environmental impact assessment for borehole …€¦ · a major output of the eia process and a...

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FOR

BOREHOLE DRILLING PROJECT

OBITTO CHILDREN’S HOME

SOLOLO AREA , SOLOLO DISTRICT

MARSABIT COUNTY

* * * * *

Proponent:

Obitto Children’s Home

P.O Box 302- 60700

MOYALE

* * * * *

APRIL, 2018

Borehole Drilling for Obitto Children’s Home EIA Report

EIA April, 2017 , Page ii

GENERAL INFORMATION

PROJECT TITLE

Proposed borehole drilling project for Obitto Children’s Home

PROJECT LOCATION

The project is located in Sololo area located in Sololo Location, Sololo District, Marsabit County.

PROJECT VALUE

The projected value of the project is estimated at Kshs. 2,822,280.00 as detailed in the Bill of Quantities

in Appendix 1.

PROPONENT

Obitto Children’s Home

P.O Box 302- 60700

Moyale

Tel: 0722920562

PROPONENT’S APPROVAL

I………………………………………………..……………………………………………………of P.O.

Box 302- 60700 Moyale, has read the Environmental Impact Assessment Report and accepted the

findings and recommendations of the report. We accept the Environmental Management and Monitoring

Plan and will strive to fulfill its obligations.

Signature: _________________________

Date: _____________________________


EIA April, 2017 , Page iii

CERTIFICATE OF DECLARATION AND DOCUMENT AUTHENTICATION

I,…………………………………….(NEMA REG NO: …….) submit this report which has been prepared in

accordance with the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 and the Environmental Impact

Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2003 of the Kenya Gazette supplement No. 56 of 13th June 2003, Legal Notice

No. 101.

The report has been done with reasonable skills, care and diligence to bring out the true nature of the intended

development. The report was prepared based on the information provided by various stakeholders as well as that

collected from other primary and secondary sources. It is issued without any prejudice.

We hereby certify that the particulars provided in this study report are correct to the best of our knowledge.

Name: …………………………………NEMA EXPERT

Signature: ………………………………..

Date: ……………………………..………


EIA April, 2017 , Page iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Purpose and Scope of the Project

The purpose of the project is to assess the groundwater resources in the area and to ensure that

decisions on proposed borehole site meet the hydrogeological criterions for borehole drilling and

advice on the viability of drilling production a borehole that can be used to supply water for

domestic use for the Obitto Children’s Home. This necessitates the need for reliable and

sustainable source of water. It is for this reason that the proponent intends to drill a borehole in

the area as a source of water for domestic use.

Rationale and Methodology for conducting Environmental Impact Assessment

a) Rationale for Environmental Impact Assessment

The main objective of the EIA study was to identify the possible negative environmental impacts

that may result during the project’s construction, operation and decommissioning phases and

propose appropriate mitigation measures.

b) Methodology

The methodology involved both desk study (scoping) and fieldwork. During the scoping stage,

the potential impacts relevant to projects of this nature were identified and categorized. During

the actual fieldwork the consultant carried out field observations, informal and formal interviews,

and discussions/meetings with the beneficiary community members and relevant authorities. This

provided opportunities to stimulate the concerns of various stakeholders, as well as, solicit their

opinion on the mitigation measures.

The Environmental Impact Assessment Project Report of the proposed borehole is prepared in

accordance with section 58 of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA)

No.8 of 1999 and Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations (2003) that

requires that all enterprises and project must undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment. The

purpose is to predict all possible positive and negative impacts that the project may have on both

human and natural environment and suggest mitigation measures for the significant negative

impacts before the project is implemented.

This Environmental Impact Assessment was commissioned in March, 2018 by Obitto Childen’s

Home, (hereafter The Proponent) to assess the biophysical and human environments, including

negative and positive impacts of the proposed drilling of a borehole at Obitto Childen’s Home,

located in Sololo Location, Sololo District, Marsabit County.

To enhance long-term sustainability of water supply for the proponent’s reliable water supply

necessitates the need for developing the new borehole. The study has proposed adequate

mitigation measures for the identified adverse environmental impacts. A major output of the EIA

process and a component of this EIA Report are the Environmental Management and Monitoring

Plan, the benchmark for the implementation of the mitigating measures and monitoring the

environmental performance of the borehole.

This EIA took into consideration the existing environmental regulatory framework (Environment

Management and Coordination Act of 1999 and the Environmental (Impact Assessment and

Audit) Regulations of June 2003, Occupational Health and Safety Act (2007), The Water Act

(2002, 2016), environmental standards, and sustainable use of natural resources. The EIA


EIA April, 2017 , Page v

techniques and methodologies applied for this study have been adapted and refined from various

methodologies and case studies used for projects elsewhere without losing sight and focus on the

unique conditions and settings of the area. This EIA identified both positive and negative impacts

of the proposed project activities and it also suggests mitigation measures for the negative

impacts. The following two tables present the positive and negative impacts of the proposed

project:

Anticipated Positive Impacts

Project

Phase

Project

Component

Project Activities

Positive impact

Consultations with

community

-Inclusion of community concerns in the design

phase

Design and

planning

Borehole

development

Environmental Impact

Assessment

-Incorporation of environmental

considerations in the project

Construction

Borehole

development

Borehole drilling works -Employment creation

Water supply for

irrigation purposes

-Employment creation for the community

-Employment creation in maintenance of borehole

Operation

Borehole

development

-Increased supply of food produce especially

during the drought periods

-Reduction of relief food reliance in the area

Possible Negative Impacts and their Mitigation Measures

Project

Phases

Project

Component

Project

Activities

Possible Negative

Impacts

Proposed Mitigation

Measures

-Debris deposition -Ensure separation of biodegradable

and non biodegradable wastes

-Encourage use of recyclable

materials

-Provide adequate waste collection

bins at the site

Alteration of natural

landscape/disruption

of harmony of

nature

Emphasize on minimal disturbance

of natural landscape

Accidents and other

occupational health

-Provide workers with Protective

Personal Equipment (PPEs)

-Ensure occupational safety

measures are upheld, including a

First Aid Box

-Train workers on occupational

health and safety

Construction

Borehole

development

Actual

borehole

drilling

works

Air pollution from

fuel emissions

-Ensure efficiency of drilling

equipment through regular checks

and maintenance

-Keep gasoline usage at a minimum

Operation

Phase

Borehole

Development

Water

supply

within the

organization

Disposal of wastes

near borehole

-Install sanitary seals during

borehole construction

-Monitor water quality periodically

-Erect a fence around the borehole


EIA April, 2017 , Page vi

Possible

Over exploitation/

depletion of ground

water resource

-Monitor water levels

-Ensure efficiency in water use by

the proponent

-Observe WRMA guidelines on

abstraction

Degradation of the

water aquifer

-Protection of the catchment areas

to improve infiltration of the runoff

through control of soil erosion.

Land Degradation

due to high influx of

livestock and

artificial settlement

near the water

source.

-Protection of the soil by

construction of trough so as to

control the movement of the

animals and people around the

water point.

- Planting of trees around the water

point to maintain/improve the

aesthetic value of the land

Project Cost

The Total Project Cost for the drilling of the 8” diameter borehole for the project is estimated at

Kshs. 2,822,280.00 as detailed in the Bill of Quantities in Appendix 1.

Conclusion

This report concludes that the proposed borehole will have insignificant adverse environmental

impacts which will be adequately mitigated against. In addition, foreseeable potential impacts

will be forestalled before they occur thereby considerably limiting future environmental damage

and ensuring the existence of a clean and healthy environment, as spelt out in the Kenyan

constitution. Therefore, it is important that the mitigation and monitoring measures

recommended in the report are incorporated in the implementation and operation design process.

The drilling contractor and the supervising hydrogeologist should ensure that the mitigation

measures proposed for the construction phase are adhered to while the proponent is responsible

for subsequent monitoring as proposed by the EMP.

Accordingly, as per Section 58 of EMCA and Part II, 10(2) of Environmental (Impact

Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003, we recommend that Obitto Children’s Home be

issued with an Environmental Impact Assessment License for the Borehole Development in

Sololo Area located in Sololo Location, Sololo District, Marsabit County, Kenya.


EIA April, 2017 , Page vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................1

1.1. BRIEF ON THE ASSIGNMENT ....................................................................................................................................1 1.2. PURPOSE ...................................................................................................................................................................1 1.3. TERMS OF REFERENCE AND SCOPE OF WORKS......................................................................................................1

1.3.1. Scope of works - Environmental Impact Assessment........................................................................................1 1.3.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................2

1.4. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED ......................................................................................................................................2 1.4.1. Scoping Stage ......................................................................................................................................................2 1.4.2. Fieldwork/Assessment Stage...............................................................................................................................3 1.4.3. Environmental Management Planning Stage ....................................................................................................3 1.4.4. Public Participation.............................................................................................................................................3

2. LEGAL AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ...........................................................................................................4

2.1. THE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION ACT, 1999 ...................................................................4 2.2. THE WATER ACT 2002.............................................................................................................................................4 2.3. THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT (2007)........................................................................................4 2.4. WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS LEGAL NOTICE NO. 120 OF 29TH SEPTEMBER 2006 ........................................5 2.5. THE AGRICULTURE ACT, CAP 318 .........................................................................................................................5 2.6. OTHER LEGISLATION...............................................................................................................................................5

3. APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................................6

3.1. SCOPE OF WORK ......................................................................................................................................................6 3.2. STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................6

3.2.1. The Environmental Impact Assessment Approach ............................................................................................6 3.2.2. Desk Study and Preparatory Tasks.....................................................................................................................6 3.2.3. The EIA Process..................................................................................................................................................7

3.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................8 3.4. EXPECTED OUTPUTS ................................................................................................................................................8 3.5. LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................................9 3.6. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE..............................................................................................................................9 3.7. CLIMATE ..................................................................................................................................................................9 3.8. VEGETATION ..........................................................................................................................................................10 3.9. SURROUNDING LAND USE ......................................................................................................................................10 3.10. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE .....................................................................................................................................10

4. GEOLOGY .....................................................................................................................................................................12

4.1. REGIONAL GEOLOGY.............................................................................................................................................12 4.2. GEOLOGY OF THE INVESTIGATED AREA...............................................................................................................12

4.2.1. Red Sandy Soils .................................................................................................................................................12 4.2.2. Black, Dark brown and greyish white soils ......................................................................................................12 4.2.3. Basement System Rocks ....................................................................................................................................12 4.2.4. Gneisses .............................................................................................................................................................12

4.3. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................13

5. HYDROGEOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................................15

5.1. REGIONAL HYDROGEOLOGY.................................................................................................................................15 5.2. EXISTING BOREHOLES ...........................................................................................................................................15

5.2.1. Specific Capacity ...............................................................................................................................................16 5.2.2. Transmissivity....................................................................................................................................................16 5.2.3. Hydraulic Conductivity .....................................................................................................................................17 5.2.4. The Storage Coefficient ....................................................................................................................................17 5.2.5. Ground Water Movement..................................................................................................................................17 5.2.6. Recharge............................................................................................................................................................17 5.2.7. Groundwater Discharge....................................................................................................................................18

5.3. FIELDWORK AND RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................18 5.4. PROJECT COST .......................................................................................................................................................18

6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION...............................................................19


EIA April, 2017 , Page viii

6.1. OVERVIEW..............................................................................................................................................................19 6.2. POPULATION DENSITY ...........................................................................................................................................19 6.3. INFRASTRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................................................19 6.4. COLLATING STAKEHOLDERS.................................................................................................................................19

6.4.1. Key Findings of the Stake Holder Consultation...............................................................................................19 6.5. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND THE PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................20 6.6. RISKS ASSESSMENT................................................................................................................................................20

7. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES.......................................................................................................................................21

7.1. OVERVIEW..............................................................................................................................................................21 7.2. ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES...........................................................................................................................21

7.2.1. Status Quo .........................................................................................................................................................21 7.3. NO ACTION’ ALTERNATIVE ...................................................................................................................................21 7.4. DRILLING TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................22

8. ASSESSMENT, EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS ..........................................................................23

8.1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................23 8.2. ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS...........................................................................................................................................23

8.2.1. Positive Impacts.................................................................................................................................................24 8.2.2. Negative Impacts ...............................................................................................................................................24

9. PROJECT MITIGATION MEASURES FOR POSSIBLE NEGATIVE IMPACTS ..............................................29

9.1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................29 9.2. HEALTH EFFECTS ..................................................................................................................................................29

9.2.1. Contamination of the Water Source/Supply.....................................................................................................29 9.2.2. Ground Water Contamination ..........................................................................................................................29 9.2.3. Water Quality Training.....................................................................................................................................29 9.2.4. Soil Contamination ...........................................................................................................................................29 9.2.5. Air Pollution Causing Airborne Diseases ........................................................................................................30 9.2.6. Debris Deposition during Construction Works ................................................................................................30 9.2.7. Possible Injuries to Workers during Construction...........................................................................................30 9.2.8. Improvement of Management and Water Point Protection.............................................................................30

9.3. GROUNDWATER DEPLETION .................................................................................................................................30 9.4. BASIC CONSIDERATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION .............................................................................30 9.5. PROTECTION OF WATER SOURCE AND ITS WATER QUALITY..............................................................................31 9.6. WATER CONSERVATION ........................................................................................................................................31

9.6.1. Groundwater......................................................................................................................................................31 9.7. LOSS OF HABITAT ..................................................................................................................................................31 9.8. MODIFIED HYDROLOGY ........................................................................................................................................32 9.9. TEST PUMPING OF COMPLETED BOREHOLE.........................................................................................................32

10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN.....................................................................33

10.1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................33 10.2. THE PROPONENT....................................................................................................................................................33

11. DECOMMISSIONING PHASE....................................................................................................................................36

12. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................37

13. REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................................................38


EIA April, 2017 , Page ix

LLIISSTT OOFF FFIIGGUURREESS

Figure 1: Rainfall data from a station in Moyale .....................................................................................10

Figure 2: General Location Map of the Investigated Area .................................................................11

Figure 3: Geological Map of the Study Area ........................................................................................14

LLIISSTT OOFF TTAABBLLEESS

Table 1: Anticipated Impacts Identified During the Scoping Stage....................................................3

Table 2: Boreholes Close to the Investigated Site.................................................................................16

Table 5: Potential Negative Impacts and the Proposed Mitigation Measures...................................20

Table 6: Impacts Significance Table......................................................................................................27

Table 7: Possible Positive Impacts .........................................................................................................27

Table 8: Possible Negative Impacts .......................................................................................................28

Table 9: Summary of Mitigation Measures for Possible Adverse/ Negative Impacts.......................32

Table 10: Summary of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Adverse Impacts..34

LLIISSTT OOFF AAPPPPEENNDDIICCEESS

Appendix 1: - Bill of Quantities of the Borehole.....................................................................................ii

Appendix 2: Land Ownership Documents ............................................................................................iii

Appendix 3– Consultant’s Nema Certificate .........................................................................................iv

Appendix 4:– Key Informants and their Observations .........................................................................v

Appendix 5: Field Photographs..............................................................................................................vii

Appendix 6: Sketch Map .......................................................................................................................viii


EIA April, 2017 , Page x

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

M amsl Metres above Mean Sea Level

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

EMCA Environment Management and Coordination Act

NEAP National Environment Action Plan

NEMA National Environment Management Authority

NRM National Resource Management

KRCS Kenya Red Cross Society

PPEs Protective Personal Equipments

TOR Terms of Reference

WRMA Water Resources management Authority

DTH Down The Hole Hammer, (rotary drilling method)

EU European Union

TDS Total dissolved Solids

UN United Nations

UNEP United Nation Environmental Programme

UNCEF United Nations Children Fund

WHO World Health Organization

WRM Water Resource Management

IDP Internally Displaced Persons

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aquifer: A geological formation or structure which transmits water and which may supply

water to wells, boreholes or springs.

Confined: Confined aquifers are those in which the piezometric level, or the water rest level, is

higher (i.e., at a greater elevation relative to sea level) than the elevation at which the

aquifer was encountered.

Recharge: The general term applied to the passage of water from surface sources (i.e., from

rivers or rainfall) into the groundwater store.

Unconformable: The representation in physical geology (i.e. in the rock record) of a break in the

ordered succession of rocks.


EIA April, 2018, Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Brief on the Assignment

The proponent, ‘Obitto Children’s Home’ intends to drill a borehole within Sololo area, located

in Sololo Location, Sololo District, Marsabit County. The borehole will be used to supply water

for domestic use by Obitto Children’s Home.

This Environmental Impact Assessment was commissioned in March 2018 by the proponent to

assess the biophysical and human environments, including negative and positive impacts of the

proposed borehole project.

The study has proposed adequate mitigation measures for the identified adverse environmental

impacts. The major outputs from the EIA process and a component of this EIA Report are; the

Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan, the benchmark for the implementation of the

mitigating measures and monitoring the environmental performance of the borehole.

The EIA did not only concentrate on establishing impacts of the proposed impacts but also

considered the surrounding environs, and the long-term effects of these activities on

environmental and socio-economic conditions of the investigated area.

This EIA took into consideration the existing environmental regulatory framework: Environment

Management and Coordination Act of 1999 and the Environmental (Impact Assessment and

Audit) Regulations of June 2003, Water Act (2002), environmental standards, and sustainable

use of natural resources. The EIA techniques and methodologies applied for this study have been

adapted and refined from various methodologies and case studies used for projects elsewhere

without losing sight and focus on the unique conditions and settings of the area.

1.2. Purpose

The purpose of the project is to get accessibility of water to Obitto Children’s Home in Marsabit

County. There is inadequate water supply mainly relying on rock catchment and supply by

donkeys within the Children home. It is for this reason that the client intends to drill a borehole

in the area to assist in supplying water for the proposed irrigation project.

The present Environmental Impact Assessment has been conducted as per the requirement by the

Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999) which makes it mandatory that such a

project undergoes Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The Terms of Reference are as per

the Environmental (Impact and Audit) Regulations Legal Notice 101 (2003).

1.3. Terms of Reference and Scope of Works

The environmental consultants as stipulated under the Environmental Management and

Coordination Act were commissioned by the proponent to undertake an Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) for the intended drilling project and prepare a project report for further

examination by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), and subsequent

authorization to implement the project or rejection.

1.3.1. Scope of works - Environmental Impact Assessment

The objectives o f the survey were to;

Conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment identifying both positive and negative

impacts and advising on the appropriate mitigations during construction and operations.

Collect baseline socio-economic data of the project area and potential impact expected

from project construction, implementation and operation.

Develop an Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP) during construction and



operation and present plans to minimize, mitigate, or eliminate negative effects and

also describe how this plan will be implemented.

Identify and contact stakeholders, facilitate public consultation and meetings at an

appropriate time in the assignment schedule.

Gather and provide any other data and information that will be useful for the envisioned

project.

Present final report and obtain license from NEMA as per EMCA requirement.

Obtain an Environmental Impact Assessment License from NEMA. The assignment shall

be complete upon receipt of the license by the client.

1.3.2. Methodology

The guidelines to conducting an EIA as per the Environmental (Impact and Audit) Regulations

Legal Notice 101 (2003) were also put into consideration during the EIA process.

Accordingly, the EIA shall include but not be limited to the following:

a. The nature of the project;

b. The location of the project including the physical area that may be affected by the

project's activities;

c. The activities that shall be undertaken during the project construction, operation,

commissioning and/or decommissioning phases;

d. The design of the project;

e. The materials to be used, products and by-products, including waste to be generated by

the project and the methods of their disposal;

f. The potential environmental impacts of the project and the mitigation measures to be

taken during and after implementation of the project;

g. Environmental management plan which will enforce the recommended mitigation

measures against any negative environmental impact brought about by the project;

h. The project budget; and

i. Any other information the Authority may consider necessary.

The scope of the present study was to:

Describe nature of the project, location and rationale.

Describe the pertinent policies, legislation, regulations and standards governing

environmental quality at national and international levels.

Identify potential positive and/or negative environmental impacts and of the project;

Propose environmental mitigation plan to minimize those negative impacts

Develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

1.4. Methodology Adopted

1.4.1. Scoping Stage

The purpose of the scoping stage was to identify at an early stage what key receptors, impacts

and project alternatives to consider, what methodologies to use, and who to consult. It included:

reviewing existing data, topographical maps and existing studies and borehole site investigations

in the area. Hydrogeological reports and maps were also reviewed. Consultation with the

proponent and other major stakeholders in the project area was necessary. Following the scoping

process, anticipated impacts were evaluated on each of the environmental issues. The impacts

that were found to be of most significant to this project are presented table 1.



Table 1: Anticipated Impacts Identified During the Scoping Stage

Impacts During Construction Phase Impacts During Operation Phase

a) Impacts on Health of Drilling crew and the

surrounding community

a) Impacts on groundwater quantity and quality

b) Impacts on soil, land and biodiversity b) Impacts on socio-economic activities of the

proponent

c) Impacts on air quality

1.4.2. Fieldwork/Assessment Stage

This included a site survey of the project area, assessment of existing water supply with respect

to demand, current land uses and the general proponent’s site set up. Alternative water sources,

project location and drilling technology including the ‘No Action’ alternative were evaluated, the

findings of which are included in this report. This was followed by inspection of geological,

geomorphological and structural characteristics of the soils and rocks and verification of existing

data and findings.

1.4.3. Environmental Management Planning Stage

Following identification of the nature and scale of potential impacts of the proposals, the ability

of these impacts to be reduced or eliminated was considered. This involved the development of

suitable mitigation measures which included recommendation of design and technology or

additional protection measures. The preparation of an environmental plan to implement

mitigation measures and monitoring recommendations as per EMCA (1999) was also been

undertaken.

1.4.4. Public Participation

As required by the Kenyan laws that govern the EIA process, public participation forms an

important part of this report. The public participation was accomplished through administration

of semi-structured questionnaires to the community members as well as informal interviews. The

aim of the public participation was to enlighten the community on the upcoming borehole

drilling project as well as get their opinion and concerns in regard to the same. The results are

presented in later chapters and attached questionnaires.



2. LEGAL AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1. The Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999

The Environment Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA), 1999, is the legislation that

governs EIA studies. The preparation of the project report seeks to fulfill the requirements of the

EMCA. As provided under section 58 of the Environment Management and Coordination Act

(EMCA) No.8 of 1999 and the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulation, 2003, it

is required that all new enterprises and projects undergo Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA). With the introduction of the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations,

2003 issued through Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 56 of 13th

June 2003, the submission of

environmental reports became mandatory. According to these regulations, no proponent shall

implement a project likely to have a negative environmental impact or for which an EIA is

required under the Act or the Regulations, unless an EIA has been concluded and approved in

accordance with the regulations. The Second Schedule of EMCA describes the types of activities

or projects that require EIA license. As such, the first step in the application for an EIA license is

the submission of a Project Report in the required format, detail, and with the prescribed fee.

The Act empowers NEMA with the purpose of exercising general supervision and coordination

over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of the government

in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment. It establishes the right to a clean

and healthy environment and empowers individuals to enforce environmental rights and contains

provision for EIA/ EA. It was established that the proponent is committed to adhering to the

provisions of the EMCA act. Testament to this is provided by the preparation of this report.

In addition to the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, legislations pertinent to this

report on a national level are outlined below.

2.2. The Water Act 2002

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation is vested with the duty to conserve and regulate the use of

natural water resources (estuarine, surface, groundwater and marine). The Water Act 2002 passed

on the 25th

October 2002 repeals the Water Act (CAP. 372). The new Act provides for the

management, conservation, use and control of water resource, providing regulatory and

management measures for the supply of water services. The Act also has strict guidelines on

water abstraction from rivers or watercourses and groundwater pertinent to large-scale irrigation

projects. All this is aimed at ensuring affordable and sustainable water use for all Kenyans.

2.3. The Occupational Health and Safety Act (2007)

The act makes provision for the health, safety and welfare of persons employed in factories and

other places of work. The provisions require that all practicable measures be taken to protect

persons employed in a factory from dust fumes or impurities originating from any hazardous and

non- hazardous wastes, which may arise at a project site.

For development such as construction projects the Act is important, as it requires project

proponents to have adequate management procedures of occupational safety and health at the

work places. For safe construction works, the contractor and project managers should ensure the

following:

Provision of personal protective equipment (PPE), fire safety, electrical safety, and other

precautions essential for safe construction work.

Provision of physical barriers and solid separators (dust barriers, hazard barriers,

temporary walkways, among others, as explained in the extract of the act.)



Inspection of the construction equipment to ensure that they are in good working

condition before beginning a job. In addition, the proponent will ensure that regular

inspections and maintenance of the equipment are conducted accordingly.

2.4. Water Quality Regulations Legal Notice No. 120 of 29th September 2006

The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) regulations, 2006, stipulates

and emphasize on the water quality, as regards to human/animal consumption. It clearly spells

out what constitutes contravention of this act, such as in protection of sources of water supply, of

which this project falls in.

2.5. The Agriculture Act, CAP 318

The Agriculture Act provides legislative control over soil conservation and land development.

The clearing of vegetation in steep slope areas or adjacent to water courses, without

authorization, is forbidden.

2.6. Other Legislation

Other legislation pertinent to the operation of a project is listed below. However, these other acts

relate to employment and contractual conditions, rather than to the environmental dimensions of

the work operations.

The Employment Act Cap 226

The Workmen’s Compensation Act Cap 236

The Trade Union Act Cap 223

The Trade Dispute Act Cap 234

The National Hospital Insurance Act Cap 255

The National Social Security Fund Act Cap 258

The Industrial Training Act Cap 237

The Regulation of Wages and Conditions of Employment Act Cap 229

Building Code, The Local Government (Adoptive By-Laws), (Building) Order 1968

In addition, the international community recognizes the inter-relatedness of poverty and the

environment, and views environmental quality as a key factor for achieving sustainable

development. These include the goal number seven of the United Nations Millennium

Development Goals (2000), which highlights the need to ensure environmental sustainability to

efficiently combat poverty and support sustainable development.

Moreover, developing and industrialized countries have ratified various multilateral agreements

that recognize the need for trans-boundary cooperation on regional and global environmental

issues including:

The Kyoto Protocol on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification,

The Convention on Biological Diversity, among others.



3. APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. Scope of Work

This EIA aimed at performing the following tasks:

1. Description of the proposed boreholes drilling activities,

2. Compliance of the project’s activities to Government environmental policies, controls,

quality standards and environmental offences as contained in the Environment

Management and Coordination Act, of 1999,

3. Evaluation of project alternatives,

4. Identification of potential environmental impacts and risks in the project area,

5. Proposing ways in which potential adverse environmental impacts, if any, will be

avoided, minimized, mitigated or compensated.

6. Preparation of an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan taking into

consideration the reviewed environmental policy framework and guidelines, indicative

implementation timelines and the capacity of borehole drilling proponents to implement

corrective action plans.

3.2. Study Approach and Methodology

3.2.1. The Environmental Impact Assessment Approach

This EIA was undertaken using two main approaches, which included:

(i) Desk study

(ii) Site visits.

3.2.2. Desk Study and Preparatory Tasks

This involved compilation of available data and literature covering bio-physical and human

environments of the project area. Various documents and previous study reports such as the

borehole data were consulted. Review of literature on environmental, socio-economic and bio-

diversity data in the project area was conducted to identify the imperative baseline data in the

project area. The major elements of the environment captured included: geology, topography,

soils, and surface water resources.

The following was tackled under the desk study:

Review of relevant Kenyan environmental legislations including those related to

occupational health and safety and the relevant international conventions. The legislation

reviewed included: the National Environmental Action Plan Process (NEAP); the

Environmental Management and Coordination Act. 1999 (EMCA); The Environmental

(Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003; The Public Health Act Cap.242;

The Trust Land Act, Cap.288; The Land Planning Act, Cap.303; The Water Act, 2002.

The National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation Order, Legal Notice No.270

of 1988 and Legal Notice No.42 of 1989; and the Physical Planning Act. 1996.

Review of literature on environmental, socio-economic and biodiversity data so as to

identify the imperative baseline data in the project area. The major elements of the

environment captured included: geology, topography, soils, surface water resources,

terrestrial communities (including both flora and fauna) and environmentally sensitive

areas. The socio-economic data included information on land use, livelihoods, and

impacts on the proposed borehole drilling activities, particularly as perceived by the

beneficiary households/community and borehole owners.



3.2.2.1. Site Visits

Informant Interviews- The informant interviews were aimed at gathering information and

entailed field visits, interviews, discussions and collection of opinion from selected organization

and beneficiary community members. Data obtained from their response was analyzed and

conclusions and recommendations made based on their opinions.

Environmental Site Visits, Transect Walks and Direct Observation- this was aimed at giving

the study team the opportunity for hands on experience on how the operations will be carried out,

where the facilities will be situated, how the various components will operate etc. It was also

useful in having an insight into the environmental conditions of the area under focus.

3.2.3. The EIA Process

The EIA process involved the following:

3.2.3.1.Environmental Screening

General screening was done in order to generate a description of the problem, the project

objectives and activities and the involved parties. It defined the extent to which the EIA would be

required and a realistic range of alternatives for further consideration. Screening was based on

factors such as ability of the technology to meet the project objectives, resource availability and

suitability, and the broad environmental and economic acceptability.

3.2.3.2.Environmental Scoping

To identify key issues, scoping involved consultation between the project proponent and the

consultant. This was followed by consultation with all concerned parties after determination of

the parameters of the consultation process.

By determining the scope systematically, the assessment focused on the important environmental

issues and risks. Scoping helped to start with actions, and work outwards and enhanced:

Identification of social significance of the various project impacts

Establishment of the agenda for the EIA, agreed by all concerned

Translation of the agenda into a work programme and agreed by all concerned

Terms of Reference relevant to the study

Identification of key policy, legal and institutional parameters for the study

3.2.3.3.Collection and Review of Basic Data

Basic data collected included, those related to biodiversity of the study area; its environmental

settings and socio-economic conditions. Collection of this data involved the review of relevant

literature and documents; site visits to the project area, direct observations, transects and

interviews with the beneficiary community. The study team also undertook a review of the

available data on water infrastructure, ecosystem, soil characteristics and vegetation distribution

within site and its immediate environs.

3.2.3.4.Identification of impacts

The key tool for the identification of existing impacts was through discussions with the

proponents and the immediate/surrounding neighbors and site visits. Brainstorming among the

study team members after careful review of the proposed activities also aided in the identification

of impacts.



3.2.3.5.Prediction of impacts

Prediction of impacts involved characterizing the impact causes and effects and their

consequences on the physical, biological and the human environment. This was achieved through

expert judgments, referencing of necessary literature and brainstorming among the members of

the study team.

3.2.3.6.Evaluation of Impacts

Evaluation of adverse impacts was deemed necessary to determine whether they are significant

enough to warrant mitigation. To achieve this, the study team reviewed relevant literature

(comparison with laws, regulations and standards, consistency of project objectives with

government policy); and brainstorming sessions among the study team guided by the collected

data. Consultations and disclosures with key stakeholders were also held. The evaluation of

impacts was based on a criterion that took into account the following parameters:

Magnitude- refers to the absolute or relative change in the size and value of an

environmental feature

Direction- will the impact generate a beneficial or negative change?

Extent- will the impact affect a small, medium or large area?

Duration- the period over which an impact will be felt. Is it short-term or long-term?

Reversibility- the permanence of the impact. Is the impact reversible particularly for

negative ones?

Likelihood of occurrence- the possibility of the impact occurring as predicted.

The main concern here was the influence of the identified impacts on the above parameters. This

influence was determined by analyzing the score.

3.2.3.7.Identification of Mitigation Options and Preparation of an Environmental

Management and Monitoring Plan

In identifying the mitigation options, the study team explored strategies to prevent, reduce, or

compensate the adverse impacts already identified and analyzed. The tools applied here included

review of literature and similar case studies done elsewhere, value judgments, and brainstorming

sessions with both technical and non-technical experts.

3.3. Objective of the Assessment

The objective of the assessment is to provide better understanding of the positive and negative

impacts that the proposed drilling activities might have in the area and proposing an enhanced

strategic approach to mitigate negative impacts and identify opportunities for environmental

improvement in the area in close proximity of the investigated area.

In this regard, particular emphasis was placed in the proposed drilling of the borehole within

Sololoi area in Sololo Location of Marsabit County.

3.4. Expected Outputs

The output of this EIA is an Environmental Impact Assessment Project Report containing:

Executive summary of findings

Description of the project activities

Evaluation of activity-impact identification and formulation of recommended mitigation

measures

Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan



Conclusions and Recommendations

3.5. Location

The investigated area is located in Sololo area, Sololo Location, Sololo District, Marsabit County.

The Coordinates of the site are Latitude 03°33'11.6'' and Longitude 038°39'32.0'' at an altitude of

1580 m amsl. The investigated site is located 8 km off Marsabit – Moyale road.

3.6. Physiography and Drainage

The site lies at an altitude of about 1580m amsl, at the footsteps of the hilly/mountainous

topography that extends from Ethiopia hills. The entire Sololo area lies on a flat featureless plain

that is intercepted by inselbergs extending from the hilly Ethiopian terrain.

The soils are mainly red sandy likely to have formed due to erosion of the metamorphic rocks of the

Mozambique basement system and black cotton soils covering the low lying gentle slopes and

laggas. There are no permanent rivers within Sololo. Sololo tributary joins the Ewaso ng’iro

southwards.

3.7. Climate

The climate of Sololo area can be classified as semi-arid and receives an annual rainfall of about 400

- 650 mm. From the rainfall data of the station, two short rainy seasons are observed in the project

area. The first rainy period lasts from March to May. The second rainy period lasts from October to

November, which is torrential in October. The main cause of the rainfall in this region is the

southward migrating Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and westward propagating

disturbance from the Indian Ocean.

The mean annual potential evaporation amounts to about 2,300 mm. The actual evaporation is of

course lower. The annual mean maximum temperature is about 32˚C while the annual mean

minimum temperature is about 19 ˚C.



Figure 1: Rainfall data from a station in Moyale

3.8. Vegetation

The vegetation is highly diverse, comprising both indigenous and exotic types. Sololo area is

covered by Acacia trees, thickets and bushes.

3.9. Surrounding Land Use

There are indications of subsistence farming despite the unpredictable rainfall pattern. The

population of livestock in Sololo is insignificant while donkeys are used for transportation. Major

activities include charcoal burning and small scale trade.

3.10. Social Infrastructure

The area can be accessed through an 8Km tarmac road that branches from the main Marsabit -

Moyale road. Other roads are not all weather roads and footpaths with a good telephony

communication network. It is not connected to the national electricity grid. The land in which the

borehole is to be set is a Children’s home with need of reliable water supply; there were no

objections to the drilling of the borehole.



Figure 2: General Location Map of the Investigated Area



4. GEOLOGY

4.1. Regional Geology

The geology is variable in the region, with the volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks

being represented. The rocks in the area consist of:-

Pleistocene to recent surface deposits, soils and valley deposits

Pleistocene to recent deposits comprising of red sandy soils and black cotton soils along dry

river valleys admixed with scree from hill ranges, sands, silts, gravel and clay.

Volcanic lava flows evident trending to the southeast and phonolites overlying the basement

system.

Basement system characterized by hilly intrusives

The rest of the eastern portion of the area is part of the Anza basin dominated by sedimentary

rocks sporadically overlain by volcanics as a result of either lava flow or isolated fissures in the

North Western area

4.2. Geology of the Investigated Area

The investigated area lies within the Basement System rocks. 60% of the area is covered by Red

sandy soils and black cotton soils that occur in low lying area and are related to weathering of the

underlying rocks.

4.2.1. Red Sandy Soils

This is the most common type of soil found everywhere within the region. It is red to brown

mainly consisting of fine red clay and sized quartz and feldspar fragments that give a shiny

appearance. It is relatively permeable with thickness varying from 20 cm to 5 meters

4.2.2. Black, Dark brown and greyish white soils

These soils occupy the stream channels. The dark soils is characterized by its low permeability

and swells when wet

4.2.3. Basement System Rocks

These are the oldest rocks in the area and mainly consist of gneisses, limestones, quartzites and

amphibolites. The rocks are exposed in the investigated site in form of hilly intrusives.

4.2.4. Gneisses

4.2.4.1.Granitoid Gneiss

Granitiod occur as massive, compact outcrops on hills extending from Ethiopia. They show clear

exfoliation of blocks that can be recognized well from a distance. They are resistant to

weathering and do not show any foliation with poor mineral lineation. The action of fluids must

have been a changing variable component which leads to complete reconstruction. The process

begins from digenesis, Metamorphism, Metasomatism and finally Granitization. Fairburn (1963)

4.2.4.2. Augen gneiss

This rock is more or less related to granitiod gneiss. They formed in patches neighboring the

granitoids. They have a porphyroblastic texture. In some cases Feldspars and Quartz give a



mineral orientation. A distinctive characteristic is the large eye- like pinkish crystals found inside

the groundmass of orthoclase. This is well illustrated in Plate

4.2.4.3.Quartzofeldparthic gneiss

They display poor foliation but have very coarse grains. They have a white coloration which may

weather to buff color. Streaks of Biotite are displayed.

4.2.4.4.Migmatites

These are rocks in which granitic components and metamorphic hosts have been admixed on a

sufficient scale to be recognized. This was stated by Turner and Verhoogen (1951,p 294)

Migmatites appear to have undergone plastic flowage during deformation followed by

recrystallization after movement has ceased. L. D. Sander (1954)

They surround the igneous intrusions in the most occurences. This rock type indicates very high

pressure and Temperature conditions; this gives a clue that the type of metamorphism must have

been high grade. The temperatures cause the rocks to almost melt to igneous rocks. After

considerable retrograde metamorphism, some places have shown relict structures.

4.3. Structural Geology

Faults affecting the sedimentary and basement rocks have been indicated on the geological map.

The faults have a general north – south trend but are obscured by the volcanics or the sediments.

This faults and fractures are believed to allow downward percolation of groundwater



Figure 3: Geological Map of the Study Area



5. HYDROGEOLOGY

The hydrogeology of an area is normally intimately dependent upon the nature of the parent rock,

structural features, weathering processes and the form and frequency of precipitation.

5.1. Regional Hydrogeology

There are no permanent rivers flowing in Sololo area. All seasonal streams are tributaries of the

Ewaso Ng’iro River. The aquifers found in the Sololo and Moyale basin largely consists of

groundwater occurring in weathered and fractured zones of basement gneisses. Aquifers are

peripherals to streams and depths are limited because recharge is mainly from the streams. In this

basin a few boreholes have been drilled and the quality of groundwater is fair and hardness may

also be a problem. Discharge is likely to be from 1m3 per hour to 10m3 per hour.

The hills along the Kenya-Ethiopia border: Mean annual rainfall varies laterally in the range of

500 mm to 700mmper year. Soils are sandy clay loams or sandy loams with variable infiltration

capacities. The hills are covered by varieties of thorny shrubs. The rocks comprise of Basement

gneisses, schists, migmaties and granites. The recharge here is expected to occur via seepage into

fractures or at the out-wash fan area of the foothills.

5.2. Existing Boreholes

Data from existing boreholes within Sololo area was analyzed. Drilling records from the 6

existing boreholes was however incomplete. 3 existing boreholes located within a radius not

exceeding 1.5km from the site were used to calculate the aquifer parameters. The records are

summarized in Table 1.

The boreholes have been tested at yields ranging between 0.48 and 5m3/hr. The differences in

the yields could be accounted for by the different total depths, differences in geology and

differences in the quality of borehole construction and completion. Moreover, the tested yield

primarily reflects the size of the pump used as opposed to the borehole yield. Aquifers are likely

to be found at depths ranging between 32-80m bgl. The WRL ranges from 30-79m bgl. The

aquifer thickness has not been reported in the available data. Table 1 below summarizes the

borehole data for boreholes near the investigated site.



Table 2: Boreholes Close to the Investigated Site

5.2.1. Specific Capacity

This is a crude indication of the efficiency of the borehole as an engineered structure, and is

calculated by dividing the discharge rate (as m3/day) by the total drawdown. High specific

capacities generally indicate high transmissivity, low specific capacities the opposite. The

specific capacity (yield-drawdown ratio) of boreholes in the study area is as shown in Table 2

below.

This is defined as the yield per unit drawdown. Specific Capacity generally varies with duration

of pumping; as pumping time increases, specific capacity decreases. Also, specific capacity

decreases as discharge increases in the same well.

Average yield is 2.46m3/hr

24x 2.46= 59.04m3/day

Average drawdown = 5.37m

Specific Capacity = 59.04m3/day / 5.37m

=10.99m2/day

5.2.2. Transmissivity

This is the rate of flow of water under a unit hydraulic gradient through a cross-section of unit

width across the entire saturated section of an aquifer. Strictly speaking, transmissivity should be

determined from the analysis of a well test, but the figures given bellow have been determined

from past studies using Logan’s method. Logan (1964) developed a relationship between specific

capacity and transmissivity, 1.22 x Q/s, based on a reworking of Thiem's seminal steady-state

groundwater flow equation (T'hiem 1906).

Aquifer Transmissivity (T) is thus estimated as follows:

T=1.22Q/∆S Where: Q = Yield per day

∆S = Draw down

Using the Logan’s method the estimated average transmissivity of the aquifer in the area can be

calculated. With the average tested yield of 59.04m3/day and the average drawdown of 5.37m,

the transmissivity translates to 13.41m2/day.

BH. No. Depth

(M)

Direction WSL

(M)

WRL

(M)

Drawd

own

(M)

Yield

(m3/Hr)

C-2491 44.2 1000M NE 31.4,42.

7

31 - 1.36

C-2433 42 375M NW 36 31 - 1.45

C-2490 45 125M N 32 31 2.1 2.46 C-2487 98 6250M SSE - 79 - 0.48

Ramore 2 103 1500M NE 60, 80 56 4 4

Ramore 3 110 600M NW 40, 80 30 10 5



5.2.3. Hydraulic Conductivity

This is defined as the volume of water that will move through a porous medium in unit hydraulic

gradient through a unit area measured at right angles to the direction of flow.

The hydraulic Conductivity (K) is estimated as follows: -

K=T/Aquifer Thickness

Assuming that the total penetrated aquifer thickness to be 10m, and Transmissivity of

13.41m2/day, using T=Kb (where K is the conductivity and b the thickness), it then follows that

that average hydraulic conductivity of the water bearing layer is 1.341m/day.

5.2.4. The Storage Coefficient

The storage coefficient of an aquifer is the volume of water released from or taken up per unit

surface area per unit change in head. It is dimensionless. Empirical values of the storage

coefficient cannot be determined from test data collected from previous drilling programmes., as

aquifer test data is inadequate. In an aquifer test, a borehole is pumped at a known discharge rate

and water levels in one or more neighbouring observation boreholes, and the shape and type of

drawdown curve in the observation borehole(s) is used to calculate the storage coefficient.

Storage coefficient for confined aquifers lies in the range 5 x 10-5 to 5 x 10-3 (Todd et al 2005).

A “rule of thumb” estimate of the storage coefficient (Lohman 1972 cited in Todd et al 2005) can

be made from

S = 3 x 10-6 x D, where D is aquifer thickness.

S =3 x 10-6 x10

3x10-5

On this basis, the aquifer under investigation has a storage coefficient of approximately 3x10-

5m3

5.2.5. Ground Water Movement

Therefore the surface water flow direction can be employed to make a general assessment of the

groundwater flow direction. The groundwater flow directions within the project area tend to take

a south easterly direction.

5.2.6. Recharge

The recharge mechanisms (and the rate of replenishment) of the local aquifers has not been fully

established. The two major processes are probably direct recharge at surface (not necessarily

local) and indirect recharge via faults and/or other aquifers.

Direct recharge is obtained through downward percolation of rainfall or river water into aquifer.

If the infiltration rate is low due to the presence of an aquiclude (such as clay), the recharge to

the aquifer is low. Percolation will depend on the soil structure, vegetation cover and the state of

erosion of the parent rock. Rocks weathering to clayey soils naturally inhibit infiltration and

downward percolation.

Areas of high altitude and therefore with higher rainfall and good vegetation cover are usually

the commonest groundwater recharge zones in the project area. The local highland is a likely

area where recharge occurs, rather than being from direct precipitation, Recharge is also likely to

be from seepage into the fractured gneisses over which the streams flow. The water is



temporarily stored in the sandy or silty riverbeds before entering the groundwater zone. In most

cases the direction of groundwater flow tends to follow the surface water flow.

The Basement areas of Sololo-Moyale areas are recharged from the local rainfall. The recharge

areas lie along the highlands in thenorth-westernside of thecounty. In these areas the rainfall

ranges between 600-700 mm/year while in the inter-montane zones it is about 300-400 mm.

BetweenSololoandMoyale,the rainfallis as low as 250-300mm/year. The groundwater flow is

expected to be radial from the hills to the lower plains.Evapotranspiration is in the range of 2,500

mm/year or even higher.In the highlands, evapotranspiration is as low as 1,500-1,700 mm/year.

In regional aquifer systems, recharge occurs on one side of the aquifer and groundwater flows to

distant sections of the aquifer where it is either stored or it is discharged naturally as springs,

swamps, rivers or into the sea. Areas of high altitude and therefore with higher rainfall and good

vegetation cover are usually the commonest groundwater recharge zones in Moyale and

Marsabit.

5.2.7. Groundwater Discharge

Discharge from aquifers is either through natural processes as base flow to streams and springs

or artificial discharge through the human activities.

In the case of regional aquifer systems, it is possible to have the recharge occurring on one side

of theaquifer and the groundwater traveling through the aquifer to its distant sections where it is

either stored or discharged naturally as springs or swamps.

5.3. Fieldwork and Results

Fieldwork was carried out between 22nd

and 23rd

March 2018. The aim of the field study was to

collect views from the beneficiary community members on the effects of the proposed borehole

project.

5.4. Project Cost

The Total Project Cost for the drilling of the 8” diameter borehole for the project is estimated at

Kshs. 2,822,280.00 detailed in the Bill of Quantities in Appendix 1.



6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION

6.1. Overview

The socio-economic survey was conducted to establish:

The possible effects of the proposed project on the community and the anticipated

impacts to the environment

Collate stakeholders concerns and their views on how negative impacts could be

mitigated.

6.2. Population Density

The expected population to be served with the water is approximately 550 people. The

community welcomed the idea of having a new borehole within their neighborhood. Currently,

the community gets its water from rock catchment and buying. This necessitates the need for

reliable and sustainable source of water.

6.3. Infrastructure

Access to the site is through an 8 Km tarmac road that branches off from the main Marsabit –

Moyale.

6.4. Collating Stakeholders

Stakeholders’ consultation and disclosure are overriding principles and practice of EIA and EA.

It involves collating the views and concerns of the organization who are likely to be affected by

the proposed project activities so that they get to know what the project is all about and how the

operations will affect their environments (biophysical and human).

This survey conducted interviews with the proponents and representatives of organization and

the neighboring communities around the site. The proponent’s views were gathered by personnel

from Earth Water Ltd and the lead expert. From the information gathered, Obitto Childrens home

intends to drill a borehole within their premises because there is inadequate water supply .Water

will thus be required for, sanitation, drinking, and domestic use. As mentioned above, the views of the representatives of organization and the neighboring

community were also sort. The presentation is based on opinions gathered from the surrounding

communities on the positive and negative impacts expected from construction of the proposed

borehole. During the survey, willingness of beneficiary community participation was generally

good. In general the beneficiary community did not have any objections to the drilling of the

borehole and indeed viewed it positively.

6.4.1. Key Findings of the Stake Holder Consultation

The following conclusions were made from the responses by the beneficiary community

members: -

The community generally has no objection to the drilling of a new borehole within the

proposed site which lies within the communal land.

The beneficiary community members wished to benefit from the new borehole to be drilled.

This is evidenced by their conversations during the interview. See evidence on the

questionnaires attached in appendix 4.

The stakeholders and the local community came to a conclusion that the site was fit for the

activity proposed and a go ahead was reached at and so the EIA proves successful.



6.5. Potential Negative Impacts and the Proposed Mitigation Measures

The Table below gives the potential negative impacts and the proposed mitigation measures as

suggested by the respondents.

Table 3: Potential Negative Impacts and the Proposed Mitigation Measures

Potential Negative Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures

Depletion of the

groundwater resource

-Promote efficient utilization of water concept

-Promote protection and conservation of the catchments area

Contamination of the

groundwater resource

-Borehole should be sited away from potential pollution sources/ areas

-Borehole should be properly covered once completed,

-Regular monitoring of the borehole water level and quality

Land Degradation due to high

influx of livestock and

artificial settlements causing

erosion

- Construction of watering troughs to control the movement of animals

- Trainings on the appropriate methods to control erosion to be

conducted through water committees

-Planting of trees near the water points to maintain or rather improve

the aesthetic value of the land

Water quality unknown -Comprehensive water quality analyses to be carried out upon drilling

Occupational safety -Borehole should be properly covered once complete,

-Occupation safety measures during construction phase

High cost of construction and

associated facilities

- Competitive tendering of works.

- Efficiency and supervision during construction.

Affect productivity of

neighboring boreholes

- Comprehensive survey need to be carried out prior to drilling

-Regular monitoring of the water levels during production

6.6. Risks Assessment

The risks involved in this project are;

- Inadequate availability of water during drilling,

- The quality of water especially salinity in deep wells.



7. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

7.1. Overview

Since the introduction of the EIA process and subsequent development of EIA methodologies

and legislative provisions, the analysis of alternatives has been one of the main tenets of EIA

policy and procedures. Indeed, a thorough, unbiased and transparent assessment of investment

alternatives from an environmental and social perspective (as well as a technical and economic

standpoint) is one of the most important contributions EIA can make in improving decision-

making. Alternatives analysis in EIA is designed to bring environmental and social

considerations into the “up-stream” stages of development planning, project identification and

earlier, as well as the later stages of site selection, design and implementation.

In the assessment of the project alternatives, this study considered three main scenarios namely:

Status quo or no action scenario; surface and rainfall water harvesting or sourcing from other

existing boreholes. In this study a scenario is considered to mean the “description of a possible

future situation and the development from the current situation to this future stage” (Huber and

Opondo, 1994). The development of scenarios involved analyzing the current situation,

discerning the relations and links to the environment, influencing factors, existing and potential

strengths, opportunity and threats.

7.2. Alternative Water Sources

Alternative water sources are limited since the area is semi arid. The alternative source is from

other nearby boreholes that are used by the community, but this would cause an acute shortage of

water.

a) Existing Boreholes

There are3 existing boreholes located within a radius not exceeding 1.5km

b) Rainwater Harvesting and Rock Catchment

During the rains, harvesting of rain water is proposed but it should be enhanced by construction

of rain harvesting sheds and other structures. Water can also be harvested from the rock through

enhanced reservoirs.

7.2.1. Status Quo

The main objective of sinking the proposed borehole is to provide sufficient water for Obitto

Children’s home. Water is thus required for sanitation, drinking and domestic uses.

7.3. No Action’ Alternative

This proposition implies that the proposed action will not take place, i.e. maintenance of the

status quo. Failure to drill the proposed borehole will mean that the Children’s home will

continue facing water shortages which may lead to poor sanitation and health and subsequent

problems like diseases and conflicts. Clearly the eventual costs of rehabilitation and attainment

of social well-being increases exponentially. Thus a “No Action” position would only derail

development.



7.4. Drilling Technology

The proponent has chosen to employ the services of the rotary air drilling or Mud drilling

technique. In terms of technology the alternative to this drilling technique is the Cable Tool or

percussion drilling method. Wells drilled by the cable tool or ‘wire line’ method are constructed

with a drilling rig, a string of tools (cable, rope socket, set of jars, drill stem and drilling bit), and

a bailer or a sand pump. Drilling is accomplished by regularly lifting and dropping the string of

tools. The bit, at the end of the rope, with its sharp “chisel” edge loosens the material. The bit

rotates a few degrees between each stroke so that the cutting face of the bit strikes a different

area of the hole-bottom with each stroke. The reciprocating action of the tools mixes the

loosened particles with water to form slurry at the bottom of the borehole (water may need to be

added to form this slurry). Slurry accumulation increases as drilling proceeds and eventually it

reduces the drilling efficiency. When the penetration rate becomes unacceptably low, slurry is

removed at intervals from the borehole by the sand pump or bailer. Though this method is cheap

compared to the rotary method, it is extremely slow.



8. ASSESSMENT, EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS

8.1. Introduction

The introduction of a new water supply system will obviously have positive and negative impacts

on the social and biophysical environments. These social repercussions may lead to some

problems in the operation and maintenance phases. The impact assessment and evaluation

activity was undertaken so as to identify both positive and negative effects of the borehole

development at the borehole drilling site in Sololo area, Sololo Location, Marsabit County of

Kenya.

Environmental impacts are direct, indirect or cumulative effects on the ecological, aesthetic,

historic, cultural, socio-economic, or health environment of an area. They enhance or propagate

positive or negative attributes of the environment.

An impact is negative if it:-

Reduces biological diversity;

Uses non-renewable energy and resources where renewable resources are available and

can be used and renewed with local means;

Destroys or reduces soil fertility; and/or

Contaminates water or air.

An impact is positive if it:-

Maintains or increases biological diversity;

Uses locally available renewable energy and resources which can and are replaced with

local means;

Maintains or improves soil fertility and the organic composition of the soil; and/or

Improves the quality of air and water.

The purpose of the EIA is to provide the client with a complete discussion of the significant

environmental effects for the proposed and completed projects in the area.

In this chapter, description is made of the potential positive and negative impacts of the proposed

project. Explanations are also made of any short fall in baseline information and identification

made of any studies likely to be needed.

8.2. Analysis of Impacts

A standard checklist was used to guide the EIA team in the identification of possible impacts

accruing from the proposed project. A matrix was generated through subjecting the various

project activities to a checklist that listed the impacts in terms of three environmental

components, which include:

Physical environment

Socioeconomic environment

Biological environment

The three components were further broken into specific components that can either be adversely

and beneficially affected by various project activities. The identified impacts were then subjected



to a criterion that was used to determine their characteristics and significance. The parameters

used in this particular study include:

Magnitude-refers to the absolute or relative change in the size and value of an

environmental feature

Direction-will the impact generates a beneficial or adverse change?

Extent-will the impact affects a small, medium or large area?

Duration-the period over which an impact will be felt. Is it short-term or long-term?

Reversibility-the permanence of the impact. Is the impact reversible particularly for

negative ones?

Likelihood of occurrence-the possibility of the impact occurring as predicted.

8.2.1. Positive Impacts

The following are the potential positive impacts of the proposed projects to the environment.

8.2.1.1. Reliable water supply

The proposed borehole will provide water for domestic use to Obitto Children’s Home.

8.2.1.2.Improved Livelihood

The project is likely to improve livelihood through the provision of good quality water in

adequate quantities.

8.2.1.3.Shorter Consumer Distance to Water Source

Construction of the piped water supplies will reduce the distance between the consumers and the

water sources. Currently the consumers have to travel for long distance in search of water. This

situation worsens during extended droughts when majority migrate to other areas in search of

water and pasture. With the construction of the new water point, the time taken to fetch water

will be reduced and save manpower.

8.2.2. Negative Impacts

The following are the anticipated negative impacts which could be brought about by the

borehole.

8.2.2.1. Health Effects

The major potential negative impacts of the proposed borehole at Obitto Children’s home on

health will be an increase in the incidence of water-related diseases and infections through:-

Contamination of the water source (borehole)

Groundwater contamination,

Soil contamination,

Soil erosion, and

Creation of disease vector habitat

a) Contamination of the Water Source/Supply

Water sources and supplies can become contaminated by:



Surface water run-off (i.e. rainwater or waste water from latrines or human settlements in

the vicinity) contaminated with human faeces and soil particles, entering the source either

as drainage water from above the ground or below the surface as seepage water;

Spilt collection water draining back into the source and garbage and vegetable debris can

contaminate the water supply;

Damaged pipes/uncovered conduits allowing animals, debris, run-off water, and soil to

contact the transported water.

b) Ground Water Contamination

Pathogens from human faeces can pollute ground water. This contaminated water can migrate

into aquifers in the immediate vicinity. Such contamination can occur when:-

Highly permeable subsurface is encountered;

Inadequate attention is paid to pit latrine designs, in areas with a high water table or soils

with a high clay or sand content.

Inadequate installation of sanitary seals in boreholes.

c) Soil Contamination

Soil contaminated by pathogens and parasites from human waste can lead to:-

Direct infection of people with worms and disease-carrying pathogens,

Groundwater contamination, or

Crop contamination as a result of inappropriate latrine design for local soil and water

table conditions

d) Soil Erosion

Due to high influx of livestock and artificial settlement near the water point, effects of soil

erosion due land degradation are expected. The movement of livestock around the water source is

expected to weaken the soil texture thus becoming prone to water and wind erosion

e) Creation of Disease Vector Habitat

Some common sources of disease vector habitat creation include:-

Puddles around boreholes, cisterns, standpipes, and reservoirs;

Unlined drainage dishes;

Unprotected settling tanks/ storage tanks

Uncovered conduits

8.2.2.2. Air Pollution Causing Airborne Diseases

Effusion of dust during construction causes air pollution and this may lead to spread of air-borne

diseases from one location to another which may affect both animal and human population.

8.2.2.3. Dewatering of the Aquifer

The environmental impact of pumping groundwater cannot be easily quantified. Withdrawal of

groundwater affects the water table and thereby it may have negative consequences for other

interests involved with groundwater. These include:-

a) Lowering of the groundwater head in the vicinity of the borehole may affect the yield of

other wells. Shallow dug wells may fall dry.



b) Lowering the phreatic groundwater level may cause damage to agricultural crops or the

natural vegetation, if they, in dry seasons, also have to rely on groundwater. This situation

is likely to occur at shallow groundwater tables where the roots of plants can reach the

capillary fringe above the phreatic level; the shallowest aquifer in the area has been

established to be at approximately 5m bgl. The deeper aquifer, targeted for abstraction is

encountered at 20m bgl, which is close to the vadose zone of the soil supporting the

vegetation and prone to human activities that are likely to negatively impact on the

groundwater. It is therefore imperative to have a sanitary seal at the top during borehole

installation.

c) Changes in groundwater quality - with excessive pumping of groundwater the

groundwater flow field will change hence groundwater having an undesired quality may

be attracted by the borehole. This in turn results in negative health impacts on the

population served by the affected sources.

8.2.2.4. Water Conservation

Most of the existing water and sanitation activities have no water conservation component

incorporating water re-use and recycling. Negative environmental impacts may occur due to

excess recycled water, beyond the capacity of the current systems. This may lead to:-

erratic water quality fluctuations

erratic water availability

depletion of groundwater

In this regard, the proponent should employ sustainable water re-use for the utilization of the

drilled borehole. The effluent water used in irrigation can be easily re-cycled for successive

irrigation processes.

8.2.2.5.Water Quality

Water quality deterioration may occur due to construction of water supplies without

accompanying water conservation measures. It has been shown from past projects that water

contamination protection measures such as covering and lining wells and building properly

designed latrines and sewers can only be effective if they are coupled with the following in the

designs:

Protection and maintenance of the various water supply and sanitation facilities; and

Ensure changes in hygiene attitudes and behavior.

Controlled abstraction to avoid saline water intrusion

8.2.2.6.Water Availability

Depletion of water supplies may occur through:

Over-use as a result of close proximity of water;

Losses of water due to leakage, evaporation, seepage (from reservoirs and storage tanks),

and uncontrolled flows from the various facilities;

Wastage of water; and

Agricultural techniques that optimize soil moisture conservation (i.e., mulching, terracing

and contour strip cropping, maintaining soil cover, etc.).

8.2.2.7.Impacts Arising from Construction Works

Noise pollution and occupational health hazards are the main impacts that are foreseen from the

construction works. Negligible removal of vegetation and the associated localized soil erosion

may also occur. Generation of debris and other solid wastes are foreseen. These are minor



impacts whose reversibility is very high and therefore are insignificant. Simple mitigation

measures such as provision of Protective Personal Equipment (PPEs), and debris collection

containers ensuring minimal clearing of vegetation are appropriate and will be implemented.

The results of this exercise are presented in the checklist Table 7 below indicating their

characteristics and significance while Table 8 and 9 contain a summary of the positive and

negative impacts as discussed above.

Table 4: Impacts Significance Table

Project Phase Project

Activity

Impact

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Integration of environmental

consideration in project

implementation and management

+ H D H L LT H H

Awareness creation and conflict

resolution platform on the proposed

project activities

+ H D H L LT H H

Planning and

Design Phase

Environme

ntal Impact

Assessment

Incorporation of beneficiary

community.

+ H D H L LT H H

Employment creation + L D H L ST H L

Debris deposition - L D H S ST H L

Construction

Phase

Borehole

drilling

works Accidents and other occupational

health

- L D H S ST H L

Employment creation + H D H L LT H H

Supply of quality water for use in

the neighborhood

+ H D H L LT H H

Disposal of wastes near the

borehole

- L D H S ST L L

Possible contamination of the

borehole water (Surface pollution)

- H IND H S LT L L

Over exploitation/depletion of the

groundwater potential

- L IND H S LT L L

Operation

Phase

Water

supply

within the

community

during

drought

Degradation of the groundwater

potential

- L IND H S LT L L

Legend

1 – Direction 2 - Magnitude 3 – Direct/indirect 4 - Reversibility

5 – Extent 6 - Duration 7 - Imminence 8 - Significance

- Negative Impact + Positive

Impact

LT – Long term ST – short term

D – direct IND - Indirect L - low H - high

M – Medium L - Large S - Small

Table 5: Possible Positive Impacts

Project

Phase

Project

Component

Project Activities

Positive impact

Design and

planning

Borehole

development

Consultations with the

beneficiary

community

-Inclusion of community concerns in the design

phase



Environmental Impact

Assessment

-Incorporation of environmental

considerations in the project

Construction

Borehole

development

Borehole drilling works -Employment creation

Water supply for

irrigation purposes

-Employment creation for the community

-Employment creation in maintenance of borehole

Operation

Borehole

development

-Increased supply of food produce especially

during the drought periods

-Reduction of relief food reliance in the area

Table 6: Possible Negative Impacts

Project

Phases

Project

Component

Project

Activities

Possible Negative

Impacts

-Debris deposition

-noise pollution

-Accidents and other occupational health

Construction Borehole

development

Actual

borehole

drilling works

Air pollution from fuel emissions

-Disposal of wastes near boreholes

-Possible overexploitation/depletion of ground

water resource

-Degradation of the aquifer

Operation

Phase

Borehole

Development

Water supply

within the

community.

-Land degradation through soil erosion as result

of influx of livestock and new settlements



9. PROJECT MITIGATION MEASURES FOR POSSIBLE NEGATIVE IMPACTS

9.1. Introduction

Following the identification of the likely environmental impacts of the proposed project,

recommendations are given in this chapter for feasible and cost effective measures to prevent or

reduce the severity of negative impacts of environmental degradation to acceptable levels and to

enhance positive impacts for the improvement of overall benefits of the project.

9.2. Health Effects

9.2.1. Contamination of the Water Source/Supply

In order to reduce or eliminate contamination of the water source/supply the following should be

done:-

Adequate attention should be paid to pit latrine designs, solid waste disposal dumps,

especially in the immediate vicinity with a high water table and soils with a high clay

content;

Adequate spacing is provided between the borehole site and solid waste disposal dumps.

9.2.2. Ground Water Contamination

In order to reduce or eliminate contamination of the water source/supply the following should be

done:-

Optimal borehole designs - sanitary seals should be installed appropriately in the annular

space to avoid run-off water infiltrating the borehole;

Design of appropriate abstraction regime i.e. controlled abstraction to avoid saline water

intrusion

Optimal pit latrine designs especially where the water table is shallow or soils with high

clay content is lacking.

Adequate spacing between pit latrines and groundwater source: the borehole to be drilled

at least 50 meters from the septic tank.

Optimal well head design - lining and sealing should be done to avoid sub-surface

percolation; the well head should be at a minimum 1x1x1 m in dimension.

The upper zone should be sealed with concrete to avoid accidents with children from the

playground.

9.2.3. Water Quality Training

In order to maintain the borehole with good quality water, protection measures such as covering

and lining of the borehole and building properly designed latrines and sewers can only be

effective if they are coupled with beneficiary community education to:

Emphasize the importance of protecting and maintaining the various water supply and

sanitation facilities; and

Ensure positive changes in hygiene attitudes and behavior by all.

9.2.4. Soil Contamination

Soil contamination through disposal of solid waste and faecal material may result from excess

water and increased human population in the surrounding areas. Mitigation measures to reduce

health effects are as follows:-

Hygiene and sanitation education.

Protection against groundwater contamination.

Proper designed and/or maintenance of latrines and sewers.



Appropriate latrine/sewer design for local soil and water table conditions.

9.2.5. Air Pollution Causing Airborne Diseases

Air pollution from effusion of dust during construction can be reduced by:

Removing vulnerable people from the construction sites.

Reduction of congestion of human population.

Watering to reduce the dust particles.

9.2.6. Debris Deposition during Construction Works

Generation of solid wastes during construction works can be mitigated by:

Ensuring separation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. This must involve

provision of separate waste collection bins for the two types of wastes

Encouraging use of recyclable materials

Provide adequate waste collection bins

9.2.7. Possible Injuries to Workers during Construction

This can be mitigated by:

Training workers on health and safety in the work place

Providing workers with personal protective equipment and ensuring that they use them

Providing a First Aid Tool Kit at the construction site.

9.2.8. Improvement of Management and Water Point Protection

The following recommendations can be made on management of the borehole and other water

supply infrastructure in order to enhance positive aspects:-

Sealing off the water point so that it is not accessible to people helps to limit interference

with water quality or physical damage.

Preventing of surface runoff from coming into contact to underground water through

proper construction of the borehole with a concrete slab on top.

9.3. Groundwater Depletion

Mitigation measures for groundwater depletion and dewatering involve replacing lost

groundwater supplies with surface water. The following can be implemented to reduce incidence

of groundwater depletion:

Integrated water resources management

Water preservation

Cater saving

Controlled abstraction

Design of optimal abstraction regime

Artificial groundwater recharge – this can be done by injecting the surface run-off into

the ground.

9.4. Basic Consideration for Environmental Protection

Environmental conservation and protection measures for both the water source and the

catchments area should include:

Protection of water reservoirs and direct surroundings against contamination and erosion;

Control of silt inflow by soil conservation and good land management practice;

Tree, shrub and grass planting, including development of tree nurseries;

Strict management of new water supply point to avoid local contamination and soil erosion



Control of sanitary facilities and waste dump sites in the catchment;

Environmental education of the community and the neighboring communities.

Under this strategy various environmental concerns are taken into account. Strategies dealing

with improved water for domestic consumption and ground irrigation would thus have little or no

negative environmental impact on the surrounding areas.

9.5. Protection of Water Source and its Water Quality

It will be necessary to take into account the following aspects for the borehole:

In general, the borehole site should be located away from possible pollution hazards, e.g.

solid waste disposal sites or pit latrines

Fencing of the area near the water source or distribution point, preferably using a ‘live’

fence. This fence needs to be regularly inspected and maintained at all times.

Pathways leading to the water source and distribution point need to be protected and

maintained to avoid them becoming erosion channels during rainy periods.

9.6. Water Conservation

In order to minimize impacts on the environment caused by the implementation of the water

project, it is necessary to undertake water conservation measures. Water conservation efforts can

help ensure sustainable access to sufficient water supplies. Such a program could include:

Planting of vegetation within the compound to improve the water retaining ability of the

soil and to minimize water loss via surface water runoff;

Training to ensure proper tending of the newly planted trees and shrubs (i.e. watering,

protection from damage, and husbandry, etc.);

minimizing losses due to leakage, evaporation, seepage (from reservoirs, and storage

tanks), and uncontrolled flows from the various facilities;

water recycling; and

Techniques that maximize soil moisture conservation (i.e., mulching, terracing and

maintaining soil cover, etc.). In addition, water use and management control methods should be used. These include:-

Water use controls;

Water preservation; and

Water saving.

Hydrological monitoring

Water quality monitoring - this must be carefully and systematically planned to include

all critical periods during the year;

9.6.1. Groundwater

Measures for the control of negative impacts on groundwater include:

proper setting of borehole i.e., sufficient distance from the existing ones;

groundwater level monitoring;

water quality monitoring;

9.7. Loss of Habitat

Any of the activities listed as having negative environmental impact ultimately result in loss of

habitat. The seriousness of the impact depends on the type of the habitat being converted, as well

as on the way in which the conversion is carried out.



9.8. Modified Hydrology

Construction of the borehole is likely to alter the patterns of groundwater. The results include

lowering of water table and decrease in groundwater flow. Management measures include design

and construction techniques to maintain local drainage channels, retention or detention structures

to avoid increases in runoff, measures to offset reduced infiltration and conservation of open

space on critical aquifer recharge areas.

9.9. Test Pumping of Completed Borehole

The completed borehole should be tested in order to determine the hydraulic properties. This will

enable design of optimal abstraction parameters, choice of pumps and abstraction regime to

environmentally safe magnitudes. It will also help minimize the effect of lowering of the water

table to the vegetation tapping the vadose zone in the sub-surface and aid in controlling saline

water intrusion.

The discussion on mitigating potential negative impacts is summarized in table 10 below.

Table 7: Summary of Mitigation Measures for Possible Adverse/ Negative Impacts

Project

Phases

Project

Component

Project

Activities

Possible

Negative

Impacts

Proposed Mitigation

Measures

-Debris

deposition

-Ensure separation of biodegradable and

non biodegradable wastes

-Encourage use of recyclable materials

-Provide adequate waste collection bins at

the site

-noise - provide protection for the workers,

- use equipment with least noise possible

-Accidents

and other

occupational

health

-Provide workers with Protective Personal

Equipment (PPEs)

-Ensure occupational safety measures are

upheld, including provision of a First Aid

Box

-Train workers on occupational health and

safety

Construction

Borehole

development

Actual

borehole

drilling works

Air

pollution

from fuel

emissions

-Ensure efficiency of drilling equipment

through regular checks and maintenance

-Keep gasoline usage at a minimum

-Disposal of

wastes

near

borehole

-Install sanitary seals during borehole

construction

-Monitor water quality periodically

-Erect a fence around the borehole

-Possible

over

exploitation/

depletion of

ground

water

resource


-Ensure efficiency in water use in the

grounds to minimize wastage

-Alternate groundwater use with rainwater

harvesting in wet season.

- Monitor abstraction with flow meter.

Operation

Phase

Borehole

Development

Water supply

to the

community

during

drought.

-

Degradation

of the water

aquifer

-Protection of the catchment areas to

improve infiltration of the runoff through

control of soil erosion.



10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

10.1. Introduction

The Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) will provide the basis for the

implementation of the mitigation measures and provide a benchmark for the monitoring of the

environmental performance through internal audits. The Environmental Management and

Monitoring Plan as it were, has the important advantages of improving operational efficiency,

promoting competitive advantage, improving risk management, reducing liabilities and

improving business performance.

10.2. The Proponent

To comprehensively implement the EMMP, the proponent should put in place a mechanism to

regularly update the EMMP and undertake any necessary changes. It is further recommended

that a task force (or its equivalent) be created to implement project activities, co-ordinate and do

follow-up management and monitoring of the mitigation measures for the project. The EMMP is

presented in the table below.


EIA April, 2018, Page

34

Table 8: Summary of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Adverse Impacts

Project

Activity

Impact

Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators Budget

(KES)

Responsible

body

Time Frame

Construction Phase:

-Debris deposition -Ensure separation of

biodegradable and non

biodegradable

wastes

-Encourage use of

recyclable materials

-Provide adequate

waste collection bins

and

ensure appropriate

disposal

Different bins for non

biodegradable and

biodegradable wastes,

type of wastes

generated, number of

waste collection bins.

10,000

Proponent /

Drilling

Contractor

During

construction

works

-Accidents and

other

occupational health

-Provide workers with

Protective Personal

Equipment (PPEs)

-Ensure occupational

safety measures are

upheld, including a

First Aid Box

-Train workers on

occupational health and

safety

Number of ear plugs

and protective clothing

bought,

medical records

10,000

Proponent/

Drilling

Contractor

During

construction

works

Actual

borehole

drilling

-Air pollution from

fuel

emissions

-Ensure efficiency of

drilling equipment

through regular checks

and maintenance

-Keep fuel usage at a

minimum

Regularity of

maintenance and

checks, amount of fuel

used, state of

equipment and

machinery

Proponent/

Drilling

Contractor

During

construction

works


EIA April, 2018, Page

35

Project

Activity

Impact

Mitigation measures Monitoring indicators Budget

(KES)

Responsible

body

Time Frame

Operations Phase

-Disposal of wastes

near the borehole

-Install sanitary

seals during borehole

construction

-Monitor water quality

periodically

-Erect a fence around

the borehole

Presence of sanitary

seals, water

quality reports on state

of the drilled borehole

water quality

50,000 Proponent During

construction and

operation

phase

-Possible

overexploitation/

depletion of ground

water resource


-Ensure efficiency in

proponents’ household

by minimizing

unnecessary wastage

-Alternate groundwater

use with

harvested rain water

-Water levels

monitoring records

-Amount of water used

in the production

-Water storage facilities

20,000 Proponent Through

operation phase

Water supply

Within the

community

-Degradation of the

water aquifer

-Protection of the

catchment for improved

infiltration of the runoff

through control of soil

erosion.

Regularity of borehole

yield monitoring,

monitoring data

10,000

Proponent Through

operation phase



11. DECOMMISSIONING PHASE

If need for the decommissioning arises, the management and operation of the borehole’s role will

be passed over to the area’s Water Services Board that is mandated with design and supply of

water in the region. However, before the project decommissioning is considered, The Proponents

will carry out a review of the project after five to seven years when the project operations start.

In between this period, mini reviews will be done on an annual basis, whose results will

contribute to the final resolutions on the fate of the project.

The borehole either developed or not can be handed over to the next land user on as-where-is

basis. In case of abandoning, then a decision should be made on whether to cap it or backfill the

entire borehole and remove the submersible pump and other installations.

Alternatively, the borehole may be used as an observation well for monitoring of water levels

and water quality in the study area.



12. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This EIA has attempted, in an integrated manner, to cover all the components of the proposed

project. It has identified the adverse impacts and as appropriate, recommended feasible and

attainable mitigation measures. In this light, it is imperative that the Environment Management

and Monitoring Plan be fully implemented. The Plan should also feed into the Proponent’s

evident commitment to environmental conservation.

In conclusion, on the basis of the results of this EIA, it is apparent that with the adoption and

implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan, the adverse impacts

will be adequately mitigated against. In addition, foreseeable potential impacts will be forestalled

before they occur thereby considerably limiting future environmental damage and ensuring the

existence of a clean and healthy environment.

Accordingly, as per Section 58 of EMCA and Part II, 10(2) of Environmental (Impact

Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003, we recommend that the Obitto Children’s home be

issued with an Environmental Impact Assessment License for Borehole Development in

Sololo area, Sololo Location, Sololo District in Marsabit County.



13. REFERENCES

DRISCOLL F.G., 1986. Groundwater and Wells, 2nd Ed. Johnson Division

Government of Kenya. (2003).The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations,

2003. Kenya Gazette Supplement No.56 Legal Notice No. 101 Nairobi: Government Printer.

Government of Kenya. (2006).The Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste

Management) Regulation 2006. Nairobi: Government Printer.

Government of Kenya. (2006).The Environmental Management and Coordination (Water

Quality) Regulation 2006. Nairobi: Government Printer.

Government of Kenya (2002). The Water Act 2002

Government of Kenya, (1999). The Environment Management and Coordination Act,

1999.Nairobi: Government Printer.

Government of Kenya (1999): Population and Housing Census (CBS)

Huber, M., and Opondo, J. C. (1994); Development Impact Assessment, Interim report –

Phase II

JICA (1992), the National Water Master Plan. Ministry of Water Development. Sectoral Report

(B)


EIA April, 2018, Page i

APPENDICES


EIA April, 2018, Page ii

Appendix 1: - Bill of Quantities of the Borehole

BILL OF QUANTITIES FOR THE DRILLING OF BOREHOLE SOLOLO AREA

RATE Total ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY

(KSHS) (KSHS) 1 MOBILIZATION AND DEMOBILIZATION

1.1 Mobilization and Demobilization of all plant,

materials and personnel to site.

L Sump 1 500,000.00 500,000.00

Sub Total 500,000.00

2 WELL CONSTRUCTION

2.1 Drilling for surface casing at 10" diameter 3 8,000.00 24000

2.2 Drilling at 304mm (8")-Diameter (3m-120m) bgl m 117 8,000.00 936,000.00

Sub Total 960000.00

3 SAMPLING AND LOGGING -

3.1 Sampling and storing of drill cuttings, bagged and

labeled, samples at 2 m interval, at charge of

formations or at other relevant sections

samples 60 500.00 30,000.00

Sub Total 30,000.00

4 WATER FOR DRILLING

4.1 Supply of Water and chemicals for Drilling L Sump 1 50,000.00 50,000.00

Sub Total 50,000.00 5 SUPPLY AND INSTALLATION

5.1 Supply and installation of 6" UPVC plain casing m 80 3,000.00 240,000.00

5.2 Supply and installation of 8" UPVC screen casings m 40 3,500.00 140,000.00

5.3 supply and installation of clean well graded pack (2-

2) mm particle size) into annular space and carvings.

Ton 18 5,000.00 90,000.00

5.4 Supply and filling of 3 running meters of cement

grout at top of the hole inclusive of putting in place

the necessary seals.

Cub. M 1 5,000.00 5,000.00

5.5 Well head and capping L Sump 1 2,000.00 2,000.00

5.5 Supply and installation of 10" steel surface casing m 3 10,000.00 30,000.00

Sub Total 507,000

6 DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING -

6.1 Development of the production borehole by air lifting

method until clean water is observed and design yield

achieved.

Hrs 6 10,000.00 60,000.00

6.2 Test pumping of the borehole to confirm yield at

constant discharge continuously for the test period.

Hrs 30 6,000.00 180,000.00

6.3 Taking recovery measurements after testing until the

original water level before start of test is reached.

Hrs 12 3,000.00 36,000.00

Sub Total 276,000

7 STANDBY TIME Hrs 0 5000 RATE

ONLY

8 WATER ANALYSIS -

Collect submit and issue report on 2 litres of water

sample on completion of test pumping for FCA at a

recognized laboratory.

samples 1 15,000.00 15,000.00

9 BOREHOLE REPORTS 9.1 Compile and submit when ready borehole completion

report both to the employer, consultant and the

Ministry of Water on completion of borehole works

L Sump 1 10,000.00 10,000.00

Sub Total 10,000 10 DECOMMISSIONG PHASE

10.1 Decommissioning Fee L Sump 1 100000 100,000

Sub Total 100,000

Total 2433000

Add 16% VAT 389280

GRAND TOTAL FOR BOREHOLE DRILLING 2,822,280.00


EIA April, 2018, Page iii

Appendix 2: Land Ownership Documents


EIA April, 2018, Page iv

Appendix 3– Consultant’s Nema Certificate


EIA April, 2018, Page v

Appendix 4:– Key Informants and their Observations

Among the people interviewed included residents whose opinion on the water point is positive. The

people interviewed pointed out that the borehole to be sunk has no negative effects on their lives. If

anything it will be a development since the area will start developing and facilities will start improving

below is a list of Key informants:

No Name Phone No. ID. No

1 Gufu Guyo 0722920562 1092889

2 Gufu Duba Jaldesa 0725303317 0624913

3 Bonaya Jilo 0708061473 -

4 Abdi Okotu 0728913773 24608337

5 Rob Sora 0723946871 20351539

6 Guyo Halakhe 0729071664 23012993

7 Lacha Guyo Duba 0712917062 20837317

8 Boru Diba Halake 4429901

9 Arabo Gadana 0717816977 79625960

10 Kalicha Obasante 0700247610 8734050

11 Qabale Guyo Gurach 0718612380 059480


EIA April, 2018, Page vi

RESPONDENTS QUESTIONNAIRES


EIA April, 2018, Page vii

Appendix 5: Field Photographs

Photographs of (a) Recommended VES 04 (b) Geophysical equipment and (c) Water rock catchment

within the Children’s home

Field Photographs investigated site of (a) VES 03 (b) VES 02


EIA April, 2018, Page viii

Appendix 6: Sketch Map

Marsabit Moyale Road

Sololo Investigated Site

Moyale

Funanyata

Kenya – Ethiopia Border