jiyalal Ram M. Jaiswar

Ex-Chief Scientist-CSIR-NIO, Mumbai

PROJECT LEADER: Mr. Jignesh Patel

PROJECT ASSOCIATES Mr. Rushik Mistry

Ms. Vaibhavi Kanani

Mr. Arif Shaikh

DISCLAIMER

Envision has taken all reasonable precautions in preparation of this report as per its

auditable quality plan. Envision also believes that the facts presented in the report are

accurate as on the date it is written. However, it is impossible to dismiss absolutely, the

possibility of errors or omissions. Envision therefore specifically disclaims any liability

resulting from the use or application of the information contained in this report. The

information is not intended to serve as legal advice related to the individual situation.

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SURAT MUNICIPAL CORPORATION, SURAT, GUJARAT I - 1

INDEX

SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

CHAPTER-1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND 1-1

1.2 OBJECTIVES 1-1

1.3 SCOPE OF WORK 1-2

1.4 ASSESSMENT 1-2

1.5 APPROACH STRATEGY 1-3

CHAPTER-2 : PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 PREAMBLE 2-2

2.2 LOCATION 2-3

2.3 PARAMETERS FOR BRIDGE LAYOUT 2-4

2.3.1 BRIDGE PROFILE 2-4

2.3.2 DETAILED PROFILE LAYOUT OF THE BRIDGE 2-8

2.3.3 DETAILS OF PILE 2-13

2.4 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY 2-15

2.4.1 STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION 2-16

2.5 CRZ APPLICABILITY 2-16

2.6 MANPOWER REQUIREMENT 2-19

2.7 POWER REQUIREMENT 2-19

2.8 WATER REQUIREMENT AND EFFLUENT GENERATION 2-19

2.8.1 WATER REQUIREMENT AND ITS SOURCE 2-19

2.8.2 WASTE WATER GENERATION 2-19

2.9 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2-19

2.10 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 2-20

2.11 AIR ENVIRONMENT 2-20

2.12 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT’S REQUIRED FOR THE PROJECT 2-20

2.13 COST OF THE PROJECT 2-21

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CHAPTER-3 : BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 3-1

3.2 PERIOD OF STUDY 3-1

3.3 COMPONENTS AND METHODOLOGY 3-1

3.4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA 3-3

3.4.1 METEOROLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 3-3

3.4.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT 3-7

3.5 MARINE ENVIRONMENT 3-11

3.5.1 LOCATION 3-11

3.5.2 SAMPLING FREQUENCY 3-12

3.5.3 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY 3-12

3.5.4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS 3-13

3.5.5 PREVAILING MARINE ENVIRONMENT 3-14

3.5.5.0 ESTUARINE DYNAMICS 3-14

3.5.5.1 TIDES 3-14

3.5.5.2 CURRENTS 3-23

3.5.5.2.1 INSTRUMENTS AND METHODOLOGY 3-23

3.5.5.2.2 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION 3-24

3.5.5.2.3 RESULTS 3-24

3.5.5.3 WATER QUALITY 3-28

3.5.5.3.1 TEMPERATURE 3-28

3.5.5.3.2 PH 3-29

3.5.5.3.3 SUSPENDED SOLIDS 3-29

3.5.5.3.4 SALINITY 3-30

3.5.5.3.5 DO AND BOD 3-31

3.5.5.3.6 NITROGEN COMPOUND 3-32

3.5.5.3.7 PHOSPHATE 3-33

3.5.5.3.8 PHC AND PHENOLS 3-34

3.5.5.4 SEDIMENT QUALITY 3-35

3.5.5.4.1 SUBTIDAL SEDIMENT 3-35

3.5.5.4.2 INTERTIDAL SEDIMENT 3-38

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3.5.5.5 FLORA AND FAUNA 3-39

3.5.5.5.1 PHYTOPLANKTON 3-40

3.5.5.5.2 ZOOPLANKTON 3-43

3.5.5.5.3 MACROBENTHOS 3-44

3.5.5.5.4 FISHERY 3-45

3.5.5.5.5 MANGROVES 3-46

3.6 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 3-45

3.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 3-49

3.7.1 INTRODUCTION 3-49

3.7.2 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 3-49

3.7.3 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3-50

3.7.4 PERIOD OF THE STUDY AND STUDY AREA 3-51

3.7.5 METHODOLOGY 3-51

3.7.6 HABITATS DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 3-52

3.7.7 FLORAL DIVERSITY OF THE STUDY AREA 3-52

3.7.8 FAUNAL BIODIVERSITY IN THE STUDY AREA 3-58

3.8 SOCIO - ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 3-63

3.8.1 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION 3-63

3.8.2 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 3-64

3.8.3 PROJECT LOCATION 3-64

3.8.4 PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA 3-64

3.8.5 FINDINGS OF SOCIAL IMPACTS AND COMMUNITY

CONSULTATIONS

3-66

3.9 BASE MAP OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS 3-67

CHAPTER-4 : ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION

MEASURES

4.1 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 4-1

4.2 PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS 4-1

4.2.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACTS 4-2

4.2.1.1 PHYSICAL PROCESSES 4-2

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4.2.1.2 WATER QUALITY 4-2

4.2.1.3 SEDIMENT QUALITY 4-3

4.2.1.4 FLORA AND FAUNA 4-3

4.2.1.5 INTERTIDAL AREA 4-5

4.2.1.6 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 4-5

4.2.1.7 AIR ENVIRONMENT 4-6

4.2.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE IMPACTS 4-6

4.2.3 IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS 4-7

CHAPTER-5 : ANALYSIS OF SITE ALTERNATIVES 5-1

CHAPTER-6 : ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

6.1 PERIODIC MONITORING 6-1

6.1.1 PARAMETERS TO BE MONITORED 6-2

6.1.2 FREQUENCY OF MNITORING 6-2

CHAPTER-7 : ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 7-1

7.2 RISK ASSESSMENT 7-1

7.2.1 INTRODUCTION 7-1

7.2.2 HAZARD AND ITS CONTROL MEASURES 7-2

7.2.2.1 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 7-5

7.2.2.2 DO’S AND DON’TS 7-6

7.2.3 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 7-8

CHAPTER-8 : PROJECT BENEFITS

8.1 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE 8-1

8.2 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 8-1

8.3 ENVIRONMENT 8-1

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CHAPTER-9: ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS 9-1

CHAPTER-10: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

10.1 DESCRIPTION OF EMP 10-1

10.1.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT 10-1

10.1.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT 10-2

10.1.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 10-2

10.1.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 10-3

10.1.5 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 10-3

10.2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 10-3

CHAPTER-11: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 DETAILS OF BRIDGE 2-4

2.2 DETAILS OF PILE 2-13

3.1 METEOROLOGICAL DATA 3-4

3.2 SUMMARY OF SITE SPECIFIC METEOROLOGICAL DATA 3-5

3.3 DETAILS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

LOCATIONS

3-8

3.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STATUS 3-9

3.5 DETAILS OF SUB TIDAL SAMPLING STATION 3-11

3.6 DETAILS OF INTERTIDAL TRANSECTS SAMPLING 3-11

3.7 TIDAL RANGE 3-15

3.8 CURRENT METER DEPLOYMENT SUMMARY 3-24

3.9 RESULTS OF FLOOD AND EBB 3-24

3.10 TIDAL CURRENT MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION 3-25

3.11 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 3-28

3.12 AVERAGE VALUES OF PH AT DIFFERENT STATIONS 3-29

3.13 AVERAGE VALUES OF SS AT DIFFERENT STATIONS 3-29

3.14 AVERAGE VALUES OF SALINITY AT DIFFERENT

LOCATIONS

3-30

3.15 AVERAGE VALUES OF DO AND BOD AT DIFFERENT

LOCATIONS

3-31

3.16 AVERAGE VALUES OF NUTRIENTS AT DIFFERENT

STATIONS

3-32

3.17 AVERAGE VALUES OF PHOSPHATE AT DIFFERENT

STATIONS

3-33

3.18 AVERAGE VALUES OF PHc AND PHENOLS AT

DIFFERENT STATIONS

3-34

3.19 ANALYSIS RESULTS OF SUBTIDAL SEDIMENT 3-35

3.20 CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANIC CARBON AND

PHOSPHOROUS

3-37

3.21 CONCENTRATIONS OF PHc 3-37

3.22 CONCENTRATIONS OF HEAVY METALS IN INTERTIDAL 3-38

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TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

SEDIMENT

3.23 CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON AND PHOSPHOROUS IN

INTERTIDAL SEDIMENt

3-39

3.24 CONCENTRATIONS OF PHC IN INTERTIDAL SEDIMENT 3-39

3.25 AVERAGE VALUES OF CHLOROPHYLL A AND

PHAEOPHYTIN

3-40

3.26 AVERAGE VALUES OF CELL COUNTS AND TOTAL

GENERA

3-41

3.27 RESULTS OF ZOOPLANKTON STANDING STOCK 3-43

3.28 STATUS OF SUBTIDAL MACROBENTHIC STANDING

STOCK

3-44

3.29 STATUS OF INTERTIDAL MACROBENTHIC STANDING

STOCK

3-45

3.30 DETAILS OF LOCATIONS FOR BACKGROUND NOISE

MONITORING STATIONS

3-48

3.31 BACKGROUND NOISE LEVELS 3-48

3.32 TREES IN THE STUDY AREA 3-53

3.33 LISTS OF SHRUBS IN THE STUDY AREA 3-55

3.34 LIST OF CLIMBERS OBSERVED IN THE STUDY AREA 3-56

3.35 LIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE STUDY AREA 3-58

3.36 LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED IN THE STUDY AREA 3-61

3.37 LIST OF REPTILES IN THE STUDY AREA 3-61

3.38 LIST OF MAMMALS OBSERVED IN THE STUDY AREA 3-62

3.39 VILLAGE WISE DEMOGRAPHICAL DETAILS IN PIA 3-64

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 THE AUTHORITIES OF LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT 2-1

2.2 DETAILED MAP OF SURAT DISTRICT SHOWING

PROJECT LOCATION

2-3

2.3 PLAN OF BRIDGE 2-9

2.4 SECTION OF DIFFERENT POTIONS OF THE BRIDGE 2-10

2.5 MAP SHOWING DEMARCATION OF HTL, LTL AND

COASTAL REGULATION ZONE

2-18

3.1 LOCATION MAP OF THE PROJECT SITE WITH STUDY

AREA

3-2

3.2 (a) ANNUAL WIND ROSE OF DAILY SURFACE DATA

RECORDED AT 8:30 A.M. AT SURAT STATION (1971-2000)

3-4

3.2 (b) ANNUAL WIND ROSE OF DAILY SURFACE DATA

RECORDED AT 5:30 P.M. AT SURAT STATION (1971-2000)

3-5

3.3 WIND ROSE DIAGRAM 3-6

3.4 CURRENT METER DEPLOYMENT 3-23

3.5 (a) PERCENTAGE OF MAGNITUDE OCCURANCE 3-25

3.5 (b) PERCENTAGE OF CURRENT DIRECTION OCCURRENCE 3-26

3.6 POLAR GRAPH 3-26

3.7 CURRENT SPEED PLOT FOR 4 DAYS 3-27

3.8 LOCATION OF AMBIENT AIR MONITORING STATIONS 3-67

3.9 LOCATION OF MARINE MONITORING (SUBTIDAL

STATIONS)

3-68

3.10 LOCATION OF MARINE MONITORING (INTERTIDAL

STATIONS)

3-68

3.11 LOCATIONS OF NOISE SAMPLING STATIONS 3-69

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LIST OF ANNEXURE

ANNEXURE

NO. TITLE

PAGE

NO.

I CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMALS 1981-2010 FOR SURAT

STATION

A-1

II NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)

(2009)

A-3

III STATION WISE WATER MONITORING RESULTS A-5

IV BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SAMPLES A-15

V CPCB RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMMUNITY NOISE

EXPOSURE (1989)

A-22

VI DAMAGE RISK CRITERIA FOR HEARING LOSS

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY& HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

(OSHA)

A-23

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SURAT MUNICIPAL CORPORATION, SURAT, GUJARAT 1 - 1

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Surat Municipal Corporation (hereafter referred as SMC) has taken up the expansion

work of Sardar bridge in two phases. The phase-I includes the expansion of bridge

towards upstream side adjacent to existing Sardar bridge approaching Adajan and Athwa.

This phase/part of the bridge has already been constructed and is already open for public

operation. Phase-II includes expansion of another part of bridge towards downstream

adjacent to existing Sardar bridge. This phase of the bridge is under construction and

thus, not opens for public operation.

Hence, the SMC realized the need of EIA study to be conducted and accordingly

approached En-vision Enviro Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (hereafter referred as En-vision) to

carry out EIA study for the purpose of post-facto approval for CRZ clearance.

In view of above the En-vision conducted EIA studies covering the aspects of marine

ecology and terrestrial environment during April, 2017.

The purpose of the EIA study is to assess prevailing environmental condition, prediction

and assessment of environmental impacts due to construction of bridge and suggestion

of mitigation measures. An environment management plan along with recommendations

and suggestions are also described in the report.

1.2 Objectives

• To assess the prevailing environment of Tapi Estuary in the surrounding region of

Adajan and Athwa.

• To assess an impact on marine ecology and terrestrial environment due to

construction of bridge (phase-I and phase-II).

• To suggest the mitigation measures.

• To suggest suitable environmental management plan (EMP) to minimize the

adverse impact.

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1.3 Scope of Work

Based on the details provided by SMC, the En-vision finalized the following scope of

study:

a) Terrestrial:

i. Data collection

ii. Identification, prediction and evaluation of impacts on environment during

construction & operation phase.

iii. Preparation of Environmental Management Plan in coordination with client.

iv. Risk Assessment study.

b) Marine:

i. Water quality: Temp., pH, SS, Salinity, DO, BOD, Phosphorus, nitrite,

nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, phenols and PHc.

ii. Sediment quality: Heavy metals (Al, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, C,P), PHc, organic

carbon andphosphorus.

iii. Biological Characteristics: Chlorophyll a, phaeophytin, phytoplankton

population andspecies, zooplankton, biomass, population and groups,

macrobenthos intertidal – biomass, population and groups, subtidal -

biomass, population and groups.

iv. Physical parameters: Currents

v. Mitigation measures: Mitigation measures would be suggested to minimize

the impact.

vi. Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Suitable Environment

Management Plan would be suggested to maintain a healthy marine

environment.

1.4 Assessment

Based on the results of above study the potential environmental impacts due to

construction of bridge would be assessed.

1.5 Mitigation measures

To minimize the impact on Tapi Estuary due to construction of bridge the mitigation

measures would be suggested.

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1.6 Approach Strategy

In well planned development of project, the probable adverse impact would be identified

and the mitigation measure could be integrated with the design and alignment itself. For

the prediction of impacts on marine ecology, detail information on water quality, sediment

quality and biological characteristics likely to be impacted, are essential. For this purpose,

the data of present study and available information for the project area would be used to

establish the baseline data of the region for the bridge.

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CHAPTER – 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Surat Municipal Corporation is a local self government which has come into action under

the Bombay Provincial Municipal Act, 1949. It carries out all the obligatory functions and

discretionary functions entrusted by the BPMC Act, 1949 with the following mission:

• To make Surat a dynamic, vibrant, beautiful, self-reliant and sustainable city with

all basic amenities, to provide a better quality of life.

Under the provision of the BPMC Act 1949 section-4, the powers have been vested in

three distinct statutory authorities.

• General Board

• Standing Committee

• Municipal Commissioner

Figure-2.1 The Authorities of local Self Government

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2.1 Preamble

Surat (21°10′12.864″N, 72°49′51.819″E) is the economic capital of Gujarat. It is the 8th

largest city and 9th largest urban agglomeration in India. The area of Surat city is 326.5

km2. It is a 4th fastest growing city of the world. The Surat is famous for its food, textile,

and diamonds. Surat polishes over 90% of the world's rough diamond.

Surat was awarded "best city" by the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) in

2013.

Due to the tremendous development of the city, Surat Municipal Corporation tries to

improve road infrastructure of the city. Owing to heavy traffic congestion on major

highways passing through Surat city, the BRTS (Bus Rapid Transit System in Surat)

system work has been completed in most of the area. The major highways passing

through Surat are the Udhana-Mumbai Highway also known as Udhana-Navsari

Highway, Surat-Ahmedabad Highway also known as Varachha Main Road. Due to rapid

urbanization and to reduce fatal accidents, Surat Municipal Corporation and Surat Urban

Development Authority have developed an Outer Ring Road and Middle Ring Road to

decongest the traffic from the major highways passing through the city.

The city has seen the completion of road projects, particularly elevated roads. One of the

very few multi-layer flyovers in India is now in Surat over Majura Gate. The Eastern

expressway also known as Varachha Flyway is one of India's longest flyovers under city

municipal limits in the four lane category.

Existing four lane Sardar bridge is not sufficient to handle existing traffic density. SMC

has proposed other bridges in the vicinity of the Sardar bridge, which will reduce the

traffic load. Since, it is the main corridor which connects Adajan and Athwa area of the

city it is necessary to expand the existing bridge for smooth traffic.

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2.2 LOCATION

Details of the project location

a) Taluka : Surat city

b) District : Surat

c) State : Gujarat

Sr.

No. Particular Latitude Longitude

1 Near Adajan area 21°11'34.00"N 72°48'13.38"E

2 Near Athwa area 21°11'16.67"N 72°48'32.03"E

Figure-2.2 Detailed Map of Surat District Showing Project Location

Source: Maps of India

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2.3 Parameters for Bridge Layout

2.3.1 Bridge Profile

In the first instance, the bridge parameters pertaining to profile of bridge such as top of

bridge deck, span length navigation span and adequate numbers for waterway, approach

gradient etc. are to be decided as described in below table-2.1. Total cost for the

expansion of bridge will be 80.75 crore. After expansion, 4 nos. of lane will be added to

the existing bridge.

TABLE-2.1 Details of the bridge

Phase-I

No. Particulars : Details

1 Name of Work : Expansion of Sardar Bridge over Tapi Estuary between

Athwa and Adajan, Surat, Gujarat

2 Location : Adjoining Existing Sardar Bridge

(Upward direction from Adajan to Athwa)

3 River/Nala/Creek : Tapi River

4 Lane : Two

5 Year of Inauguration : 2018

6 Details of Bridge

(i) Length of Bridge : 757.323 m

(ii) Number of span : 20 spans

(iii) Width of Bridge : From PU-1 to PU-3: 8.5 m

From PU-4 to PU-16: 11.0 m


7 (i) Design Discharge : 34000 cumec

(ii) Design H.F.L. : R.L. 12 mt.

(iii) Type of bridge : High Level Bridge

(iv) F.R.L. : R. L. 16.360 mtr.

8 Structural Details

(i) Foundation : RCC Bored Cast in Situ Pile having

1500mm/1200mm/1000 mm dia

(ii) Substructure : RCC Pilecap , RCC Pier with R.C.C. Pier Cap

(iii) Superstructure : Pre-stressed Concrete 4 Girder System Simply Supported

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over bearings and R.C.C. Slab

(iv) General Items : R.C.C. Crash Barrier

(v) Types Of Bearing : Elastomeric Bearing

(vi) Types Of

Expansion Joint

: Strip Seal Type

(vii) Wearing Coat : 75mm(50 mm DBM + SDBC 25 mm) + Bitumenpainting

(viii) Grade Of Concrete : Pile = M-35,M-40

Pile Cap, Pier, Pier Cap, Pedestal, Crash Barrier = M-35

Crash Barrier = M-40

PSC I –Girder = M-50

Deck Slab = M-45

Curb, Central verge. = M-25

Wearing Coat = M-30

9 Name of Contractor : Unique Construction, Surat

10 Name of Design Consultant : Casad Consultant, Ahmedabad

11 Name of Project

Management Consultant

: Pankaj M Patel Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad

12 Name Proof Check

Consultant

: R & B Designs Circle, Gandhinagar

13 CRZ area (Phase-I) :

Bridge falls in CRZ – IB, CRZ – II and CRZ – IVB

CRZ

area

Length (m) in

respective CRZ

area

No of

pillars

and

Piles

Area (m2)

of the

bridge

falls in

CRZ area

Footprint

area of

bridge

(m2)

CRZ-IB

169.30

(151.3 at Adajan +

18 at Athwa)

3

and

18

1862.3 204.12

CRZ-II

173.46

(100 at Adajan +

73.43 at Athwa)

6

and

34

2026.48 318.87

CRZ-IVB 188.65

3

and

18

2075.15 204.12

Total 531.41

12

and

70

5963.93 727.11

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Phase-II





(Downward direction from Athwa to Adajan)


4 Lane : Two

5 Year of Inauguration : Work in progress

6 Details of Bridge









(iv) F.R.L. : R. L. 16.360 mtr.



1500mm/1200mm/1000 mm dia






(vi) Types Of

Expansion Joint

: Strip Seal Type




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Deck Slab = M-45


Wearing Coat = M-30



11 Name of Project



12 Name Proof Check

Consultant


13 CRZ area (Phase-II) :


CRZ

area

Length (m) in

respective CRZ

area

No of

pillars

and

Piles

Area (m2)

of the

bridge

falls in

CRZ area

Footprint

area of

bridge

(m2)

CRZ-IB

197.3

(179.3 at Adajan +

18 at Athwa)

4 and 21 2170.3 238.14

CRZ-II

173.46

(100 at Adajan +

73.43 at Athwa)

6 and 31 2026.48 363.81

CRZ-IVB 192 3 and 18 2112 204.12

Total 562.76 12 and

70 6308.78 806.07

Total CRZ Area (Phase-I + Phase-II)

CRZ

area Length (m) in respective CRZ area

No of pillars

and Piles

Area (m2) of the

bridge falls in CRZ

area

Footprint area of

bridge

(m2)

CRZ-IB 366.60

(330.6 at Adajan + 36 at Athwa) 7 and 39 4032.6 442.26

CRZ-II 346.92

(200 at Adajan + 148.86 at Athwa) 12 and 65 4052.96 682.68

CRZ-IVB 380.65


Total 1094.17 25 and 140 12272.71 1533.18

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2.3.2 Detailed Profile layout of the bridge

Detailed layout/design of the bridge is shown in following figure-2.3 and figure-2.4.

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Figure-2.3 Plan of bridge

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FIGURE-2.4 SECTION OF DIFFERENT PORTIONS OF THE BRIDGE

.

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2.3.3 Details of Pile

Details of piles along with their locations, Numbers, depth and dimensions are given in

following table-2.2:

Table-2.2 Details of pile Phase-I

CRZ

AREA

Name

Of

Pier

Pile

Nos.

Avg. Depth Of

Pile from Cut

Off Lvl.

Pile Cap Size Foot

print

Area

Span

Length L B H

Non-

CRZ

10.500

PU-1 6 15 10.40 4.30 1.50 44.72 14.500

PU-2 6 24 10.40 4.30 1.85 44.72 25.827

PU-3 6 28 11.11 6.90 1.80 76.66 49.288

PU-4 6 23 8.70 5.10 1.80 44.37 50.238

PU-5 6 23 8.70 5.10 1.80 44.37 50.028

PU-6 6 23 8.70 5.10 1.80 44.37 23.500

PU-7 6 24 8.70 5.10 1.80 44.37 39.900

CRZ-II

PU-7A 6 24 8.70 5.10 1.80 44.37 36.900

PU-8 6 27 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.166

PU-9 6 27 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.118

CRZ-

IB

PU-10 6 27 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.013

PU-11 6 27 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.168

PU-12 6 32 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.100

CRZ-

IV

PU-13 6 32 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.105

PU-14 6 32 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.270

PU-15 6 32 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.277

CRZ-II

PU-16 6 32 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 45.430

PU-17 6 32 8.70 5.10 1.80 44.37 14.959

PU-18 4 24 5.10 5.10 1.80 26.01 13.036

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Phase-II

CRZ

AREA

Name

Of

Pier

Pile

Nos.

Avg. Depth Of

Pile from Cut

Off Lvl.

Pile Cap Size

Area Span

Length L B H

10.000

Non-

CRZ

PD-1 4 18 6.24 5.00 1.80 31.20 15.000

PD-2 6 23 5.10 5.10 1.80 26.01 20.720

PD-3 6 28 8.90 5.10 1.80 45.39 49.209

PD-4 6 23 9.10 5.10 1.80 46.41 50.238

PD-5 6 23 8.70 6.90 1.80 60.03 50.028

PD-6 6 23 8.70 5.10 1.80 44.37 50.135

CRZ-II

PD-7 6 23 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.167

PD-8 6 27 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.166

PD-9 6 27 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.118

CRZ-

IB

PD-9

PD-10 6 27 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.013

PD-11 6 27 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.168

PD-12 6 32 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.100

CRZ-

IV

PD-13 6 32 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.105

PD-14 6 32 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.270

PD-15 6 32 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 50.277

CRZ-II

PD-16 6 32 10.80 6.30 2.25 68.04 49.894

PD-17 6 28 9.86 7.50 1.80 73.93 8.541

PD-18 4 23.5 10.15 5.10 1.80 51.74 8.345

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2.4 Construction Methodology







hence not open for public operation. The bridge is high level bridge, which is PSC type

simply supported bridge.

Main parts of the Bridge

• Foundation :- Case in situ pile (1000 mm dia, 1200 mm dia, 1500 mm dia) with pile

cap

• Substructure :- RCC wall type pier with piercap.

• Superstructure:- RCC Solid slab, PSC voided slab, PSC girder

• Case in situ 1.0 meter dia,1.2 meter dia, 1.5 meter dia bored piles having varying depth

of 15 meter to 32 meter from pile cap bottom level is adopted.

• Hydraulic/winch machine were used for the boring of piles. Soon the completion of

boring with required depth, the reinforcement cage was located and concreting was

done with tremie pipe method.

• After completion of whole group of piles, the excavation of required area for the pile

cap was done. By doing PCC on bed and after completing the reinforcement and

shuttering work pile cap concreting was done with normal process.

• Once the pile cap work is get completed cast in situ pier and pier cap work was taken

up as per required level.

• By finishing required ancillary work prior to cast superstructure was done. Thereafter

superstructure work was completed as routine method of staging and shuttering on

bank of river.

• River portion of the bridge was constructed by launching of girder, this technique was

adopted to reduce the environmental impact and also to reduce the time cycle as well.

• Same technique will be used for Phase-II.

• After finishing of launching of girder casting of dack slab was done. Then after

miscellaneous activities are carried out which include cleaning work, electrification,

railing and footpath etc.

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2.4.1 Structural Configuration

For structural configurations, parameter like material used, methodology of construction

and structural arrangement adopted are decided as described below:

Design

i. The design is based on relevant IRC code of practice and MORTH specification

read in relevance as applicable and best industrial practice.

ii. Deep foundation – Pile foundation are adopted for Pier, Abutment and Vented

span of the approach portion. Open foundation is adopted for retaining wall.

2.5 CRZ Applicability

As per the CRZ notification of MoEF&CC date 6th January, 2011, Expansion of existing

Sardar bridge across Tapi Estuary adjoining Adajan and Athwa area in Surat, falls in CRZ

area described as follows:

Phase-I

CRZ area Length (m) in respective

CRZ area

No of pillars

and Piles

Area (m2) of the

bridge falls in

CRZ area

Footprint

area of bridge

(m2)

CRZ-IB

169.30

(151.3 at Adajan + 18 at

Athwa)

3 and 18 1862.3 204.12

CRZ-II

173.46

(100 at Adajan +

73.43 at Athwa)

6 and 34 2026.48 318.87

CRZ-IVB 188.65 3 and 18 2075.15 204.12

Total 531.41 12 and 70 5963.93 727.11

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Phase-II

CRZ area Length (m) in respective CRZ

area

No of pillars

and Piles

Area (m2) of the

bridge falls in

CRZ area

Footprint area

of bridge

(m2)

CRZ-IB 197.3


CRZ-II

173.46

(100 at Adajan + 73.43 at

Athwa)

6 and 31 2026.48 363.81

CRZ-IVB 192 3 and 18 2112 204.12

Total 562.76 12 and 70 6308.78 806.07

Total CRZ Area (Phase-I + Phase-II)

CRZ

area Length (m) in respective CRZ area

No of pillars

and Piles

Area (m2) of the

bridge falls in CRZ

area

Footprint area of

bridge

(m2)

CRZ-IB 366.60


CRZ-II 346.92

(200 at Adajan + 148.86 at Athwa) 12 and 65 4052.96 682.68

CRZ-IVB 380.65


Total 1094.17 25 and 140 12272.71 1533.18

The demarcation map of HTL, LTL and details of project area falling in CRZ is depicted

and shown below:

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Figure-2.5 Map Showing Demarcation of HTL, LTL and Coastal Regulation Zone

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2.6 Manpower Requirement

During Construction phase:

During construction of phase-I, around 50 nos. of manpower were engaged and for the

construction of phase-II, approx 45 nos. of manpower are expected.

During Operation Phase

During operation phase, around 05 nos. of manpower will be engaged for day to day

maintenance work of the bridge.

2.7 Power requirement


Total power requirement during phase-I construction was around 70 KW from State

Electricity Board and D. G. Set was provided for the emergency purpose. Power

requirement during phase-II construction will be 70 KW and D. G. Set will be provided.


Total power requirement during operation phase will be around 40 KW.

2.8 Water requirement and effluent generation

2.8.1 Water requirement and its source


Total water requirement during construction of phase-I was around 40 KLD which was for

construction activity and for Domestic purposes. Same quantity (40 KLD) will be required

during phase-II construction.

Required water is sourced through tanker suppliers by the contractor for both the phases.


During operation phase approximately 3.5 KLD water will required.

2.8.2 Waste Water generation:

Approx 2 KLD domestic effluent was generated from the labour colony during

construction of phase-I which was disposed through septic tank and the same quantity of

domestic effluent is expected to generate during phase-II.

2.9 Solid Waste Management

During Construction Phase:

During Construction, wastes like debris, concrete etc. were generated. During excavation

time for construction of pillars, excavated soil waste was generated, which was stacked

within the project site under tarpaulin cover and was reused for back‐filling purpose, etc.

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(ii) Municipal Solid Waste generated from labours campus 30 kg/day was disposed of at

MSW Disposal sites in the vicinity.

(iii) Used oil was generated due to use of DG sets and Diesel driven machines. The used

oil was disposed off to registered recycler.

During operation phase: ‐‐‐‐

Solid Waste Generated will be collected and disposed off to MSW Site.

2.10 Noise Environment


Major sources of noise during construction phase was construction activities and different

heavy machineries/vehicles employed for the same. All machineries/vehicles were

regularly maintained and sufficient lubrication was done to minimize the noise pollution

during phase-I construction and same will be done during phase-II construction. Proper

enclosures were provided wherever possible to reduce the noise level.

During Operation phase:

Vehicular movement and honking will be the major sources of noise pollution during

operation phase.

2.11 Air Environment


Major sources of air pollution during the construction phase were due to drilling activities,

transportation and construction activities. All these activities lead to increase in

concentration of air pollutants, i.e. PM, NOx, CO and CO2, which were further added due

to increased vehicular traffic. However, the levels of PM, NOx, CO and CO2 were well

below the stipulated standards during the construction phase. Emission from D. G. Set

was minor and in negligible concentration.

During operation phase:

Emission from the vehicles will be the major source of air pollution during operation

phase.

2.12 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE PROJECT

Construction equipments like Jack Hammer, Dump Truck, Batching Plant, Crawler Crane,

Concrete Batch Mix Plan, Concrete Vibrator, Pneumatic tools, Air Compressor, Cranes,

Air Compressor, Bar Bending Machine, etc were used for the construction of bridge.

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2.13 Cost of the Project

Total cost of the project is Rs. 80.75 crores

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CHAPTER – 3

BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 3.1 Description of the study area

The baseline status of environmental quality in the vicinity of project site serves as the

basis for identification, prediction and evaluation of impacts. The baseline environmental

quality is assessed through field studies within the impact zone for various components.

Study area for the Environmental Impact Assessment is within 10 km radius from the

project site. Location map of the project site with study area is given in figure-3.1.

Following baseline data was generated during present studies:

I. Meteorology

II. Ambient Air Quality

III. Ambient Noise Quality

IV. Marine Environment

V. Biological Information (Terrestrial Area)

VI. Socio-economic status survey

3.2 PERIOD OF STUDY

The environmental quality was assessed during Pre-Monsoon Season i.e 1st April to 30th

April, 2017 in the study area of 10 km radius from the project site.

3.3 METHODOLOGY

In the process of Environmental Impact Assessment, baseline study is conducted for the

environmental components like; air, noise, water, land use, ecology & biodiversity, socio-

economic and soil quality. For the collection of baseline data of these components,

primary and secondary data collection methodology is followed.

Primary data has been collected through field monitoring for meteorological conditions,

ambient air quality, water quality, noise quality etc., which includes major portion of the

baseline environmental studies. In addition to these important studies, further studies like

land use, socio-economic studies, ecological and biodiversity studies, hydrogeology, etc.

are covered during the study period. Secondary information sources and constitutes is

used for these studies and remaining parts of the baseline environmental studies.

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Figure-3.1 Location Map of The Project Site with Study Area

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3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

3.4.1 METEOROLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Air borne pollutants is dispersed by atmospheric motion. Knowledge of these motions,

which ranges from turbulent diffusion to long-range transport by weather systems.

Dispersion of different air pollutants released into the atmosphere has significant impacts

on the neighborhood air environment of project and forms an important part of impact

assessment studies. Meteorological conditions of the site regulates the transport and

diffusion of air-pollutants released into the atmosphere.

Ambient temperature, wind speed, wind direction and atmospheric stability are called

primary or basic Meteorological Parameters because the dispersion and diffusion of

pollutants depend mainly on these parameters. Humidity, precipitation, pressure and

visibility are secondary Meteorological parameters as they control the dispersion of the

pollutants indirectly by affecting primary parameters. This data is useful for proper

interpretation of the baseline information as well as serves as an input, to predictive

models for air quality impacts.

It is imperative that one should work with idealized condition and all analysis pertaining to

air turbulence and ambient air should be done with meteorological conditions, which can

be best expected to occur.

Climate of Study Area

The general agro-climatic zone of the study area is Semi arid to dry sub-humid.

Information presented in subsequent paragraphs is from the most recently published

Long Term Climatologically Tables for the nearest observatory, Surat by the Indian

Meteorological Department (IMD). Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1981-

2010” issued by “The Director General of Meteorology, New Delhi” which is shown as

annexure-I for the station of Surat.

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Table-3.1 Meteorological Data

Month

Mean Daily

Temperature (°C) Humidity (%)

Rainfall

(mm)

Mean

Wind

Speed

(km/h) Max Min Max Min

January 29.6 14.6 73 54 0.3 4.1

February 29.7 15.8 70 53 0.0 4.7

March 32.4 19.1 69 50 0.1 4.7

April 33.8 22.8 72 58 0.0 5.9

May 33.8 26.0 74 66 3.0 7.3

June 32.5 26.2 80 75 274.6 8.2

July 30.1 24.9 88 82 576.0 7.0

August 29.3 24.5 89 84 381.4 6.3

September 30.4 23.9 89 79 218.4 4.8

October 32.9 22.2 81 67 32.6 3.9

November 32.4 18.7 71 56 13.3 4.2

December 31.4 15.6 71 55 0.6 4.2

Annual

Mean 31.53 21.19 77.25 64.92 115.41 5.02

Predominant Wind Direction

As per India Meteorological Department (IMD), Atlas of wind roses, 1971-2000, the

annual variations in average wind speed recorded at Surat station at 8.30 am and 5.30

pm indicates that the predominant wind direction in from SW to NE which also shown in

figure 3.2 (A) and 3.2 (B) respectively.

Figure-3.2(A) Annual Wind Rose of Daily Surface Data Recorded At 8:30 A.M. at Surat Station (1971-2000)

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Figure-3.2(B) Annual Wind Rose of Daily Surface Data recorded at 5:30 p.m. at Surat Station (1971-2000)

Site Specific Micro-Meteorology Data

Meteorology of the study zones plays an important role in the study of air pollution.

Micrometeorological conditions with respect to temperature, relative humidity, wind speed

and direction that regulate the dispersion and dilution of air pollutants in the atmosphere

are collected at the proposed project site. Predominant direction determines location of

monitoring stations at downwind side from the sources.

To collect site specific meteorological data, automatic weather station was installed at the

project site to record micrometeorological parameters on hourly basis during study period

to understand the wind pattern, temperature variation, relative humidity variation, etc.

Site-specific mean meteorological data is given in following table-3.2 and the wind rose

diagram processed by ISCST3 software from data collected at site is shown in figure-3.3.

Table-3.2 Summary of Site Specific Meteorological Data

Meteorological Parameter April, 2017

Temperature

(0C)

Min. 23

Max. 42

Avg. 30

Relative Humidity

(%)

Min. 38

Max. 74

Avg. 52

Wind Speed

(km/h)

Min. 2

Max. 28

Avg. 13

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Figure-3.3 Wind Rose Diagram

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3.4.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT

Design of Network for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

The air quality status in the study area was assessed through a network of ambient air

quality monitoring locations. The tropical climatic conditions mainly control the transport

and dispersion of air pollutant during various seasons.

The baseline studies for air environment include identification of specific air pollutants.

The EIA study requires monitoring of baseline air quality during one season. Accordingly,

air quality monitoring was carried out during 1st April to 30th April, 2017. The baseline

status of the air environment was assessed through a systematic air quality surveillance

programme, which is planned based on the following criteria:

• Topography / terrain of the study area

• Regional synoptic scale climatologically normal

• Densely populated areas within the region

• Location of surrounding industries

• Representation of regional background

• Representation of valid cross-sectional distribution in downwind direction

Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance was undertaken to establish the baseline status of air environment in the

study region. Seven Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) locations were selected

based on guidelines of network sitting criteria. All AAQM locations were selected within

the study area of 10 km radial distance from the project site as per standard TOR.

Methodology for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out in accordance with guidelines of

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of June 1998 and National Ambient Air Quality

Standards (NAAQS) of CPCB vide G.S.R. No. 826(E) dated 18th November, 2009.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) was carried out at seven locations during 1st April

to 30th April, 2017 for parameters such as Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Sulphur

Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Volatile Organic

Compound (VOC). The monitoring was carried out 24 hours a day twice a week per

location in the study area. The locations of the different stations with respect to its

distance and direction from project site are shown in table-3.2 and figure-3.8 respectively.

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The values for mentioned concentrations of various pollutants at all the monitoring

locations were processed for different statistical parameters like arithmetic mean,

minimum concentration, and maximum concentration and percentile values. The existing

baseline levels of PM, SO2, NOX and CO are expressed in terms of various statistical

parameters as given in tables-3.3. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are

enclosed as an annexure-II.

Table-3.3 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

No. Name of Village Bearing

W.R.T.

Approximate

Radial

Distance (Km)

Type of

Area

1. Project site (A1) -- -- --

2. Piplod (A2) SW 2.7 Residential

3. Bhatha (A3) NW 3 Residential

4. Palanpur Jakatnaka

(A4) N 3.3 Residential

5. Adajan Patiya (A5) NE 3.0 Residential

6. Majura Gate (A6) E 2.5 Residential

7. Bhatar (A7) SE 2.9 Residential

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Table-3.4 Ambient Air Quality Status

No. Sampling

Location -

Parameters

Unit: µg/m3

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX CO mg/m3

AAQ Standards 100 60 80 80 2

1. Project site

(A1)

Min. 75 21 13 31.7 0.8

Max. 80 25 14.2 36.0 1.1

Ave. 78 24 13.4 34.5 0.9

98th Per. 79 24 13.8 34.8 1.0

2. Piplod

(A2)

Min. 79 26 12.3 34.2 1.00

Max. 85 30 15.9 38.9 1.40

Ave. 83 28 14.1 36.3 1.32

98th Per. 83 29 14.8 37.5 1.35

3. Bhatha

(A3)

Min. 77 25 12.8 33.5 0.90

Max. 81 27 15.1 38.6 1.33

Ave. 79 26 13.6 35.4 1.21

98th Per. 80 26 14.4 36.2 1.28

4.

Palanpur

Jakatnaka

(A4)

Min. 78 25 12.2 34.0 1.0

Max. 83 29 16.0 39.0 1.45

Ave. 80 27 14.9 36.0 1.30

98th Per. 82 28 15.4 37.2 1.39

5.

Adajan

Patiya

(A5)

Min. 75 22 10.2 29.2 0.72

Max. 80 26 14.5 34.5 1.13

Ave. 78 24 12.9 33.1 1.00

98th Per. 79 25 13.2 33.8 1.09

6. Majura Gate

(A6)

Min. 82 26 12.0 31.5 1.10

Max. 87 30 17.5 36.0 1.40

Ave. 85 28 15.0 34.9 1.34

98th Per. 86 29 16.8 35.2 1.38

7. Bhatar (A7)

Min. 80 25 12.5 29.5 1.0

Max. 86 31 17.2 35.0 1.25

Ave. 84 27 14.5 33.2 1.18

98th Per. 85 29 16.5 34.5 1.20

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Results & Discussion

The baseline levels within the study area with respect to (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX and CO)

terms of various statistical parameters are presented in tables-3.3. During baseline

monitoring, the arithmetic mean values of PM10 varied between 78.0 - 85.0 µg/m3 while

the 98th percentile values of PM10 ranged between 79.0 – 86.0 µg/m3. The arithmetic

mean values of PM2.5 varied between 24.0 – 28.0 µg/m3 while the 98th percentile values

of PM2.5 ranged between 24.0 – 29.0 µg/m3. The arithmetic mean value for SO2 was 12.9

– 15.0 µg/m3 and the 98th percentile of SO2 was 13.2 – 16.8 µg/m3. The arithmetic mean

values of NOx varied between 33.1-36.3 µg/m3 while the 98th percentile of NOX ranged

from 33.8 – 37.5 µg/m3. The arithmetic mean values of CO varied between 0.9-1.34

mg/m3 while the 98th percentile of CO ranged from 1.0 – 1.39 mg/m3.

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3.5 MARINE ENVIRONMENT

The studies were conducted for estuarine water at different locations to obtain the

prevailing status of estuary.

3.5.1 LOCATION

The estuarine water samples were collected from 10 subtidal stations and 4 intertidal

transects in Tapi. The station-2 is fixed for water sampling from bridge corridor. The

details of sampling stations are shown in figure-3.9, 3.10 and in following table-3.5 below:

a) Sub tidal:

Table-3.5 Details of Sub Tidal Sampling Station

Station Latitude Longitude

1 21°12'39.08"N 72°48'45.36"E

2 21°12'21.85"N 72°49'3.65"E

3 21°10'57.24"N 72°47'55.52"E

4 21°10'51.35"N 72°47'45.04"E

5 21°10'42.02"N 72°46'46.74"E

6 21° 9'55.21"N 72°46'5.75"E

7 21° 9'4.48"N 72°45'5.08"E

8 21° 8'32.40"N 72°43'4.41"E

9 21° 9'15.44"N 72°41'26.08"E

10 21° 7'5.96"N 72°42'13.65"E

b) Intertidal Transects

Table-3.6 Details of Intertidal Transects Sampling

Transect Latitude Longitude

T I 21°10'46.10"N 72°46'48.72"E

T II 21°10'35.47"N 72°46'51.43"E

T III 21°11'21.60"N 72°48'25.49"E

T IV 21°11'17.45"N 72°48'30.15"E

The transects TIII and TIV were slightly away towards down stream from the bridge

corridor. The results of intertidal fauna obtained at TIII and TIV will give a rough idea of

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status for bridge corridor which will be used for calculation of intertidal macrobenthic

standing stock loss.

3.5.2 SAMPLING FREQUENCY

The surface samples for estimation of water quality, sediment quality and flora and fauna

were collected from all subtidal stations. The bottom samples were also obtained from

station 9 and 10 since the depth at these locations was more than 3 m. The inter-tidal

sediment samples were collected at four transects (T I-T IV) in the vicinity of the bridge,

for the analysis of metals and macrobenthos. The sediments from water quality stations

were also collected to evaluate the metals concentration and benthic standing stock.

The samples for analysis of water quality and flora and fauna were collected from shore

during ebb period due to shallow depth at station 1-4. Other stations (stn 5-10) were

sampled with the help of a small boat of SMC during ebb period. The collection of water

samples at station 1 were also conducted during flood from shore. The collection of water

samples were undertaken with the help of small boat of SMC during flood from station 2-

10. The samples from all the stations were collected twice during ebb and flood periods

either from shore or with the help of boat.

3.5.3 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY

The surface samples were collected using a clean polyethylene bucket. A plastic Niskin

sampler with a mechanism for closing at a desired depth was used for collecting bottom

samples. Glass bottle sampler (2.5 I) was used for obtaining samples at 1 m below water

surface, for the estimation of PHc.

Oblique hauls for zooplankton were made using a Heron Tranter net (Mesh size 0.33 mm,

mouth area 0.25 m2). All collections were of 5 min duration. Zooplankton samples were

preserved in buffered formalin. The zooplankton samples from stations of shallow water

could not be collected.

For the analyses of metals, total phosphorus, PHc and macrobenthos, the subtidal

sediment samples were collected using a van-veen grab of 0.04 m2 area. The intertidal

samples were obtained with a hand-held shovel. The sediment samples for the analysis

of macrobenthic standing stock were sieved and transferred to polyethylene bags. These

samples were preserved in Rose Bengal Solution with 5% buffered formaldehyde for

analyses at laboratory.

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3.5.4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

a) Water

Samples after collection were transported to laboratory at Surat for analysis. The

parameters such as Temperature, pH, TSS, Nitrate (NO3-), Ammonical Nitrogen (NH4+),

Phenols, DO, BOD (3 days at 27ºC) were analyzed following the standards methods

(IS3025). The parameters like Salinity, Phosphate (PO4-3), and Phosphorus were

determined by the method of APHA (22nd Edition 2012).

b) Sediment

The analysis of metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) in sediments were under taken by

using the method of USEPA 3050 whereas Hg was determined by AAS-APHA (22nd

Edition, 2012). The concentration of PHc and organic carbon (Corg) were determined by

PLPL-TPH and FCO: 2006 respectively.

c) Flora and fauna

i) Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton pigments: A known volume of water (500 ml) was filtered through a

0.45 urn Millipore membrane filter paper and the pigments retained on the filter

paper were extracted in 90% acetone. For the estimation of chlorophyll a and

phaeophytin the extinction of the acetone extract was measured at 665 and 750

nm before and after treatment with dilute acid (0.1 NHCI) (APHA, 22nd Edition,

2012)

Phytoplankton population: Samples for the cell count were preserved in Lugol's

solution. Enumeration and identification of phytoplankton were done under a

compound microscope using a Sedgwick-Rafter slide (APHA, 22nd Edition, 2012).

ii) Zooplankton

Volume (biomass) was obtained by displacement method. A portion (25-50%) of

the sample was analyzed under a microscope for faunal composition and

population count (APHA, 22nd Edi.2012).

iii) Macrobenthos

The sediment was sieved through a 0.5 mm mesh sieve and animals retained on

the sieve were preserved in 5% buffered formaldehyde. Total population was

estimated as number of animals in 1 m2 area and biomass on wet weight basis

(APHA, 22nd Edi.2012).

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3.5.5 PREVAILING MARINE ENVIRONMENT

The estuarine environmental quality is assessed based on estuarine dynamics, water

quality, sediment quality and flora and fauna of Tapi. The results discussed in this section

are based on the results of present study.

3.5.5.0 ESTUARINE DYNAMICS

Dispersal and assimilation of pollutants in the estuary is largely based on water

movement. If the anthropogenic pollutants are discharged in estuary, riverine flow and

water tidal currents play an important role in flushing the pollutants to the connected sea

in addition to the factors such as tides, circulation pattern, stratification and bathymetry.

As natural waters are subject to pronounced seasonal variations, voluminous freshwater

discharge during monsoon induces excellent flushing of near shore water. However, as

the freshwater flow reduces during the dry season, flushing gradually becomes sluggish

and depends upon tidal currents, thus the critical conditions are attained as the near

shore water flow becomes scanty. Hence assessment of environmental conditions during

the peak dry season is ideal while assessing the impacts due to the bridge.

3.5.5.1 TIDES

The influence of tide in Tapi estuary is seen till upper reaches before the weir. The

overflow of weir results decrease in salinity markedly. The predicted tide was carried out

continuously for 4 days at station 4 (21°10'51.35"N, 72°47'45.04"E). The tidal ranges

based on predicted tide are shown in the following Table-3.4:

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Table-3.7 Tidal Range

Date Time Tide Date Time Tide Date Time Tide Date Time Tide

dd-mm-yy (Hrs) (m) dd-mm-yy (Hrs) (m) dd-mm-yy (Hrs) (m) dd-mm-yy (Hrs) (m)

21-Apr-17 8:40 1.5 22-Apr-17 0:00 3.3 23-Apr-17 0:00 3.4 24-Apr-17 0:00 3.3

8:50 1.6 0:10 3.3 0:10 3.5 0:10 3.4

9:00 1.7 0:20 3.3 0:20 3.5 0:20 3.6

9:10 1.8 0:30 3.3 0:30 3.6 0:30 3.7

9:20 1.9 0:40 3.2 0:40 3.6 0:40 3.8

9:30 2 0:50 3.2 0:50 3.6 0:50 3.8

9:40 2.1 1:00 3.2 1:00 3.6 1:00 3.9

9:50 2.2 1:10 3.2 1:10 3.6 1:10 3.9

10:00 2.3 1:20 3.1 1:20 3.6 1:20 3.9

10:10 2.3 1:30 3.1 1:30 3.5 1:30 4

10:20 2.4 1:40 3.1 1:40 3.5 1:40 3.9

10:30 2.4 1:50 3 1:50 3.5 1:50 3.9

10:40 2.5 2:00 2.9 2:00 3.4 2:00 3.9

10:50 2.5 2:10 2.9 2:10 3.3 2:10 3.9

11:00 2.6 2:20 2.8 2:20 3.3 2:20 3.8

11:10 2.6 2:30 2.7 2:30 3.2 2:30 3.7

11:20 2.6 2:40 2.7 2:40 3.1 2:40 3.7

11:30 2.6 2:50 2.6 2:50 3.1 2:50 3.6

11:40 2.6 3:00 2.5 3:00 3 3:00 3.5

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21-Apr-17 11:50 2.6 22-Apr-17 3:10 2.4 23-Apr-17 3:10 2.9 24-Apr-17 3:10 3.4

12:10 2.5 3:30 2.2 3:30 2.7 3:30 3.2

12:20 2.5 3:40 2.1 3:40 2.6 3:40 3.1

12:30 2.5 3:50 2 3:50 2.5 3:50 3

12:40 2.5 4:00 1.9 4:00 2.4 4:00 2.9

12:50 2.4 4:10 1.8 4:10 2.3 4:10 2.8

13:00 2.4 4:20 1.7 4:20 2.2 4:20 2.7

13:10 2.3 4:30 1.7 4:30 2.1 4:30 2.6

13:20 2.3 4:40 1.6 4:40 2 4:40 2.5

13:30 2.2 4:50 1.5 4:50 1.9 4:50 2.4

13:40 2.1 5:00 1.4 5:00 1.8 5:00 2.3

13:50 2.1 5:10 1.3 5:10 1.7 5:10 2.1

14:00 2 5:20 1.2 5:20 1.6 5:20 2

14:10 1.9 5:30 1.1 5:30 1.5 5:30 1.9

14:20 1.9 5:40 1 5:40 1.4 5:40 1.8

14:30 1.8 5:50 0.9 5:50 1.3 5:50 1.7

14:40 1.7 6:00 0.8 6:00 1.2 6:00 1.6

14:50 1.7 6:10 0.8 6:10 1.1 6:10 1.5

15:00 1.6 6:20 0.7 6:20 1 6:20 1.4

15:10 1.5 6:30 0.6 6:30 1 6:30 1.3

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21-Apr-17 15:20 1.5 22-Apr-17 6:40 0.6 23-Apr-17 6:40 0.9 24-Apr-17 6:40 1.2

15:30 1.4 6:50 0.5 6:50 0.8 6:50 1.1

15:40 1.4 7:00 0.5 7:00 0.7 7:00 1.1

15:50 1.3 7:10 0.5 7:10 0.7 7:10 1

16:00 1.2 7:20 0.5 7:20 0.6 7:20 0.9

16:10 1.2 7:30 0.5 7:30 0.5 7:30 0.8

16:20 1.2 7:40 0.5 7:40 0.5 7:40 0.8

16:30 1.1 7:50 0.5 7:50 0.4 7:50 0.7

16:40 1.1 8:00 0.6 8:00 0.4 8:00 0.6

16:50 1.1 8:10 0.6 8:10 0.4 8:10 0.6

17:00 1 8:20 0.7 8:20 0.4 8:20 0.5

17:10 1 8:30 0.8 8:30 0.4 8:30 0.5

17:20 1 8:40 0.9 8:40 0.4 8:40 0.4

17:30 1 8:50 1 8:50 0.5 8:50 0.4

17:40 1 9:00 1.1 9:00 0.5

17:50 1 9:10 1.2 9:10 0.6

18:00 1 9:20 1.3 9:20 0.7

18:10 1 9:30 1.5 9:30 0.8

18:20 1 9:40 1.6 9:40 0.9

18:30 1 9:50 1.7 9:50 1.1

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21-Apr-17 18:40 1 22-Apr-17 10:00 1.9 23-Apr-17 10:00 1.2 24-Apr-17

18:50 1 10:10 2 10:10 1.4

19:00 1.1 10:20 2.2 10:20 1.6

19:10 1.1 10:30 2.3 10:30 1.8

19:20 1.2 10:40 2.4 10:40 1.9

19:30 1.2 10:50 2.5 10:50 2.1

19:40 1.3 11:00 2.6 11:00 2.3

19:50 1.4 11:10 2.7 11:10 2.5

20:00 1.5 11:20 2.8 11:20 2.7

20:10 1.6 11:30 2.8 11:30 2.8

20:20 1.7 11:40 2.9 11:40 3

20:30 1.8 11:50 2.9 11:50 3.1

20:40 1.9 12:00 2.9 12:00 3.2

20:50 2 12:10 2.9 12:10 3.3

21:00 2.1 12:20 2.9 12:20 3.4

21:10 2.2 12:30 2.9 12:30 3.5

21:20 2.3 12:40 2.9 12:40 3.5

21:30 2.4 12:50 2.9 12:50 3.6

21:40 2.5 13:00 2.9 13:00 3.6

21:50 2.6 13:10 2.9 13:10 3.6

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21-Apr-17 22:00 2.7 22-Apr-17 13:20 2.9 23-Apr-17 13:20 3.6

22:10 2.8 13:30 2.9 13:30 3.6

22:20 2.9 13:40 2.8 13:40 3.5

22:30 2.9 13:50 2.7 13:50 3.5

22:40 3 14:00 2.7 14:00 3.4

22:50 3 14:10 2.6 14:10 3.4

23:00 3.1 14:20 2.5 14:20 3.3

23:10 3.1 14:30 2.5 14:30 3.2

23:20 3.2 14:40 2.4 14:40 3.2

23:30 3.2 14:50 2.3 14:50 3.1

23:40 3.2 15:00 2.2 15:00 3

23:50 3.2 15:10 2.1 15:10 2.9

15:20 2.1 15:20 2.8

15:30 2 15:30 2.7

15:40 1.9 15:40 2.6

15:50 1.8 15:50 2.5

16:00 1.7 16:00 2.4

16:10 1.7 16:10 2.3

16:20 1.6 16:20 2.2

16:30 1.5 16:30 2.1

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22-Apr-17 16:40 1.5 23-Apr-17 16:40 2

16:50 1.4 16:50 1.9

17:00 1.4 17:00 1.9

17:10 1.3 17:10 1.8

17:20 1.3 17:20 1.7

17:30 1.3 17:30 1.7

17:40 1.2 17:40 1.6

17:50 1.2 17:50 1.5

18:00 1.2 18:00 1.5

18:10 1.1 18:10 1.4

18:20 1.1 18:20 1.4

18:30 1.1 18:30 1.3

18:40 1 18:40 1.3

18:50 1 18:50 1.3

19:00 1 19:00 1.2

19:10 1 19:10 1.2

19:20 1 19:20 1.2

19:30 1 19:30 1.1

19:40 1 19:40 1.1

19:50 1 19:50 1

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22-Apr-17 20:00 1 23-Apr-17 20:00 1

20:10 1.1 20:10 1

20:20 1.1 20:20 1

20:30 1.2 20:30 0.9

20:40 1.2 20:40 0.9

20:50 1.3 20:50 0.9

21:00 1.4 21:00 1

21:10 1.5 21:10 1

21:20 1.6 21:20 1

21:30 1.7 21:30 1.1

21:40 1.8 21:40 1.2

21:50 2 21:50 1.3

22:00 2.1 22:00 1.4

22:10 2.2 22:10 1.5

22:20 2.4 22:20 1.6

22:30 2.5 22:30 1.8

22:40 2.6 22:40 1.9

22:50 2.8 22:50 2.1

23:00 2.9 23:00 2.3

23:10 3 23:10 2.5

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22-Apr-17 23:20 3.1 23-Apr-17 23:20 2.6

23:30 3.2 23:30 2.8

23:40 3.3 23:40 3

23:50 3.4 23:50 3.1

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It is evident from above table that the lowest tide of 0.4 m and highest tide level of 4.0 m

was seen at station 4. The average tide level was 2.05 m.

3.5.5.2 CURRENTS

The current meter was deployed for 4 days at station 4 which is towards downstream

around 1.7 km away from the bridge corridor. This report presents the boat-based 2-

Dimensional Acoustic Current Meter data and associated tide data observed in the Tapi

River – Surat (Section 3.5.5.1). The current data would be useful to assess the

magnitude of the currents in the region and provide data for design, hydrodynamic

modeling & River Flow management. However, the current data presented in this report

can give the scenario of current dynamics of estuary towards upstream from the location

of deployment of current meter. The data used for modeling for prediction of sediments

transport is not collected exactly from the bridge corridor, but it will give a rough idea of

currents prevailing towards upstream (around 1.7 km away from bridge corridor).

3.5.5.2.1 INSTRUMENTS AND METHODOLOGY

The Tidal Current Magnitude and direction were recorded at a depth of 0.5 m below the

water surface. Figure-3.4 shows current meter deployment.

Figure-3.4 Current meter deployment

In support of the development of design criteria and hydrodynamic modeling at the Tapi

River - Surat, the tidal currents at selected location for 4 days were measured. This

observation was obtained using a Falmouth FSI 2D ACM Current meter fixed to a small

survey vessel of SMC. Data were collected through complete lunar cycle at this location.

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Table-3.8 Current Meter Deployment Summary

Current Meter

Deployment Location

(description)

GPS Location

(WGS-84 )

Log

Interval

(minutes)

Began

Recording

Ended

Recording

Fixed with mechanized

survey boat at 0.5m below

the water surface

Lat: 21°10'51.35"N

10

21/04/2017

08:40 Am

24/04/2017

08:40Am

Lat: 21°10'51.35"N

3.5.5.2.2 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

Current measurements were obtained from a Falmouth Scientific 2-Dimensional Acoustic

Current Meter (2D-ACM), which collects, outputs and stores instantaneous current

velocity data in two dimensions along with 3-axis compass data, 2-axis tilt data,

temperature data, and data from optional sensors, including a CTD. The current velocity

and tilt data can also be output and stored as vector averages over specified averaging

intervals. The 2D-ACM is configured using ACMPro, a Microsoft Windows based software

program included with the instrument. With ACMPro user can configure and deploy the

instrument, acquire data in real time or download the data from the instrument’s internal

memory.

3.5.5.2.3 RESULTS

All results were prepared based on the analysis of data obtained from field and later

verified with FOSS ANUGA Hydro (hydrodynamic modeling software).

Flood (due to rise of tide) and ebb (due to fall of tide) details are given below after

analysis of observed data, while the results are purely indicative and approximate.

Table-3.9 Results of Flood and Ebb

Flood (30° to 90°) Ebb (220° to 280°)

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

Speed

(m/s)

Direction

(Degrees)

Speed

(m/s)

Direction

(Degrees)

Speed

(m/s)

Direction

(Degrees)

Speed

(m/s)

Direction

(Degrees)

0.01 71° 0.96 72° 0.00 228° 0.91 229°

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Detailed ASCII data files, which provide every set of data collected, is provided along with

this report and as indicated in Appendix B. An occurrence data set of Tidal Current

Magnitude and direction is presented below:

Table-3.10 Tidal current magnitude and direction

Speed Range

(m/s)

% of

Occurrence

Direction in

Degrees

% of

Occurrence

0.00 to 0.10 28.57% 00 to 30 0.00%

0.11 to 0.20 10.83% 31 to 60 0.00%

0.21 to 0.30 8.06% 61 to 90 35.94%

0.31 to 0.40 8.99% 91 to 120 3.00%

0.41 to 0.50 7.14% 121 to 150 0.92%

0.51 to 0.60 6.22% 151 to 180 0.69%

0.61 to 0.70 5.99% 181 to 210 1.38%

0.71 to 0.80 9.68% 211 to 240 58.06%

0.81 to 0.90 12.21% 241 to 270 0.00%

0.91 to 1.00 2.30% 271 to 300 0.00%

301 to 330 0.00%

331 to 359 0.00%

Occurrence Charts are prepared for speed at an interval of current speed of 0.10 m/sec

for the entire range of data. Subsequently, the interval of occurrence for current

direction at an interval of 30 degrees for the entire range of data is shown Figure-3.5a:

Figure-3.5 (a) Percentage of Magnitude Occurance

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The above figure indicates that the maximum period (28.57%) revealed poor speed

(0.00 to 0.10 m/s) of tidal currents. The highest speed (0.91 to 1.00 m/s) of tidal current

was recorded for a minimum period (2.3 %) at the corridor of proposed bridge.

The following figure-3.5b reveals the occurrence graph for tidal current direction:

Figure-3.5 (b) Percentage of Current Direction Occurrence

It is clear from the above figure that the maximum current was recorded in the direction

of 211 to 240 degree. Most of the time the tidal influence was negligible resulting in 0

currents at station 4. Current speed and direction are plotted as shown below figure-3.6:

Figure-3.6 Polar Graph

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The scenario of currents direction is prominent in above polar graph which indicates 0

currents during most of the time period and maximum current in the direction between

69 to 72 degree. The results also shows that most of the time sluggish current with the

speed of 0 m/s. Thus the tidal influence in the estuary at the vicinity of the bridge was

very poor except highest high tide period.

The current speed recorded for 4 days at station 4 at the vicinity of the bridge is

shown in figure-3.7.

Figure-3.7 Current speed plot for 4 days

It is evident from above figure that the currents at study location (station-4) become

sluggish with the speed of 0 m/s during most of the time. However, the highest current

of 0.96 m/s was recorded which stays for a short duration. The average current speed

at station 4 was computed to be 0.38 m/s. Thus the upper reached of estuary remains

with very low water during most of the time. Thus it can be concluded that significantly

low current in the upper reaches of estuary does not allow the shore erosion

significantly.

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3.5.5.3 WATER QUALITY

The water quality results are presented in Annexure-III. The values of water quality are

discussed for upper reaches (station 1), middle reaches (station 2- 8) and lower reaches

(station 9- 10) and conclusions are drawn accordingly.

3.5.5.3.1 TEMPERATURE

In shallow estuarine region, the variation of water temperature depends on air

temperature. The variation in temperature during present study was seen from 27.8 to

30.0 °C (Table 5.3.1-5.3.10). The highest temperature was recorded at station 7, which

was in the middle reaches of estuary. The lowest temperature was seen at station 10,

which was towards the lower reaches connected with coastal water. This trend of

temperature clearly suggests the spacial variation in the region. The overall average

scenario of temperature recorded at various locations in Tapi estuary is presented below:

Table-3.11 Average Temperature

Station Temperature (°C)

(Avg)

1 29.6

2 28.8

3 29.1

4 29.2

5 29.2

6 29.6

7 29.9

8 29.8

9 28.9

10 28.2

A slightly higher average temperature in the upper reaches as compare to the location

towards mouth region of the estuary (station 10) indicate that the shallow water gets

heated up faster than the deeper water of mouth region.

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3.5.5.3.2 pH

The pH typically increased with the incursion of seawater during flood tide and decreased

as the ebb progressed. The results of pH are presented in the Annexure-III. The average

values of pH for different stations are shown below:

Table-3.12 Average values of pH at different stations

Station pH

(Avg)

1 7.7

2 7.5

3 7.5

4 7.8

5 7.4

6 7.5

7 7.8

8 7.8

9 7.9

10 8.2

The average values of pH at different location indicate range of variation (7.4-8.2)

suggesting anthropogenic pressure on the ecology of Tapi.

3.5.5.3.3 Suspended solids

The results of SS recorded during present studies are evident in Annexure-III. The station

wise variations of average SS are presented in the following table:

Table-3.13 Average values of SS at different stations

Station SS (mg/l)

(Avg)

1 95.5

2 326

3 390

4 335

5 415

6 507.5

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Station SS (mg/l)

(Avg)

7 155

8 315

9 425

10 545

As evident from the results attached as Annexure-III, the highest concentration of SS

(610 mg/l) was recorded at station 10 during flood period, which is located towards

coastal water of Hazira. The lowest value of SS (86 mg/l) was observed at station 1

during ebb period, which was located towards upper reaches. This trend of variation in

SS clearly indicated that the turbid water due to high currents churning out the bed in

mouth area of estuary resulted in highest SS whereas the clear water in the upper

reaches could be the reason for lower value of SS.

3.5.5.3.4 Salinity

Salinity is an important parameter which provides information on the distribution of

seawater, which varies with the tidal stage and the riverine flow. The significantly high

variation in salinity (10.5-29.7 ppt) could be the typical characteristics of Tapi estuary. The

average values of salinity for different locations are shown below:

Table-3.14 Average values of Salinity at different locations

Station Salinity (ppt)

(Avg)

1 11.25

2 10.10

3 12.95

4 13.20

5 14.15

6 17.95

7 18.80

8 21.35

9 23.20

10 29.25

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The highest average value of salinity was recorded at station 10 which could be due to

coastal water during flood. The comparatively lower values of salinity observed towards

upper reaches might be due to influx of fresh water overflowing from weir.

3.5.5.3.5 DO and BOD

The DO concentration in water is an important component influencing the aquatic life

health. It is generally considered that the levels of DO in the estuarine water should not

fall below 3.0 mg/l for prolonged periods under tropical conditions. The sources of DO in

natural water are photosynthesis and dissolution from the atmosphere across the air-

water interface. However, DO is consumed by respiration. The degradation of organic

matter reduces the DO to the considerable level in polluted environment. Hence, the high

content of organic matter in an aquatic system can deplete DO to levels that can be

detrimental to aquatic life.

The results of DO as per Annexure-III, revealed a marked variation in its concentration

(0.5-5.2 mg/l) indicating sever anthropogenic pressure on the estuarine ecology of Tapi.

Significantly lower concentration of DO was recorded in the middle estuary as compared

with lower reaches towards mouth of estuary. The degradation of organic matter due to

anthropogenic releases in the estuary could be the reason for such a significant depletion

in the concentration of DO.

The markedly high concentration of BOD (2.6-116 mg/l, Avg 58.4 mg/l) particularly in the

upper reaches of estuary could be associated with anthropogenic releases in the region.

However, the average values of DO and BOD for different locations are presented below:

Table-3.15 Average values of DO and BOD at different Locations

Station DO (mg/l)

(Avg)

BOD (mg/l)

(Avg)

1 1.60 62.25

2 1.65 76.00

3 1.30 91.50

4 1.30 98.50

5 1.10 96.00

6 1.05 113.00

7 1.90 24.55

8 3.45 5.20

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Station DO (mg/l)

(Avg)

BOD (mg/l)

(Avg)

9 3.85 3.35

10 5.05 8.05

Such a low concentration of DO and high level of BOD particularly in the upper and

middle region of estuary could clearly indicate the impact of anthropogenic releases in the

region. The significant depletion in the concentration of DO from station 1 to 7 may be

alarming condition for the aquatic lives. The environmental managers of Tapi estuary may

take serious steps to improve the condition by restricting the direct discharges in the

estuary.

3.5.5.3.6 Nitrogen compound

Dissolved inorganic phosphorous and nitrogen compounds play an important role

becoming responsible for the growth of primary producers. The fishery potential depends

upon the growth of phytoplankton since they are used as a food and thus fishery is

related with the availability of nutrients. However their high concentration in water can

lead to excessive growth of undesirable algae.

The results of Nitrate, Nitrite and Ammonia are given in Annexure-III. The significantly

high variation in the concentration of nitrate (2.4-24.5 µmol/l), nitrite (0.45-3.65 µmol/l)

and ammonia (6.25-55.45 µmol/l) could clearly suggest an anthropogenic pressure on the

estuarine ecology of Tapi due to human activities. The average values of these nutrients

are shown in the following table:

Table-3.16 Average values of Nutrients at different stations

Para

meters

NO3- - N

(µmol/l)

NO2- N

(µmol/l)

NH4+- N

(µmol/l)

Sta Avg Avg Avg

1 23.6 1.45 11.85

2 21.8 2.4 13.6

3 24.5 2.35 6.95

4 23.5 1.55 6.25

5 2.4 0.45 55.45

6 6.05 1.25 27.9

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Para

meters

NO3- - N

(µmol/l)

NO2- N

(µmol/l)

NH4+- N

(µmol/l)

7 9.55 0.75 29.35

8 20.7 3.65 22.7

9 24.3 3.4 9.5

10 8.2 2.6 8.15

The above table is an indicative of high nutrients level in terms of nitrate, nitrite and

ammonia suggesting the anthropogenic discharges in Tapi estuary. However,

comparatively lower average values of these nutrients recorded at station 10 could be

due to offshore water diluting the nutrients level during flood period. An elevated level of

ammonia particularly in middle estuary, as evident in above table could be harmful to

aquatic life due to excess ammonification.

3.5.5.3.7 Phosphate

The scenario of phosphate is presented in Annexure-III. The highest concentration (28.3

µmol/l) of phosphate was recorded in the middle estuary at station 5 whereas the lowest

(2.6 µmol/l) was at station 10, which was located towards the mouth region of estuary.

This trend of variation of phosphate could be due to middle estuary impacted by

anthropogenic releases and mouth region influence by tidal water diluting the phosphate

level. The average values of Phosphate are shown in the following table:

Table-3.17 Average values of Phosphate at different stations

Parameters PO43- (µmol/l)

Sta Avg

1 5.15

2 9.10

3 13.85

4 14.05

5 28.3

6 24

7 3.85

8 4.2

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Parameters PO43- (µmol/l)

9 4.25

10 2.6

The average values of phosphate for different stations are summarized in above table.

The trend of variation of average values also indicated the higher level of phosphate in

the middle estuary (station 4 to 6) than that of station 9 and 10 located towards mouth

region.

3.5.5.3.8 PHc and phenols

The levels of PHc and phenols are very low in natural waters. However, their

enhancement is usually associated with anthropogenic influence. The results of PHc

reveal a narrow range of variation (8.55-19.7 µg/l) in the study area which does not

indicate any significant impact due to oil spill from the boats. The values of phenol

suggest slightly enhanced level (12-38 µg/l) which could be due to release of

anthropogenic pollutants in the estuary (Annexure-III).

Table-3.18 Average values of PHc and Phenols at different stations

Para meters PHc(µg/l)

Avg

Phenols (µg/l)

Avg Sta

1 15.35 19.03

2 8.70 16.05

3 14.65 25.55

4 9.00 12.10

5 9.85 12.00

6 8.55 19.95

7 13.70 23.05

8 19.70 25.35

9 14.85 19.30

10 17.35 38.00

The average values of PHc and phenol are presented in the above table. The average

values of PHc are indicative of common variation in the estuary. The area of proposed

bridge corridor sustains lower values of PHc and phenol than that of upper reaches of

estuary. However, slightly high average values of PHc impress upon the idea of

anthropogenic releases in the estuary.

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3.5.5.4 Sediment quality

The concentration of heavy metals and organic compounds in water often indicates the

persistent of pollutants. Moreover, several pollutants get rapidly fixed to the particulate

matter and are thus removed from the water column. In several instances, it is observed

that even close to the release location, the metal content in water often decreases to

normal values making assessment of contamination through analysis of water, a difficult

task.

The pollutants absorbed by the particulate matter are ultimately-transferred to the bed

sediment on settling. Evidently, concentrations of pollutants in sediment increase over a

period time in region receiving their fluxes. Hence, the metals existing in sediment can

serve as a useful indicator of certain trace pollutants.

3.5.5.4.1 Subtidal sediment

The present study indicates that the sediment from upstream (station 2-3). The scenario

of texture of down stream sediment (station 5-10) is reversed containing higher values of

sand (60-92%) than that of silt (6-32%) and clay (2-8%) as evident in below table.

(A) Heavy metals

The sediments of estuary generally exhibit heavy metals to a varying degree depending

on the source of pollution and the existence of rock. The values of heavy metals are

discussed for upper reaches (station 1), middle reaches (station 2- 8) and lower reaches

(station 9- 10) and conclusions on sediment quality are drawn accordingly.

The results of metals in subtidal sediment recorded during April, 2017 are shown in

following table:

Table-3.19 Analysis results of Subtidal Sediment

Station Sand

(%)

Silt

(%)

Clay

(%)

Al

(%)

Cr

(µg/g)

Mn

(µg/g)

Fe

(%)

Co

(µg/g)

Ni

(µg/g)

Cu

(µg/g)

Zn

(µg/g)

Hg

(µg/g)

Subtidal

1* - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 4 86 10 6.0 48 690 4.4 18 35 14 77 <0.01

3 4 86 10 5.2 50 710 6.3 20 41 20 90 0.02

4** - - - - - - - - - - - -

5 60 32 8 6.5 67 860 6.5 17 30 22 59 0.01

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Station Sand

(%)

Silt

(%)

Clay

(%)

Al

(%)

Cr

(µg/g)

Mn

(µg/g)

Fe

(%)

Co

(µg/g)

Ni

(µg/g)

Cu

(µg/g)

Zn

(µg/g)

Hg

(µg/g)

6 75 20 5 5.1 59 710 5.9 25 32 18 120 0.01

7 70 24 6 4.8 50 715 7.1 30 28 21 110 0.02

8 80 16 4 4.7 49 650 7.1 19 30 24 122 0.02

9 90 8 2 4.8 62 510 6.8 25 37 20 137 0.02

10 92 6 2 4.2 52 550 5.4 28 37 19 102 0.01

*: No sample due to shallow depth

**: No sample due to hard substratum

The results of metals observed during present study reveal the normal level in the

estuary. A narrow range of variation in concentration of Cr (49-67 µg/g) is normal and

does not reveal any external input due to anthropogenic activities. As evident in above

table, the heavy metals like Al (4.2-6.5 %), Co (17-30 µg/g), Ni (28-41 µg/g) and Fe (5.1-

7.1%) were those expected for the estuarine water. The concentration of Cu (14-24 µg/g)

was seen to be high in Tapi Estuary which could be attributed to the discharges of

wastewater from anthropogenic sources (Textile). However, a wide variation in the

concentration of Zn (59-137 µg/g) and Mn (510-860 µg/g) could be associated with

anthropogenic discharges in the estuary. The level of mercury in study area was low

(<0.01-0.02) and suggested the region to be free from source of mercury discharge.

(B) Carbon and Phosphorous

The Corg in sediments largely results from decaying organic matter as well as

anthropogenic releases. Phosphorous also occurs in some mineral phases. Hence,

sediment of areas receiving organic matter invariably has high concentrations of these

constituents. The concentrations of organic carbon and phosphorous in the subtidal

sediment of estuary are presented below:

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Table-3.20 Concentrations of Organic Carbon and Phosphorous

Station Corg (%) P (µg/g)

1* - -

2 0.9 177

3 1.2 182

4** - -

5 1.4 180

6 0.9 250

7 0.9 200

8 0.6 150

9 0.5 140

10 0.7 150



The concentration of organic carbon indicates significantly higher values (0.8-1.4%)

particularly in the middle of the estuary in the comparison of upper reaches (0.4%) and

lower reaches (0.7%). This trend of variation clearly indicates the impact of releases of

domestic waste water in the estuary.

The concentration of phosphorus was also seen to be generally high in the middle

estuary than that of lower and upper estuary as evident in the Annexure-IV.

(C) Petroleum hydrocarbons

The values of PHc recorded during present study showed normal level of 0.1 to 0.2 µg/g

in the study area Annexure-IV.

Table-3.21 Concentrations of PHC

Station PHc(µg/g)

1* -

2 0.2

3 0.1

4** -

5 0.1

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Station PHc(µg/g)

6 0.1

7 0.2

8 0.2

9 0.2

10 0.2



The variation of PHc as evident in above table is very low indicating no anthropogenic

impact on its concentration in the estuary.

3.5.5.4.2 Intertidal sediment

Sediment quality in the intertidal area of Tapi is discussed below:

(A) Heavy Meatals

The concentrations of heavy metals studied at 4 intertidal transects are furnished in the

table shown below:

Table-3.22 Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Intertidal Sediment

Station

Metals

Al Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Hg

(%) (µg/g) (µg/g) (%) (µg/g) (µg/g) (µg/g) (µg/g) (µg/g)

Intertidal

T I 7.3 64 785 6.6 22 34 17 106 0.01

T II 7.2 68 890 7.2 25 41 16 108 0.01

T III 6.1 72 895 7.6 17 42 15 110 0.01

T IV 7.1 60 910 6.8 18 40 17 105 0.02

The concentration of heavy metals like Al (6.1-7.3 %), Cr(60-72 µg/g), Co (17-25 µg/g),

Mn (785-910 µg/g), Ni (34-42 µg/g), Zn(105-110 µg/g) and Cu (15-17 µg/g) indicated the

values on higher side which could be associated with anthropogenic pressure on the

sediment quality of Tapi. However, the level of mercury was normal and revealed the

variation from 0.01 to 0.02 µg/g in the intertidal area of studied segment of Tapi.

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(B) Carbon and Phosphorous

The Corg in sediments largely results from decaying organic matter as well as

anthropogenic releases. Phosphorous also occurs in some mineral phases. Hence,

sediment of areas receiving organic matter invariably has high concentrations of these

constituents. The concentrations of organic carbon and phosphorous in the intertidal

sediment of the coastal water are given in following table:

Table-3.23 Concentrations of Carbon and Phosphorous in Intertidal Sediment

Station Corg (%) P (µg/g)

T I 0.3 180

T II 0.2 170

T III 0.3 200

T IV 0.4 260

The value as evident in above table of Corg and P are again indicative of impact due to

anthropogenic releases in the estuary.

(C) Petroleum hydrocarbons

The concentration of PHc was studied in intertidal sediments during present study and

the values are given in following table:

Table-3.24 Concentrations of PHc in Intertidal Sediment

Station PHc(µg/g)

T I 0.3

T II 0.2

T III 0.1

T IV 0.2

The concentration of PHc (0.1-0.3 µg/g) as evident in above table is normal and does not

indicate any external input.

3.5.5.5 Flora and fauna

The status of biological characteristics in terms of flora and fauna can suggest if any

external pressure is there on the estuarine ecology. Anthropogenic activities at the shore

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or bank of estuary have direct impact on flora and fauna. The population density and

biomass of flora and fauna can give a clear idea of the adverse impact of human

activities, if any in the water body. An alteration in community structure of biological

organisms is associated with enhancement of nutrients due to anthropogenic activities in

the coastal water. In estuarine environment, organisms experience natural stress which

varies in magnitude and frequency depending on changes in physicochemical

characteristics of the water mass. Though the organisms have evolved to withstand the

natural changes within certain limits, they may not be well adapted to artificial stress and

this may even affect their capacity to adapt to natural variations. This necessitates to

evaluate flora and fauna of the region considered for study.

The results of flora and fauna in terms of phytoplankton, zooplankton and macrobenthos

are discussed in the following sections:

3.5.5.5.1 Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton was studied in terms of biomass (pigments), population (cell count) and

genera during present study.

a) Phytoplankton pigments

The estimation of phytoplankton pigments was undertaken in terms of chlorophyll a and

phaeophytin. The average values of chlorophyll a and phaeophytin are discussed in the

table shown below:

Table-3.25 Average Values of Chlorophyll a and Phaeophytin

Station

Chlorophyll a

(mg/m3)

Phaeophytin

(mg/m3)

Average Ratio of

Chlorophyll a/

Phaeophytin

S B S B S B

1 1.4 - 1.40 - 1.00 -

2 1.8 - 1.30 - 1.38 -

3 1.4 - 1.45 - 0.97 -

4 1.6 - 1.65 - 0.97 -

5 3.3 - 3.45 - 0.96 -

6 3.4 - 3.50 - 0.96 -

7 1.5 - 1.45 - 1.03 -

8 1.6 - 1.65 - 0.94 -

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9 1.5 1.3 1.45 1.30 1.03 1.00

10 3.8 2.0 3.10 2.95 1.23 0.68

The average concentration of chlorophyll a (1.4-3.8 mg/m3, Avg 2.1 mg/m3), as evident in

Annexure-IV, is indicative of normal production in the estuary. The highest concentration

of chlorophyll a was recorded at station 10 which could be due to coastal water pushing in

more phytoplankton population towards mouth of the estuary.

The values of phaeophytin were higher than chlorophyll a resulting in poor ratios (<1) of

chlorophyll a/phaeophytin at station 3,4,5,6 and 8 suggesting an unhealthy condition of

phytoplankton in the middle reaches of estuary. Such structure of chlorophyll a in the

middle estuary could be due to anthropogenic impact on phytoplankton. The ratio of

chlorophyll a/phaeophytin of 1 recorded at station 1 was indicative of a delicate balance

between environment and life.

The concentration of phaeophytin was higher than chlorophyll a at bottom water of station

10 resulting in significantly poor ratio of chlorophyll a/phaeophytin which suggested that

the high SS load at bottom water was hindrance for photosynthetic activities.

b) Phytoplankton population

Phytoplankton population was studied in terms of cell count, genera and major genera.

The average values of cell counts and total genera are shown in the following table:

Table-3.26 Average Values of Cell Counts and Total Genera

Station

Population

(no x 103/l)

Total

genera

(no)

Major genera

S B

1 135 - 12 Leptocylindrus, Actinastrum,

Oscillatoria

2 157.5 - 10 Scenedesmus, Actinastrum,

Leptocylindrus

3 92.5 - 11 Leptocylindrus, Fragilaria,

Spirulina

4 135.5 - 13 Leptocylindrus, Nitzschia,

Actinastrum

5 265 - 14 Thalassiosira, Leptocylindrus,

Nitzschia

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Station

Population

(no x 103/l)

Total

genera

(no)

Major genera

S B


Nitzschia


Nitzschia

8 126 - 12 Thalassiosira, Navicula,

Bacteriastrum

9 235 167.5 12 Thalassiosira, Peridinium,

Skeletonema

10 290 240

14 Navicula, Biddulphia,

Thalassiothrix

Average Phytoplankton population in terms of cell count revealed a wide variation (92.5 x

103/l to 290 x 103/l) in Tapi estuary as per the results attached as Annexure-IV. Highest

cell counts were recorded at station 10 which could be due to offshore water bringing

phytoplankton species towards mouth region of the estuary during high tide. The lowest

cell count recorded at station 3 during ebb period could indicate an impact of

anthropogenic releases in the estuary. Similarly the results in Annexure-IV, of

phytoplankton population indicate a higher generic diversity towards mouth of the estuary

than that of station 3.

The phytoplankton population observed at bottom water of station 9 and 10 reveals

slightly lower values than that of surface water which is a common phenomena for the

region sustaining high suspended solids (Annexure-IV).

The generic diversity of phytoplankton revealed a definite trend of variation with the

dominance of fresh water species (Leptocylindrus, Actinastrum, Oscillatoria) towards

upper reaches and coastal species (Navicula, Biddulphia, Thalassiothrix) towards mouth

of the estuary. A normal range of variation (11-14) in group diversity of phytoplankton was

recorded during the period of study.

The abundance of phytoplankton genera is presented in Annexure-IV which reveals a .

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3.5.5.5.2 Zooplankton

Zooplankton standing stock was studied in terms of biomass, population and total group

at stations 5-10 since other stations from 1-4 sustained shallow water. Due to shallow

water at these locations (stn 1-4) zooplankton net could not be trawled and the samples

could not be collected. The results of zooplankton standing stock obtained at station 5-10

during present study are shown below:

Table-3.27 Results of Zooplankton Standing stock

Station Biomass

(ml/100 m3)

Population

(no x 103/100 m3)

Total

groups Major groups (%)

1 * * * *

2 * * * *

3 * * * *

4 * * * *

5 0.7 – 1.1 1.2 – 14.2 5 – 7 Copepods, Chaetognaths,

Fish larvae

6 0.9 – 1.6 1.3 – 20.5 5 – 6 Copepods, Gastropods,

Chaetognaths

7 1.2 – 4.6 1.3 – 36.2 6 – 7 Copepods, Lamellibranchs,

Decapod larvae

8 3.9 – 8.8 28.1 – 81.2 6 – 7 Copepods, Chaetognaths,

Stamatopods

9 5.6 – 7.5 36.8 – 63.2 8 – 11 Copepods, Isopods,

Lamellibranchs

10 4.9 – 8.4 27.1 – 64.4 9 - 11 Copepods, Decapod larvae,

Chaetognaths

*: No Sample due to shallow water

The zooplankton standing stock in terms of biomass and population revealed a wide

variation (0.7-8.8 ml/100 m3) and (1.2 x 103- 81.2 x 103/100m3) respectively. The higher

values of biomass and population were recorded at station 10 which could be due to

offshore water pushing zooplankton group towards mouth region of the estuary during

high tide whereas the lowest biomass and population of zooplankton were recorded at

station 5 which could be associated with anthropogenic pressure in the middle estuary.

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The Copepods, Chaetognaths, Fish larvae, Gastropods, Lamellibranchs, Decapod larvae,

Stamatopods and Isopods were the major groups of zooplankton recorded during the

study period. A gradual increase of zooplankton groups was in ascending order from

station 5 to station 10 which clearly indicated that the neritic species were brought

towards mouth of estuary during flood period. However, a total of 15 groups were

recorded from estuary during the period of study (Annexure-IV).

3.5.5.5.3 MACROBENTHOS

(A) Subtidal zone

The status of subtidal macrobenthic standing stock in terms of biomass, population and

total groups are studied at different locations in Tapi estuary which are discussed in the

following table:

Table-3.28 Status of subtidal Macrobenthic Standing Stock

Station Biomass

(g/m2, wet wt)

Population

(no/ m2)

Total genera

group (no) Major group

1 0.01 – 0.04 15 – 30 1 – 2 Brachyurans

2 0.02 – 1.4 35 – 82 1 – 3 Pelecypods 3 0 – 0.06 0 – 40 0 – 2 Polychaetes

4* 0 0 0 -

5 0 – 0.01 0 – 10 0 - 1 Insects Larve

6 0 – 0.02 0 - 10 0 - 1 Insects Larve

7* 0 0 0 -

8 0.02 – 0.04 20 - 40 2 – 3 Polychaetes,

Insects Larve

9 0.02 – 0.04 25 – 36 1 – 2 Polychaetes

10 0.08 – 1.2 60 - 90 2 – 3 Brachyurans,

Pelecypods

*: No sample due to hard substratum.

The subtidal macrobenthic standing stock revealed significantly poor biomass (0-0.06

g/m2, Avg 0.03 g/m2), population (0-40 x 103/100 m3, Avg 20 x 103/100 m3) and total

group (0-2, Avg 1) in middle reaches of estuary. Such a low level of standing stock of

subtidal macrobenthos could be due to impact of anthropogenic releases. The

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comparatively higher values of macrobenthic standing stock was recorded at station 10

towards mouth as evident in above table.

The major groups such as Brachyurans, Pelecypods, Polychaetes, Insects Larve and

Brachyurans were recorded in the estuary. The results revealed that a total of 10

macrobenthic fauna were seen throughout the estuary during study period.(Annexure-IV)

(B) Intertidal Zone The status of intertidal macrobenthic standing stock in terms of biomass, population and

total groups are studied at different locations in Tapi estuary which are discussed in the

following table:

Table-3.29 Status of Intertidal Macrobenthic Standing Stock

Transect Biomass

(g/m2, wet wt)

Population

(no/m2)

Faunal


T I 2.3 – 3.2 52 – 178 2 - 3 Polychaetes

T II 2.5 – 4.7 171 – 275 2 - 3 Brachyurans

T III 2.1 – 2.5 110 – 190 2 - 3 Pelecypods

T IV 0.9 – 2.1 60 – 200 2 - 3 Polychaetes,

Insects Larve

3.5.5.5.4 FISHERY

The upstream of Tapi Estuary is shallow and highly turbid. The estuary is under high

pressure of pollution due to domestic waste water and industrial effluents discharged into

it. These are the reasons that the estuary is poor for fishery production. There were no

commercial fishing activities seen during the field investigation. However, the intertidal

area were seen with the existence of crabs.

3.5.5.5.5 MANGROVES:

The intertidal area of bridge corridor at Adajan and Athwa sides are devoid of mangroves

vegetation.

3.6 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Noise is a disturbance to the human environment

that is increasing at such a high rate that it will become a major threat to the quality of

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human lives. There are numerous effects on the human environment due to the increase

in noise pollution.

Scientists have recently found that the continuous exposure to noise with a volume more

than 70 decibels can lead to permanent hearing damage. Excessive noise levels can also

lead to increase of heart beat, blood pressure and blood cholesterol. It also has the

potential to harm the respiratory and digestive systems. Constant noise can lead to stress

disorders, which could further develop into ulcers or high blood pressure. A large amount

of noise every day not only causes stress for people but also contribute to mental illness,

loss of productivity. Sleep deprivation usually occurs for people at a decibel of 45 or

higher at 85 decibels hearing damage occurs. People of all ages who already experience

health problems are at very high risk. Noise pollution also effects the vegetation causing

poor quality of crops. It also damages the nervous system of animals. Loud noise also

weakens the buildings, bridges and monuments.

Reconnaissance

The details of location of background noise monitoring station are given in table-3.7.

While the results of noise monitoring is given in table-3.8.

Equivalent Sound Levels or Equivalent Continuous Equal Energy Level (Leq)

There is large number of noise scales and rating methods based on some sort of average

of weighted average quantities derived from the detailed noise characteristics. Equivalent

sound levels or Equivalent continuous equal energy level (Leq) is a statistical value of

sound pressure level that can be equated to any fluctuating noise level and forms a useful

measure of noise exposure and forms basis of several of the noise indices used

presently.

Leq is defined as the constant noise level, which over a given time, expands the same

amount of energy, as is expanded by the fluctuating level over the same time. This value

is expressed by the equation:

Leq = 10 log Σ (10)Li/10 x ti

Where, n = Total number of sound samples,

Li = The noise level of any ith sample

i=n

i=1

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ti = Time duration of ith sample,

Expressed as fraction of total sample time

Leq has gained wide spread acceptance as a scale for the measurement of long term

noise exposure. Hourly equipment noise levels in the identified impact zone are

monitored for day and time separately using sound level meter. All the values are

reported in Leq and in case of equipment noise, Sound pressure level are monitored 1.5 m

away from the machine and assessed with respect to standard prescribed in factory Act.

Methodology for Noise Monitoring

Noise standards have been designated for different types of area, i.e. residential,

commercial, industrial and silence zones, as per ‘The Noise Pollution (Regulation and

Control) Rules, 2000, Notified by Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi,

February 14, 2000. Different standards have been stipulated for day time (6 am to 9 pm)

and night time (19 pm to 6 am).

Ambient noise level monitoring was done at same locations where ambient air monitoring

was carried out within a study area. The locations are away from the major roads and

major noise sources so as to measure ambient noise levels. One day monitoring was

carried out at the locations during the study period. The frequency of monitoring was set

at an interval of 15 seconds over a period of 10 minutes per hour for 24-hours. The

observed Equivalent sound levels (Leq) values in dBA are given in table-3.8 for each

monitoring location in distinguished form of day time (6 am to 9 pm) and night time (9 pm

to 6 am). All measurements were carried out when the ambient conditions were unlikely

to adversely affect the results.

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Table-3.30 Details of Locations for Background Noise Monitoring Stations

No. Name of Village Bearing

W.R.T.

Approximate Radial

Distance (km)

Type of

Area

1. Project site (N1) -- -- -

2. Piplod (N2) SW 2.7 Residential

3. Bhatha (N3) NW 3 Residential

4. Palanpur Jakatnaka (N4) N 3.3 Residential

5. Adajan Patiya (N5) NE 3.0 Residential

6. Majura Gate (N6) E 2.5 Residential

7. Bhatar (N7) SE 2.9 Residential

Table-3.31 Background Noise Levels

No. Location Category of Area

Noise Level (Leq)

in dBA (Day Time)

(0600 to 2100 hrs.)

Noise Level (Leq)

in dBA (Night Time)

(2100 to 0600 hrs.)

1. Project site (N1) - 57.2 45.3

2. Piplod (N2) Commercial 76.8 62.1

3. Bhatha (N3) Residential 58.3 49.8

4. Palanpur

Jakatnaka (N4) Residential 81.1 66.3

5. Adajan Patiya (N5) Residential 63.4 51.8

6. Majura Gate (N6) Commercial 84.0 69.5

7. Bhatar (N7) Commercial 69.3 55.1

Baseline Noise Levels

The noise level measured in study area at different locations is given in table-3.8. The

noise level (Leq) at the project site was 57.2 dBA in daytime and 45.3 dBA in night time.

The noise levels (Leq) varied in the other locations of the study area during day time

[night time] in the range of 58.3 - 84.0 [49.8 - 71.8] dBA. The noise sources identified in

the study area are vehicular traffic and commercial activities. CPCB recommendation for

community noise exposure in different category of area i.e. residential, commercial,

industrial and silence zone is given as Annexure-V, while Damage risk criteria for hearing

loss given by occupational safety & health administration (OSHA) is given as Annexure-

VI. The observed noise levels were higher than the stipulated standards of CPCB due to

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the vehicular movements.

3.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.7.1 INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity is often considered synonymous with species richness of the area.

Identifying, measuring, and monitoring biodiversity is a complex exercise. The

Biodiversity assessment generally concern with, conducting biodiversity inventories; for

assessing existing biodiversity. This provides the information on the biodiversity richness

of the area under consideration. The selection of indicators differs for biodiversity

monitoring as per the output required. Various criteria have been developed for selection

of indicators, taking into account biological as well as logistical aspects (Noss, 1990,

UNEP, 1992).

3.7.2 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

The variety and variability of organisms and ecosystems is referred to as biological

diversity or Bio diversity. Biodiversity is a term which has gained enormous importance in

the past few years. Technically, it is a contraction of 'biological diversity'. For the

purposes of the CBD (Article 2 Use of Terms), 'Biological Diversity' is "the variability

among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other

aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes

diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". In practice, 'biodiversity' is

most often used as a collective noun synonymous with nature or 'Life on Earth' (WCMC

Biodiversity Series No 5, 1996).

The biodiversity, we see today is the result of billions of years of evolution, shaped by

natural processes. The vast array of interactions among the various components of

biodiversity makes the planet habitable for all species, including humans. There is a

growing recognition that, biological diversity is a global asset of tremendous value to

present and future generations. At the same time, the threat to species and ecosystems

has never been as great as it is today. Species extinction caused by human activities

continues at an alarming rate. Protecting biodiversity is for our self-interest and also for

the future generation.

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3.7.3 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Ecological Impact Assessment (EcIA) is used to predict and evaluate the impacts of

development activities on ecosystems and their components, thereby providing the

information needed to ensure that ecological issues are given full and proper

consideration in development planning. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has

emerged as a key to sustainable development by integrating social, economic and

environmental issues in many countries. EcIA has a major part to play as a component of

EIA but also has other potential applications in environmental planning and management.

Ecological Impact Assessment provides a comprehensive review of the EcIA process and

summarizes the ecological theories and tools that can be used to understand, explain and

evaluate the ecological consequences of development.

Environmental impact assessments have become an integral part of development

projects in India ever since 1994, to formulate policies and guidelines for environmentally

sound economic development. Proper assessment of biological environment and

compilation of its taxonomical data is essential for the impact prediction, yet biodiversity is

often inadequately addressed. There is a growing recognition of the need of biodiversity

considerations in environmental impact assessments. Important barriers to the

incorporation of biodiversity in impact assessment include low priority for biodiversity and

limitations in one or more of the following areas: capacity to carry out the assessments;

awareness of biodiversity values; adequate data; and post-project monitoring.

Consistent and regularly updated data on regional and local taxonomy and floristic and

faunal diversity of the areas are almost non-existent in country as diverse as India. Instant

information on biodiversity profiles of the area, where the proposed project is setting up,

is an essential part of the baseline studies of EIA. In such a situation, good primary

baseline biodiversity survey is a pre-requisite for the collection of reliable data. The

professional ethic of the Biodiversity practitioners should be their will and skill to conduct

scientific field surveys. These contributions towards biodiversity surveys may sometimes

recognized as the actual value additions in terms of new records or a new data base but

are more often recognized in the validation and updating of the existing information base.

3.7.4 PERIOD OF THE STUDY AND STUDY AREA

The baseline study for the evaluation of the floral and faunal biodiversity of the terrestrial

environment of the study area was carried out within 10 km radius from bridge corridor

on Tapi Estuary adjoining Adajan and Athwa area located in Surat, Gujarat, in April, 2017.

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3.7.5 METHODOLOGY

The primary objective of survey was to describe the floristic and faunal communities

within the study area. Extrapolation and prediction techniques were used to limit the

number of sites to be assessed. The knowledge of species habitats requirement, soil

type, terrain, vegetation etc. were used to predict species occurrence.

This Extrapolation Assessment Programme conducts preliminary for the assessment of

biological value of poorly known area. The biological value of an area can be

characterized by the species richness, degree of spices endemism, uniqueness of the

ecosystem and magnitude of threats of extinction. This Rapid biodiversity assessment

were undertaken by identifying potentially rich sites from satellite imaginary (Google

Earth) and conducting the field survey in the potential habitats. GPS was utilized for

locating field sample plots as well as gathering positional attributes of sighted flora and

faunal species.

For Floral survey, sample plots have been randomly distributed within the identified rich

biodiversity potential habitats that falls under study area. The methodology adopted for

faunal survey involved; faunal habitat assessment, random intensive survey, opportunistic

observations, diurnal bird observation, active search for reptiles, active search for scats

and foot prints and review of previous studies. The aim was to set baselines in order to

monitor and identify trends after the commencement of production system activity.

Emphasis has been placed on presence of rare, endemic, migratory and threatened

species, if any present in the study area. Desktop literature review was conducted to

identify the representative spectrum of threatened species, population and ecological

communities as listed by IUCN, ZSI, BSI and in Indian wild Life Protection act, 1972. The

status of individual species was assessed using the revised IUCN category system.

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3.7.6 HABITATS DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA







hence not open for public operation. The major of the study area (10 km radius) is

occupied by the residential establishments. Due to the rapid growth of the city and

landscape features natural habitats in the area have been confined to limited patches.

3.7.7 FLORAL DIVERSITY OF THE STUDY AREA

The objective this floral inventory of the study area is to provide necessary information on

floristic structure in the study area for formulating effective management and conservation

measures. The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex interrelationship

and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations, have resulted in

different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region. The following account of floral

inventory has been, based on the field survey conducted for a short duration in the April,

2017, is not very comprehensive data and is aimed only to give a general pattern of

vegetation of this region during the study period as a baseline data in absence of

available secondary data. Listing of the endangered, threatened and endemic species of

flora in a locality and drawing the attention to the occurrence of such species, would aid in

creating awareness amongst the local people as a whole to protect such species from

extinction, and to take necessary measures for their conservation. These type of floristic

study is an inventory for such purpose and hence a necessity.

The tree species, herbs, shrubs, climbers and major crops, were documented during this

base line study. The list of floral species documented in the study area is enlisted in

Trees

Tree species enlisted from the study area is given in the table 3.14. Total 53 tree

species belong to 23 families are enlisted from the study area.

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Table-3.32 Trees in the study area

Family & Scientific name Vernacular name

1 Anacardiaceae

1/1 MangiferaindicaL. Ambo

2 Annonaceae

2/1 Annona squamosaL. Saitafal

3/2 Polylathialongifolia(Conn.) Thw. Asopalav

3 Apocynaceae

4/1 Plumeria obtuse L Chambo

5/2 Nerium indicumMill. Lalkaren

6/3 ThevitiaperuvianafPres.) Pilikaren

4 Arecaceae

7/1 BorassusflabelliferL. Tad

8/2 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb Khajuri

9/3 Cocos nucifera L. Nariiel

5 Simaroubaceae

10/1 Ailanthus excelsaRoxb. Aurdso

6 Caesalpiniaceae

11/1 Bauhinia purpureaL Kanchnar

12/2 ParkinsoniaaculeataL Rambaval

13/3 Peltophorumpterocarpum(DC.) Backer ex

Heyne Sonmukhi

14/4 TamarindusindicumL. Amali

15/5 Cassia fistula L. Garmalo

16/6 Senna siameaLam. Kasida

7 Casuarinaceae

17/1 Casuarina equisetifoliaL. Sham

8 Caricaceae

18/1 Carica papaya L Papaya

9 Combretaceae

19/1 Terminalia catappaL. Badam

20/2 Anogeissuslatifolia(Roxb.) Wall. Dhamado

10 Ebenaceae

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21/1 Diospyros cordifoliaRoxb. Dheki

11 Ehretiaceae

22/1 Cordia dichotomaForst. MotaGunda

23/2 Cordia gharaf(Forsk.) E. &A. Nani Gundi

12 Malvaceae

24/1 Thespesiapopulnea(L.) Sol.ex Corr. Paras piplo

13 Meliaceae

25/1 AzadirachtaindicaA.Juss Limbado

14 Mimosaceae

26/1 Acacia auriculiformisL Austrialanbaval

27/2 Acacia nilotica(L.) Del.subsp.indica (Bth.)

Brenan Baval

28/3 Acacia Senegal ( Willd.) Gobita)

29/4 Acacia leucophloea(Roxb) Hermobhaval

30/5 Albizialebbeck L. Sirid

31/6 Albiziaprocera (Roxb.) Killai

32/7 Leucaenaleucocephala(Lam.) De PardesiBaval

33/8 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Khyigdo

34/9 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Gorasmli

15 Moraceae

35/1 FicusbenghalensisL Vad

36/2 FicusreligiosaL Piplo

37/3 FicusmicrocarpaL. Nandarkvad

16 Moringaceae

38/1 Moringa oleiferaLam Sargavo

17 Myrtaceae

39/1 Callistemon cistrinusL Bottle brush

40/2 Eucalyptus citriodoraHk. Nilgari

41/3 Syzygiumcumini( L) Jambu

18 Papilionaceae

42/1 Bt/tea monosperma(Lam.) Taub Khakaro

43/2 DalbergialatifoliaRoxb Sisam

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44/3 Pongamiapinnata(L)Pierre Karanji

45/4 Sesbaniasesban(L.)Merr. Shevari

19 Poaceae (Gramineae)

46/1 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.

47/2 Dendrocalamusstrictus(Roxb.) Manvel Vans

20 Rhamnaceae

48/1 ZizyphusglabrataHeyne ex Roth Bor

49/2 ZizyphusmauritianaLam Bordi

21 Rutaceae

50/1 LimoniaacidissimaL. Kothu

22 Salvadoraceae

51/1 SalvadoraoleoidesDecne Piludi

23 Sapotaceae

52/1 Manilkarahexandra(Roxb.) Dub. Rayana

53/2 Manilkarazapota(L.) Chikoo

53/3 MimusopselengiL. Bakul

Shrubs

Shrubs encountered during the present survey are given in the Table 3.15. 15 shrubs

belong to 10 families are enumerated from the study area,

Table-3.33 Lists of Shrubs in the Study Area


1 Lythraceae

1/1 Lawsoniainermis L Mendhi

2 Apocynaceae

2/1 ThevetiaperuvianaMerr. Pili karan

3/2 Nerium indicumMill Lalkaren

3 Asclepiadaceae

4/1 Calotropisgigantea(L) R. Br Akado

5/2 Calotropisprocera(Ait.) R.Br Akado

4 Bignoniaceae

6/1 Tecomastans(L.) H.B.& K. Peilafol

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5 Cactaceae

7/1 Opuntia elatiorMill. Fafdo Thor

6 Caesalpiniaceae

8/1 Cassia auriculata L Aval

7 Capparaceae

9/1 Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew Kerdo

8 Convolvulaceae

10/1 Ipomoea fistulosaMart.exChoisy Nasarmo

9 Euphorbiaceae

11/1 Euphorbia nerifolia L Thor

12/2 Euphorbia tirucalli L Kharsani

10 Malvaceae

13/1 Abelmoschusesculentus Bindi

14/2 GossypiumherbaceumL. Kapas

15/3 Hibiscus rosasinensis L. Jasund

Climbers and Twiners:

The climbers and twiners observed along the agricultural hedges and road side hedges

of the study area are given in the table 3.17. 14 climbers belongs to 6 families were

recorded from the area.

Table-3.34 List of Climbers Observed In the Study Area


1 Asclepiadaceae

1/1 OxystelmaesculentumJ & A Schult Jal-Dudhi, Dhudli

2 Convolvulaceae

2/1 Ipomeacairica (L) --

3/2 Ipomoea obscura L. --

4/3 Ipomeapulchella Roth --

5/4 IpomeaaquaticaForsk. Nadanivel

6/5 Ipomoea pes-caprae Darianivel/Maryadvel

3 Cucurbitaceae

7/1 Luff a cylindrica(L.) M.J.Roem Galku

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8/2 L acutangula (L) Junglituria

4 Cuscutaceae

9/1 CuscutareflexaRoxb. Amarvel

5 Menispermaceae

10/1 Cocculushirsutus(L.) Diels Vevdi

11/2 Tinosporacordifolia(Willd.) Miers Galo

6 Papilionaceae

12/1 MucunapruritaHk.f. Kavach, Koyli

13/2 AbrusprecatoriusL. Chanothi

14/3 ClitoriaternateaL. Gokaran

Cultivated Plants in the Study Area:

A. Major Crops:

Major crops in the study area are Rice {Oryza sativa), Sugar cane

{Saccharumofficinarum), and Bajra {Pennisetumtyphoides(Burm.f.),

B. Minor crops:

Minor crops practiced in this region after monsoon are Jowar {Sorghum bicolor (L.)

Moench), and Cotton {Gossypiumherbaceum)

C. Pulses:

The pulses cultivated in this region are Tuver {Cajanuscajan)

D. Vegetables:

Bindi{Abelmoschusesculentus) is dominant vegetable crop of this area

Horticultural Practices And Fruits Grown:

Mango {Mangiferaindica ) or chards and Chikko{Manilkarazapota) plantation and papaya

{Carica papaya) cultivation were observed in the study area

Rare and Endangered Flora in the Study Area

The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global

conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the

extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all

species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is

recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.

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Among the enumerated flora in the study area, none of them were assigned any threat

category, by RED data book of Indian Plants. (Nayar and Sastry,1990) and Red list of

threatened Vascular plants (IUCN,2010, BSI, 2003)

Endemic Plants of the Study Area

De Candolle (1855) first used the concept of “Endemic”, which is defined as an area of a

taxonomic unit, especially a species which has a restricted distribution or habitat, isolated

from its surrounding region through geographical, ecological or temporal barriers. Among

recorded plant species, during the survey period, none can be assigned the status of

endemic plant of this region.

Status of Forest and Their Category in the Study Area

No natural forest land was observed in the study area.

3.7.8 FAUNAL BIODIVERSITY IN THE STUDY AREA

For the documentation of the faunal biodiversity of the study area with respect to birds,

reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species, a baseline survey had been conducted in

April, 2017.

Birds of the Study Area

Systematic account of the birds in the study area with the status of occurrence is given

below:

Table-3.35 List of Birds Observed In the Study Area

Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name R-S

I ORDER: APODIFORMES

Family: Apodidae (Swifts)

Common Swift Common Swift Apus apus R

II ORDER: FALCONIFORMES

Family: Accipitridae (Vulture, Sparrow hawk, Eagle, Harrier, Kite and

Vulture)

Shikra Shikra Accipiter badius R

Black-winged Kite Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R

III. ORDER: : CICONIIFORMES

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Family: Ardeidae (Heron, Egret, Bittern)

Pond Heron Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii R

Cattle Egret Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R

Median or Smaller Egret Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia

Egretta intermedia R

Little Egret Little Egret Egretta garzetta R

Family: Charadriidae (Plover, Stilt, Oystercatcher, Lapwing, Avocet )


Black-winged Stilt Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus R

Red-wattled Lapwing Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R

Family: Pteroclidae (Sandgrouse)

Indian Sandgrouse Chestnut-bellied

sandgrouse

Pterocles exustus R

Family: Threskiornithidae (Spoonbill and Ibis)

Black Ibis Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R

IV ORDER: COLUMBIFORMES

Family: Columbidae (Pigeon, Dove)

Blue Rock Pigeon Rock Pigeon Columba livia R

Ring Dove Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto R

Rufous Turtle Dove Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis R

V : ORDER: CORACIFORMES

Family: Dacelonidae (Kingfishers)

White breasted Kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R

Family: Meropidae (Bee Eater)

Chestnut-headed Bee-

eater

Chestnut-headed Bee-

eater

Merops leschenaulti R

VI. ORDER: CUCULIFORMES

Family: Centropodidae (Cocucal)

Crow-Pheasant or Coucal Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R

Family: Cuculidae (Cuckoo, Koel)

Koel Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea R

Indian Drongo Cuckoo Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris R

VII. ORDER: GALLIFORMES

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Family: Phasianidae (Peafowl, Partridge, Quail, francolin, spur fowl, jungle fowl,

Monal)

Common Peafowl Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus R

Family: Rallidae (Waterhen, coot, crake water cock, Moorhen, Rail,)

White-breasted Water

hen

White-breasted Water

hen

Amaurornis phoenicurus R

VIII . ORDER: PASSERIFORMES

Family: Paridae (Tit)

Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R

Family: Corvidae

Large Cuckoo-shrike Large Cuckoo-shrike

Coracina macei

Coracina

novaehollandiae

R

Raven Common Raven Corvus corax R

House Crow House Crow Corvus splendens R

Tree Pie Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda R

Family: Laniidae (shrike)

Rufous backed Shrike Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach R

Grey Shrike Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor R

Family: Muscicapidae (Short wing, Chat, Robin, Shama

Indian Robin Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R

Pied Bushchat Pied Bush chat Saxicola caprata R

Family: Nectariniidae (Sun Birds, Flower pecker, Spider hunter)

Purple Sunbird Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica R

Small Sunbird Crimson-backed Sunbird Nectarinia minima R

Family: Passeridae (Avadavat, Pipit, Wagtail, Munia, Snow finch, sparrow, weaver,

Accentor)

House Sparrow House Sparrow Passer domesticus R

Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R

Family: Pycnonotidae (Bulbul)

Red-vented Bulbul Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R

Family: Sturnidae (Myna, Starling)

Bank Myna Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus R

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Indian Myna Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R

Butterflies from the Study Area

Butterflies observed during the present study are documented below:

Table-3.36 List of Butterflies Observed In the Study Area

Scientific name & family Common name

Family Papilionidae

Papiliopolytes Common Mormon

Family Pieridae

Euremahecabe Common Grass yellow

Catopsiliapomona Common Emigrant

Delias eucharis Common Jezebel

Ixias marianne White orange tip

Family: Nymphalidae

Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger

Danaus genutiaCramer Stripped Tiger

Hypolimanasmisippus Danaid egg fly

Mycalesisperseus Common bush brown

Herpetofauna

Reptiles in the region is given below:

Table-3.37 List of reptiles In the Study Area

No. Common Name Scientific name

1 Common garden lizard Calotes versicolor (DaudinJ)

2 Indian Cobra Najanaja(Linn.)

3 Common rat snake Ptyasmucosus(Linn.)

4 Common Indian monitor Varanusbengalensis

Mammals

The wild mammals observed other than domesticated ones from study area, which are as

follows:

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Table-3.38 List of Mammals Observed In the Study Area

No. Common Name Scientific name

1 Three striped Palm squirrel Funambuluspalmarum

2 Common Mongoose Herpestesedwardsi

3 Indian field mouse Mus booduga(Gray)

4 Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw)

5 Common Mongoose Herpestesedwardsi

6 Hare Lepus sp.

RARE AND ENDANGERED FAUNA OF THE STUDY AREA

As per IUCN RED list

The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global

conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the

extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all

species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is

recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. No sighted

fauna fall under any threat category of IUCN.

As per Indian Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972

Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended on 17th January 2003, is an Act to provide

for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith or

ancillary or incidental thereto with a view to ensuring the ecological and environmental

security of the country. Some of the sighted fauna were given protection by the Indian

Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 by including them in different schedules. Among the birds

in the study area, Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus) is included in schedule I of Wild life protection

Act (1972), while many other birds are included in schedule IV. Among the reptiles, Indian

Cobra (Naja naja), and Common Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosus) were provided protection as

per Schedule-II of Wild life protection Act, (1972). Among mammals; Common Mongoose

(Herpestes edwardsi), is a schedule–II mammals. Hares and five stripped squirrels are

included in schedule IV of Wild Life Protection act 1972.

SPECIES PROVIDED PROTECTION AS PER WILD LIFE PROTECTION ACT 1972

Species Schedule

Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), Schedule-I

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Most of other birds Schedule-IV

3.8 SOCIO - ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is now conceived as being the process of identifying and

managing the social issues of project development, and includes the effective

engagement of affected communities in participatory processes of identification,

assessment and management of social impacts. Although SIA is still used as an impact

prediction mechanism and decision-making tool in regulatory processes to consider the

social impacts in advance of a permitting or licensing decision, equally important is the

role of SIA in contributing to the ongoing management of social issues throughout the

whole project development cycle, from conception to post-closure. Like all other fields of

practice (discourses), SIA is a community of practice with its own paradigm of theories,

methods, case histories, expected understandings and values. Thus SIA includes the

processes of analyzing, monitoring and managing the intended and unintended social

consequences, both positive and negative, of planned interventions i.e. policies,

programs, plans, projects. Its primary purpose is to bring about a more sustainable and

equitable development. Social impacts examine changes in people's way of life, their

culture, community, political systems, environment, health and wellbeing, their personal

and property rights and their fears and aspirations. Therefore, the baseline socio -

economic data was collected for the study region, has been identified in the four major

indicators viz. demography, civic amenities, employment and economy and social culture.

The baseline status of the above indicators is compiled in forthcoming sections.

3.8.1 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION

Latest available census records were referred to understand demography related to

Infrastructure facilities, category of population, Economic Status, Health Status,

Education Status, and Civic Amenities etc.

3.8.2 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Collected data are analyzed through qualitative and quantitative method of analysis.

3.8.3 PROJECT LOCATION




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hence not open for public operation. This project has been developed under the guidance

and monitoring of Surat Municipal Corporation, the project is envisaged to reduce the

traffic nascence and ease of development of the city. Surat is the economic capital and

former princely state in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the eighth largest city and ninth

largest urban agglomeration in India. Surat is the 3rd "cleanest city of India" according to

the Indian Ministry of Urban Development, and 4th fastest growing city of the world. Surat

is famous for its food, textile, and diamonds. Surat polishes over 90 percent of the world's

rough diamond.

3.8.4 PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA

The PIA for the developmental project comprises entire surat city and other 10 major,

minor villages in 10 km radial distance from the proposed project. Demographical details

as per census 2011 of the study area are given in following table-3.39.

Table-3.39 Village Wise Demographical details in PIA

No. City/ Town/

Village Taluka

Census Population 2011

HH Population Literates Total Workers

Total Male Female Male Female Male Female

1 Surat

Surat

City 9,75,797 44,67,797 25,43,623 19,24,174 20,42,901 14,00,510 16,01,764 1,92,828

TOTAL SURAT CITY (A) 9,75,797 44,67,797 25,43,623 19,24,174 20,42,901 14,00,510 16,01,764 1,92,828

1 Malgama

Chorasi

183 960 474 486 415 392 279 132

2 Bhesan 449 2195 1086 1109 833 741 664 326

3 Kumbharia 1320 5824 3109 2715 2468 1926 2022 434

4 Devadh 234 1168 611 557 486 400 353 61

5 Kavas 1,602 6,500 4,108 2,392 3,385 1,638 2,917 295

6 Bhatpor 792 3,449 1,855 1,594 1,421 1,120 1,128 392

7 Bhatha 1,171 5,122 2,603 2,519 1,793 1,649 1,593 776

8 Magdalla

(INA)

5 18 18 0 15 0 18 0

9 Ichchhapor

(CT)

2,870 12,097 6,980 5,117 5,839 3,735 4,491 804

10 Limla (CT) 926 3,683 1,922 1,761 1,805 1,620 1,102 153

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No. City/ Town/

Village Taluka

Census Population 2011

HH Population Literates Total Workers

Total Male Female Male Female Male Female

TOTAL CHORASI (B) 9,552 41,016 22,766 18,250 18,460 13,221 14,567 3,373

TOTAL (A+B) 9,85,349 45,08,813 25,66,389 19,42,424 20,61,361 14,13,731 16,16,331 1,96,201

Source: Census 2011, District Surat, Gujarat

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3.8.5 FINDINGS OF SOCIAL IMPACTS AND COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS

The findings of the quick socioeconomic survey and various consultations at community

level are presented below:

Demography: In 2011, Surat district had populations of 60,81,322 out which 34,02,224

were male and 26,79,098 were female. Decadal growth rate of the district is 42.24%

during 2001-2011. As per 2011 census, 20.26% of the total populations live in rural area

while 79.74% of the total Surat population lives in urban area comparing to 2001 census.

With regards to sex ratio in Surat district, it stood to 787 female per 1000 male in 2011

census from 810 in 2001 census. Density of population in Surat district was 1,137

persons per sq. km. Average literacy rate of the district has grown to 85.53% (2011)

compared from 77.62% of 2001.

Dumas road is one of the major roadway corridor for the city of Surat. It is located on the

western part of the city. It starts from Athwa gate junction at the inner ring road and ends

at the coastal villages of Dumas and Bhimpore. The population density is very high at the

eastern part of the corridor where, important government establishment like Government

Multi story Office Complex, Police Bhavan, Session and District Courts generate a very

high volume of traffic. Moreover educational and commercial campuses, hospitals and

commercial establishments also add to the heavy traffic flow. A number of important

traffic routes are linked with this corridor like inner ring road at Athwa junction; Ghod Dod

road at Parle Point junction; City light road at Jani Farsan junction; Piplod / University

Road at Kargil Chowk; Vesu Road near Big Bazar, Udhana Magdalla Road at Y junction

and the 90 mts. Outer ring road i.e. Sachin Magdalla National Highway. These major

roads are very important linkages and increase the importance of Athwa Dumas Corridor.

While Tapi river dividing Surat city into two parts, north-west part is known as Adajan

while south and south-east part known as Chowk and Athwa gate. Connecting three

bridges exists from Adajan to Chowk and Athwa but load to these three bridges is extent

especially during office hours.

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3.9 BASE MAP OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS Figure-3.8 Location of Ambient Air Monitoring Stations

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Figure-3.9 Location of Marine sampling (Subtidal Stations)

Figure-3.10 Location of Marine sampling (Intertidal Stations)

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Figure-3.11 Locations of Noise Sampling Stations

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CHAPTER – 4

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

Various sources of pollution with respect to wastewater, solid waste and noise generation

along with their analysis as well as measures taken to control them are discussed herein

with details. The network method was adopted to identify and assess the impacts, which

involves understanding of cause-condition-effect relationship between an activity and

environmental parameters. This method involves the "Road Map" type of approach to the

identification of second and third order effect. The basic idea is to account for the project

activity and identify the type of impact that could initially occur followed by the

identification of secondary and tertiary impacts.

4.2 PREDICTIONS AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

An impact can be defined as any change in Physical, Chemical and Biological, Cultural

and Socioeconomic environment that can be attributed to activities related to alternatives

under study for meeting the project needs. Impact methodology provides an organized

approach for prediction and assessing these impacts.

Impact assessment is based on conceptual notions on how the universe acts that is

intuitive and/or explicit assumption concerning the nature of environmental process. In

most of cases the predictions consists of indicating merely whether there will be

degradation, no change or enhancement of environment quality. In other cases,

quantitative ranking scales are used. The selection of indicator is crucial in assessment

because impacts are identifies and interpreted based on impact indicator. An impact

indicator is a parameter that provides a measure (in at-least some qualitative or numerical

sense) of the significance and magnitude of the impact. In India indicator is developed by

the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in the form of primary water quality criteria,

biological water quality criteria, and national ambient quality criteria for air and noise.

The impact of the bridge on the environment has been considered based on the

information provided by the proponents and data collected from the study area. The

environmental impacts have been categorized as long or short term and reversible or

irreversible. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly by the project while

secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced. These typically include the

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associated investment and changed pattern of social and economical activities by the

proposed action. The operational phase of the proposed project comprises several of

which have been considered to assess the impact on one or another environmental

parameters.

The present study addresses potential short- and long-term water quality, sediment

quality and biological impacts from the various activities associated with the bridge. The

present bridge is constructed over the estuary of Tapi which caused certain

environmental impacts during the construction phases as per the scenario discussed

below:

4.2.1 Construction phase Impacts

The potential impact on estuarine ecosystem was due to increased turbidity, accelerated

sedimentation rates and change in the nature of sedimentation.

Construction activities involving excavation for casting pillars/columns, in Tapi Estuary

between Adajan and Athwa, back-filling, movement of machinery and the presence of

work force were the aspects causing some impact on estuarine ecology which are

discussed below:

4.2.1.1 Physical processes

Since, construction activities of bridge were carried out by adopting the standard

methods; the obstruction for natural flow was not expected significant. However, after the

completion of construction the back-filling was carried out to restore the original flow of

river water. The intertidal area was restored to its original contour. The overall impact will

be temporary, short period and reversible in nature.

4.2.1.2 Water quality

The excavation of bed for casting the pillars enhanced suspended solids (SS) in

Estuarine water only in the limited area. The sediment of the river water is composed of

sand, silt and clay, dispersion of particulate matter in the water column may deplete DO

and enhance BOD of water though locally and temporarily. The excavation of bed might

have enhanced nutrients level. Due to excavation of bed and enhanced level of SS might

have resulted in deposition of sediment at the intertidal area hampering the benthic

organisms. Since, these activities were temporary, the negative effects on the water

quality were short-termed and the original conditions will be restored in due course time

(around 1 year).

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4.2.1.3 Sediment quality

The adverse impact on the sediment quality could be due to slightly enhanced level of

heavy metals because of excavation of bed. However, there was minor impact due to

disturbance of bed in terms of enhanced organic matter but temporary.

4.2.1.4 Flora and fauna

The construction of bridge might have some potential negative impacts on flora and fauna

till the construction activities were continued. The enhancement in the concentration of

SS might have lead to depletion of primary productivity due to harassed photosynthetic

activities. The enhancement of nutrients could have also facilitated the unwanted growth

of algae.

The scenario of pile cap and piles destroying the bed of Tapi Estuary during construction

phase of bridge is given below:

The scenario of pile cap and piles destroying the bed of Tapi Estuary during construction

phase of bridge is given below:

Phase-I:

CRZ area Length (m) in respective

CRZ area

No of pillars

and Piles

Area (m2) of the

bridge falls in

CRZ area

Footprint

area of bridge

(m2)

CRZ-IB

169.30

(151.3 at Adajan + 18 at

Athwa)

3 and 18 1862.3 204.12

CRZ-II

173.46

(100 at Adajan +

73.43 at Athwa)

6 and 34 2026.48 318.87

CRZ-IVB 188.65 3 and 18 2075.15 204.12

Total 531.41 12 and 70 5963.93 727.11

The excavation of bed for casting of piles (70 nos.) have destroyed the total bed area of

727.11 m2 hampering the benthic organisms.

Considering the dimension of pile caps, the total subtidal area of 204.12 m2 has been

destroyed by excavation. The results of subtidal macrobenthic standing stock as evident

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in Annexure-IV, revealed an average biomass of 0.7 gm/m2 near the bridge corridor.

Thus, 143 gm of benthic organisms would have destroyed. The impact is nominal,

temporary and reversible.

The total intertidal area of 204.12 m2 has been destroyed by excavation. The results of

macrobenthic standing stock at transects TIII and TIV as evident in Annexure-IV,

revealed an average biomass of 1.9 g/m2 near the bridge corridor. Thus, 388 gm of

benthic organisms would have destroyed, which is nominal and organisms will recolonize

in sometime. (within 1 year)

Phase-II:

CRZ area Length (m) in respective CRZ

area

No of pillars

and Piles

Area (m2) of the

bridge falls in

CRZ area

Footprint area

of bridge

(m2)

CRZ-IB 197.3


CRZ-II

173.46

(100 at Adajan + 73.43 at

Athwa)

6 and 31 2026.48 363.81

CRZ-IVB 192 3 and 18 2112 204.12

Total 562.76 12 and 70 6308.78 806.07

The excavation of bed for casting of piles (70 nos.) have destroyed the total bed area of

806.07 m2 hampering the benthic organisms.

Considering the dimension of pile caps given in above table, the total subtidal area of

204.12 m2 has been destroyed by excavation. The results of subtidal macrobenthic

standing stock as evident in Annexure-IV, revealed an average biomass of 0.7 gm/m2

near the bridge corridor. Thus, 143 gm of benthic organisms would have destroyed. The

impact is nominal, temporary and reversible.

The total intertidal area of 238.14 m2 has been destroyed by excavation. The results of

macrobenthic standing stock at transects TIII and TIV as evident in Annexure-IV,

revealed an average biomass of 1.9 g/m2 near the bridge corridor. Thus, 453 gm of

benthic organisms would have destroyed, which is nominal and organisms will recolonize

in sometime. (within 1 year)

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Hence, due to the expansion of bridge, total 286 gm of subtidal mactobanthic standing

stock and 841 gm of benthic organisms from intertidal area will be destroyed, which is

nominal and organisms will recolonize in sometime. (within 1 year)

Impact on fishery


pressure of pollution due to domestic waste water and industrial effluents discharged into

it. These are the reasons that the estuary is poor for fishery production. There were no

commercial fishing activities seen during the field investigation. Thus, the potential

negative impact on fishery during construction phase of bridge was not significant except

a minor and temporary adverse impact on crabs surviving in the intertidal area. However,

this impact is temporary and will be reversed back in due course (around 1 year) of time.

4.2.1.5 Intertidal area

The workforce involved in construction of bridge and machineries are expected to occupy

an additional area of intertidal zone and might have polluted it. This was avoided by

restricting the activities to only the allotted area for construction.

The work force might have spread the garbage which was avoided during phase-I by

keeping the supervisory team to keep the intertidal area clean. Same practice will be

continued for phase-II.

The work force needed the arrangement of sanitation separately which allowed the

intertidal area to be kept clean. Septic tank was provided during phase-I for the disposal

of domestic waste water and same will be done during phase-II.

The drinking water facilities are also provided to workforce by restricting the area kept for

construction.

4.2.1.6 Noise Environment

The major Impact on noise level due to the project, during the construction phase, was

mainly because of the noise generated by the operation of the machineries, equipments

and some mechanical works. There were many equipments and machineries which might

have used during the construction. These were mainly Dozers, Cranes, Excavators,

Trailers, Generators, and Concrete Conveyor etc. It was assessed that noise level due to

this equipments was in the range of 70 - 85 dB(A) at receptor point at associated

work/construction area. The noise generated by the construction equipments and heavy

machineries might have caused minor impact on human settlements as these were at a

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considerable distance from the construction sites. The impacts due to noise of these

equipments were local and temporary/short term as well as negligible due to the efficient

implementation of proper mitigation measures like provision of Ear Protective Safety

Equipment (ear plug & ear muff) for the personnel exposed to high noise level. The noise

level of these machineries / equipments was minimized by proper lubrication,

modernization, maintenance, muffling and provision of silencers wherever possible.

4.2.1.7 Air Environment

During construction phase of the project, the major activities were drilling, transportation

and construction. All these activities led to increase in concentration of air pollutants,

particularly PM, NOx, CO, CO2 and hydrocarbons (HC) which were further added due to

increased vehicular traffic. However, the levels of SO2, NOx, CO, CO2 and Hydrocarbons

were understood to be well below the stipulated standards during the construction phase.

Raw materials required to construct the bridge were transported through close containers

to avoid the mixing of particulate matters into air environment. D. G. Set was kept for

emergency purpose for short duration. Adequate stack height was provided for the better

dispersion of flue gases. Thus, impact of DG set emission would be negligible.

4.2.2 Operational Phase Impacts

The emission of green house gas is expected from traffic which may degrade the ambient

air quality but at minor and insignificant level. The noise level is also expected to be

increased due to enhanced traffic. This is compounded by noise and light disturbances

which will limit to some degree the natural patterns of species movement within water

courses at various spatial scales, depending on species life stage, feeding and breeding

requirements.

Roads will increase the extent of hardened surfaces in the catchments of the assessed

watercourses as well as result in the increased occurrence of point source surface water

discharges.

Road networks intercept, direct and concentrate flows that changes (increases) volume

and velocity of surface flows entering the watercourses. Increased hardened surfaces

within the catchment will result in a small increase in surface water runoff but more

importantly it will result in increased runoff velocities at discharge points that will become

areas at risk from erosion. To mitigate such impact proper storm water network will be

designed and provided.

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4.2.3 IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Every development brings destruction with it, anticipated impacts and mitigations are

presented here:

NEGATIVE IMPACTS

1. Environmental impact: Noise generation during construction activities might have

caused minor adverse reversible impacts on human health

POSITIVE IMPACTS

2. Employment generation: The ideology of project was facilitate construction

workers among local people; it has increased socio-economic status of the local

society, the requirement of around 90 personnel as direct manpower enhanced

standard of living of families. The employment opportunity created was served as a

tool for reduction of poverty.

3. Enhance Socio- economic status: This project brings social change in the society

with improved socio-economic life of the local people; this project has also

generated indirect employment, like primary grocery requirements, functional

shopping, better transportation facility etc.

Other mitigation measures:

� Reduction in construction period

� Avoidance of activities beyond the specified geographical area.

� Fabrication jobs were undertaken on land and transportation of materials to the

site was through a pre decided corridor to avoid hindrance to intertidal area.

� The bed is restored to its original shape after completion of construction phase.

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CHAPTER – 5

ANALYSIS OF SITE ALTERNATIVES

• The Surat Municipal Corporation (hereafter referred as SMC) has taken up the

expansion work of Sardar bridge in two phases. The phase-I includes the expansion

of bridge towards upstream side adjacent to existing Sardar bridge approaching

Adajan and Athwa. This phase/part of the bridge has already been constructed and is

already open for public operation. Phase-II includes expansion of another part of

bridge towards downstream adjacent to existing Sardar bridge. This phase of the

bridge is under construction and hence not open for public operation.

• Because of tremendous industrialization and development of the city, population of

Surat city is increasing constantly.

• As a result, it is necessary to provide proper infrastructure facilities for the sustainable

growth of the city.

• Due to significant increase in traffic density from last decade, existing bridges on Tapi

river are not enough to provide smooth traffic flow.

• Traffic load on existing bridges is always high, especially during peak hours.

• To reduce the traffic load on existing bridges, S.M.C has proposed the expansion of

Sardar Bridge.

• So there was not any other better alternative for bridge than the selected site, which

may not only decrease the traffic load on existing bridges but also connect the most

important areas of the city for better sustainable growth.

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CHAPTER – 6

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

Environmental monitoring provides feedback about the actual environmental impacts of a

project. Monitoring results help judge the success of mitigation measures in protecting the

environment.

An environmental monitoring program is important as it provides useful information and

helps to:

• Assist in detecting the development of any unwanted environmental situation, and

thus, provides opportunities for adopting appropriate control measures, and

• Define the responsibilities of the project proponents, contractors and

environmental monitors and provides means of effectively communicating

environmental issues among them.

• Define monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters.

• Evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) and suggest improvements in management plan, if

required.

6.1 Periodic monitoring

A comprehensive estuarine water quality-monitoring programme would be implemented

in a planned manner as given below:

A total of 10 sampling locations including temporal variation over a tidal cycle with hourly

measurements will be studied for water quality, sediment quality and biological

characteristics.

Representative intertidal sites on either side of river will be selected and designated as

experimental sites for monitoring the health of intertidal flora and fauna.

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6.1.1 Parameters to be monitored

Water quality: Water samples obtained from surface and bottom, when the depth

exceeds 5 m, will be analysed for temperature, pH, salinity, DO, BOD (or total organic

carbon), nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, dissolved phosphate, PHc and phenols.

Sediment quality: Sediment from subtidal and intertidal regions will be analysed for

grain size, Corg, phosphorous, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury

and PHc.

Flora and fauna: Biological characteristics will be assessed based on primary

productivity, phytopigments, phytoplankton populations and their generic diversity;

zooplankton biomass, population and group diversity, macrobenthic biomass, population

and group diversity of subtidal as well as intertidal.

6.1.2 Frequency of monitoring

The programme of monitoring will be scheduled as follows:

Periodic monitoring at every year will be undertaken for two years. If the results of these

monitoring do not show any alteration in estuarine ecology of Tapi, the monitoring will be

conducted alternate year. The results from each monitoring will be compared with the

baseline to identify changes for enabling corrective measures, if warranted.

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CHAPTER – 7

ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION/HEARING

Public consultation is not applicable for said expansion of bridge across Tapi estuary

joining Adajan and Athwa area in Surat city, Gujarat.

7.2 RISK ASSESSMENT

7.2.1 INTRODUCTION

To construct said bridge, large machineries were required during construction activities.

As a result commuters were exposed to the large risk in case of accident. These

accidents might have resulted in personal and financial loss. The assessment of the

threat posed, its control and prevention through good design, management and

constructional controls was of primal importance. Thus, risk assessment is carried out for

existing Sardar Bridge over Tapi Estuary joining Adajan area and Athwa area in Surat

city, Gujarat.

Risk assessment refers to the technical, scientific assessment of the nature and

magnitude of risk and uses a factual base to define the health effects of exposure of

individuals or populations or ecological receptors to hazardous contaminants and

situations.

Trained & skilled workers and supporting services can achieve improved safety & quality

of the construction. Together they can also achieve low maintenance cost, optimized use

of Raw materials and negligible rejections/ wastes.

The project is advised to equip with a well planned Disaster Management Plan as an

essential Mitigation Control Measure.

Risk Assessment is defined as a continuous and integrated process of identification,

evaluation, and measurement of risks, along with their potential impact on the

Environment.

The benefits of risk assessment include the following:

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• Mitigation or reduction of the risk of an incident.

• Mitigation of the severity and/or consequences by way of improved techniques, fire

protection systems etc.

• Confidence building in workers by improving competency.

Preparedness and prompt response to deal with any accident

7.2.2 HAZARD AND ITS CONTROL MEASURES

Hazardous activities for the purpose of RISK ANALYSIS which were most likely to

happen along with safety measures during construction and operational phase are listed

below:

(1) Excavations

• During excavation, risks like collapsing of trenches, materials falling in undetected

underground services might have took place

• As control/mitigation measures, water was not allowed to be accumulated at site

for a long time, materials were kept at least 600 mm from edge, Hardhets and

necessary PPE were provided to workers, Unnecessary suspended load were

cleared time to time.

(2) Material mishandling

• During construction and maintenance process fall of materials/tools might have

took place. Risk of falling of dislodged tools from overhead work areas were

always associated during construction as well as maintenance process of the

bridge.

• As control/mitigation measures, all tools and materials were kept away from the

edge, toe boards were provided along with the proper PPE.

(3) Scaffolding

• During scaffolding, risks of poor foundation, lack of ladder access insufficient

planking, lack of guard line, insufficient ties were associated along with the

incorrect barcing of the scaffolds.

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• As control/mitigation measures, all scaffolds were correctly braced and stabilized,

firm foundation were provided, ladder access were provided, proper platforms

were given, guardrails and toe board were provided.

(4) Cranes and Lifts

• During the construction phase, risk associates with cranes, lifts and other vehicles

were defective lifting of equipments, unsecured loads, craning in close proximity to

workers, falling of lifted materials.

• As control/mitigation measures, periodic testing of cranes and lifts were carried

out, secured loads were slung, proper hand signals and communication were

maintained.

(5) Fire

• During construction phase, major risk of fire was associated with fuel storage area

and combustible building materials, poor housekeeping and grinding sparks.

• As control/mitigation measures, Combustible/ flammable materials were properly

stored/used, good housekeeping was maintained, and fire extinguishers were

provided.

(6) Falls, Slips and Trips

• During construction and maintenance, risks of falling on same level, on the

surfaces below, formation of slippery surfaces, uneven surfaces, poor access to

work areas, falling objects was associate.

• As control/mitigation measures, good housekeeping, tidy workplaces were

maintained. Guardrails along with handholds and harnesses were provided. Safe

access to work areas were provided. All the workers worn PPE.

(7) Defective or wrong Hand Tools

• During construction and maintenance, risk due to using of wrong or defective tools

was always associates. There was also a risk of hitting by flying debris.

• As control/mitigation measures, Right tool were provided for the job, proper

manual was also provided to workers for using these tools properly, good

conditions and maintenance guards were provided and flying debris were

controlled.

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(8) Ladders

• Risks associate with ladders during construction phase was falling from the ladder

due to heavy carrying load, unsecured position of ladder against dislodgement,

defective ladders, insufficient length, wrong position, incorrectly placed.

• As control/mitigation measures, ladders were secured against movement or

footed, good condition ladders were utilized, ladders were regularly inspected,

capable of extend up to 1 m above platform, angle of 4:1 was maintained during

use, was placed out of the vehicle movement path, 3 points of contact strategy

was followed for safety purposes.

(9) Electricity

• Risks associate because of electricity is of fire, which might have cause due to

electrocution, overhead / underground services, leads damaged or poorly insulated

temporary repairs, no testing and tagging and circuits overload.

• As control/mitigation measures, good condition and earthing was made, no

temporary repairs were carried out, it was ensured that no exposed wires at work

place, good insulation was given, no overloading was done, use of protective

devices, testing and tagging was done and no overhead/underground services was

provided.

(10) Visitors Presence at site

• Risks associated with welding was fire which might have caused due to welding

flash, burns, fumes, electrocution in wet conditions, flashback in oxygen set,

leaking of cylinders and poorly maintained leads.

• As control/mitigation measures, welding flash and burns were controlled with PPE

and shields fumes were controlled with ventilation (in good condition and properly

positioned), Gas cylinders was kept upright & in secured position (properly tied),

combustible material were kept at secured place to avoid fire. Fire Extinguishers

were kept in fire prone area with training.

(11) Visitors Presence at site

• Following risks were associated with the visitors presence at site,

� Falls

� Struck by dropped materials

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� Road accidents

� Insufficient hoarding or fencing

� Pedestrian access past site

� Mechanical plant

� Movement on and off site

• As control/mitigation measures, suffiecient hoarding were placed, fencing and

barricades were provided, safe pedestrian access past site traffic management for

loading and delivery was given.

7.2.2.1 Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipments (PPE) are needed to protect individuals from injury.

Several types of PPE are necessary for providing the optimum protection to individuals

from the various risks. Following PPEs were provided:

Body Protection (Non Respiratory)

1. Head Protection (Safety Helmet):

Use of different color helmet for easy identification during the Emergency Situation.

• Yellow Color Helmet: for the Employees

• Green Color Helmet : for Contract Workmen.

• White Color Helmet : for Visitor

2. Face & Eye Protection :

1. Safety Goggle: for covering of Full eye at time of certain defined job.

3. Ear Protection :

Ear Muff/Ear Plug: For working in High noise area.

4. Hand Protection:

1. Leather Gloves: for protection from cuts, abrasions, flying particles mildly hot

materials.

2. Rubber Gloves (Electrical): for electrical work available with different voltage ratings

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5. Foot Protection:

1. Safety Shoes: for all workers.

2. Gum Boot: for working in water, deep mud or bottom sediment.

Respiratory Protection:

1. Air Purifying Type:

1. Dust Mask: for protection against dust particle use at dusting atmosphere.

2. Air Supplying Type:

1. Self Contain Breathing Apparatus (SCBA): for emergency Handing.

2. Emergency Life Saving Apparatus (ELSA): as like SCBA but its capacity is low.

General Protection:

1. Safety Belt: double harness full body safety belt was compulsory for work at height.

2. Safety Net: used for work at height.

3. Eye Washer Fountains: for first aid treatment in case of eye exposure.

Care of PPE’s:

� Each and every personal protective equipment was visual checked by the user for its

integrity before its use and, if any defects were observed, the concerned supervisor

had promptly informed and the defects were corrected or PPE replaced.

� All employees were familiarized themselves with different types of PPEs available in

at the site.

� When not in use, PPE’s were carefully stored in a designated place. It was not kept in

tool box where it was likely to be damaged or allowed it to laid in an open place where

it might have collect dust.

� PPE’s were stored in a safe place well covered, away from sunlight and dust.

� PPE’s were not used other than its purpose or was not tempered with any PPE’s.

7.2.2.2 DO’S AND DON’TS

Suitable notices / boards were displayed at several locations indicating appropriate

hazards warning as well as DOs and DON’T for ensuring operational and personal Safety

for information of workers / staff and visitors.

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Do’s:

1) Check the available construction material as per the job on hand required for all

stages.

2) Check for proper manpower available till the entire operation in over.

3) Each and every equipment including the stand-by should be in operable condition.

4) Familiarize the worker about what is the job on hand.

5) The worker or operator should have sufficient knowledge of the materials handling.

6) Ensure proper training of personnel.

7) Ensure sufficient numbers of safety devices are available.

8) Ensure the workers wear proper PPE of adequate grade.

9) Prepare and follow the safe work instruction.

10) Never work bare foot or without safety shoes.

11) Never use mobile phones in work zones.

12) Use only proper grade PPEs and use them properly.

Don’ts:

1) Without checking of construction material don’t use it as per the job on hand

required for all stages.

2) Don’t work without enough and proper man power.

3) Don’t use the equipments which are not in operable condition.

4) Don’t keep the workers under wraps about what is the job on hand.

5) Don’t let the worker / operator do the work having lack of sufficient knowledge of

the materials handled.

6) Don’t let the personnel do the work without giving proper training.

7) Don’t work without sufficient numbers of safety devices.

8) Don’t let the workers do work without wearing proper PPE of adequate grade.

9) Don’t breach the safe work instruction.

10) Don’t work bare foot or without safety shoes.

11) Don’t use mobile phones in work zones.

12) Do not use PPEs which are not relevant to the operational aspect that has been

identified.

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7.2.3 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

The overall objective of a disaster management plan/ Emergency Response Plan (ERR)

is to make use of the combined resources at the site and outside services to achieve the

following:

• To localize the emergency and if possible eliminate it;

• To minimize the effects of the accident on people and property;

• Effect the rescue and medical treatment of casualties;

• Safeguard other people

• Evacuate people to safe areas;

• Informing and collaborating with statutory authorities;

• Initially contain and ultimately bring the incident under control;

• Preserve relevant records and equipment for the subsequent enquiry into the

cause and circumstances of the

• Investigating and taking steps to prevent reoccurrence.

• It is therefore related to identification of sources from which hazards can arise and

the maximum credible loss scenario that can take place in the concerned area.

The Plan takes into account the maximum credible loss scenario-actions that can

successfully mitigate the effects of losses/ emergency need to be well planned so that

hey would require less effort and resources to control and terminate emergencies,

should the same occur.

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CHAPTER – 8

PROJECT BENEFITS

8.1 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The beneficial impacts of proposed project on the civic amenities are substantial after the

commencement of the bridge. Due to the expansion of bridge, traffic load on existing

bridges will be reduced and smooth transportation will take place. Due to this bridge

surrounding areas will be developed.

8.2 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

The project is created direct and indirect employment for which skilled and unskilled

manpower are needed. Secondary jobs are day-to-day needs and services to the work

force. These might have temporarily increased the demand for essential daily utilities in

the local market.

During construction of phase-I, around 50 nos. of manpower was engaged and for the

construction of phase-II, approx 45 nos. of manpower are expected. During operation

phase, around 05 nos. of manpower will be engaged for day to day maintenance work of

the bridge

Indirect Employment: During the construction phase of the bridge, indirect employment

is generated. Indirect employments like; Primary requirements, Grocery shops,

Residential requirements, Garments requirements, Transportation facilities etc due to

workers colony.

8.3 ENVIRONMENT

Bridge has the beneficial impacts on environment as due to bridge travel time and

distance between said area is significantly reduced, which will lead in reduction of fuel

consumption and reduce air pollution. Further it will reduce noise pollution in the

surrounding.

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CHAPTER – 9

ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Environmental cost benefit analysis was not recommended, hence it was not studded.

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CHAPTER – 10

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

10.1 DESCRIPTION OF EMP

Infrastructural development is associated with a few positive and negative impacts on the

environment. The negative impacts should not hinder Infrastructural development but

they should be properly mitigated. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was

prepared and followed for the expansion of bridge adjoining Athwa and Adajan area on

Tapi Estuary in Surat, Gujarat to minimize negative impacts and was formed on the basis

of prevailing environmental conditions and likely impacts of this project on various

environmental parameters. The plan is also facilitating monitoring of environmental

parameters.

This EMP includes schemes for proper scientific treatment and disposal mechanism for

air, liquid and solid pollutants. Apart from this, safety aspect of the workers, noise control

etc. was also included in it.

Purpose of Environmental Management Plan

Various purposes of the environmental management plan are listed below:

• To treat and dispose off all the pollutants viz. liquid, gaseous and solid waste so as to

meet statutory requirements (Relevant Pollution Control Acts) with appropriate way.

• To support and implement work to achieve environmental standards and to improve

the methods of environmental management.

• To encourage good working conditions for employees.

• To reduce accident hazards.

Details of Environmental Management Plan followed during Construction & Operation

Phase for is given below,

10.1.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

• Major impact on the air environment is due to various construction activities viz.

drilling, excavation etc. and during operation phase major impacts will be due to

transportation.

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• As a result concentration of air pollutants, particularly PM, NOx, CO, CO2 and

hydrocarbons (HC) might have increased due to construction activities.

• However, the levels of PM, NOx, CO, CO2 and Hydrocarbons were understood to

be well below the stipulated standards during the construction phase.

• Construction materials required to construct the bridge were transported through

covered trucks to avoid the mixing of particulate matters into air environment.

• Vehicles having PUC certificate were employed for the transportation of

construction work.

• D. G. Set was kept for emergency purpose for short duration. Adequate stack

height was provided for the better dispersion of flue gases. Thus, impact of DG set

emission would be negligible.

10.1.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT

• Construction activities for pillar include excavation, which might have increased

nutrient levels and the concentration of Suspended Solids (SS) in estuarine water,

which might have deposited at intertidal area and hampering the benthic

organisms.

• Dispersion of particulate matter in the water might have depleted DO and enhance

BOD of water during Phase-I and same will take place during Phase-II though

locally and temporarily.

• As these activities were temporary, the negative effects on the water quality were

short-termed and the original conditions were attained as soon as the construction

activities of pillars were terminated.

• Site engineer has monitored all the activities at site and managed for resources.

• Proper and sufficient sanitary facilities were provided to construction workers to

maintain all hygienic conditions at site.

• Domestic effluent was treated in septic tank and disposed through soak pit.

• Care had been taken during construction work & the project has not created any

obstruction/dips in the topography which led to accumulation of large amount of

water for a long period of time, which might have led to undesirable consequences

like health and hygiene problems, etc.

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10.1.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Following measures were implemented to mitigate adverse impacts:

• Construction machinery and vehicles were undergo periodic maintenance to kept

them in good working condition.

• All machineries used for construction purpose were of highest standard of reputed

make and compliance of noise pollution control norms by these equipments were

emphasized by the company.

• Feasibility of putting up acoustic enclosure / temporary barrier around areas with

high noise levels was explored and implemented.

• Appropriate PPEs like ear muffs etc. were provided to all construction workers

working in high noise areas and made to wear them during working hours.

10.1.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The construction phase of bridge would generate some temporary employment to the

local people. The convenience in approach due to the expansion of this bridge from

Adajan to Athwa is significant in terms of saving time and fuel. The control over traffic is

the major aspect due to construction of this bridge.

10.1.5 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Ecology







hence not open for public operation.

10.2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Following plan for occupational health and safety were adopted:

• All measures related to safety such as safety appliances, training etc. were

undertaken.

• The workers exposed to noisy sources were provided with ear muffs/plugs.

• Adequate facilities like safe for drinking water were provided.

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• Good hygiene was maintained at construction site.

• Domestic effluent was disposed in septic tank.

• The fire and safety equipment were properly utilized and maintained regularly.

• Housekeeping: Maintained hygienic conditions in near drinking water source and

toilets.

• First aid: a first aid box was provided.

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CHAPTER – 11

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

11.1 INTRODUCTION







hence not open for public operation.

Hence, the SMC realized the need of EIA study to be conducted and accordingly

approached En-vision Enviro Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (hereafter referred as En-vision) to

carry out EIA study for the purpose of post-facto approval for CRZ clearance. In view of

above the En-vision conducted EIA studies covering the aspects of marine ecology and

terrestrial environment during April, 2017.

11.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

11.2.1 PROJECT DETAILS

Total cost for the expansion of bridge will be 80.75 crore. After expansion, 4 nos. of lane

will be added to the existing bridge.

PHASE-I





(Upward direction from Adajan to Athwa)


4 Lane : Two

5 Year of Inauguration : 2018

6 Details of Bridge

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(iv) F.R.L. : R. L. 16.360 mtr.



1500mm/1200mm/1000 mm dia






(vi) Types Of

Expansion Joint

: Strip Seal Type






Deck Slab = M-45


Wearing Coat = M-30



11 Name of Project



12 Name Proof Check : R & B Designs Circle, Gandhinagar

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Consultant

13 CRZ area (Phase-I) :


CRZ

area

Length (m) in

respective CRZ

area

No of

pillars

and

Piles

Area (m2)

of the

bridge

falls in

CRZ area

Footprint

area of

bridge

(m2)

CRZ-IB

169.30

(151.3 at Adajan +

18 at Athwa)

3

and

18

1862.3 204.12

CRZ-II

173.46

(100 at Adajan +

73.43 at Athwa)

6

and

34

2026.48 318.87

CRZ-IVB 188.65

3

and

18

2075.15 204.12

Total 531.41

12

and

70

5963.93 727.11

PHASE-II





(Downward direction from Athwa to Adajan)


4 Lane : Two

5 Year of Inauguration : Work in progress

6 Details of Bridge








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(iv) F.R.L. : R. L. 16.360 mtr.



1500mm/1200mm/1000 mm dia






(vi) Types Of

Expansion Joint

: Strip Seal Type






Deck Slab = M-45


Wearing Coat = M-30



11 Name of Project



12 Name Proof Check

Consultant


13 CRZ area (Phase-II) :


CRZ

area

Length (m) in

respective CRZ

area

No of

pillars

and

Piles

Area (m2)

of the

bridge

falls in

CRZ area

Footprint

area of

bridge

(m2)

CRZ-IB

197.3

(179.3 at Adajan +

18 at Athwa)

4 and 21 2170.3 238.14

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CRZ-II

173.46

(100 at Adajan +

73.43 at Athwa)

6 and 31 2026.48 363.81

CRZ-IVB 192 3 and 18 2112 204.12

Total 562.76 12 and

70 6308.78 806.07

11.2.2 PROJECT REQUIREMENT

Water requirement &

its source

• Total water requirement during construction of phase-I was

around 40 KLD which was for construction activity and for

Domestic purposes. Same quantity (40 KLD) will be required

during phase-II construction.

• Required water is sourced through tanker suppliers by the

contractor for both the phases.

• During operation phase approximately 3.5 KLD water is

required and is sourced through tanker supplier.

Electricity

requirement & its

source

• Total power requirement during phase-I construction was

around 70 KW from State Electricity Board and D. G. Set was

provided for the emergency purpose.

• Power requirement during phase-II construction will be 70 KW

and D. G. Set will be provided.

• Total power requirement during operation phase will be

around 40 KW.

Manpower

requirements

• During construction of phase-I, around 50 nos. of manpower

was engaged and for the construction of phase-II, approx 45

nos. of manpower are expected.

• During operation phase, around 05 nos. of manpower will be

engaged for day to day maintenance work of the bridge.

11.2.4 WASTE WATER GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT

Approx 2 KLD domestic effluent was generated from the labour colony during

construction of phase-I which was disposed through septic tank and the same quantity of

domestic effluent will be generated during phase-II construction.

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11.2.5 AIR EMISSION AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES


Major sources of air pollution during the construction phase were due to drilling activities,

transportation and construction activities. All these activities lead to increase in

concentration of air pollutants, i.e. PM, NOx, CO and CO2, which were further added due

to increased vehicular traffic. However, the levels of PM, NOx, CO and CO2 were well

below the stipulated standards during the construction phase. Emission from D. G. Set

was minor and in negligible concentration.

During operation phase:

Emission from the vehicles will be the major source of air pollution during operation

phase.

11.2.6 SOLID WASTE GENERATION & DISPOSAL

During Construction, wastes like debris, concrete etc. were generated. During excavation

time for construction of pillars, excavated soil waste was generated, which was

stacked within the project site under tarpaulin cover and was reused for back‐filling

purpose, etc.

(ii) Municipal Solid Waste generated from labours campus 30 kg/day was disposed of at

MSW Disposal sites in the vicinity.

(iii) Used oil was generated due to use of DG sets and Diesel driven machines. The used

oil was disposed off to registered recycler.

During operation phase: ‐‐‐‐

Solid Waste Generated will be collected and disposed off to MSW Site.

11.3 STUDY PERIOD

The environmental quality was assessed during Pre-Monsoon Season i.e 1st April to 30th

April, 2017 in the study area of 10 km radius from the project site.

11.3.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

The baseline levels within the study area with respect to (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX and CO)

terms of various statistical parameters are presented in tables-3.3. During baseline

monitoring, the arithmetic mean values of PM10 varied between 78.0 - 85.0 µg/m3 while

the 98th percentile values of PM10 ranged between 79.0 – 86.0 µg/m3. The arithmetic

mean values of PM2.5 varied between 23.0 – 28.0 µg/m3 while the 98th percentile values

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of PM2.5 ranged between 24.0 – 29.0 µg/m3. The arithmetic mean value for SO2 was 12.7

– 15.0 µg/m3 and the 98th percentile of SO2 was 13.1 – 16.8 µg/m3. The arithmetic mean

values of NOx varied between 33.1-36.3 µg/m3 while the 98th percentile of NOX ranged

from 33.8 – 37.2 µg/m3. The arithmetic mean values of CO varied between 0.8-1.34

mg/m3 while the 98th percentile of CO ranged from 0.9 – 1.38 mg/m3.

11.3.2 PREVAILING MARINE ENVIRONMENT

The estuarine environmental quality is assessed based on estuarine dynamics, water

quality, sediment quality and flora and fauna of Tapi.

(A) Estuarine dynamics & Water Quality

11.3.2.1 Currents

The current meter was deployed for 4 days at station 4 which is towards downstream

around 1.7 km away from the bridge corridor. The current become sluggish with the

speed of 0 m/s during most of the time. However, the highest current of 0.96 m/s was

recorded which stays for a short duration. The average current speed at station 4 was

computed to be 0.38 m/s. Thus the upper reached of estuary remains with very low

water during most of the time. Thus it can be concluded that significantly low current in

the upper reaches of estuary does not allow the shore erosion significantly.

The data used for modeling for prediction of sediments transport is not collected exactly

from the bridge corridor, but it will give a rough idea of currents prevailing towards

upstream (around 1.7 km away from bridge corridor).

11.3.2.2 Temperature

The variation in temperature during present study was seen from 27.8 to 30.0 °C. The

highest temperature was recorded at station 7, which was in the middle reaches of

estuary. The lowest temperature was seen at station 10, which was towards the lower

reaches connected with coastal water. This trend of temperature clearly suggests the

spacial variation in the region. A slightly higher average temperature in the upper reaches

as compare to the location towards mouth region of the estuary (station 10) indicate that

the shallow water gets heated up faster than the deeper water of mouth region.

11.3.2.3 pH

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The average values of pH at different location indicate range of variation (7.4-8.2)

suggesting anthropogenic pressure on the ecology of Tapi.

11.3.2.4 Suspended solids

Concentration of SS ranges from 610 mg/l to 86 mg/l. This trend of variation in SS clearly

indicated that the turbid water due to high currents churning out the bed in mouth area of

estuary resulted in highest SS whereas the clear water in the upper reaches could be the

reason for lower value of SS.

11.3.2.5 Salinity

The significantly high variation in salinity (10.5-29.7 ppt) could be the typical

characteristics of Tapi estuary. The highest average value of salinity was recorded at

station 10 which could be due to coastal water during flood. The comparatively lower

values of salinity observed towards upper reaches might be due to influx of fresh water

overflowing from weir.

11.3.2.5 DO and BOD

DO:

Observed values of DO ranges from 0.5 to 5.2 mg/l, which indicates sever anthropogenic

pressure on the estuarine ecology of Tapi. Significantly lower concentration of DO was

recorded in the middle estuary as compared with lower reaches towards mouth of

estuary. The degradation of organic matter due to anthropogenic releases in the estuary

could be the reason for such a significant depletion in the concentration of DO.

BOD:

The markedly high concentration of BOD (2.6-116 mg/l, Avg 58.4 mg/l) particularly in the

upper reaches of estuary could be associated with anthropogenic releases in the region.

11.3.2.6 Nitrogen Compound

High nutrients level in terms of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia suggesting the anthropogenic

discharges in Tapi estuary. However, comparatively lower average values of these

nutrients recorded at station 10 could be due to offshore water diluting the nutrients level

during flood period. An elevated level of ammonia particularly in middle estuary could be

harmful to aquatic life due to excess ammonification.

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11.3.2.7 Phosphate

The highest concentration (28.3 µmol/l) of phosphate was recorded in the middle estuary

at station 5 whereas the lowest (2.6 µmol/l) was at station 10, which was located towards

the mouth region of estuary. This trend of variation of phosphate could be due to middle

estuary impacted by anthropogenic releases and mouth region influence by tidal water

diluting the phosphate level.

11.3.2.8 PHc and phenols

The average values of PHc are indicative of common variation in the estuary. The area of

proposed bridge corridor sustains lower values of PHc and phenol than that of upper

reaches of estuary. However, slightly high average values of PHc impress upon the idea

of anthropogenic releases in the estuary.

(B) Sediment Quality

11.3.2.9 Subtidal sediment

i. Heavy metals

The results of metals observed during present study reveal the normal level in the

estuary. A narrow range of variation in concentration of Cr (49-67 µg/g) is normal

and does not reveal any external input due to anthropogenic activities. As evident

in above table, the heavy metals like Al (4.2-6.5 %), Co (17-30 µg/g), Ni (28-41

µg/g) and Fe (5.1-7.1%) were those expected for the estuarine water. The

concentration of Cu (14-24 µg/g) was seen to be high in Tapi Estuary which could

be attributed to the discharges of wastewater from anthropogenic sources

(Textile). However, a wide variation in the concentration of Zn (59-137 µg/g) and

Mn (510-860 µg/g) could be associated with anthropogenic discharges in the

estuary. The level of mercury in study area was low (<0.01-0.02) and suggested

the region to be free from source of mercury discharge

ii. Carbon And Phosphorous

The concentration of organic carbon indicates significantly higher values (0.8-

1.4%) particularly in the middle of the estuary in the comparison of upper reaches

(0.4%) and lower reaches (0.7%). This trend of variation clearly indicates the

impact of releases of domestic waste water in the estuary.

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iii. Petroleum hydrocarbons

The variation of PHc is very low indicating no anthropogenic impact on its

concentration in the estuary.

11.3.2.10 Intertidal sediment

i. Heavy metals

The concentration of heavy metals like Al (6.1-7.5 %), Cr(60-72 µg/g), Co (17-30

µg/g), Mn (770-910 µg/g), Ni (38-42 µg/g), Zn(105-110 µg/g) and Cu (15-18 µg/g)

indicated the values on higher side which could be associated with anthropogenic

pressure on the sediment quality of Tapi. However, the level of mercury was

normal and revealed the variation from 0.01 to 0.02 µg/g in the intertidal area of

studied segment of Tapi.

ii. Carbon And Phosphorous

Observed value of Corg (0.2-0.4%) and P (160-260 µg/g) are again indicative of

impact due to anthropogenic releases in the estuary.

iii. Petroleum hydrocarbons

The concentration of PHc (0.1-0.3 µg/g) as evident in above table is normal and

indicates external input.

(C) FLORA AND FAUNA

11.3.2.11 Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton was studied in terms of biomass (pigments), population (cell count) and

genera during present study.

i. Phytoplankton pigments

The average concentration of chlorophyll a (1.4-3.8 mg/m3, Avg 2.1 mg/m3) is

indicative of normal production in the estuary. The values of phaeophytin were

higher than chlorophyll a resulting in poor ratios (<1) of chlorophyll a/phaeophytin.

Such structure of chlorophyll a in the middle estuary could be due to anthropogenic

impact on phytoplankton. Significantly poor ratio of chlorophyll a/phaeophytin at

station 10 suggested that the high SS load at bottom water was hindrance for

photosynthetic activities.

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ii. Phytoplankton population

Average Phytoplankton population in terms of cell count revealed a wide variation

(92.5 x 103/l to 290 x 103/l) in Tapi estuary. Highest cell counts were recorded at

station 10 which could be due to offshore water bringing phytoplankton species

towards mouth region of the estuary during high tide. The lowest cell count

recorded at station 3 during ebb period could indicate an impact of anthropogenic

releases in the estuary. The generic diversity of phytoplankton revealed a definite

trend of variation with the dominance of fresh water species (Leptocylindrus,

Actinastrum, Oscillatoria) towards upper reaches and coastal species (Navicula,

Biddulphia, Thalassiothrix) towards mouth of the estuary. Total of 21 genera

throughout the estuary during study period was observed.

11.3.2.12 Zooplankton

Zooplankton standing stock was studied in terms of biomass, population and total group

at stations 5-10 since other stations from 1-4 sustained shallow water.

The zooplankton standing stock in terms of biomass and population revealed a wide

variation (0.7-8.8 ml/100 m3) and (1.2 x 103- 81.2 x 103/100m3) respectively. The higher

values of biomass and population were recorded at station 10 which could be due to

offshore water pushing zooplankton group towards mouth region of the estuary during

high tide whereas the lowest biomass and population of zooplankton were recorded at

station 5 which could be associated with anthropogenic pressure in the middle estuary.

The Copepods, Chaetognaths, Fish larvae, Gastropods, Lamellibranchs, Decapod larvae,

Stamatopods and Isopods were the major groups of zooplankton recorded during the

study period. However, a total of 15 groups were recorded from estuary during the period

of study.

11.3.2.13 Macrobenthos

The subtidal macrobenthic standing stock revealed significantly poor biomass (0-0.06

g/m2, Avg 0.03 g/m2), population (0-40 x 103/100 m3, Avg 20 x 103/100 m3) and total

group (0-2, Avg 1) in middle reaches of estuary. Such a low level of standing stock of

subtidal macrobenthos could be due to impact of anthropogenic releases. The major

groups such as Brachyurans, Pelecypods, Polychaetes, Insects Larve and Brachyurans

were recorded in the estuary. The results revealed that a total of 10 macrobenthic fauna

were seen throughout the estuary during study period.

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11.3.3 BACKGROUND NOISE LEVEL

The noise level (Leq) at the project site was 62.2 dBA in daytime and 55.1 dBA in night

time. The noise levels (Leq) varied in the other locations of the study area during day time

[night time] in the range of 61.8.9 - 82.5 [52.5 - 71.8] dBA. The noise sources identified in

the study area are vehicular traffic and commercial activities.

11.3.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

There is no National park, wild life sanctuary present within the study area of 10 km

radius from the project site.

11.4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

11.4.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

An effort has been made to identify and assess various environmental and ecological

impacts due project during construction and operation phases. The corresponding

mitigation measures to take care of the adverse impacts are also discussed in following

sections.

11.4.2 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE & ITS MITIGATION MEASURES

Since, construction activities of bridge were carried out by adopting the standard

methods; the obstruction for natural flow was not expected significant. However, after the

completion of construction the back-filling was carried out to restore the original flow of

river water. The intertidal area was restored to its original contour. The overall impact was

temporary, short period and reversible in nature.

The excavation of bed for casting the pillars enhanced suspended solids (SS) in

Estuarine water, which might have depleted DO and enhanced BOD of water though

locally and temporarily. The excavation of bed might have enhanced nutrient level. Since,

these activities were temporary, the negative effects on the water quality were short-

termed and the original conditions were attainted.

The significant impact on sediment quality may not be expected.

The construction of bridge might have some potential negative impacts on flora and fauna

till the construction activities were continued. However these losses are temporary and

the macrobenthic fauna will recolonize after sometime.

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Impact on fishery


pressure of pollution due to domestic waste water and industrial effluents discharges into

it. These are the reasons that the estuary is poor for fishery production. Thus, the

potential negative impact on fishery during construction phase of bridge was not evident

except a minor and temporary adverse impact on mudskippers.

The workforce involved in construction of bridge and machineries were expected to

occupy an additional area of intertidal zone and might have polluted it. The work force

might have spread the garbage which was avoided by keeping the supervisory team to

keep the intertidal area clean. The work force needed the arrangement of sanitation

separately which allowed the intertidal area to be kept clean. Septic tank was provided for

the disposal of domestic waste water.

The drinking water facilities were also provided to workforce by restricting the area kept

for construction.

It was assessed that noise level due to this equipments was in the range of 70 - 85 dB(A)

at receptor point at associated work/construction area. The noise generated by the

construction equipments and heavy machineries might have caused minor impact on

human settlements as these were at a considerable distance from the construction sites.

The impacts due to noise of these equipments were local and temporary/short term as

well as negligible due to the efficient implementation of proper mitigation measures like

provision of Ear Protective Safety Equipment (ear plug & ear muff) for the personnel

exposed to high noise level. The noise level of these machineries / equipments was

minimized by proper lubrication, modernization, maintenance, muffling and provision of

silencers wherever possible.

During construction phase of the project, Major sources of air pollution during the

construction phase were due to drilling activities, transportation and construction

activities. All these activities lead to increase in concentration of air pollutants, i.e. PM,

NOx, CO and CO2, which were further added due to increased vehicular traffic. However,

the levels of PM, NOx, CO and CO2 were well below the stipulated standards during the

construction phase. Emission from D. G. Set was minor and in negligible concentration.

en-vιsι�n


11.4.3 IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE & MITIGATION MEASURES

The emission of green house gas is expected from traffic which is degrading the ambient

air quality but at minor and insignificant level. The noise level will be increased due to

movement of vehicles at the location of bridge. This will be compounded by noise and

light disturbances which will limit to some degree the natural patterns of species

movement within water courses at various spatial scales, depending on species life

stage, feeding and breeding requirements.

Roads will increase the extent of hardened surfaces in the catchments of the assessed

watercourses as well as result in the increased occurrence of point source surface water

discharges.

Road networks intercept, direct and concentrate flows that changes (increases) volume

and velocity of surface flows entering the watercourses. Increased hardened surfaces

within the catchment will result in a small increase in surface water runoff but more

importantly it will result in increased runoff velocities at discharge points that will become

areas at risk from erosion.

Traffic nuisance will be decreased after commissioning of the bridge. Reduced traffic load

on existing bridges will be resulted in smooth traffic movement and thus reducing

accident possibilities.

11.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

Periodic monitoring at every year will be undertaken for two years. If the results of these

monitoring do not show any alteration in estuarine ecology of Tapi, the monitoring will be

conducted alternate year. The results from each monitoring will be compared with the

baseline to identify changes for enabling corrective measures, if warranted.

11.6 RISK ASSESSMENT

The authority is very much aware of their obligation to protect all persons at work and

others in the neighbourhood who may be affected by an unfortunate and unforeseen

incidence occurring at the works. Any hazard either to employees or others arising from

activities at the project site shall, as far as possible, be handled by the personnel of the

project proponent and prevented from spreading any further. However in the case of

eventuality the Disaster Management plan was adopted, which was able to control the

situation.

11.7 CONCLUSION

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It can be concluded that on positive implementation of mitigation measures and

Environmental management plan during the construction & operational phase, there were

negligible impacts on the environment. The project in totality may be considered

environmentally safe.

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ANNEXURES

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SURAT MUNICIPAL CORPORATION, SURAT, GUJARAT A-1

ANNEXURE-I CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMALS 1981-2010 FOR SURAT STATION

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ANNEXURE-I (CONTD..) CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMALS 1981-2010 FOR SURAT STATION

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ANNEXURE-II NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS) (2009)

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ANNEXURE-III STATION WISE WATER MONITORING RESULTS Water Quality at Station 1

Parameter Ebb

(Surface)

Flood

(Surface)

Average

Temperature (0C) 29.7 29.5 29.6

PH 7.6 7.8 7.7

SS (mg/L) 86 105 95.5

Salinity (ppt) 10.5 12.0 11.25

DO (mg/L) 1.4 1.8 1.6

BOD (mg/L) 68.7 55.8 62.25

PO43- P (µMol/L) 5.6 4.7 5.15

TP (µMol/L) -- -- 0

NO3- - N (µMol/L) 26.8 20.4 23.6

NO2- - N (µMol/L) 2.1 0.8 1.45

NH4+ - N (µMol/L) 12.9 10.8 11.85

TN (µMol/L) 190 139 164.5

PHC (mg/L) 10.1 20.6 15.35

Phenol (mg/L) 12.5 26.0 19.025

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ANNEXURE-III (Contd..) STATION WISE WATER MONITORING RESULTS Water Quality at Station 2

Parameter Ebb

(Surface)

Flood

(Surface)

Average

Temperature (0C) 28.8 28.9 28.85

PH 7.5 7.6 7.55

SS (mg/L) 285 367 326

Salinity (ppt) 9.0 11.2 10.1

DO (mg/L) 1.8 1.5 1.65

BOD (mg/L) 85 67 76

PO43- P (µMol/L) 8.0 10.2 9.1

TP (µMol/L) -- -- --

NO3- - N (µMol/L) 21.0 22.6 21.8

NO2- - N (µMol/L) 2.1 2.7 2.4

NH4+ - N (µMol/L) 12.0 15.2 13.6

TN (µMol/L) 180 190 185

PHC (mg/L) 8.2 9.2 8.7

Phenol (mg/L) 16.0 16.1 16.05

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ANNEXURE-III (Contd..) STATION WISE WATER MONITORING RESULTS

Water Quality at Station 3

Parameter Ebb

(Surface)

Flood

(Surface)

Average

Temperature (0C) 29.1 29.0 29.05

PH 7.4 7.5 7.45

SS (mg/L) 320 460 390

Salinity (ppt) 12.5 13.4 12.95

DO (mg/L) 0.9 1.7 1.3

BOD (mg/L) 99 84 91.5

PO43- P (µMol/L) 14.8 12.9 13.85

TP (µMol/L) -- -- 0

NO3- - N (µMol/L) 29.0 19.9 24.45

NO2- - N (µMol/L) 3.8 0.9 2.35

NH4+ - N (µMol/L) 7.4 6.5 6.95

TN (µMol/L) 146 98 122

PHC (mg/L) 12.2 17.1 14.65

Phenol (mg/L) 30.1 21.0 25.55

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Parameter Ebb

(Surface)

Flood

(Surface)

Average

Temperature (0C) 29.2 29.1 29.15

PH 7.7 7.9 7.8

SS (mg/L) 310 360 335

Salinity (ppt) 11.8 14.6 13.2

DO (mg/L) 0.9 1.7 1.3

BOD (mg/L) 99 98 98.5

PO43- P (µMol/L) 15.0 13.10 14.05

TP (µMol/L) -- -- 0

NO3- - N (µMol/L) 26.8 20.2 23.5

NO2- - N (µMol/L) 1.0 2.1 1.55

NH4+ - N (µMol/L) 6.7 5.8 6.25

TN (µMol/L) 92 89 90.5

PHC (mg/L) 8.8 9.2 9

Phenol (mg/L) 12.0 12.2 12.1

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Parameter Ebb

(Surface)

Flood

(Surface)

Average

Temperature (0C) 29.2 29.1 29.15

PH 7.3 7.4 7.35

SS (mg/L) 340 490 415

Salinity (ppt) 11.5 16.8 14.15

DO (mg/L) 0.2 0.4 0.3

BOD (mg/L) 100 92 96

PO43- P (µMol/L) 27.2 29.4 28.3

TP (µMol/L) -- -- 0

NO3- - N (µMol/L) 2.7 2.1 2.4

NO2- - N (µMol/L) 0.4 0.5 0.45

NH4+ - N (µMol/L) 56.7 54.2 55.45

TN (µMol/L) 180 170 175

PHC (mg/L) 9.2 10.5 9.85

Phenol (mg/L) 11.0 13.0 12

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Parameter Ebb

(Surface)

Flood

(Surface)

Average

Temperature (0C) 29.7 29.5 29.6

PH 7.4 7.5 7.45

SS (mg/L) 495 520 507.5

Salinity (ppt) 17.7 18.2 17.95

DO (mg/L) 0.9 1.2 1.05

BOD (mg/L) 116 110 113

PO43- P (µMol/L) 23.1 24.9 24

TP (µMol/L) -- -- 0

NO3- - N (µMol/L) 7.2 4.9 6.05

NO2- - N (µMol/L) 1.1 1.4 1.25

NH4+ - N (µMol/L) 27.2 28.6 27.9

TN (µMol/L) 159 210 184.5

PHC (mg/L) 7.5 9.6 8.55

Phenol (mg/L) 21.0 18.9 19.95

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Parameter Ebb

(Surface)

Flood

(Surface)

Average

Temperature (0C) 30.0 29.8 29.9

PH 7.6 7.9 7.75

SS (mg/L) 120 190 155

Salinity (ppt) 18.20 19.4 18.8

DO (mg/L) 1.8 2.0 1.9

BOD (mg/L) 26.4 22.7 24.55

PO43- P (µMol/L) 4.8 2.9 3.85

TP (µMol/L) -- -- 0

NO3- - N (µMol/L) 10.2 8.9 9.55

NO2- - N (µMol/L) 0.9 0.6 0.75

NH4+ - N (µMol/L) 30.2 28.5 29.35

TN (µMol/L) 263.3 241.2 252.25

PHC (mg/L) 10.6 16.8 13.7

Phenol (mg/L) 16.5 29.6 23.05

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Parameter Ebb

(Surface)

Flood

(Surface)

Average

Temperature (0C) 29.9 29.7 29.8

PH 7.7 7.9 7.8

SS (mg/L) 310 320 315

Salinity (ppt) 20.7 22.0 21.35

DO (mg/L) 2.8 4.1 3.45

BOD (mg/L) 5.8 4.6 5.2

PO43- P (µMol/L) 5.6 2.8 4.2

TP (µMol/L) -- -- 0

NO3- - N (µMol/L) 26.8 14.5 20.65

NO2- - N (µMol/L) 2.1 5.2 3.65

NH4+ - N (µMol/L) 26.4 19.0 22.7

TN (µMol/L) 170.0 142 156

PHC (mg/L) 18.9 20.5 19.7

Phenol (mg/L) 24.5 26.2 25.35

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Parameter Ebb

(Surface)

Flood

(Surface)

Average

Temperature (0C) 29.3 28.5 28.9

PH 7.8 8.1 7.95

SS (mg/L) 310 540 425

Salinity (ppt) 22.9 23.5 23.2

DO (mg/L) 2.8 4.9 3.85

BOD (mg/L) 4.1 2.6 3.35

PO43- P (µMol/L) 2.6 5.9 4.25

TP (µMol/L) -- -- 0

NO3- - N (µMol/L) 26.9 21.7 24.3

NO2- - N (µMol/L) 3.1 3.7 3.4

NH4+ - N (µMol/L) 12.0 7.0 9.5

TN (µMol/L) 136 122 129

PHC (mg/L) 7.5 22.2 14.85

Phenol (mg/L) 26.2 12.4 19.3

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Parameter Ebb

(Surface)

Flood

(Surface)

Average

Temperature (0C) 27.8 28.5 28.15

PH 8.1 8.2 8.15

SS (mg/L) 480 610 545

Salinity (ppt) 28.8 29.7 29.25

DO (mg/L) 4.9 5.2 5.05

BOD (mg/L) 8.6 7.5 8.05

PO43- P (µMol/L) 2.1 3.10 2.6

TP (µMol/L) -- -- 0

NO3- - N (µMol/L) 7.9 8.5 8.2

NO2- - N (µMol/L) 2.5 2.7 2.6

NH4+ - N (µMol/L) 7.8 8.5 8.15

TN (µMol/L) 48.2 88.4 68.3

PHC (mg/L) 16.2 18.5 17.35

Phenol (mg/L) 32 44 38

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ANNEXURE-IV BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SAMPLES

(1) Range of phytopigments of different stations

Station

Chlorophyll a

(mg/m3)

Phaeophytin

(mg/m3)

Average Ratio of

Chlorophyll a/

Phaeophytin

S B S B S B

Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Flood

1 1.7 1.1 - - 1.9 0.9 - - 1.00 -

2 2.5 1.1 - - 1.6 1.0 - - 1.38 -

3 1.9 0.9 - - 1.8 1.1 - - 0.97 -

4 2.1 1.1 - - 1.8 1.5 - - 0.97 -

5 3.8 2.8 - - 3.9 3 - - 0.96 -

6 4.1 2.6 - - 4 3 - - 0.96 -

7 1.9 1.1 - - 2.1 0.8 - - 1.03 -

8 1.1 2 - - 1.5 1.8 - - 0.94 -

9 0.9 2.1 0.7 1.9 1.1 1.8 0.9 1.7 1.03 1.00

10 2.7 4.9 1.1 2.9 2.1 4.1 2.2 3.7 1.23 0.68

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ANNEXURE-IV (Contd..) BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SAMPLES

(2) Range of Phytopopulation at different stations

Station

Population (no x 103/l) Total

genera

(no)

Major groups (%) S B

Ebb Flood Ebb Flood

1 180 90 - - 12 Leptocylindrus, Actinastrum,

Oscillatoria

2 155 160 - - 10 Scenedesmus, Actinastrum,

Leptocylindrus

3 110 75 - - 11 Leptocylindrus, Fragilaria, Spirulina

4 160 111 - - 13 Leptocylindrus, Nitzschia,

Actinastrum

5 320 210 - - 14 Thalassiosira, Leptocylindrus,

Nitzschia


Nitzschia


Nitzschia

8 112 140 - - 12 Thalassiosira, Navicula,

Bacteriastrum

9 190 280 170 165 12 Thalassiosira, Peridinium,

Skeletonema

10 240 340 200 280 14 Navicula, Biddulphia,

Thalassiothrix

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(3) General distribution of phytoplankton during both the tides together.

Genera Station

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Leptocylindras + + + + + + + - - -

Nitzschia + + + + + + + - + +

Thalassionema + - - + - - + - - +

Thalassiosira - - + - + + + + + +

Cyclotella - + - + + - - + + +

Navicula + + - + - + - + + +

Bacteriastrum - + - + + - - + + -

Peridinium - - + - - - - + + +

Skeletonema - + - + + + + - + +

Oscillatoria + + + + + - - - - -

Spirulina + + + - - - - - - -

Surirella + - - - + + - + + -

Rhizosolenia - - + - - + + + + +

Planktonella + - - + + + - - - +

Thalassiothris - - + - - + + + + -

Gynosigma + + - + - + + + + +

Coscinocliscus - - + - + + - + - +

Actinastrum - + - + - - + - - -

Biddulptia - - + + + + - + + +

Fragilaria + - + + - - + - - -

Amphora + - - - + - + + - +

Scenedesmus - + - - - - - - - -

12 10 12 13 13 12 11 12 12 14

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(4) Range of Zooplankton standing stock at different stations

Station Biomass

(ml/100 m3) Population

(no x 103/100 m3) Total

groups Major groups (%)

1 * * * *

2 * * * *

3 * * * *

4 * * * *

5 0.7 – 1.1 1.2 – 14.2 5 – 7 Copepods, Chaetognaths, Fishlarvae

6 0.9 – 1.6 1.3 – 20.5 5 – 6 Copepods, Gastropods, Chaetognaths

7 1.2 – 4.6 1.3 – 36.2 6 – 7 Copepods, Lamellibranchs, Decapod



10 4.9 – 8.4 27.1 – 64.4 9 - 11 Copepods, Lamellibranchs, Chaetognaths

(5) Abundance of zooplankton at different stations

Genera Station

5 6 7 8 9 10

Copepods + + + + + +

Decapod + + + + + +

Chaetognaths + + - + + +

Gastropods - + - - + +

Lamellibranchs - - + + + -

Fish Larve + + - - + +

Fish eggs - + - - + -

Acetes Sp. + - - + - -

Mysids - - + - + +

Polychaetes + - - + - +

Isopods - - + + +

Meclusac - - + - - +

Stomatopods - - - + + +

Doliolum - - + - + +

Bivalves + - - - - -

Maximum no of

specimen 7 6 7 7 11 11

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(6) Macrobenthic standing stock at different stations

Station Biomass

(g/m2, wet wt) Population

(no/m2) Total genera group (no)

Major group

1* - - - - 2 0.02 – 1.4 35 – 82 1 – 3 Pelecypods 3 30 – 0.06 0 – 40 0 – 2 Polychaetes

4** - - - - 5 0 – 0.01 0 – 10 0 - 1 Insects Larve

6 0 – 0.02 0 - 10 0 - 1 Insects Larve

7** - - - -

8 0.02 – 0.04 20 - 40 2 – 3 Polychaetes, Insects Larve

9 0.02 – 0.04 25 – 36 1 – 2 Polychaetes

10 0.08 – 1.2 60 - 90 2 – 3 Brachyurans, Pelecypods

*: No sample due to shallow depth. **: No sample due to hard substratum (7) Subtidal Macrobenthic abundance

Genera Station

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Polychaetes - + + - - - - + + +

Brachyurans - - - - - - - - - +

Insects Larve - + - - + + - + - -

Pelecypods - + - - - - - + - +

Fish Larve - - + - - - - - - -

Penaeids - - - - - - - - + -

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(8) Intertidal macrobenthic standing stock at different stations

Transect Biomass

(g/m2, wet wt)

Population

(no/m2)

Faunal


T I 2.3 – 3.2 52 – 178 2 - 3 Polychaetes

T II 2.5 – 4.7 171 – 275 2 - 3 Brachyurans

T III 2.1 – 2.5 110 – 190 2 - 3 Pelecypods

T IV 0.9 – 2.1 60 – 200 2 - 3 Polychaetes,

Insects Larve

(9) Intertidal Macrobenthic faunal abundance

Genera Station

T - I T – II T - III T - IV

Polychaetes + + + +

Brachyurans - + - -

Pelecypods - - + -

Insects Larvae + - - +

Gastropods + - - +

Penaeids - + - -

Amphipods - - + -

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ANNEXURE-V CPCB RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMMUNITY NOISE EXPOSURE (1989) CATEGORY

OF AREA

Leq (dBA) (DAYTIME)

(0600 TO 2100 HRS)

Ldn (dBA) (NIGHT TIME)

(2100 TO 0600 HRS)

Industrial Area 75 70

Commercial Area

65 55

Residential Area 55 45

Silence Zone 50 40

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ANNEXURE-VI DAMAGE RISK CRITERIA FOR HEARING LOSS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY& HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA)

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DURATION PER DAY

(HOURS)

NOISE LEVEL (SLOW RESPONSE)

dBA

8 90

6 92

4 95

3 97

2 100

1.5 102

1 105

0.5 110

0.25 or Less 115

environmental impact assessment for expansion...

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